Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Clines

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Clines”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 6 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Clines"

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Gilchrist, A. Stuart, i Linda Partridge. "A Comparison of the Genetic Basis of Wing Size Divergence in Three Parallel Body Size Clines of Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 153, nr 4 (1.12.1999): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1775.

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Abstract Body size clines in Drosophila melanogaster have been documented in both Australia and South America, and may exist in Southern Africa. We crossed flies from the northern and southern ends of each of these clines to produce F1, F2, and first backcross generations. Our analysis of generation means for wing area and wing length produced estimates of the additive, dominance, epistatic, and maternal effects underlying divergence within each cline. For both females and males of all three clines, the generation means were adequately described by these parameters, indicating that linkage and higher order interactions did not contribute significantly to wing size divergence. Marked differences were apparent between the clines in the occurrence and magnitude of the significant genetic parameters. No cline was adequately described by a simple additive-dominance model, and significant epistatic and maternal effects occurred in most, but not all, of the clines. Generation variances were also analyzed. Only one cline was described sufficiently by a simple additive variance model, indicating significant epistatic, maternal, or linkage effects in the remaining two clines. The diversity in genetic architecture of the clines suggests that natural selection has produced similar phenotypic divergence by different combinations of gene action and interaction.
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McKenzie, Jessica L., Rashpal S. Dhillon i Patricia M. Schulte. "Evidence for a bimodal distribution of hybrid indices in a hybrid zone with high admixture". Royal Society Open Science 2, nr 12 (grudzień 2015): 150285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150285.

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The genetic structure of a hybrid zone can provide insights into the relative roles of the various factors that maintain the zone. Here, we use a multilocus approach to characterize a hybrid zone between two subspecies of killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus , Walbaum 1792) found along the Atlantic coast of North America. We first analysed clinal variation along the Atlantic coast using a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement loop (D-loop) and a panel of nine nuclear microsatellite markers. A model constraining all clines to the same width and centre was not significantly different from a model in which the clines were allowed to vary independently. Locus-by-locus analysis indicated that the majority of nuclear clines shared the same centre as the mtDNA cline, and the widths of these clines were also narrower than that predicted by a neutral model, suggesting that selection is operating to maintain the hybrid zone. However, two of the nuclear clines had widths greater than the neutral prediction and had centres that were displaced relative to the mtDNA cline centre. We also found that a marsh located near the centre of the mtDNA cline demonstrated a bimodal distribution of nuclear hybrid index values, suggesting a deficit of first-generation hybrids and backcrossed genotypes. Thus, selection against hybrid genotypes may be playing a role in maintaining this hybrid zone and the associated steep nuclear and mtDNA clines.
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Potts, BM, i JB Reid. "Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri Complex. I. Variation in the Adult Phenotype". Australian Journal of Botany 33, nr 3 (1985): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850337.

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A study of variation in the E. gunnii-archeri complex indicates continuous variation between the taxa E. gunnii Hook.f. and E. archeri Maiden & Blakely. Populations assigned to either taxon are normally allopatric but intergrade in an area of parapatry in central Tasmania. The E. gunnii-archeri complex is shown to comprise a multidimensional, clinally varying series of highly differentiated populations. In part, population differentiation appears to result from the interaction of multicharacter clines which parallel several major habitat gradients. This variation is summarized by classification of populations into five main phenetic groups. Whilst considerable differentiation occurs between disjunct stands, a large portion of the variation in the complex occurs in the more or less continuous central stands. In this area, major independent clines are associated with increasing exposure to the alpine environment and the north-south transition between subspp. gunnii and archeri. A peak in variability in geographically intermediate populations is apparent along the latter, but not the former, cline. In addition, it is shown that parallel clines in flowering time have the potential to retard gene flow along these clines. It is suggested that parallel clines which incidentally influence gene flow may be of considerable significance in parapatric differentiation and the origin of reproductive isolation.
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HALLAS, REBECCA, MICHELE SCHIFFER i ARY A. HOFFMANN. "Clinal variation in Drosophila serrata for stress resistance and body size". Genetical Research 79, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672301005523.

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Clines for size and stress resistance traits have been described for several Drosophila species and replicable clines across different species may indicate climatic selection. Here we consider clines in stress resistance traits in an Australian endemic species, D. serrata, by comparing levels of variation within and among isofemale lines initiated with flies collected from the eastern coast of Australia. We also consider clinal variation in chill coma recovery, a trait that has recently been shown to exhibit high levels of variation among Drosophila species. Patterns were compared with those in the cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster from the same area. Both desiccation and starvation resistance showed no clinal pattern despite heritable variation among isofemale lines. In contrast chill coma resistance exhibited a linear cline in the anticipated direction, resistance increasing with latitude. Body size was measured as wing length and body weight. Both traits showed geographic variation and strong non-linear clines with a sharp reduction in size in the tropics. These results are discussed in the context of climatic selection and evolutionary processes limiting species borders.
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Gavrilets, Sergey. "Single Locus Clines". Evolution 51, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411171.

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Fujimura, Joan H., Deborah A. Bolnick, Ramya Rajagopalan, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard C. Lewontin, Troy Duster, Pilar Ossorio i Jonathan Marks. "Clines Without Classes". Sociological Theory 32, nr 3 (wrzesień 2014): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735275114551611.

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Valenzuela, C. Y. "On sociogenetic clines". Ethology and Sociobiology 9, nr 5 (wrzesień 1988): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(88)90008-8.

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Gavrilets, Sergey. "SINGLE LOCUS CLINES". Evolution 51, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03678.x.

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Holman, James E., Jane M. Hughes i Roderick J. Fensham. "Origins of a morphological cline between Eucalyptus melanophloia and Eucalyptus whitei". Australian Journal of Botany 59, nr 3 (2011): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10209.

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Most theories to explain the origin and maintenance of clines in Eucalyptus are based on a morphological classification system. The true relationships between putative species along clines require detailed investigation of phylogenetic relationships. A cline between Eucalyptus melanophloia and E. whitei was examined using morphological and molecular analyses to determine whether genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA along the cline could be explained by secondary contact between independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the cline represents a single species that has undergone primary differentiation. Morphological analysis showed phenotypic variation distributed continuously across the cline and that seedlings bred true to parental type. Microsatellite analysis indicated that there was little genetic structuring across the cline, and low levels of population differentiation. This result was further reinforced by analysis of the cpDNA. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed-mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A cogent explanation for the cline is that it has arisen by selection on leaf types promoted by a gradient in precipitation with the short-broad, subsessile leaves of E. melanophloia favoured under higher rainfall and the long, narrow, petiolate leaves of E. whitei favoured in arid environments.
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Mallet, J., i N. Barton. "Inference from clines stabilized by frequency-dependent selection." Genetics 122, nr 4 (1.08.1989): 967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.4.967.

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Abstract Frequency-dependent selection against rare forms can maintain clines. For weak selection, s, in simple linear models of frequency-dependence, single locus clines are stabilized with a maximum slope of between square root of s/square root of 8 sigma and square root of s/square root of 12 delta, where sigma is the dispersal distance. These clines are similar to those maintained by heterozygote disadvantage. Using computer simulations, the weak-selection analytical results are extended to higher selection pressures with up to three unlinked genes. Graphs are used to display the effect of selection, migration, dominance, and number of loci on cline widths, speeds of cline movements, two-way gametic correlations ("linkage disequilibria"), and heterozygote deficits. The effects of changing the order of reproduction, migration, and selection, are also briefly explored. Epistasis can also maintain tension zones. We show that epistatic selection is similar in its effects to frequency-dependent selection, except that the disequilibria produced in the zone will be higher for a given level of selection. If selection consists of a mixture of frequency-dependence and epistasis, as is likely in nature, the error made in estimating selection is usually less than twofold. From the graphs, selection and migration can be estimated using knowledge of the dominance and number of genes, of gene frequencies and of gametic correlations from a hybrid zone.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Clines"

1

Holman, James, i n/a. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030527.124144.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.
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Holman, James. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365394.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Calabria, Garcia Gemma. "Inversions cromosòmiques, clines i adaptació a "Drosophila suboscura": aproximació mitjançant marcadors moleculars". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97297.

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Drosophila subobscura és una espècie amb un polimorfisme cromosòmic molt ric, adaptatiu i que actualment està responent al canvi climàtic. Malgrat això, encara es desconeixen els mecanismes selectius que mantenen les inversions a les poblacions i fan que aquestes siguin adaptatives. Existeixen tres hipòtesis descrites per tal d’explicar el manteniment de les inversions a les poblacions: la hipòtesi de la Coadaptació de Dobszhansky, la hipòtesi de la selecció supergènica de Wassermann i la hipòtesi de l’Adaptació local de Kirkpatrick i Barton. L’objectiu del present treball ha estat estudiar a D. subobscura el paper de les inversions cromosòmiques en l’adaptació a l’ambient i com es mantenen a les poblacions naturals. D’aquesta manera, es va analitzar el contingut genètic de les 4 inversions més freqüents del cromosoma O en set poblacions europees, localitzades al llarg d’un gradient latitudinal. S’han utilitzat marcadors moleculars com ara loci microsatèl•lits i gens candidats a l’adaptació tèrmica. Els resultats han mostrat una alta uniformitat genètica de les inversions cromosòmiques al llarg de la clina latitudinal, suggerint que el contingut genètic d’un determinat ordenament cromosòmic és constant a totes les poblacions. A més, en comparar diferents inversions, s’ha trobat una gran diferenciació genètica, essent l’OST el mes diferent. El gran desequilibri de lligament trobat entre dos dels gens, localitzats a més de 14Mb de distància i dins i fóra, respectivament de la inversió O7, podria estar suggerint l’existència d’interaccions epistàtiques entre ells. El conjunt dels nostres resultats indiquen que la hipòtesi de l’adaptació local és la que millor explicaria el manteniment de les inversions del cromosoma O de D. subobscura. Per altra banda també, s’ha analitzat la relació de diferents ordenaments cromosòmics amb la termotolerància i la resposta al xoc tèrmic. Els nivells basals d’HSP70 en els individus homocariotips O3+4 són molt elevats i equivalents als nivells de proteïna mesurats després d’un xoc tèrmic en tots els homocariotips independentment del seu ordenament. Això, sumat a que presenten una major termotolerància i termopreferència en relació als individus portadors de l’ordenament OST, podria estar relacionat amb la clina latitudinal de freqüència que presenta d’aquest ordenament.
Drosophila subobscura is a species with a highly rich inversion polymorphism, which has been shown to be adaptive and responding to global warming. However, the selective pressures acting on inversion how are they maintained in the populations are still unclear. Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive value of inversions: the Coadaptation hypothesis by Dobszhansky, the supergene selection postulated by Wassermann and the Local adaptation hypothesis of Kirkpatrick and Barton. In the present work we aimed to study in D. subobscura the role of chromosomal inversions in the adaptation to the environment and how are they maintained in the populations. To discriminate between the different hypotheses, the genetic content of the four more frequent arrangements of the O chromosome was analyzed in seven different populations located along a latitudinal cline. Different molecular markers such as microsatellite loci and candidate genes for thermal adaptation were used. The results showed a high genetic uniformity of inversions along the latitudinal cline, suggesting that the genetic content of each arrangement it is constant in all populations. Moreover, when comparing different arrangements, a high differentiation was found, being the OST the most different. The strong linkage disequilibrium found between two of the genes, despite being located 14Mb apart and inside and outside O7 inversion respectively could suggest the existence of epistatic interactions between them. Thus, the Local Adaptation hypothesis is the one that fits better our data and would explain the maintenance of the arrangements of the O chromosome of D. subobscura. Moreover, we have studied the relationship of the different chromosomal arrangements with the thermotolerance and the heat shock response. The results showed that O3+4 outbred individuals presented very high basal values of Hsp70 levels, equivalent to those measured after a heat shock in all the homokaryotypes independently of the arrangement. This, together with higher thermotolerance and thermopreference when comparing with the individuals carrying the OST arrangement, could be related whit the latitudinal cline of frequency that the O3+4 arrangement presents.
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Silva, Laura Helena Hafner da. "Variação morfologica em populações brasileiras de Drosophila melanogaster : variação latitudinal e temporal, herdabilidade e associação com inversões cromossomicas". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316970.

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Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LauraHelenaHafnerda_M.pdf: 2141945 bytes, checksum: 17c00d0d744de62b04cc274305caedb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a variação do tamanho e forma das asas de populações de Drosophila melanogaster em três pontos ao longo de uma grande amplitude latitudinal na costa brasileira. O trabalho foi feito a partir de coletas realizadas no Recife, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre, e os seguintes aspectos foram abordados: 1) variação geográfica; 2) variação temporal; 3) herdabilidade; e 4) a influência de inversões cromossômicas. Para este fim, o método da elipse foi aplicado a imagens digitalizadas das asas, e foram analisados: o tamanho das asas, sua forma e as posições dos pontos de junção e das extremidades das veias (caracterizadas por suas coordenadas angulares é radiais, essas padronizadas pelo tamanho da asa). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a variação de tamanho em D. melanogaster no Brasil segue a tendência mundial de formação de clines latitudinais, com indiv.íduos maiores sendo encontrados a latitudes também maiores. No entanto, a herdabilidade e a variação temporal entre múltiplas coletas realizadas no Recife e no Rio de Janeiro não apresentou um padrão regular nítido. O único efeito consistente e significativo de inversões cromossômicas que pudemos observar foi o de In(3R)Payne sobre o tamanho corporal, sendo também consistente com achados prévios descritos na literatura. Entretanto, não detectamos efeito significativo de interação genótipo-ambiente, quer entre coletas, quer entre localidades
Abstract: The present work aims to characterize the variation of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster populations from three localities distributed along a wide latitudinal range of the Brazilian coast. The work was performed based on collections made in the cities of Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. The aspects studied were: 1) geographic variation; 2) temporal variation; 3) heritability; and 4) the influence of chromosomal inversions. To this end, the ellipse method was applied to digitized images of the wings. We analyzed wing size, wing shape and the position of vein junctions and extremities (characterized by their angular and radial coordinates, the latter being standardized by wing size). The results obtained showed that size variatiorn in Brazilian D. melanogaster follows the worldwide tendency toward the formation of latitudinal clines, with larger individuaJs being found at higher latitudes. However, the heritability and temporal variation among multiple collections performed in Recife and Rio de Janeiro did not show a clear regular pattern. The only consistent and significant effect of chromosomal inversions that we could observe was that of In(3R)Payne on body size, which is also consistent with previous findings reported in the literature. However, we did not detect a significant effect of genotype-environment interactions, neither among collections, nor among localities
Mestrado
Genetica Animal e Evolução
Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Tolfesbo, Tyra. ""In the oracle of the mirror" : Fogliga och trotsiga kroppar i Emma Clines The Girls". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447368.

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Bawa, Rajesh K. "Signatures of natural selection and local adaptation in Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides along latitudinal clines". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36356.

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Trees, like many other organisms, decrease their rate of metabolic activities to cope up with harsh environments. This stage of â dormancyâ is marked by shedding of leaves and bud-set in deciduous trees. Recent studies have revealed the role of the circadian clock in synchronizing the timing of dormancy and physiology for conferring fitness in trees. To better understand the possible role of natural selection on circadian clock-related genes in climatic adaptation, I took a candidate gene approach, selecting circadian clock genes, some of which had been functionally validated, and others hypothesized, to identify signatures of natural selection in Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides. Using both frequency spectrum based tests and tests of heterogeneity, I identified genetic variants deviating from selective neutrality. Results reveal that photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes may have been the targets of natural selection. Nearly the same levels of selective constraints were found in different functional groups of genes irrespective of pleiotropy. Further, upstream regions of all genes showed high selective constraint, with some of them (FT-2, PIF-4, FRIGIDA) showing significantly higher variation than the other genes, hinting at the role of non-coding regulatory regions in local adaption. In some cases, the same genes in both species appeared as outliers, including PIF-6, FRI, FT-2, SRR1, TIC, and CO, which might reflect their common role in adaptation across species boundaries. All of these results indicate a complex nature of phenology regulation and local adaptation in Populus species with photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes playing key roles.
Master of Science
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Schield, Drew R., Richard H. Adams, Daren C. Card, Blair W. Perry, Giulia M. Pasquesi, Tereza Jezkova, Daniel M. Portik i in. "Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes". WILEY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624693.

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Investigating secondary contact of historically isolated lineages can provide insight into how selection and drift influence genomic divergence and admixture. Here, we studied the genomic landscape of divergence and introgression following secondary contact between lineages of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) to determine whether genomic regions under selection in allopatry also contribute to reproductive isolation during introgression. We used thousands of nuclear loci to study genomic differentiation between two lineages that have experienced recent secondary contact following isolation, and incorporated sampling from a zone of secondary contact to identify loci that are resistant to gene flow in hybrids. Comparisons of patterns of divergence and introgression revealed a positive relationship between allelic differentiation and resistance to introgression across the genome, and greater-than-expected overlap between genes linked to lineage-specific divergence and loci that resist introgression. Genes linked to putatively selected markers were related to prominent aspects of rattlesnake biology that differ between populations of Western Diamondback rattlesnakes (i.e., venom and reproductive phenotypes). We also found evidence for selection against introgression of genes that may contribute to cytonuclear incompatibility, consistent with previously observed biased patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial alleles suggestive of partial reproductive isolation due to cytonuclear incompatibilities. Our results provide a genome-scale perspective on the relationships between divergence and introgression in secondary contact that is relevant for understanding the roles of selection in maintaining partial isolation of lineages, causing admixing lineages to not completely homogenize.
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Van, Holst Pellekaan Sheila M. "Craniometrics, clines and climate : a study of environmental adaptation in holocene aborigines from the east coast of Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26448.

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Statistically significant correlations between anthropometric land environmental variables havel I been demonstrated in samples of Holocene Aboriginal crania and mandibles from the east coast of Australia. In testing for variation that may be attributed to climatic adaptation, the model of decreased nasal breadth in colder climates is not supported, but increased cranial breadth is included in principal component scores which correlate with increased latitude and decreased temperatures. Thus the model of increased brachycephalization as a response to decreased temperature is not refuted by these results, but the support demonstrated is secondary to more impressive results for the face and mandibles, for which thermoregulatory explanations have not hitherto been suggested.
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Rieux, Adrien. "Etude des processus de dispersion et des flux géniques chez un champignon phytopathogène : le cas de Mycosphaerella fijiensis à l’échelle d’un bassin de production Camerounais". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0011.

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La dispersion est un processus clef dans la dynamique et l'évolution des populations naturelles. En plus de son rôle primordial dans les processus de colonisation, la dispersion influence également les processus d'adaptation des organismes. Chez les pathogènes, une meilleure compréhension des processus de dispersion apparaît de ce fait être un enjeu majeur pour mieux les contrôler. Durant cette thèse, nous avons étudié les processus de dispersion et quantifié les flux de gènes qui en découlent chez le champignon parasite du bananier Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Cette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle locale d'un bassin de production du Cameroun (la région dite du Moungo) et nous avons combiné plusieurs approches complémentaires considérant différentes échelles spatio-temporelles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit, à l'aide de marqueurs génétiques neutres, la structuration spatiale des populations de M. fijiensis dans la région du Moungo qui présente différentes barrières potentielles à la dispersion. Nous n'avons décelé aucun effet du paysage ni de la distance géographique sur la structuration génétique. Cependant, une rupture spatiale dans les fréquences alléliques, vraisemblablement de nature historique a été mise en évidence. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence de grandes populations de M. fijiensis s'écartant de l'équilibre mutation-dérive. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé la théorie des clines génétiques pour étudier les forces à l'origine de la mise en en place et de l'évolution de gradients spatiaux de fréquences alléliques. En particulier, l'analyse de la variation spatio-temporelle de la discontinuité génétique précédemment détectée par un modèle de clines neutres nous a permis d'estimer l'intensité des flux géniques ( =1175 m/génération). Finalement, nous avons mesuré la distribution des distances de dispersion des deux types de spores produites par M. fijiensis à partir d'une source d'inoculum primaire. Cette expérimentation nous a permis de confirmer que les ascospores participent à une dispersion à grande distance alors que les conidies sont impliquées dans une dispersion à très courte distance. Nous avons estimé une distance moyenne de dispersion de 3,12 et de 283 mètres/génération respectivement pour les conidies et les ascospores et montré que le noyau de dispersion des ascospores est caractérisé par une queue lourde. Cette thèse a permis de préciser comment M. fijiensis se disperse et les estimations réalisées pourront être intégrées dans des modèles théoriques afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des résistances aux fongicides et de définir des stratégies durables d'utilisation raisonnée des traitements chimiques
Dispersal is a key process for both the dynamics and evolution of natural populations. In addition to being crucial for colonization, dispersal also influences the processes occurring during adaptation. For pathogens, a better understanding of dispersal processes may improve our capacity to control the diseases that they cause. In this thesis, we studied dispersal processes and quantified gene flow in the banana plant pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis at the local scale of a production area in South-West Cameroon (named Moungo). For this purpose, several approaches differing in the spatio-temporal scale to which they refer were combined. First, neutral markers were used to describe the spatial genetic structure of this pathogen in the Moungo area, which includes several potential ecological barriers to dispersal. No effects on genetic structure of landscape elements or geographical distance were found. However, we detected a spatial break in allelic frequencies that appeared to be explained by an historical event. This result suggests the existence of large M. fijiensis populations out of the mutation-migration-drift genetic equilibrium. Second, genetic cline theory was applied to study the evolutionary forces implicated in the installation and evolution of spatial gradients in allelic frequencies. More specifically, we analysed the spatio-temporal variation of the genetic discontinuity previously detected through a neutral cline model to estimate the intensity of gene flow in this area ( =1175 m/generation). Lastly, we measured the distribution of dispersal distances of M. fijiensis spores from a primary source of inoculum was. Such an experiment allowed us to confirm that conidia are implicated in short-distance dispersal whereas ascospores are responsible for spread of the disease over longer distances. The estimated mean dispersal distance travelled by spores was 3.12 and 283 metres/generation for conidia and ascospores, respectively, and the ascospore dispersal kernel was shown to be fat-tailed. This thesis adds to global knowledge of M. fijiensis dispersal and the measures of dispersal estimated in this work will be useful in parameterizing models aimed at a better understanding of the spatial patterns of fungicide resistance evolution under different management strategies
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Weaver, Stewart Goodall. "Empathy, metaphor and symbol : a rhetorical study of the servant songs in their Deutero-Isaianic context based on the work of D.J.A. Clines". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30900.

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The introductory chapter mentions the work of B. Duhm on the book of Isaiah and his arguments for the existence of four servant songs (Isa. 42.1-4; 49.1-6; 50.4-9; and 52.13-53.12) within chs. 40-55. These chapters are now frequently referred to Deutero-Isaiah (DI). Several works summarising proposals for the identity of the servant in DI are discussed, and recent opinions disputing the distinctiveness of the songs within their DI context are presented. The trend towards an interpretation of the songs within DI is not unrelated to rhetorical criticism and a short overview of the work of some scholars using this method in DI is provided. Several works in the last few years have noted the rhetorical study of Isa. 52.13-53.12 (Isa. 53) offered by D.J.A. Clines, I, He, We and They. Clines' study is summarised and reactions to it are given. It is suggested that his approach may provide a model for studying the other songs and a starting point in order to obtain further insight into the possible identity of the servant and the relationship between the songs and the wider DI context. The next chapter provides and discusses a translation of the notoriously difficult Isa. 52. Chapter 3 presents an overview of rhetorical criticism, and Isa. 53 is then studied according to its precepts. Clines had argued that the poem centres on the servant but it is proposed that the poem also centres on the first person plural persona, Clines' we. His proposals concerning the effect of the servant on the reader are modified. Definitions of empathy are given and it is argued that the poem elicits empathy for both the servant and us. It is then suggested that empathy informs other relationships described in the poem. In the next two chapters it is proposed that empathy informs relationships depicted within 42.1-4 and 49.1-6 and that these poems too elicit empathy from the reader. In chapter 6 it is argued that Isa. 50.4-11 can be interpreted as a poetic unit, one which similarly describes relationships informed by empathy and elicits empathy.
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Książki na temat "Clines"

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Job 21-37 / David J. A. Clines. Nashville: Word Books, 1989.

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Microevolutionary patterns in Aboriginal Australia: A gradient analysis of clines. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Coling, Phyllis Arline. A Coling family history with links to Deitricks, Gobens, Owens, Paxtons, Clines, Erdmans, Flenners, Laytons, Kershners. [Indianapolis, IN]: P.A. Coling, 2001.

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A, Clines David J., Exum J. Cheryl i Williamson, H. G. M. 1947-., red. Reading from right to left: Essays on the Hebrew Bible in honour of David J.A. Clines. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003.

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Cline, Cecil L. The Clines and allied families of the Tug River Region of Kentucky and West Virginia: A historical and genealogical study of the pioneer settlers and their descendants. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 1998.

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J, Hurder Alex, red. Clinical anthology: Readings for live-client clincis [sic]. Cincinnati: Anderson, 1997.

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Ben, Schneider, red. North Table Mountain: Rock climbs at the Golden Cliffs. Boulder, Colo: Fixed Pin Pub., 2008.

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Schmidt, Sally J. What clients say: A lawyer's guide to better client relations. Burnsville, Minn. (1601 E. Highway 13, Burnsville 55337): S. Schmidt Consulting, 1989.

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LeBret, Jabez. Online law practice strategies: How to turn clicks into clients. Wyd. 2. Cincinnati, OH: Legal Technology Press, 2015.

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author, Homer Mark, red. Online law practice strategies: How to turn clicks into clients. Cincinnati: Legal Technology Press, 2014.

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Części książek na temat "Clines"

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Wilcox, Alison. "Word clines (shades of meaning)". W Descriptosaurus, 267–69. Wyd. 4. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032707709-62.

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Gilchrist, George W., Raymond B. Huey i Lluís Serra. "Rapid evolution of wing size clines in Drosophila subobscura". W Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process, 273–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0585-2_17.

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Hanssen, Judith, Carlos Gussenhoven i Jörg Peters. "Geographical clines in the realization of intonation in the Netherlands". W Prosodic Studies, 111–40. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge Studies in Chinese Linguistics: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351212878-5.

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Imo, Wolfgang. "Clines of subordination – constructions with the German ‘complement-taking predicate’ glauben". W Studies in Language and Social Interaction, 165–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slsi.24.08imo.

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Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Carol E. Lee i Glenda M. Wardle. "The Effect of Overlapping Generations and Population Structure on Gene-Frequency Clines". W Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial, and Freshwater Systems, 355–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5973-3_11.

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Forbes, A. Dean. "4. SQUISHES, CLINES, AND FUZZY SIGNS: MIXED AND GRADIENT CATEGORIES IN THE BIBLICALHEBREW LEXICON". W Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I, redaktorzy Dean Forbes i David G. K. Taylor, 105–40. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463210250-010.

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van Delden, Wilke, i Albert Kamping. "Worldwide latitudinal clines for the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: What is the unit of selection?" W Experientia Supplementum, 97–115. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8882-0_6.

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Gibert, P., P. Capy, A. Imasheva, B. Moreteau, J. P. Morin, G. Pétavy i J. R. David. "Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability, clines and phenotypic plasticity". W Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans: So Similar, So Different, 165–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0965-2_14.

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Cardini, Andrea, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz Filho, P. David Polly i Sarah Elton. "Biogeographic Analysis Using Geometric Morphometrics: Clines in Skull Size and Shape in a Widespread African Arboreal Monkey". W Morphometrics for Nonmorphometricians, 191–217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95853-6_8.

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Gabrys, Beata, John L. Capinera, Jesusa C. Legaspi, Benjamin C. Legaspi, Lewis S. Long, John L. Capinera, Jamie Ellis i in. "Cline". W Encyclopedia of Entomology, 931. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_714.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Clines"

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Williams, Michael L., Paul W. Bauer i F. E. Kottlowski. "Supplemental road log 11, from Clines Corners to Pedernal Highlands". W 36th Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-36.99.

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Kues, Barry S., Spencer G. Lucas i John W. Hawley. "Supplemental road log 10, from Vegas Junction to Clines Corners". W 36th Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-36.96.

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Baudier, Kaitlin Mari. "Thermoregulatory responses to thermal clines: Bivouac function across the wide elevational range of a Neotropical army ant (Formicidae: Dorylinae:Eciton burchellii parvispinum)". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.109810.

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Sluijs, Jasper P., Herman Kasper Gilissen i Karin Van Look. "Applying Physical Education Methods to Skills Teaching of Law Students". W Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13047.

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We study to what extent the “constraints-led approach” (CLA) in physical education can also be applied to skills teaching for law students. In the CLA athletes are challenged to finding their own movement solutions in a dynamic setting rather than responding to verbal cues in a fixed environment. Similarly, we experimented with the implicit acquisition of policy analysis skills in law students in preparation for pro bono client work in so-called law clinics. Although the project was cut short due to Covid-19 circumstances, preliminary outcomes suggest students feel better equipped to working with clients. We provisionally conclude that CLA skills teaching has the potential to improve skill acquisition in clinical legal education.
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Krogmann, Simon, Pascal Lenzner, Louise Molitor i Alexander Skopalik. "Two-Stage Facility Location Games with Strategic Clients and Facilities". W Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/41.

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We consider non-cooperative facility location games where both facilities and clients act strategically and heavily influence each other. This contrasts established game-theoretic facility location models with non-strategic clients that simply select the closest opened facility. In our model, every facility location has a set of attracted clients and each client has a set of shopping locations and a weight that corresponds to its spending capacity. Facility agents selfishly select a location for opening their facility to maximize the attracted total spending capacity, whereas clients strategically decide how to distribute their spending capacity among the opened facilities in their shopping range. We focus on a natural client behavior similar to classical load balancing: our selfish clients aim for a distribution that minimizes their maximum waiting time for getting serviced, where a facility’s waiting time corresponds to its total attracted client weight. We show that subgame perfect equilibria exist and we give almost tight constant bounds on the Price of Anarchy and the Price of Stability, which even hold for a broader class of games with arbitrary client behavior. Since facilities and clients influence each other, it is crucial for the facilities to anticipate the selfish clients’ behavior when selecting their location. For this, we provide an efficient algorithm that also implies an efficient check for equilibrium. Finally, we show that computing a socially optimal facility placement is NP-hard and that this result holds for all feasible client weight distributions.
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Qi, Tao, Fangzhao Wu, Lingjuan Lyu, Yongfeng Huang i Xing Xie. "FedSampling: A Better Sampling Strategy for Federated Learning". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/462.

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Federated learning (FL) is an important technique for learning models from decentralized data in a privacy-preserving way. Existing FL methods usually uniformly sample clients for local model learning in each round. However, different clients may have significantly different data sizes, and the clients with more data cannot have more opportunities to contribute to model training, which may lead to inferior performance. In this paper, instead of client uniform sampling, we propose a novel data uniform sampling strategy for federated learning (FedSampling), which can effectively improve the performance of federated learning especially when client data size distribution is highly imbalanced across clients. In each federated learning round, local data on each client is randomly sampled for local model learning according to a probability based on the server desired sample size and the total sample size on all available clients. Since the data size on each client is privacy-sensitive, we propose a privacy-preserving way to estimate the total sample size with a differential privacy guarantee. Experiments on four benchmark datasets show that FedSampling can effectively improve the performance of federated learning.
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Wan, Wei, Shengshan Hu, jianrong Lu, Leo Yu Zhang, Hai Jin i Yuanyuan He. "Shielding Federated Learning: Robust Aggregation with Adaptive Client Selection". W Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/106.

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Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train an accurate global model while protecting clients' data privacy. However, FL is susceptible to Byzantine attacks from malicious participants. Although the problem has gained significant attention, existing defenses have several flaws: the server irrationally chooses malicious clients for aggregation even after they have been detected in previous rounds; the defenses perform ineffectively against sybil attacks or in the heterogeneous data setting. To overcome these issues, we propose MAB-RFL, a new method for robust aggregation in FL. By modelling the client selection as an extended multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem, we propose an adaptive client selection strategy to choose honest clients that are more likely to contribute high-quality updates. We then propose two approaches to identify malicious updates from sybil and non-sybil attacks, based on which rewards for each client selection decision can be accurately evaluated to discourage malicious behaviors. MAB-RFL achieves a satisfying balance between exploration and exploitation on the potential benign clients. Extensive experimental results show that MAB-RFL outperforms existing defenses in three attack scenarios under different percentages of attackers.
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Agrawal, Abhishek K., Karthik Ramani i Christoph M. Hoffmann. "CADDAC: Multi-Client Collaborative Shape Design System With Server-Based Geometry Kernel". W ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/cie-34465.

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New and efficient paradigms for web-based product design will be driven by increased outsourcing in a global economy, increased competition, and a reduction in product development time. We have developed a three-tier (client-server-database) architecture based collaborative shape design system, Computer Aided Distributed Design and Collaboration (CADDAC). CADDAC has a centralized geometry kernel and constraint solver. The server-side provides support for solid modeling, constraint solving operations, data management, and synchronization of clients. The server also holds the master copy of the CAD model that is used to update the local version of the shape model on the clients. The client-side performs real-time creation, modification, and deletion of geometry over the network. The clients are also capable of viewing three-dimensional model and manipulating it by applying rotational, translation, and scaling transformations. In order to keep the clients thin, many computationally intensive operations, such as solid modeling and constraint solving, are performed at the server. Only the graphics rendering pipeline operations comprising of matrix transformations, clipping, viewport mapping, rasterization, and pixel operations, are performed at the client-side. Our work lead to a thin client-side that is capable of geometry and constraint creation, modification, and deletion over the network.
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Wu, Yawen, Zhepeng Wang, Dewen Zeng, Meng Li, Yiyu Shi i Jingtong Hu. "Decentralized Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations". W Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/323.

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Collaborative learning enables distributed clients to learn a shared model for prediction while keeping the training data local on each client. However, existing collaborative learning methods require fully-labeled data for training, which is inconvenient or sometimes infeasible to obtain due to the high labeling cost and the requirement of expertise. The lack of labels makes collaborative learning impractical in many realistic settings. Self-supervised learning can address this challenge by learning from unlabeled data. Contrastive learning (CL), a self-supervised learning approach, can effectively learn visual representations from unlabeled image data. However, the distributed data collected on clients are usually not independent and identically distributed (non-IID) among clients, and each client may only have few classes of data, which degrades the performance of CL and learned representations. To tackle this problem, we propose a collaborative contrastive learning framework consisting of two approaches: feature fusion and neighborhood matching, by which a unified feature space among clients is learned for better data representations. Feature fusion provides remote features as accurate contrastive information to each client for better local learning. Neighborhood matching further aligns each client’s local features to the remote features such that well-clustered features among clients can be learned. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed framework. It outperforms other methods by 11% on IID data and matches the performance of centralized learning.
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Chen, Fengwen, Guodong Long, Zonghan Wu, Tianyi Zhou i Jing Jiang. "Personalized Federated Learning With a Graph". W Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/357.

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Knowledge sharing and model personalization are two key components in the conceptual framework of personalized federated learning (PFL). Existing PFL methods focus on proposing new model personalization mechanisms while simply implementing knowledge sharing by aggregating models from all clients, regardless of their relation graph. This paper aims to enhance the knowledge-sharing process in PFL by leveraging the graph-based structural information among clients. We propose a novel structured federated learning (SFL) framework to learn both the global and personalized models simultaneously using client-wise relation graphs and clients' private data. We cast SFL with graph into a novel optimization problem that can model the client-wise complex relations and graph-based structural topology by a unified framework. Moreover, in addition to using an existing relation graph, SFL could be expanded to learn the hidden relations among clients. Experiments on traffic and image benchmark datasets can demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Clines"

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Carlton, Dianne. An Evaluative Study of Client Satisfaction at a Mental Health Clinic. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1886.

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Leon, Federico, Carlos Brambila, Marisela de la Cruz, John Bratt, Julio Colindres, Benedicto Vasquez i Carlos Morales. Testing balanced counseling to improve provider-client interaction in Guatemala's MOH clinics. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1153.

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Carnese, Teresa. A comparison of the clinician-client interactions in urban language and stuttering clinics. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1157.

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Callaghan, B. WebNFS Client Specification. RFC Editor, październik 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2054.

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Rauch, James, i Joel Watson. Client-Based Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15933.

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Grigorik, I., i Y. Weiss. HTTP Client Hints. RFC Editor, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8942.

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Davies, Kate, Penny Buykx, Cassie Curryer i Chris Krogh. Client-centric commissioning. The Sax Institute, kwiecień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/faew9508.

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This Evidence Check review aimed to identify effective approaches to ensuring client participation in the commissioning of human services. Conducted for the NSW Department of Communities and Justice, it will contribute to better understanding how to achieve authentic participation, and inform the revision and ongoing development of a commissioning framework and tools. Although the evidence related to the impact and effectiveness of specific approaches was limited a number of key lessons emerged from the literature. These can be used to guide implementation of modes of client engagement. The review follows an earlier Evidence Check review, Outcomes-based commissioning and consumers.
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Frost, Jennifer J., Jennifer Mueller i Zoe H. Pleasure. Trends and Differentials in Receipt of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in the United States: Services Received and Sources of Care, 2006–2019. Guttmacher Institute, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2021.33017.

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Key Points Seven in 10 U.S. women of reproductive age, some 44 million women, make at least one medical visit to obtain sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services each year. While the overall number of women receiving any SRH service remained relatively stable between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, the number of women receiving preventive gynecologic care fell and the number receiving STI testing doubled. Disparities in use of SRH services persist, as Hispanic women are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White women to receive SRH services, and uninsured women are significantly less likely to receive services than privately insured women. Publicly funded clinics remain critical sources of SRH care for many women, with younger women, lower income women, women of color, foreign-born women, women with Medicaid coverage and women who are uninsured especially likely to rely on publicly funded clinics. Among women who go to clinics for SRH care, two-thirds report that the clinic is their usual source for medical care. Among those relying on both private providers and public clinics, the proportion of women who reported receiving a combination of contraceptive and STI/HIV care increased between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has likely contributed to some of the changes observed in where women receive contraceptive and other SRH services and how they pay for that care: The share of women receiving contraceptive services who go to private providers rose from 69% to 77% between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, in part because more women gained private or public health insurance coverage and there was a greater likelihood that their health insurance would cover SRH services. There was a complementary drop in the share of women receiving contraceptive services who went to a publicly funded clinic, from 27% in 2006–2010 to 18% in 2015–2019. For non-Hispanic Black women, immigrant women and uninsured women, there was no increase in the use of private providers for contraceptive care from 2006–2010 to 2015–2019. Among women served at publicly funded clinics between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, there were significant increases in the use of both public and private insurance to pay for their care.
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Flynn, Morgan. Measuring the unhappy client. University of Limerick, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8361.

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Rumph, Jerald. Virtual Primary Care Clinic. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396460.

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