Rozprawy doktorskie: „Climate – government policy”

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Levitt, Gordon. "Changing Climate, Changing Commitments: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies in Oregon". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20488.

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This thesis examines emerging commitments by local governments in Oregon to address climate change, and situates those efforts within climate policy development at the international, national, regional, and state governmental levels. It also reviews the literature for local climate initiatives and seeks to expand upon that knowledge by surveying “Climate Policymakers” in Oregon. The survey results provide insight into the challenges and opportunities associated with local government and state-level efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Oregon. Considering current climate policies, a broad selection of scholarly analysis, and the opinions of leading climate policy experts in Oregon, this thesis recommends eight categories of strategies to enhance greenhouse gas reduction efforts in Oregon.

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de, Groot Babet. "The Influence of Key Political Actors on Labor Government Climate Change Policy". Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21661.

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The threat of anthropogenic climate change is arguably the defining issue of the 21st Century. Climate change has devastating global implications to which various authorities worldwide have responded by declaring a climate crisis. Australia, however, has neglected to address this issue. The Liberal-National Coalition, which has almost exclusively held government since John Howard was elected Prime Minister in 1996, maintains its scepticism on anthropogenic climate change despite international scientific consensus. It established Australia as a climate laggard, a reputation which was suspended for a brief period of Australian Labor Party (ALP) Government from 2007-2013. Despite the promise of a progressive government, attempts at climate change mitigation by the ALP were also criticised for their weak targets and generous financial concessions that primarily benefitted the nation’s biggest polluters. The inconsistencies between the actions and rhetoric of the ALP, which under Rudd proclaimed climate change as the ‘greatest moral challenge of our generation’ have raised the question of whether there were other actors infiltrating this government. This paper examines the role of key political actors in shaping Labor Government climate policy. Specifically, it investigates the undue influence of vested interests, understood as interest groups which conflate their self-interest with that of the nation. It finds the mining industry is the most powerful opponent of climate policy. Australian Government climate policy has typically addressed the symptoms of climate change rather than the root of the problem. The mining industry has taken advantage of this tendency, utilising the ALP’s ecological modernisation policymaking framework to minimise the impact of emissions-reduction policy on its bottom-line. The undue influence of powerful interest groups has resulted in a climate policy that supports the growth of the carbon-economy, favours business-as-usual and fails to address the damaging corporate practices of emissions-intensive industries.

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Rahayu, Rahayu. "Policy Development for Effective Transitions to Climate Change: Adaptation at the Indonesian Local Government Level". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365440.

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With climate change escalating and Indonesia a highly vulnerable developing country to climate change and with policy development for climate change adaptation at an embryonic stage of formulation and implementation, there is an urgent need for Indonesia to enhance policy development to make it appropriate in scope and practice. A major gap in policy development is to determine the requirements for effective climate change adaptation policy development at the local level in Indonesia, especially with regard to vulnerable coastal communities. In the coastal zone, some 30 per cent of Indonesia’s population of greater than 240 million lives in areas less than 10 metres above average sea level and lack resources for self-determination in developing adaptive capacity. This thesis addresses this important policy area in significantly contributing to determining key aspects for effective climate change adaptation policy development at the local level with regard to vulnerable communities. It is informed by a largely qualitative research approach of documentary and field research.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Anderton, Karen L. "Sub-national government responses to reducing the climate impact of cars". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:806e646b-ff12-4e78-b412-55422e6f8da3.

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This D.Phil. thesis is an international comparative study looking at the development and implementation stages of policies tasked to reduce emissions from transport. The substance of policy is all too often the primary focus of research, leaving the settings in which these policies are developed and implemented relatively underexplored. Examining the relationships and interplay that exists between departments responsible for climate change and transport at the sub-national (state) level and those with their local and national counterparts, this research tries to unpick the organisational intricacies that may act as barriers to delivery. State governments have become a promising source of action to reduce emissions from other sectors for which they have legislative responsibility; however, the private road transport sector remains a challenge. This research examines the barriers preventing such progress and whether the lack of collaboration between departments and across levels of government are responsible in part for these challenges. Taking a specific policy intervention designed to reduce transport-related emissions from four case study governments (Bavaria, California, Scotland and South Australia) this research is about organisational structures of government and policy processes. The main hypothesis of the research is that conventional environmental/climate change- and transport-policymaking practices are incompatible – and that this incompatibility is hampered by organisational structures of government. Together these factors render implementation of policies to reduce the climate impact of transport difficult. The hypothesis is guided by four research themes – scale, scope, leadership and process. Each of these themes has a distinct yet important part to play in understanding and comparing the case study contexts, in terms of the cross-departmental and cross-level interactions occurring within each of the sub-national governments. Each of the subject case study governments have been chosen since they are self-determined ‘leaders’ on climate change. This research serves to highlight some of the governance issues that need to be overcome or removed for such positive political intent to be realised. It posits that without successfully linking frameworks and interested stakeholders in the process, tangible emissions reductions will be difficult to achieve. The main objective of the research is to investigate the frameworks, interplay and dynamics at the sub-national level of government across departments and between levels of government. The relationship and collaboration with industry is also examined as a supplementary consideration. The second objective is to look at how and whether climate change policy can be more closely integrated with transport policy and the barriers to this integration. This investigation is underpinned by cross-disciplinary governance theory, as well as notions from socio-political governance and applies the concept of institutional interplay in this context between levels of government. It develops the concept of sub-national governance which argues that relationships between levels are distinct and non-hierarchical in terms of policy development and implementation.

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Kim, Kyungwoo. "Effects of Disasters on Local Climate Actions: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Actions". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062866/.

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This dissertation investigates the effects of natural disasters and political institutions on municipalities' climate change policies. Although most theoretical frameworks on policy adoption highlight the roles of extreme events as exogenous factors influencing policy change, most studies tend to focus on the effects of extreme events on policy change at the national level. Additionally, the existing theoretical frameworks explaining local policy adoption and public service provision do not pay attention to the roles of extreme events in local governments' policy choices. To fill those gaps, this dissertation explores the roles of natural disasters and political institutions on municipal governments' climate change policies. It does this by applying the theory of focusing events to local climate mitigation and adaptation actions. Based on the policy change framework, the political market model, and the institutional collective action frameworks, this dissertation develops and tests hypotheses to examine the effects of natural disasters and political institutions on municipalities' climate mitigation and adaptation policies. The dissertation uses 2010 National League of Cities (NLC) sustainability surveys and the 2010 International City/County Management Association (ICMA) sustainability survey to test the hypotheses. Analytical results show that floods and droughts influence local climate change policies and suggest that local governments can take advantage of extreme events when initiating a policy change. The results also suggest that political institutions can shape the effects of natural disasters on municipalities' climate mitigation and adaptation actions.

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Denton, Ashlie Denée. "Building Climate Empire: Power, Authority, and Knowledge within Pacific Islands Climate Change Diplomacy and Governance Networks". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4401.

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Transnational networks are growing in prevalence and importance as states, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental organizations seek to meet climate change goals; yet, the organizations in these networks struggle between the global, technical and local, contextual sources of power, authority, and knowledge used to influence decision-making and governance. This dissertation analyzes these contestations in Pacific Islands climate change diplomacy and governance efforts by asking: i) What do power relations look like among the Pacific Islands' networked organizations? ii) To what authority do organizations appeal to access sources of power? iii) What sources of knowledge are produced and reproduced by these organizations? and iv) How do these patterns fit within the broader history of the Pacific Islands and climate change? I draw from interviews, document analysis, event participation, and social network analysis of Pacific Island climate change diplomacy and governance. This examination leads me to propose the concept of "Climate Empire," which can be understood as the network of knowledge and communicative services that imagine, build, and administer the globe through a decentralized and deterritorialized apparatus of rule. In the Pacific Islands, Climate Empire upholds technical bureaucratic and scientific approaches to overcoming climate challenges; however, the global spaces in which these approaches are produced are reconnected with the spaces of local resistance through data collection networks and efforts to relocalize knowledge. Thus, the local/global divisions found in diplomacy and governance in the Pacific Islands collectively produce and reform Climate Empire as organizations interact in the network. Further research is necessary to understand the extensiveness of Climate Empire, as well as to ensure the inclusion and empowerment of Pacific Island voices in climate governance for both justice and efficacy.

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Choi, Chuen-yin, i 蔡雋妍. "Combating climate change: the control of greenhouse gas emissions in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50254856.

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Rose, David Christian. "Nature in a changing climate : knowledge and policy for conservation, England 1990-2011". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709441.

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Collins, Lisette Bernadette. "Confronting the Inconvenient Truth: The Politics and Policies of Australian Climate Change Adaptation Planning". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15553.

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Climate change adaptation policy development has been taking place for almost a decade, but thorough analysis of adaptation policy across Australia is yet to be achieved. This thesis explains variation in the identification of vulnerability in Australian climate change adaptation plans (CCAPs). It asks: how can we explain the variation in the prioritisation of socio-political concerns in CCAPs developed by local governments across Australia? The research shows that a general indistinct remit within local government contributes to a variety of problem definitions regarding climate change across councils that result in variation in identification and prioritisation of socio-political concerns. The thesis also engages with the question of ‘adaptation as transformation’ and concludes that transformation has not yet occurred in the Australian adaptation context. This thesis lays out the findings of a personally collated database of 97 climate change adaptation plans (CCAPs) from across Australia. CCAPs are categorised as either biophysical impacts-based or socio-political inclusive. Surveys and interviews were conducted to examine this variation, with specific attention paid to the inclusion of vulnerable groups and mental health in adaptation planning. Variation in the inclusion of and approaches to education and community consultation (key determinants of adaptive capacity) was also examined. The research is located at the intersection of the vulnerability literature, public policy, and the politics of climate change adaptation planning. As well as categorising Australian CCAPs as ‘transitional’ rather than ‘transformational’ adaptation, the research contributes a new theory – ‘the politicisation of vulnerability’ to the vulnerability literature, provides a new Australia-wide case study for the public policy literature, and offers a unique database of Australian local government CCAPs.

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England, Matthew. "Times of change? : insights into the Government of India's water policy and management response to climate change". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48157/.

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This thesis examines how climate change is being integrated within India's national and state government water policy and management practices. Climate change poses significant challenges to the management of non-stationary hydro-meteorological conditions, whilst meeting rising water demand. The nature and orientation of the Indian government's water institutional approach compounds this challenge, due to the1r focus on large-scale infrastructure-based supply-side water management. This research takes an interdisciplinary political ecology approach to examine the Indian hydrocracy's response, namely, the Ministry of Water Resources' (MWR) policy response to climate change, and the state level response by the Andhra Pradesh (AP) Irrigation Department. The analysis is based on policy documents and other government reports, interviews with policy makers and water managers, and non-government water experts 1n India, conducted between 2008 and 2011. The research draws on theoretical groundings of the linear and interactive models to understand public policy processes, water management paradigms including the hydraulic mission, river basin trajectory and institutional reform theory to understand the process and pace of government change. The Indian water policy experience will generate insights into the use of water policy to respond to climate change. The results indicate that climate change is being integrated within policy and water management practices as a continuation of infrastructure-based supply approaches to water management. This approach is facilitated by the uncertainty of climate change projections and impacts, which provide plasticity for it to be used to strengthen a sanctioned 'water for food' government discourse and hence continue India's hydraulic mission. The MWR and AP Irrigation Department appear resistant to change their strategic approach to water management. However, certain reformist actors within the margins of government are endeavouring to operationalise demand management strategies and institutional reform measures, broadly representing a reflexive modernity stage of water management. Insights into the Indian water policy process highlight numerous challenges to implementation, consistent with an interactive theoretical model of public policy. Implementation challenges of paramount importance include the politically contested nature of water management which serves vested political and financial interests, and the inertia of government, characterised by centralised and hierarchical structures and procedures. The government appears to be operating within the limits of a linear theoretical model of public policy, recommending demand management and institutional reform 'statements of policy intent', but without offering a suitable institutional approach to address implementation challenges. The hydrocracy is largely permitted to continue its approach within the wider political context in India, with other actors implicitly supporting and benefiting from large-scale water infrastructure. In conclusion, this research finds that both continuity and change co-exist within government water management in India. Resistance to change endures, whilst at the same time, certain reformist actors are intent to navigate the complex and uncertain nature of institutional reform.

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Mustelin, Johanna Orvokki. "Ideal Ideas or Pragmatic Reality? An Exploration of the Role of Adaptation 'Theory' in Policy and Practice". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366005.

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Climate change adaptation has emerged as an important topic of both scientific and political interest. Adaptation science now claims a legitimate space in policy agendas based on its prospective insights in providing guidance to adaptation policy and practice. The growth in adaptation science has contributed to the development of principles and assumptions about the nature of climate adaptation, which now influence our research, policy and practice. These emergent guidelines consist of a collection of core assumptions, which have enabled the translation of the more normative and speculative aspects of adaptation into policy relevant knowledge, frequently referred to as ‘adaptation theory’. However, this more applied side of adaptation science still faces substantial difficulties in its ability to move meaningfully between theory and practice. Hence, increasing calls for closer integration of adaptation theory and practice continue to be made in order to validate how ‘adaptation theory’ can support policy and practice. Although academia has responded to these calls by focusing more research on the fundamental characteristics of ‘good’ and ‘successful’ adaptation, it is still unclear what constitutes ’adaptation theory’ and the extent it is relevant for policy- and decision-making processes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Guay, Bruno. "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and policy-making in Panama". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112396.

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The Framework Convention on Climate Change has yet to deal with tropical deforestation although it represents an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2005 negotiations on a possible regime to reduce emissions from deforestation resume under the impulse of a regime proposal based on the concept of compensated reduction. Over the course of 2006 Panamanian policy-makers working within the National Environmental Authority (ANAM) determine that such a regime is in the interest of Panama given that the integrity of the Kyoto Protocol's existing flexibility mechanisms is protected. However reducing its deforestation rate is not currently possible for Panama due to ANAM's limited institutional capacity to act on the field and limited political capacity to influence the national agenda. Important up-front flows of funds from developed countries combined with the adoption of a progressive project based compensation mechanism could contribute to reverse this trend.

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Hurley, Alexander Davis. "An Exploration of a Nationwide Social Network of U.S. Local Governments and ClimateChange Policy Partners". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou152482284172598.

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Rajan, Mukund Govind. "India and the north-south politics of global environmental issues : the case of ozone depletion, climate change and loss of biodiversity". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:065449d2-6c0f-4aec-8ba9-a84cab137be9.

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The cooperation of developing countries is commonly assumed to be essential for the establishment of effective regimes to manage global environmental interdependence. Yet their policies and perceptions have been inadequately studied. This thesis seeks to partially fill this gap in the literature with a detailed analysis of Indian policy on global environmental issues. It examines the cases of ozone depletion, climate change, and loss of biodiversity, and discusses developments up to the 1992 Earth Summit. The study addresses four broad questions about Indian policy: the process of policy making; the character of Indian interests and preferences; the nature and evolution of India's bargaining strategy; and the outcome of international negotiations for India. It reveals a complex picture of continuity and change in Indian policy. It demonstrates the enduring importance of traditions and values such as the "poverty is the greatest polluter" orthodoxy and the concepts of sovereignty, equity and Third World solidarity. It also highlights the impact of perceptions of vulnerability in relation to the North. It argues that Indian policy did not reflect purely powermaximising goals; policy makers were sometimes uncertain about where India's interests precisely lay, and felt constrained both by economic weakness and by the recognition of the mutual interest of all states in global environmental protection. This was reflected in the moderation in India's bargaining strategy. The Indian case suggests that developing countries did not regard their cooperation in the resolution of global environmental issues purely as a bargaining chip with which to extract concessions from the North. Still less did they perceive these issues as providing an opportunity to pose a macro-challenge to the North, linking agendas across issue areas. Instead, their goals reflected perceptions of constraints and mutual interests in bargaining with the North. Their bargaining strategy thus tended to be moderate and flexible, unlike the confrontational approach of the 1970s.

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Maréchal, Kevin. "The economics of climate change and the change of climate in economics: the implications for climate policy of adopting an evolutionary perspective". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210278.

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1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research

Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition.

The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today’s world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society.

The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change.

In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called “mechanistic reductionism”. The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics.

Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent.

2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy

Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics “share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising.

The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies.

The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of ‘multi-level selection’. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties.

More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past “lock-in” stories.

Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through “habits” and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of ‘technological lock-in’ in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the ‘behavioural’ part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective.

As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the ‘no-regret’ emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy.

An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments ,it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as “barriers” and partly relate to the ‘bounded rationality’ of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents.

Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become “counter-intentional”, it then follows that people may often display “locked-in” practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed.

In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits).

Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive.

Mentioned references:

David, P. A. (1985), Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review 75/2: 332–337.

IPCC, 2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis’, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S. D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.

Stern, N. 2006, ‘Stern Review: The economics of Climate Change’, Report to the UK Prime Minister and Chancellor, London, 575 p. (www.sternreview.org.uk)

van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. 2007, ‘Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(5): 521-549.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Malumfashi, Garba Ibrahim. "'Green' public procurement policies, climate change mitigation and international trade regulation : an assessment of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/24c7aef7-074c-48db-877a-f9d22b51d7f5.

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This research examines the legal issues arising in the inter-relationship between climate change law and policy on the one hand, and international trade regulation on the other. The focus is government procurement. It looks at “green” government procurement (GPP) policies and practices used by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol as a tool for climate change mitigation, and as it relates to these countries’ obligations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). GPP is government purchase practice that favours goods, services and service suppliers that are more climate-friendly and energy efficient over similar others that are less so. For example, under the EU GPP policy, for climate reasons, procurement authorities have a preference for green electricity (generated from renewable sources) as against the conventional fossil-based electricity. The two types of “electricities” are ordinarily same products as far as their performance is concerned, that is, at the consumption level. Discriminating between the two has the potential to raise serious issues of law at WTO level.Under the WTO non-discrimination disciplines (GATT Arts. I and III, and GPA Art.III) product or service standards based on non-product related processes and production methods (PPMs) such as climate friendliness should not serve to permit differentiation in treatment between “like” products. The general exceptions provisions (GATT Art. XX(b) and (g) and GPA Art. XXIII) however, may permit such climate-related differential measures if they are: (1) necessary to achieve the legitimate policy objective intended, (2) not applied in a discriminatory manner and (3) not a disguised restriction on international trade. There are two issues of major concern to this study: First, there are textual discrepancies as between the GATT and GPA provisions related both to the nondiscrimination norms and the exceptions, which may pose interpretation difficulties in the event of a dispute. Secondly, the provisions of GATT Art. XX (b) and (g) are interpreted to refer to environment in general terms. However, the current trend is to single out and address climate change separately from among other environmental problems of transboundary nature. This is in view of the urgency associated with the challenge it poses. Generally, also, in accordance with established WTO jurisprudence, the party who invokes the GATT Art. XX exceptions bears the burden to prove the measure in question as being covered under the exceptions. Some scholars suggest that this situation places at a disadvantage the subjects covered by the exception provisions (in this case climate-related procurement). Examined, therefore, is not only the extent to which GPP practices can be accommodated under these exceptions, which are also in line with the WTO’s recognition of the principles of sustainable development, but also whether climate-friendly procurement is best protected if expressly provided for as “positive norm” in the text of the GPA. The Revised GPA 2007 (not yet in force) contains a new paragraph (Art. X:6) which explicitly permits the Parties to include environmental considerations in their procurement policies. This study argues that the revision would not fundamentally address the issues observed earlier. In order to avoid the interpretation difficulties envisaged, and to promote mutual supportiveness and coherence between the climate and trade regimes further amendment would be necessary to the text of Art. XXIII of the GPA to the general exceptions, or in the alternative, to Art. X:6 of the Revised GPA. The amendment should, subject to appropriate conditions, explicitly permit discriminatory GP measures meant to address climate change subject. This amendment would effectively shift the burden of proof from the Party maintaining the measure to the one complaining against it. In the final analysis, this research will contribute to the current discourse on what role the WTO may play in the efforts to fashion out new international climate policy to succeed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC by 2012.

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Nelson, Hal T. "Presidential Domain: An Exploratory Study of Prospect Theory and US Climate Policy Since 1998". PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2879.

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The Bush administration's decision to abandon the Kyoto Protocol can be explained by prospect theory. The change in federal climate policy between the Clinton and Bush administrations was due to the difference in domain that each president operated under. President Clinton operated under a domain of losses as he associated continued fossil fuel use with future socio-economic and environmental damages from climate change. This domain of losses increased President Clinton's risk tolerances and explains his pursuit of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, President Bush operated under a domain of gains where he did not connect fossil fuel use with future damages, rather with continued economic growth. President Bush's domain of gains reduced his risk tolerance and resulted in his pursuit of fossil fuel intensive economic development policies. This paper defines the domain that Presidents Clinton and Bush operated under regarding climate change, the independent variable of this analysis. A total of 26 speeches on climate change by these presidents were coded to explicate domain according to two categories of beliefs. The single most salient variable is the decision makers beliefs about the perceived robustness of the current state of scientific knowledge on climate change. The second most important aspect of these decision makers beliefs revolve around the role of fossil fuels in economic growth. Once domain has been defined through the cognitive maps and each decision makers corresponding risk tolerance explicated, the dependent variable of policy preferences are analyzed. Two policy options are analyzed; the business as usual (BAU) option associated with the status quo, as well as a climate protection policy that is reflective of the emissions reductions associated with US compliance with Kyoto. These two policy options are evaluated in three case studies; the economy wide costs of compliance with Kyoto targets for greenhouse gas emissions, the public health impacts of greenhouse gas reductions, and finally against a component of the Kyoto Protocol that allows for international trading of permits to emit greenhouse gases.

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Van, Huyssteen Roelof Cornelis. "Regulatory aspects of carbon credits and carbon markets". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5086.

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Regulating carbon markets in order to fight the effects of climate change has in recent years become an integral part of many economies around the world. Ensuring that policymakers implement market-based climate change legislation according to international best practice is an essential part to guarantee that a carbon market system operates smoothly within a country’s economy. There are many opportunities that exist in South Africa towards developing a lucrative carbon market; however, the information to implement such a system is hard to come by and complex to analyse. This dissertation will aim to shed some light on this relatively new field of the law as it will provide an overview of international best practice within the carbon market sphere. Furthermore, this dissertation will examine the legal nature of a carbon credit; analyse international instruments regulating carbon markets and discuss existing South African policies and legislation related to climate change and carbon markets. This will lead to the ultimate objective of this dissertation: to propose a possible framework for the regulation of a South African carbon market based upon international best practice. This dissertation revealed the imperative need for South African policymakers to implement legislation to conform to international best practice within carbon markets. In this regard the dissertation also revealed that the infrastructure to regulate such a market already exists within South Africa. Only subtle changes to these infrastructure systems will be required in order for to accommodate a functioning carbon market. The study revealed that the only way to convince entities around the world to emit fewer emissions and to contribute towards the fight against climate change is to attach a monetary value to emissions. Associating a price to carbon is the only way to sanction entities that produce emissions and compensate entities that mitigate emissions. A carbon tax coupled with a carbon offset mechanism, as opposed to a emissions trading scheme, would be the best option with regards to establishing a South African carbon policy. This will ensure a fair playing field, as carbon tax liable entities would be held responsible to pay the same fixed price per ton of carbon that they emit. Coupling the carbon tax with a carbon offset mechanism, trading with carbon credits, will incentivise companies to invest in “greener” technologies and to emit fewer emissions. This dissertation revealed that international best practice in the carbon market sphere, still poses significant difficulties such as price volatility associated with carbon credits; validation and verification inconsistencies within the different carbon standards; and supply and demand fluctuations. These difficulties where highlighted in this dissertation and solutions relating to these difficulties were discussed. The time has come for South Africa to enter the carbon market sphere, whether it be through the introduction of a carbon tax or otherwise. This dissertation illustrates that the infrastructure and stakeholders associated to a South African carbon market needs to be developed. If, when and how the government will actually implement such a carbon market system, remains a question to be answered.

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Spires, Meggan Hazel. "Barriers to and enablers of climate change adaptation in four South African municipalities, and implications for community based adaptation". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018913.

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The focus of this study is on understanding the multiple and interacting factors that hinder or enable municipal planned climate change adaptation, here called barriers and enablers respectively, and their implications for community based adaptation. To do this I developed a conceptual framework of barriers to and enablers of planned climate change adaptation, which informed a systematic literature review of barriers to planned community based adaptation in developing countries. In this framework barriers were grouped into resource, social and physical barriers. I then conducted empirical case study analysis using qualitative research methods in four South African municipalities to understand what barriers and enablers manifested in these contexts. In light of the reflexive nature of my methodology, my framework was adjusted based on my empirical findings, where contextual barriers were found to better represent the empirical results and subsumed physical barriers. I found my framework useful for analysis, but in the empirical cases, barriers and enablers overlaid and interacted so significantly that in reality it was often difficult to separate them. A key finding was that enablers tended to be more about the way things are done, as opposed to direct opposites of barriers. Comparison of barriers and enablers across the case studies revealed a number of key themes. Municipalities struggle to implement climate change adaptation and community based adaptation within contexts of significant social, economic and ecological challenges. These contextual barriers, when combined with certain cognitive barriers, lead to reactive responses. Existing municipal systems and structures make it difficult to enable climate change adaptation, which is inherently cross‐sectoral and messy, and especially community based adaptation that is bottom‐up and participatory. Lack of locally applicable knowledge, funding and human resources were found to be significant resource barriers, and were often underlain by social barriers relating to perceptions, norms, discourses and governance challenges. Enablers of engaged officials, operating within enabling organisational environments and drawing on partnerships and networks, were able to overcome or circumvent these barriers. When these enablers coincided with windows of opportunity that increased the prioritisation of climate change within the municipality, projects with ancillary benefits were often implemented. Analysis of the barriers and enablers identified in the literature and case studies, informed discussion on whether municipalities are able to implement community based adaptation as defined in the literature, as well as the development of recommendations for how municipal planned climate change adaptation and community based adaptation can be further understood and enabled in the future. These recommendations for practice and research include: (a) To acknowledge and understand the conceptual framings of municipal climate change work, as these framings inform the climate change agenda that is pursued, and hence what municipal climate change adaptation work is done and how it was done. (b) The need for further research into the social barriers that influence the vital enablers of engaged officials, enabling organisational environments, and partnerships and networks. (c) To learn from pilot community‐level interventions that have been implemented by municipalities, as well as from other disciplines and municipalities. (d) To develop top‐down/bottom‐up approaches to enable municipal planned climate change adaptation and community based adaptation, that benefits from high level support and guidance, as well as local level flexibility and learning‐by‐doing. (e) To develop viable mechanisms for municipalities to better engage with the communities they serve.

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Zong, Jian Ping. "Climate change in Sino-U.S. relations : a catalyst of cooperation or conflict?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554512.

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Ou, Po-Hsiang. "Climate change v Eurozone crisis : social and economic views of risk in inter-expert risk communication". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3619fc5-fd2a-483b-92b5-94aa90ce13d1.

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This DPhil thesis discusses how two divergent risk conceptions, a 'social view' and an 'economic view' of risk, are constructed through inter-expert risk communication. Different and sometimes contradictory concepts of risk are mobilised in regulatory practice, but the origins of these divergent risk conceptions are not extensively studied. This thesis seeks to unpack this divergence. Empirically, I analyse risk communication among experts in the European Union (EU) during the creation of two risk regulation standards. The two case studies, one related to the development of the two-degree target of EU climate policies (the climate case) and the other about the negotiation of the excessive deficit criteria of the Maastricht Treaty (the euro case), can shed light on the relations between risk conceptions and inter-expert risk communication. I argue that through risk communication, an initial 'view' of risk can be entrenched and developed into a paradigmatic 'risk conception'. My analysis uses historical and sociological institutionalism, by focusing on path dependence of risk communication and social construction risk conceptions among EU experts. Through the two case studies, I identify four analytical dimensions of inter-expert risk communication: networks (the institutional setting and relationships between different experts), cultures (the mentalities of experts in relation to discussing risks), dynamics (the actual processes of transmitting and receiving risk messages) and strategies (the rationales supporting the decisions of risk regulation standards). My thematic analysis reveals four key distinct 'features' of social/economic views of risk: expertise (the types of knowledge mobilised), normality (characterising risk as either 'special' or 'routine'), probability (considering risk as either uncertain or calculable) and impact (seeing risk as either negative or positive). I argue that these four features can help explain the construction of risk conceptions, and more broadly, provide an analytical framework for studying how views of risk evolve and interact over time.

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López, Romero Ana-María. "Alignment of mitigation pledges with government expenditure in Latin America : A case study of Chile, Colombia and Peru in the COVID-19 context". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178318.

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The implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in 2020 has coincided with the outbreak of COVID-19. Recovery paths taken to deal with the economic consequences of the pandemic can be either an opportunity to foster a sustainable growth or a return to business-as-usual model. Assuming that national budgets define the economic strategy of governments, this thesis addresses the relationship between mitigation pledges outlined in NDCs and mitigation-related expenditure in Chile, Peru and Colombia pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A deductive thematic analysis of NDCs is used to identify the prioritized mitigation sectors and to allow for a refined focus in the analysis of the relevant mitigation-related expenses for each case country. Budgets of 2020 and 2021 are compared and discussed in the light of previous research. Results show different levels of climate ambition but common prioritised sectors (energy, land-use, and industry). Regarding Peru, the budgets indicate a higher mitigation ambition than their NDC by including expenditure in areas that are not mentioned in the NDC. Contrary, Colombia and Chile have detailed NDCs that cover more aspects than indicated through their government expenditure. Generally, energy and industry expenditure misalign with the NDC pledges, due to the increase of expenses on national fossil fuels resources in 2021. Land-use mitigation expenditure, linked to forestry and agriculture, have increased in Chile and Peru but are hardly represented in Colombia. Thus, the thesis outlines early misalignments of mitigation targets with government expenditure and differences in accountability and transparency that could challenge the monitoring of progress towards the achievement of the pledges.

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Grey, Mashoko Stephen. "The missing ingredient: rethinking the drought disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation nexus in Chirumhanzu District, Zimbabwe". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58298.

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Two of the main challenges facing communities and governments in developing countries are the reduction of risks of hydro-meteorological hazards and adaptation to climate change. As climate variability and change impacts are becoming more visible in the form of disasters, and are negatively affecting climate sensitive livelihoods and eroding communities' ability to fully recover, leading to increased vulnerability to subsequent climate risks. The unpredictability of current weather systems, therefore, makes it very difficult for poor governments and households to deal with adverse impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the fragmented approach to DRR and CCA with regards to practice, policy and organisational frameworks for dealing with climate risks is resulting in coordination challenges for the government departments. This study aimed to explore how local households and communities perceive and are experiencing and coping with climate change and drought, and what that means for integrating hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The study was carried out in Chirumhanzu district and the methods used for data collection included: 217 household surveys; six focus group discussions; participatory learning actions methods; key informant's interviews and document review. The majority of households owned low value material assets and had low levels of livelihood capitals and this exposed them to the impacts of climate variability and successive droughts. This low adaptive capacity largely affected their ability to engage effective drought risk reduction and adaptation strategies for their livelihood activities in small-scale farming and livestock rearing. Vulnerability to climate risks was exacerbated by seasonal weather forecasts, which were deemed by some households to be unreliable, inaccurate and not easily understood, while others used of indigenous knowledge. Successive droughts affected households' access to food and cash income for other household demands. Other non-climatic factors that contributed to adverse drought impacts at the household level were an emphasis on reactive humanitarian aid approach and the poor economy in Zimbabwe. Additionally, the policy framework for dealing with climate change and drought hazards is fragmented and weak; and is housed in different government departments making it difficult to coordinate and implement. To improve climate risk management, there is need for the government to appreciate that drought risk reduction and climate change adaptation are all about reducing vulnerability. Understanding this, might assist in improving government focus on addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability and mainstreaming DRR and CCA into development processes through addressing specific and generic adaptive capacities. The thesis argues that as long as rural households are involved in climate sensitive livelihood activities and not getting meaningful intervention to diversity and/or better intensify their livelihood activities, they will continue to be vulnerable to successive climate risks. This fragmented approach to dealing with climate risks, is not yielding any successful results with regards to building resilience, risk reduction or adaptation of rural households.

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Leong, Chi Ian. "National power, international interdependence and state socialization : explaining China's diplomatic behaviour in climate change politics". Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554612.

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Bak, HyeonUk. "Feedback and Innovative Work Behavior among Local Government Employees in Korea: The Roles of Trust in Supervisor, Affective Commitment, and Risk-Taking Climate". VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5832.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanisms of how feedback from supervisor affects innovative work behavior among local government employees in Korea. Another purpose of this study is to explore the mediating roles of trust in supervisor and affective commitment, and the moderating role of risk-taking climate, using various theories, such as organizational support theory, social exchange theory, intrinsic motivation theory, and psychological climate theory. The results from a cross-sectional study based on a sample of 1,699 local government employees from 65 local governments find that feedback from supervisor has a significant direct effect on innovative work behavior. Trust in supervisor and affective commitment significantly mediate the relationship between feedback from supervisor and innovative work behavior. Feedback from supervisor has an indirect effect on innovative work behavior through its influence on trust in supervisor and affective commitment in serial. Risk-taking climate significantly moderates the relationship between affective commitment and innovative work behavior. Lastly, the results of moderated mediation model find that the conditional effects are significant at high levels of the moderator (at one standard deviation above the mean) and at the mean, while the conditional effect was not significant at low levels of moderator (at one standard deviation below the mean) for both two indirect effect paths (feedback from supervisor --> affective commitment --> innovative work behavior, and feedback from supervisor --> trust in supervisor --> affective commitment --> innovative work behavior).

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26

Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law". Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.

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Joshi, Shangrila 1981. "Justice, Development and India’s Climate Politics: A Postcolonial Political Ecology of the Atmospheric Commons". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12030.

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xvi, 203 p. : ill. (some col.)
Global climate negotiations have been at a standstill for over a decade now over the issue of distributing the responsibility of mitigating climate change among countries. During the past few years, countries such as India and China - the so-called emerging economies that were under no obligation to mitigate under the Kyoto Protocol - have increasingly come under pressure to accept limits comparable to those for industrialized countries. These countries, in turn, have strongly resisted these pressures. My dissertation examines India's participation in these ongoing climate negotiations. Based on qualitative interviews with relevant Indian officials, textual analysis and participant observation, I tell the story of why and how this so-called emerging economy has been resisting a cap on its emissions despite being one of the most vulnerable countries to the consequences of climate change. I draw upon the literatures of environmental justice, international relations, postcolonialism and political ecology to develop my dissertation and adopt a self-reflexive approach in my analysis. The need for global cooperation to address global environmental issues has arguably provided greater bargaining power to countries formerly marginalized in the global political economy. Following the dynamics of North-South environmental politics, India's climate politics consists of utilizing this power to increase its access to global resources as well as to hold hegemonic industrialized countries accountable for their historical and continuing exploitation of the environmental commons. A key aspect of India's climate politics consists of self-identification as a developing country. Developed countries with higher cumulative and per capita emissions are seen to have the primary responsibility to mitigate climate change and to provide financial and technological support to developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Developing countries are seen to have a right to pursue development defined as economic growth. The climate crisis is thus seen by my respondents as an opportunity to address the unequal status quo between developed and developing countries. I suggest that this crisis also creates opportunities to redefine development beyond a narrow focus on economic growth. This may be enabled if the demand for justice in an international context is extended to the domestic sphere.
Committee in charge: Shaul Cohen, Chairperson; Alec Murphy, Member; Ted Toadvine, Member; Peter Walker, Member; Anita Weiss, Outside Member

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GRANCERI, MASSIMILIANO. "Understanding climate change adaptation mainstreaming and planning challenges. Insights from Barcelona and Turin municipalities". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2839863.

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Lyshall, Linda. "Collaboration and Climate Action at the Local Scale". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1303754240.

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Jahns, Claire M. "The effects of regulatory threats and strategic bargaining on firms' voluntary participation in pollution reduction programs". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354889137.

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Moreira, Fabiano de Araújo 1987. "Brasil e México no regime ambiental internacional sobre mudanças climáticas : avanços e desafios em suas políticas nacionais, e o discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287264.

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Orientador: Claudete de Castro da Silva Vitte
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_FabianodeAraujo_M.pdf: 1759944 bytes, checksum: b86e2bd41f889de5109a1b40cd09beb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo realizar o estudo comparativo entre as políticas nacionais de mudanças climáticas de dois países, Brasil e México, para identificar seus avanços e desafios, e dessa forma analisar a evolução do regime ambiental internacional sobre mudanças do clima tomando a América Latina como referência, assim como o discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável, para saber se essas negociações estão ocasionando conquistas sociais e ambientais, de fato, na temática, utilizando preceitos tanto das Relações Internacionais quanto da Geografia. Esse trabalho tem como premissa o discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável, que, acreditamos, cada vez mais permeia a ação não apenas do mercado, mas também dos Estados-nação, com suas legislações ambientais constrangidas pela lógica do livre comércio, seguindo as diretrizes demarcadas pelo regime ambiental das mudanças do clima. Para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa, desenvolvemos um estudo comparativo que se mostra revelador, na medida em que propicia uma reflexão rica, elucidando os aspectos positivos e negativos, os avanços e desafios dos dois Estados-nação, que contribuem na compreensão de até que ponto as negociações internacionais estão afetando diretamente a evolução das políticas ambientais nacionais e suas implicações no território e como podemos observar o discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável agindo nas políticas que incidem diretamente sobre esses territórios. A dissertação foi organizada com metodologia exploratória, com pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, artigos acadêmicos, jornais e páginas eletrônicas, resultando em uma análise crítica da atuação do Brasil e do México, observando os discursos feitos pelos governantes que promoveram as políticas nacionais de mudanças climáticas nesses países, para se compreender os motivos que podem estar por trás de tais ações, entrelaçando as informações obtidas ao final, na conclusão, chegando-se ao resultado esperado
Abstract: This thesis aims to perform a comparative study of national policies on climate change of two countries, Brazil and Mexico, in order to identify their advances and challenges, and thus analyze the evolution of international environmental regime of climate change taking Latin America as a reference as well as the discourse of sustainable development, to see if these negotiations are causing social and environmental achievements, in fact, in the subject, using both precepts of International Relations and Geography. This work is premised on the discourse of sustainable development, which, we believe, increasingly permeates not only market share, but also nation-States with their environmental laws constrained by the logic of free trade, following the guidelines marked by the environmental regime on climate changes. To achieve the research objectives, we have developed a comparative study that has been revealing, because it provides a rich reflection to explain positive and negative aspects, advances and challenges of the two nation-States, which contribute to the understanding of the extent to which international negotiations are directly affecting the development of national environmental policies and their implications in the territory and how we could observe the discourse of sustainable development acting on policies that focus on acting directly on these territories. The dissertation was organized with exploratory methodology, bibliographical research in books, scholarly articles, papers and web pages, resulting in a critical analysis of the performance of Brazil and Mexico, observing the speeches made by rulers who promoted national policies on climate change in these countries, to understand the reasons that may be behind such actions, intertwining the information obtained at the end, in the conclusion, coming up to the expected result
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

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Cortese, Tatiana Tucunduva Philippi. "Mudanças climáticas na cidade de São Paulo: avaliação da política pública municipal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-31072013-105505/.

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INTRODUÇÃO Na Conferência das Partes da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (COP 15) realizada em Copenhagen, em dezembro de 2009, destacou-se o discurso de Ban Ki-Moon Secretário-Geral da ONU, que afirmou que o aquecimento global é o maior desafio de todos os tempos. O clima no planeta sempre sofreu alterações, mas nunca antes numa velocidade tão rápida. E este agravamento do efeito estufa na atmosfera do planeta é resultado do crescimento demográfico e econômico acelerado promovido desde a revolução industrial, que está alterando o ciclo natural de variação do clima e causando uma mudança climática global irreversível em curto e médio prazo. A partir da divulgação destes dados, e da repercussão do livro e filme Uma Verdade Inconveniente do Albert Gore, o tema das mudanças climáticas ganhou destaque na agenda internacional. No mundo, no Brasil, no Estado de São Paulo e na cidade em que vivemos será necessário agir para combater o agravamento do efeito estufa. A cidade de São Paulo é pioneira na criação da Política Municipal de Mudanças Climáticas e dá o exemplo de que é possível o enfrentamento da questão de forma política e técnica. OBJETIVO Avaliar o processo de implantação e repercussões da Política Municipal de Mudanças Climáticas de São Paulo PMMC para que atenda os objetivos propostos na lei que a institui. METODOLOGIA Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de natureza quanti-qualitativa com coleta de dados primários (entrevistas) e dados secundários (análise documental). A metodologia do DSC combinada com a formulação exploratória e descritiva foi considerada a mais adequada aos objetivos propostos, por promover a análise que busca compreender os limites e alcances de políticas públicas de interesse público, para se buscar formular recomendações para melhorar a aplicabilidade de uma política pública no Brasil. RESULTADOS Os sujeitos da pesquisa apontaram a atuação multidisciplinar, a mobilização internacional e a articulação entre os poderes como principais facilitadores na implantação das medidas propostas pela PMMC. E, como principais inibidores, a ausência de vontade política, bem como a falta de engajamento e de mobilização social. A última parte do questionário foi aplicada diretamente aos especialistas de cada área, e, diante dos resultados apresentados, é possível apontar que 50 por cento das medidas estão em processo de implementação, e 39,3 por cento das medidas não foram implementadas. Esta identificação caracteriza que das 56 medidas propostas, 89,3 por cento não foram cumpridas. CONCLUSÃO 39,3 por cento das medidas não foram implementadas; a meta de redução de 30 por cento de emissões estabelecida para 2012 não foi cumprida; conflitos entre grupos sociais dificultaram a aplicação da lei; a metodologia do discurso do sujeito coletivo mostrou visão coerente com princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e com entendimento das medidas para efetividade da PMMC
INTRODUCTION At the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Climate Change (COP 15) held in Copenhagen in December 2009, the highlight was the speech by Ban Ki-moon - UN Secretary-General, who said that global warming is the biggest challenge of all time. The climate on the planet has changed forever, but never before at a speed so fast. And this greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of the planet is the result of demographic and economic growth promoted accelerated since the industrial revolution, which is changing the natural cycle of climate variability and global climate change causing irreversible in the short and medium term. From the disclosure of this data, and the impact of the book and movie \"An Inconvenient Truth\" from Al Gore, the climate change issue has gained prominence on the international agenda. In the world, in Brazil, in São Paulo and in the city we will be required to combat the greenhouse effect. The city of São Paulo is a pioneer in the creation of the Municipal Policy on Climate Change and gives the example that it is possible to address the issue of political form and technique. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the implementation process and impacts of Climate Change Policy of the City of São Paulo - PMMC - to meet the proposed objectives in the law establishing it. METHODOLOGY It is a cross-sectional study, both quantitative-qualitative primary data collection (interviews) and secondary data (document analysis). The methodology of DSC combined with exploratory and descriptive formulation was considered most appropriate to the proposed objectives, to promote the analysis that seeks to understand the limits and scope of public policies in the public interest, to seek to make recommendations to improve the applicability of a policy public in Brazil. RESULTS The interviewed indicated multidisciplinary, international mobilization and coordination between branches as main facilitators in the implementation of the measures proposed by the PMMC. And, as a major complicating, the lack of political will and the lack of engagement and social mobilization. The last part of the questionnaire was applied directly to the experts in each area, and on the results presented, it is possible to point out that 50 per cent of the measures are in the process for implementation and 39.3 per cent of the measures are not implemented at all. So, 89.3 per cent of the PMMC measures were not accomplished. CONCLUSION 39.3 per cent of the measures were not implemented, the goal of reducing 30 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions set for 2012 was not met; conflicts between social groups hindered law enforcement, the methodology of the discourse of collective subject showed coherent with sustainable development principles and understanding of the effectiveness of PMMC

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Nelson, Edward. "Hydropower in Scotland : linking changing energy and environmental agendas with sustainability outcomes". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20282.

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As the UK energy sector moves to a greater contribution from low-carbon and renewable sources it faces significant challenges in delivering affordability, security of supply and sustainability. Although hydropower in Scotland emerged on a large scale in the mid-20th century against an influential, changing wider context of energy policy, environmental regulation and debate, it is now subject to an evolving renewables agenda. This further shapes the national and scheme level characteristics of hydropower and in turn outcomes for the water environment. Contingent upon these considerations, hydropower regulation must now deliver on EU obligations to protect and improve the ecological status of water bodies, whilst also supporting domestic efforts to meet high profile binding renewable energy targets. Yet, despite an acknowledged potential for energy policy to constrain the delivery of water policy objectives, there is little policy harmonisation between disciplines. As Scotland orientates itself as a leader in Europe on climate change, transitioning to increasing amounts of renewable generation across a handful of technologies, there is a gap in knowledge about how specific renewable policies and trends can influence hydropower sustainability outcomes and regulatory challenges. This thesis therefore contributes an innovative and timely critical examination of the effect a changing wider renewable energy and policy context has on hydropower sustainability in Scotland, at a scheme and national level. This research uses an interdisciplinary, temporal analysis to identify linkages and create dialogue between disciplines and scales, informing the pursuit of sustainable renewable energy through policy and regulation in a changing world. It finds firstly, that the changing national generation mix towards an increased contribution from renewable sources, including potentially intermittent technologies such as wind power, has contributed to an alteration in the operational characteristics and reservoir variability profile of Cruachan pumped-storage scheme, presenting positive outcomes for reservoir littoral habitats. Secondly, it finds that whilst not operating in isolation, renewable energy incentive policies, through their eligibility criteria, financial reward frameworks and timing, influence hydropower characteristics and sustainability challenges, providing trade-offs but also synergies for hydropower regulation. Finally, it finds that there is a degree of divergence in hydropower outcomes and challenges in Scotland and Norway, due to the characteristics and especially interaction of wider contextual elements such as topography, profile of precipitation input, national energy needs and the role of regional and municipal government. By highlighting these linkages, this thesis is of value to energy policy and environmental regulation in Scotland and across the EU, and is seen as a first step in addressing these uncertainties and supporting a more integrated and sustainable hydropower and renewables governance framework.

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Florack, Alyssa. "Local Governments Taking on Climate Change: Situating City Actions in the Global Climate Regime:". Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108629.

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Thesis advisor: David Deese
Given the current political environment in the US, there is great doubt about the future of American policy on climate change. Still, the optimistic future of American climate policy relies on the new group of leaders that have emerged from municipal government. Although local government is traditionally ignored in favor of the publicity of international negotiations between countries, cities have established a role at the forefront of climate policy over the past ten years. These local governments serve half of the world’s population and often are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, making their contributions more important than ever. Although they face a unique set of difficulties, cities are able to take a range of actions impossible at higher levels of government, reaching communities in unprecedented ways and innovating new policies. This project aims to analyze how local governments fit into the global political regime on climate change, testing the theoretical framework of multilevel governance against reallife examples in Boston and New York City. Further, this paper finds that cities compensate for their relatively small size and limited jurisdiction through a unique set of actions and collaborative relationships, enabling these local actors to become international leaders on this complex global issue
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline:
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Environmental Studies

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Schmidt, Robert. "What's Really Keeping the US from Joining the Kyoto Protocol. A Game Theoretic Empirical Analysis". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/994.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Business Administration
Business Economics

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Garren, Sandra Jo. "Greenhouse gas emissions and climate policy in Florida's state and local governments (2000 to 2010)". Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5024.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the current state of climate policy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends in the state Florida and its local governments. The research is guided by three research questions 1) What has been the policy response from state and local governments to the threat of climate change; 2) What were the GHG emission trends from 2000 to 2010 in Florida and its local governments and what were the drivers of change?; and, 3) what were the issues related to the data and methodologies to quantify GHG emissions at the local government level? Policymakers need accurate data and a framework by which to measure progress towards reduction targets and mitigation strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions. To date, there has not been a comprehensive assessment in Florida despite the proliferation of reduction targets and action planning in state and local governments. Research was conducted to systematically catalogue climate policy at the state and specific actions at the local government level. Actions taken at the local government level included participation in one or more of eight climate networks and completion of a GHG inventory and/or climate action plan. A comprehensive GHG inventory was completed for the state (2000 through 2010) and for all 477 local governments (2000 and 2010). GHG emissions were summarized for total GHG emissions, per capita GHG emissions, per land area GHG emissions, and by sector (i.e., energy, transportation, industrial processes, agriculture, waste, carbon sequestration, and miscellaneous other categories). The ambitious 2007 policies of Governor Crist to curb state GHG emissions floundered once he left office and was replace by the new Governor Rick Scott. It was then left to local governments to respond to the threat of global warming with 117 of 477 local governments pledging to take action (as evidenced through participation in climate action networks). However, only a small minority actually tried to go beyond to complete a GHG inventory and develop a climate action plan. Of these, only two have conducted a follow-up GHG inventory with resultant increases of over 30 percent which falls far short of county-wide reduction targets of 20 percent. GHG emissions from the 39 local governments who undertook GHG inventories found increases in GHG emissions of 10 percent. GHG emissions in the state have increased by 14 percent from 2000 to 2010. In both 2000 and 2010, transportation and electricity consumption were the largest contributors of GHG emissions in both the state and its local governments. Industrial and agricultural emissions were also contributors but these emissions not equally distributed throughout local governments in Florida due to the location of these industries across the state. The rates of change from 2000 to 2010 were not equal in all categories. GHG emission increases were observed in the majority of categories but at different rates; however, reductions were observed in industrial sources and livestock and other agricultural sources. The research identifies drivers of GHG emission change in the state to include population size, Florida gross domestic product (FGDP), land use change, and national energy policies (i.e., natural gas over coal and increased fuel efficiency standards). When assessing methodologies for states and local governments, nine separate GHG methodologies were identified all of which used different approaches and categorical coverage. In addition, the procedures that are used may not be appropriate for the scale of a local jurisdiction due to problems associated with generalizing or averaging emissions data. Data availability at the state level is robust; however, readily-available data at the local government level for certain categories were deemed to be insufficient to avoid highly uncertain assumptions. Review of the completed GHG inventories indicates the use of different approaches makes comparisons between the published GHG emissions impossible. It is recommended that a standardized methodology and data collection framework be used for all local governments for more accurate comparisons and to assess the impacts of policy at a local government scale. While the local government GHG inventory required the use of some uncertain assumptions due to data limitations, such a framework was developed for this dissertation. The framework could be refined with more accurate data for future inventories and could also be adapted for other states.

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Pitt, Damian Rogero. "The Diffusion of Climate Protection Planning among U.S. Municipalities". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38616.

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Many U.S. municipalities are engaged in climate protection planning, or efforts to reduce their communitiesâ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through land use, transportation, and energy planning. However, they face a number of procedural and institutional obstacles that limit the adoption and implementation of those plans. The literature on climate protection planning identifies some of the factors that lead municipalities to join relevant policy networks, but provides little guidance for overcoming the aforementioned obstacles and adopting policies to reduce community-wide GHG emissions. This dissertation increases the understanding of climate protection planning by examining whether the adoption of these plans and policies is driven primarily by local demographic, economic, environmental, or political characteristics. It also contributes to the literature on local government policy diffusion by examining whether the spread of climate protection policies is dictated primarily by internal or external determinants. The research for this report includes a survey with responses from 255 U.S. municipal leaders. These responses are combined with secondary data and analyzed using multiple regression techniques to estimate the impact of 15 demographic, political-institutional, economic, and environmental variables on the adoption of climate protection plans and policies. A series of follow-up telephone interviews provides a more detailed understanding of how these factors influence the extent of climate protection planning. The quantitative findings indicate that the influence of neighboring jurisdictions, the presence of staff members assigned to energy or climate planning, and the level of community environmental activism have the greatest impact on climate protection policy adoption. The interviews reveal that the most successful municipalities tend to coordinate with their neighbors on energy and climate issues and incorporate meaningful community participation in their climate protection planning processes. This supports the conclusion that the extent of climate protection planning is driven primarily by internal processes, and municipalities that are successful in this area do not fit any one profile according to their demographic, economic, or environmental characteristics. Therefore, most if not all municipalities have the potential to adopt climate protection policies if sufficient resources, support, and initiative are in place.
Ph. D.

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Bergkvist, Andersson Magda. "Domestic Organisations and Multi-Level Policy : An interview study of Swedish environmental non-governmental organisations influencing climate policy in a multi-level context". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385475.

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Kalesnikaite, Vaiva. "Facing the Rising Tide: How Local Governments in the United States Collaborate to Adapt to Sea Level Rise". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3770.

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While communities in the United States are already experiencing the effects of climate change, scientists project that sea level rise, increased precipitation, and record-breaking extreme weather events will devastate vulnerable regions in the following decades. The absence of federal strategies for climate change adaptation leaves state and city governments with broad discretion to undertake climate change adaptation measures. Yet cities may be unable to adapt to climate change without external assistance, particularly in states where the state leadership has not recognized the need to provide political and financial support to local governments. Collaboration allows cities to pool resources and work across boundaries to ameliorate significant problems such as climate change. Scholars of public administration have extensively researched collaboration. However, we still know little about what factors facilitate horizontal collaboration and why and how collaborative governance may lead to improved policy outputs and outcomes. Using the case of sea level rise preparedness in US cities, this dissertation contributes to better understanding of horizontal collaboration and its effects on public service provision. The analysis draws on quantitative data from surveys, administered to US municipal governments, and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with city officials. This research has several principal findings. First, organizational propensity to collaborate on sea level rise preparedness is driven by leadership that recognizes the value and need for collaboration, and internal organizational characteristics. Second, horizontal collaboration helps cities advance plans for sea level rise adaptation, particularly when partnering with institutions of higher learning and businesses. Third, the findings show that collaboration with other municipalities and businesses is a positive contributing factor toward better preparedness for sea level rise in US cities. By shedding more light on horizontal collaboration as a tool to help cities adapt to changes in climate, the study contributes to two bodies of literature, including research on climate change policy and collaborative governance. The study also provides a number of recommendations to local policy makers and public administrators on how to facilitate horizontal collaboration to utilize local resources in public problem-solving.

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Parker, Joseph Lynn. "Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012". PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1514.

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This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change.

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Weikmans, Romain. "Le financement international de l'adaptation au changement climatique: quelle vision de l'aide ?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209004.

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Les contestations normatives relatives à la nature des transferts financiers Nord-Sud visant l’adaptation au changement climatique et à ses relations avec l’aide publique au développement (APD) se sont considérablement accentuées depuis 2009 lorsque les pays développés se sont conjointement engagés à fournir des ressources «nouvelles et supplémentaires » à hauteur de 30 milliards de dollars pour la période 2010-2012 et à mobiliser collectivement 100 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2020, en les répartissant de manière « équilibrée » entre l’atténuation et l’adaptation dans les pays en développement. Mouvements de solidarité internationale, organisations non gouvernementales de protection de l’environnement, représentants des pays en développement, et parfois institutions multilatérales de développement :nombreux sont les acteurs qui appellent à la mise en place d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui existerait séparément de l’aide, en représentant une forme de « compensation » liée à la responsabilité disproportionnée des pays développés dans l’occurrence du changement climatique.

Notre thèse se construit à partir d’un constat :celui de la déconnexion entre une hypothèse largement répandue dans la littérature académique (i.e. l’existence d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui serait distinct de l’APD – et original sous divers aspects) et la réalité observable (i.e. l’existence d’un tel financement ne se vérifie pas dans les faits). Comment expliquer cette déconnexion ?Telle est précisément la question que nous tentons d’élucider dans le présent document. Nous formulons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les discours opposant le financement international de l’adaptation et l’aide au développement sont le produit d’une vision particulière de ce que devrait être l’APD. L’ambition de notre recherche est dès lors de caractériser cette vision normative de l’aide et d’examiner ses manifestations dans une série de débats récurrents qui traversent la question du financement international de l’adaptation. Nous mettons en évidence le fait que ces discours renouvellent une vision de l’aide entre États souverains destinée à répondre aux injustices internationales et à alimenter un transfert de ressources régulier entre pays riches et pays pauvres.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Denis, Benjamin. "La politique internationale du climat: analyse du processus de construction du cadre international de lutte contre le réchauffement global". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210881.

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Notre recherche a consisté à poser la politique internationale du climat comme une politique publique et à montrer quelles étaient les dynamiques et les acteurs étant intervenus dans sa construction. Nous nous sommes en particulier attelé à mettre en exergue l'univers de sens ( "référentiel") à partir duquel les dispositifs de cette politique ont été élaborés, ainsi que la manière dont la dynamique d'opposition des intérêts propre aux négociations internationales s'y articulait.
Doctorat en sciences politiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Costa, Cássia Maria Siqueira Marques da. "Governos subnacionais e política externa: o caso da agenda de mudanças climáticas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-08012014-150620/.

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A literatura sobre a atuação dos governos subnacionais nas relações internacionais, mais conhecida como Paradiplomacia, evidencia o caráter predominantemente cooperativo presente na relação entre governos centrais e subnacionais no que se refere a temas de política externa. No entanto, o que os estudos não costumam dedicar atenção é sobre a dimensão das tensões e conflitos incutidos nessa relação, já que, na prática, a coordenação entre ambas as esferas de governo não é tão automática quanto parece. Dessa maneira, num primeiro momento, o trabalho pretende chamar a atenção para uma esfera ainda pouco explorada nos estudos de relações internacionais e no subcampo da paradiplomacia. Partindo da constatação de que existe um \"vácuo\" analítico em torno da dimensão do conflito entre as autoridades centrais e locais, o trabalho buscará trazer à tona essa discussão e localizar alguns desses pontos de tensão que se fazem presentes mesmo em um padrão de interação que se mostra majoritariamente cooperativo. Num segundo momento, tomando como hipótese a predominância da relação complementar entre os âmbitos federal e subnacional, analisou-se empiricamente o caso específico da atuação transnacional dos governos subnacionais na questão da mitigação dos efeitos da mudança climática, cujo tema vem ganhando relevância nas agendas internacionais municipais e, ao mesmo tempo, constitui um importante elemento dentro das diretrizes da política externa brasileira para o meio ambiente. A partir da seleção de uma amostra de cidades que possuem políticas públicas voltadas à mudança do clima e nas quais a ação internacional é um elemento condicionante para empreender tais iniciativas, buscou-se verificar como estes municípios poderão contribuir para o cumprimento das metas voluntárias para 2020 estabelecidas pelo Brasil durante a Conferência das Partes sobre Mudança Climática (COP-15), em 2009, da qual decorreu a implantação da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (PNMC).
The literature on the role of subnational governments in international relations, best known as Paradiplomacy, highlights the predominantly cooperative relationship between central and subnational governments with regard to foreign policy issues. However, studies do not devote much attention to the tensions and conflicts that permeate these interactions, since, in practice, the coordination between the two levels of government is not as natural as it seems. Thus, at first, the paper aims to draw attention to a sphere poorly explored in the study of international relations and in the subfield of paradiplomacy. Based on the observation that there is a gap in the analytical dimension of the conflict between central and local authorities, the study aims to bring this discussion to light and to locate some of these conflict points that are present even in a pattern of interaction that is mainly cooperative. Secondly, assuming the prevalence of a complementary relationship between the federal and subnational levels, the article empirically analyzes the specific case of subnational governments\' transnational activities on climate change mitigation, which is gaining importance in the municipalities\' international agenda. At the same time, it is an important element in the Brazilian environmental foreign policy. By selecting a sample of cities that have public policies on climate change in which international action is a conditioning element to undertake such initiatives, we sought to verify how these municipalities would contribute to the fulfillment of voluntary emission reduction targets for 2020. This target was established by Brazil during the Conference of the Parties on Climate Change (COP-15) in 2009, also becoming the base for the countries\' National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC).

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Barbi, Fabiana 1980. "Governando as mudanças climáticas no nível local : riscos e respostas políticas". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281181.

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Orientadores: Leila da Costa Ferreira, Carlos Alfredo Joly
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O objetivo dessa tese é analisar como os tomadores de decisão têm se apropriado dos riscos das mudanças climáticas em suas políticas locais e na integração com as políticas existentes, em diferentes níveis de governança. Para analisar o processo de internalização dos riscos das mudanças climáticas em termos de respostas políticas ao problema pelos governos locais e metropolitano, construiu-se uma matriz analítica baseada em quatro pontos: riscos das mudanças climáticas na região; estruturas político-institucionais para a questão climática; respostas políticas relacionadas às mudanças climáticas e percepções dos atores governamentais acerca do tema. Essa matriz analítica foi concebida a partir dos capítulos teóricos e utilizada no estudo em profundidade na cidade de Santos, na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista. Os resultados mostraram que essa região é bastante vulnerável aos riscos das mudanças climáticas e mostraram a existência de algumas ações governamentais relacionadas a essa questão em diferentes setores de atuação no nível local e metropolitano. Entretanto, nenhuma dessas ações está diretamente voltada a lidar com os riscos das mudanças climáticas, abordando essa questão de maneira tangencial. Os riscos das mudanças climáticas não estão sendo internalizados pelos governos em termos de respostas políticas, embora ações referentes a esses riscos sejam misturadas às respostas governamentais a outros problemas urbanos que possuem interface com a questão climática e podem ser exacerbados a partir das mudanças no clima. Na região estudada, os riscos das mudanças climáticas são internalizados como riscos naturais, isto é, as respostas políticas estão mais direcionadas aos riscos naturais do que aos riscos climáticos, não incorporando os cenários previstos de mudanças climáticas nas respostas governamentais. Os riscos das mudanças climáticas são produtos dos próprios processos de desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas. Isso implica no questionamento desses processos. E isso, as políticas climáticas ou relacionadas às mudanças climáticas apresentadas nessa tese estão longe de lograr, ou seja, elas não vão ao cerne do problema, mas se configuram como paliativos que permitem manter os mesmos padrões de desenvolvimento conhecidos até aqui: poluidores e emissores de gases de efeito estufa
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze how policy makers have internalized the risks of climate change in their local policies and have integrated them with existing policies at different levels of governance. In order to analyze the internalization process of climate change risks in terms of policy responses to the problem by local and metropolitan governments, an analytical matrix based on four points was constructed: the risks of climate change; political-institutional structures for the climate issue; climate-relate policy responses and the perceptions of governmental actors on the subject. This analytical matrix was based on the theoretical chapters and used in the in-depth study in the city of Santos, in the Santos Metropolitan Region. The results showed that this region is quite vulnerable to the risks of climate change and showed the existence of some government actions related to this issue in different sectors of activity, at the local and metropolitan levels. However, none of these actions is directly geared to deal with climate change risks, addressing them tangentially. The risks of climate change are not being internalized by governments in terms of policy responses, although actions related to these risks are mixed to other policy responses to urban problems that have interface with the climate issue and may be exacerbated by changes in the climate. In the study area, the risks of climate change are internalized as natural hazards, i.e., the political responses are more directed to natural hazards than to climate risks, without incorporating climate change scenarios into the political responses. Climate change risks are products of the development processes themselves in contemporary societies. This implies questioning these processes. The climate or climate-related policies presented in this thesis are far from achieving this, i.e., they do not go to the heart of the problem, but are configured as palliatives that allow the maintenance of the same development standards known so far: polluters and greenhouse gases emitters
Doutorado
Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutora em Ambiente e Sociedade

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Brohe, Arnaud. "Réalisations et limites des marchés du carbone: évaluation et perspectives". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209301.

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L'objectif de notre thèse vise à évaluer les résultats engrangés par les marchés du carbone. Afin de pouvoir explorer différents aspects des marchés du carbone à un niveau mondial et en raison de la diversité des instruments qui se cachent derrière ce vocable, nous avons choisi de réaliser une thèse par article. Sur base de nos analyses empiriques nous avons pu vérifier dans quelle mesure les avantages et les limites théoriques des marchés du carbone se sont réalisés en pratique.

Une hypothèse forte des marchés du carbone dotés d’un système de plafonnement est qu’ils permettraient de garantir le respect des objectifs climatiques. Cette hypothèse ne s’est pas révélée exacte. En générant plus d’un milliard de crédits, dont un nombre important de crédits issus de projets, et en ne parvenant pas à empêcher des défections, le système mis en place par le Protocole de Kyoto n’est pas parvenu à garantir le plafonnement des émissions dans les pays développés. Il en va de même pour les systèmes liés à Kyoto comme le système communautaire d'échange de quotas d'émissions (SCEQE).

Dans la plupart des configurations des règles ad hoc et peu transparentes ont nui à l’objectif environnemental. La comptabilité commune de différents gaz à effet de serre, malgré des incertitudes importantes sur les pouvoirs de réchauffement globaux a également été néfaste à l'intégrité du système.

Le lien à des mécanismes de projets trouvant leur légitimité dans une preuve de l’additionnalité souvent floue demeure problématique. Notre analyse a ainsi mis en avant la problématique de l'enregistrement de projets hydrauliques dont la décision de construction est antérieure aux marchés du carbone.

En théorie, le mécanisme d’échange a pour conséquence que les acteurs confrontés à des coûts de réduction faibles soient encouragés à réduire leurs émissions. Dans la pratique, notre analyse montre que peu d’acteurs connaissent leur coût de réduction marginal, empêchant dès lors la concrétisation de cet idéal d’une réduction au moindre coût. Nous avons aussi mis en avant le fait qu’un prix identique par tonne de CO2 réduite n’est pas adapté au soutien de technologies nouvelles, souvent plus onéreuses au début de leur cycle de développement.

Finalement, un des principaux mérites des marchés du carbone a peut-être été leur acceptabilité auprès des décideurs politiques et économiques. Il est manifeste que les marchés permettent d'internaliser le carbone à un niveau international sans passer par une difficile harmonisation des politiques fiscales. C'est clairement une des raisons de leur adoption rapide et dans de nombreux pays.

Les marchés du carbone ont aussi joué un rôle important en matière de sensibilisation aux changements climatiques. Ils ont permis de faire progresser la comptabilité carbone et la compréhension des technologies sobres en carbone.

L’effondrement récent du prix du carbone montre que ce nouvel instrument qui, en théorie, est efficace pour atteindre un objectif de réduction prédéfini, ne permet pas, dans la pratique, par manque d’ambition ou en raison d’erreurs dans la conception, de financer la transition vers une nouvelle économie sobre en carbone. Il apparaît dès lors nécessaire de réformer cet instrument mais aussi de développer progressivement des alternatives afin de ne pas uniquement faire reposer la réussite de l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques sur les seuls marchés du carbone et ainsi augmenter la résilience des politiques climatiques aux aléas de marchés financiers, par ailleurs eux-mêmes soumis à de nombreux tourments depuis 2008.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Ahmad, Imran Habib. "Climate policy integration at national scale". Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151302.

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This thesis explores climate policy integration (CPI) particularly looking at the structures and processes at the national policy scale and draws on insights from two developing countries, Pakistan and Malaysia. Climate policy integration is an emerging area of research in scholarly and policy literature that has been advanced as a mechanism for dealing with an integrated climate and development challenge. However, the literature is deficient in terms of coverage of developing countries, evidence of CPI at national scales, exploration of structures and processes and the conditions under which the process of CPI can be most effective. This research attempts to fill this scholarly and practical gap. This thesis presents interdisciplinary research touching on, inter alia, the areas of development policy and economics, sustainable development, environmental policy integration (EPI), public policy, environmental change and history, governance and international relations. Theory construction was formulated using case study and adaptive theory approaches. Empirical evidence was collected qualitatively through review and analysis of literature, document analysis and semi-structured interviews. In order to extend into actual policy systems of national scale, case studies of two developing countries, Pakistan and Malaysia, with contrasting but in some ways similar development challenges, were undertaken. While some of the issues that arise in Pakistan and Malaysia are predictable from a policy integration perspective and often identified in the literature (e.g. silos, question of lead agency), some arise that are less familiar (e.g. the role of information). Climate policy development has occurred in both countries, but with very different foci and priorities, especially regarding mitigation versus adaptation. Key agencies are becoming sensitised to climate change. However, there is a clear disconnect between the high-level political priority being increasingly accorded to climate change in both countries, and the slow rate of agency response and implementation. Mainstreaming or integration is occurring, but incorporation of climate change objectives into all stages of policymaking is still weak. 'Silos' across the policy system are a major issue. The information basis and capacity to develop and justify policy action across sectors is an issue in both countries, but with different emphases. As a process to begin understanding the climate mitigation and adaptation imperatives and costs for each country was only starting to appear, a full aggregate of climate consequences into the all aspects of public policy has still to be made and contradictions between sectoral polices have not been removed. The work contributes a new interpretation of CPI within a public policy and administrative framework. It suggests an integration dynamic that advances low carbon and climate-resilient development and questions the hitherto piece meal and incremental approach that national and global policymakers have internalised to deal with the climate challenge. This views mainstreaming as a vehicle for advancing low carbon and climate-resilient development rather than as an end product of existing practices. This requires a paradigm shift from existing separation of discourses, in particular on EPI and CPI to advance sustainable development. -- provided by Candidate.

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Benger, Matthew. "Climate change policy in Canada: domestic influences on foreign policy formulation". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31849.

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This thesis examines the domestic politics that infuence government decison making. Specifically, how these domestic constituents, such as institutions, organizations and individuals, shape how the Canadian government formulates and impliments environmental policy. It will do so by providing a comparative analysis using the Chretien and Harper governments.
October 2016

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Ning, Guo-yi, i 甯國懿. "On the Climate Change Policy of Merkel Government (2005-2008)". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51355349830095309236.

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碩士
東吳大學
德國文化學系
97
Merkel Government is considered as a leader on greenhouse gas reduction. When she served as chair of European Union and Group of Eight in 2007, developed countries and developing countries reached a consensus on the climate protection, which contributes to the achieving agreement at the 13th United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali. In the meantime, Bali Roadmap was raised for a future climate deal that should be made prior to 2009. Domestically, Merkel Government has made a resolution to protect climate via conducting the project of combined energy and climate change. This thesis thus aims to investigate why Merkel Government addressed her appeal for the climate protection internally and externally, to examine how the climate policy in the past affected the current decisions, and to evaluate the policy made by Merkel Government. In this thesis, it is indicated that the climate policy in German could serve as a model for other countries such as Taiwan.

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Treloar, Boyd Olivia. "Energy reform and climate change mitigation in China : the ideas motivating change". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149937.

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Since the 11th Five Year Plan of 2006-2010 China has pursued a number of ambitious climate-related energy reforms. While a consensus is now emerging over the importance of these reforms, the motivations behind China's recent shift towards reducing carbon emissions and increasing energy efficiency remain unclear. To date most analyses of China's motivations for emissions reductions have primarily sought to analyse the costs and benefits of emissions reductions, the bureaucratic politics driving climate-related policy-making, and the incentives shaping China's engagement with international climate negotiations. Largely absent from existing literature is an emphasis on the role of ideas in redefining the main concerns and policy priorities that have led to climate-related energy reform. The central research question of this thesis addresses this issue: What are the key domestic ideas that have motivated China's recent climate-related energy reforms, and how are these ideas likely to shape China's engagement with international climate governance? From a survey of key government energy documents and the writings of China's leading energy academics, this thesis finds that three new ideas have been particularly influential. One idea is new energy security that stresses domestic, rather than international, sources of energy insecurity. A second influential idea is green development and growing concern over the environmental and resource constraints on economic growth. A third important new idea is low-carbon leadership, which posits a vision of China's international political and economic influence based on climate leadership and low-carbon markets. The influence that these three ideas have had on China's domestic reforms have important implications for the wider debate over international climate governance. This analysis of China's motivations for emissions reductions suggests that a combination of 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches may offer the best means of deepening China's engagement with climate governance at the international level.

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Ngcobo, Bongiwe Princess. "South African foreign policy decision making on climate change". Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23806.

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Thesis (M.M. (Public and Development Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Wits School of Governance, 2017
This thesis was greatly motivated by the desire to understand and explain the foreign policy decision making process of the South African government on climate change. The study deploys Allison and Zelikow’s triple model from their famous analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis as lenses in unmasking the complexities associated with processes of foreign policy decision making, on climate decisions in South Africa. In spite of the multi-sectoral interventions of government, business, NGO’s, civil society and academics in mitigating the impact of climate change, the decision making process excluded participation of other stakeholders at the political level. This was evident in 2009 at Copenhagen when the president announced that South Africa had committed itself to reduce carbon emissions by 34% in 2020 and 42% in 2025. A possible explanation why the multi-stakeholders participation was excluded in setting these numerical targets in the climate change decision making process, lies with the failure of the incumbent government to uphold the democratic principles of inclusive participation. Drawing from the work of Allison and Zelikow (1999), that state that it is not adequate to explain government’s events on decision making through the Rational Actor Model only, it is more useful to also consider the organisational processes and government politics from which the decision emerged. In this regard, interviews and documentary analysis were deployed within a qualitative case study design to gain an indepth understanding of South African foreign policy decision making processes on climate change targets. Overwhelmingly, the study established that there was a gross exclusion of multi-stakeholders participation in foreign policy decision making on setting the climate targets, ignoring the effects of the outcome of those decisions on socio-economic issues. This study therefore concluded that, although efforts are being put into place to ensure maximum participation by both government and other actors, there is still a need for South African government to allow participation of external actors. Premised in the forgoing conclusion, it is recommended that South African government foreign policy decisions on climate change can work better if entrenched on other multi-stakeholders’ decisions and following inclusive participation at the political level.
GR2018

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