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Sarkar, Uttam Kumar, Koushik Roy, Gunjan Karnatak i Saurav Kumar Nandy. "Adaptive climate change resilient indigenous fisheries strategies in the floodplain wetlands of West Bengal, India". Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, nr 3 (30.05.2018): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.271.
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Abstract Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the most impacted through climate change. They form an important fishery resource in West Bengal, India. Analysis of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) derived climatic data has revealed a unanimous warming trend (0.18–0.28 °C) and decreasing rainfall (135.6–257 mm) among the studied districts (North 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kolkata) of West Bengal over the last three decades. Four floodplain wetlands under cooperative fisheries management were studied during February 2015 and December 2015. Data were collected through a structured communication process involving multiple interviews through multiple rounds of surveys and also from secondary sources. Six climate smart fishery strategies could be identified, namely Temporary pre-summer enclosure, Submerged branch pile (Kata) refuge, Autumn stocking, Torch light fishing, Deep pool (Komor) refuge and Floating aquatic macrophyte refuge fishery (Pana chapa). Few of them are capable of serving as conservation tools by providing refuge during summer or water stress and maintaining base stocks in the wetlands for recruitment in the following monsoon season. The present paper discusses the climate smart nature of these pre-existing indigenous fishery strategies. These strategies need to be optimized and may be used for adoption of sustainable climate smart fisheries management in floodplain wetlands.
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Barman, Jonmenjoy, Subhom Narjinary i Sankar Biswas. "Elephant Habitat Suitability Analysis of Alipurduar District, West Bengal Using Geospatial Technology". Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, nr 4 (1.12.2022): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.024.
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In India’s Tarai-Dooars region, elephants are the most common wildlife species. The man-wildlife conflict has arisen as a result of forest scarcity, forest fragmentation, global climate change, land use land cover change in the Dooars region, and encroachment into forest life. Although the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 addressed the conservation of wild animals, the number of wild elephants in West Bengal was constantly changing. The goal of this project is to use geospatial technologies to determine wild elephant habitat suitability zones in West Bengal’s Alipurduar area. The first stage in the conservation and management of wild elephants is to determine their habitat suitability. To assess the result, the various habitat suitability factors/parameters of wild elephants were integrated through weighted overlay analysis in the ArcGIS environment. The result shows that the central part of the district - the Buxa forest area, holds the largest suitable environment for elephant habitat. The rest of the study area can be categorized as a medium habitat suitable area excluding some settlements and built-up areas. The authors hope the result will help the proper management and conservation of wild elephants.
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DATTA, DEBARATI, SAON BANERJEE, GOURANGA KAR, SOURAV GHOSH i SARATHI SAHA. "Spatio-temporal dynamics of temperature and rainfall across jute growing districts of India". MAUSAM 73, nr 2 (31.03.2022): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v73i2.569.
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Climate variations in relation to meteorological variables has received global attention and thus study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of temperature, rainfall is the central process to assess climate-induced changes and advocate feasible adaptation strategies. The present study examines changes in rainfall and temperature over 5 important jute growing districts of West Bengal, India. Both rainfall and temperature trend for period of 1980-2019 were analysed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Analysis of the data for 39 years revealed that while Howrah and Hooghly district had decreasing rainfall trend, Burdwan and Nadia districts showed increasing trend of rainfall during jute growing period. North-24 Parganas recorded negative rainfall trend. Compared with rainfall, lesser variability of temperature was recorded for all the districts except Burdwan. The positive Sen’s Slope exhibited by Nadia and North-24 Parganas showed an increasing temperature trend. The results herein suggests that jute sowing should be done by March end-April to take advantage of the optimum temperature (25-35 °C) and rainfall due to Norwesters. Thus, studying spatio- temporal dynamics of temperature and rainfall across jute growing states of West Bengal will be helpful for climate change adaptation and successful cropping.
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ASIS MUKHERJEE i SAON BANERJEE. "Rainfall and temperature trend analysis in the red and lateritic zone of West Bengal". Journal of Agrometeorology 11, nr 2 (1.12.2009): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v11i2.1254.
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Due to inherent problems of water holding capacity of soil in the red and lateritic zone, the trend of climate change was assessed. Twenty rain gauge stations covering three districts (namely Bankura, Birbhum and Purulia) in the zone were considered to study the rainfall pattern. An increasing trend of yearly rainfall and shifting pattern of rainfall were observed in the said zone as a whole. The rainfall during May decreased in most of the selected stations, where as in October the rainfall amount increased in 75 % cases and in November it increased in 95 % cases. Analysis of maximum temperature data shows that average monthly temperature of summer months (April – May) of 1990-2000 decreased marginally compared to that of 1970-80 .The minimum temperature of the zone, as a whole shows an increasing trend.
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Barinova, Sophia, Jai Prakash Keshri, Subhabrata Ghosh i Jayanta Sikdar. "The influence of the monsoon climate on phytoplankton in the Shibpukur pool of Shiva temple in Burdwan, West Bengal, India". Limnological Review 12, nr 2 (1.12.2012): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0044-y.
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AbstractA total of 44 taxa were observed in monthly sampled phytoplankton of the Shibpukur pool in Burdwan, West Bengal between March, 2010 and February, 2011. The most abundant taxa belong to Charophyta, followed by cyanobacteria, diatoms and euglenoids. Bio-indication shows that the pool community preferred low alkaline, low mineralized and low organically polluted water. The total phytoplankton density showed its maximum values in May, 2010. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index and the Pielou evenness value were found to be highest during the post-monsoon season. The Simpson dominance index and the Margalef index of richness were highest in the pre-monsoon season. The total phytoplankton density showed a highly significant positive correlation with pH and salinity and significant positive correlation with air temperature, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids. Among the reported 44 phytoplankton taxa only 3 showed a random distributional pattern. The Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis and the comparative statistics reveal two groups of phytoplankton assemblages in respect to the monsoon seasons. The successive communities form a continuum corresponding to Colwell’s Constancy (C) category. The calculated indices, CCA, and bio-indication analysis exhibit a low pollution level in the Shibpukur pool that can be used as a model of aquatic community dynamics under seasonal fluctuation in the monsoon climate, applicable for monitoring of water bodies in the West Bengal Province
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Prasad, M., A. K. Kannaujia, Alok i Sanjai Kumar Singh. "Plant megaflora from the Siwalik (Upper Miocene) of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India and its palaeoclimatic and phytogeographic significance". Journal of Palaeosciences 64, nr (1-2) (31.12.2015): 13–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2015.103.
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fossil assemblage so far collected from the Middle Siwalik sediments of Darjeeling District, West Bengal revealed the occurrence of 35 new taxa belonging to 18 angiospermous families. On the basis of present data as well as already known data from there, the reconstruction of vegetation scenarios of Himalayan foothills during Siwalik time has been done. We also discussed problems related to plant diversity, endemism, and migratory pathways of mainly phytogeographically important taxa. The analysis of present day distribution of all the recovered taxa from the region shows that they are mostly known to occur in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and the Malayan region where the climatic conditions are favourable. About 1/3 taxa of total assemblage are found to grow presently in the Himalayan foothills of the eastern region and the remaining 2/3 taxa are locally extinct. This indicates that the climatic changes must have taken place after Mio–Pliocene. The dominance of evergreen elements in present fossil assemblage indicates the prevalence of tropical warm humid climate with plenty of rainfall during the deposition of sediments. Foliar physiognomic approach for reconstruction of palaeoclimate further suggests that the Oodlabari area in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal enjoyed a tropical climate (with MAT 28.9º C and MAP 448 mm) during the Miocene Period. This is, however, contrary to the present day climate of the area with reduced precipitation. On the basis of the present fossil assemblage, the coexistence intervals of different climatic parameters, i.e. Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Warmest Month Temperature (WMT), Coldest Month Temperature (CMT), and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) have been estimated as 22º C–26.5º C, 17.8º C–20º C, 25º C–30º C, and 2650–3200 mm, respectively. However, Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA) suggests the MAT value as 28.9º C for the area during Upper Miocene.
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Banerjee, Saon, Asis Mukherj, Apurba Mukhopadhayal, B. Saikia, S. Bandyaopadhaya i Sudeep Chatterjee. "Agro-Climatic Characterization of Two Selected Stations in the Southern West Bengal, India". Journal of Science Foundation 8, nr 1-2 (16.04.2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14619.
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Maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall data of Bankura (1992-2007) and Canning (1960-2006) were analyzed for assessing climatic trend and agro-climatic characterization of red-lateritic and coastal Zones of West Bengal respectively. These two zones are the most vulnerable regions to climate change in West Bengal, hence selected for the present study. While average values of annual maximum temperature and annual minimum temperature were used for climatic trend analysis, no definite trend was observed. So, maximum temperature of the hottest month and minimum temperature of the coldest month were used for detecting climatic trend. The maximum temperature shows positive trend for both the stations. An increasing trend of annual rainfall was also observed. In case of agro-climatic characterization the agricultural draught, meteorological draught, seasonal rainfall and rainfall probability using Markov-chain model were analyzed for the said two stations. Kharif crops of Bankura encountered two years (2000 & 2005) agricultural draught within 2000 -2007, whereas kharif crops of Canning encountered agricultural draught in 2006 within the said period. Likewise, the deviation of seasonal rainfall and probability of two consecutive wet weeks with different levels (10, 20,30,40,50 and 60 mm) of weekly total rainfall was worked out. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14619 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 49-54, June-December 2010
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Dastidar, Baidyanath Ghosh. "The Incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Amongst Cyclone Survivors in a Rural Hamlet of West Bengal". BJPsych Open 9, S1 (lipiec 2023): S48—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.186.
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AimsToo assess the incidence of PTSD among the survivors of natural disaster Yash cyclone.MethodsData were collected from adolescent population between the ages of 10 and 15 years who resided in the sunderban region of South 24 Parganas district of West BengalResearch design adopted for the present study was descriptive, explorative of non experimental study.Setting of the study was the relief camp operated for victims of climate change and natural disasters ie cyclone yash 2021.Sampling technique adopted for the present study was simple random sampling.Instruments used -PCL 5 questionnairessocio demographic pro forma.The data were collected and analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsAnalysis shows that there is statistical correlation between post traumatic stress disorder and subjects exposed to climate change events such as cyclone Yash.Initial research suggests that a PCL-5 cut-off score between 31 and 33 is indicative of probable PTSD across samples.In our study the mean pcl 5 value from the data assessment is 70.67 with standard deviation of 4.61. The mean age of the group was 13 years and the family income was Rs 50,804 .The mean education level of the subjects is class 7.Further assessment by linear regression analyses shows that female subjects are more prone to post traumatic stress disorder and higher income groups are more susceptible to ptsd.As shown by higher values as per the pcl 5 scale.It is evident that events linked to climate change and natural disasters such as cyclone Yash contribute to the development of PTSD as the values are above the cut of score of 33 and are increased across all 20 parameters of the PTSD Scale PCL-5.ConclusionOur study clearly demonstrates the impact of climate change and natural disasters on the mental health status of people living in disaster prone areas especially the child and adolescent population.Our study group was child and adolescent population between 10 and 15 years.The study was done in very difficult settings as our relief team with volunteers and psychologists had to travel to gosaba and sunderban region of West Bengal which had been devastated by cyclone Yash .The psychologist and volunteers had to collect data in disasters affected zone , yet they collected data which gave a clear cut findings and a very clear statement on climate change and mental health.The Royal College of Psychiatry was an observer in the recent international Congress on Climate change and had expressed concern over the impact of climate change on mental health.Our study shows the profound impact natural disasters have on mental health similar to post-traumatic stress disorder.Our study vindicates the position of the Royal College of Psychiatry on climate change and natural disasters.The values are very high and consistent in most subjects across all twenty domains.Our study group was child and adolescent, the most vulnerable group amongst the affected population.It is our opinion that Mental health support should be provided for all victims of climate change and natural disasters and government should invest in resources for protection of vulnerable communities from the ravages of natural disasters.
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UTTAM KUMAR MANDAL, DIBYENDU BIKAS NAYAK, SOURAV MULLICK, ARPAN SAMUI, AMIT KUMAR JANA, K.K. MAHANTA, SHISHIR RAUT, SHIVAJI ROY i D. BURMAN. "Trend analysis of weather parameters over Indian Sundarbans". Journal of Agrometeorology 21, nr 3 (10.11.2021): 307–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i3.253.
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Sundarbans in West Bengal of India by virtue of its strategic location in the Eastern coast on the Bay of Bengal falls in one of the most vulnerable zones of abrupt climate change. Temporal trends of weather parameters of Canning Town (22o18'10.8'' N Latitude, 88o39'58.4'' E Longitude, elevation 3.52 m msl) representing Indian Sundarbans were analysed by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope approaches. Analysis of long term rainfall data (1966-2015) indicated that Canning receives a mean annual rainfall of 1821 mm (±341.8 mm) with a considerable variation (CV = 18.8%). The results revealed that total annual rainfall trend decreased non-signicantly at the rate of 0.94 mm yr-1. On an average 84.4 rainy days in a year was recorded in the region, whereas during last ten years (2006-2015), the number of rainy days was reduced to 79.7 days yr-1. There was no signicant change in maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the region. Bright sunshine hours declined signicantly at an annual rate of 0.055 hr yr-1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ) calculated using FAO Penman-Monteith method revealed that annual ET signicantly decreased at the rate of 5.98 mm yr-1. There was 2.7 times surplus rainfall than crop evapotranspiration during monsoon months indicating very high scope of water harvesting to tackle water logging during the monsoon season and unavailability of fresh water for irrigation during lean season.
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Antal, J. S., i N. Awasthi. "Fossil flora from the Himalayan foot-hills of Darjeeling District, West Bengal and its palaeoecological and phytogeographical significance". Journal of Palaeosciences 42, nr 1-3 (31.12.1993): 14–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1993.1129.
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An assemblage of plant megafossils comprising leaf-impressions, fruits and culm-impression recovered from the Lower-Middle Siwalik sediments near Oodlabari, Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India) has been described. It consists of 32 species of dicots and one species of monocots (Bamboo) belonging to 32 genera of 22 families. Out of them 11 genera viz., Mitrephora, Casearia, Alsodeia, Pterospermum, Grewia, Nothopagia, Combretum, Vernonia, Alstonia, Callicarpa and Macaranga are new to the Siwalik flora. An analysis of the floral assemblage with respect to the distribution pattern of modern equivalent taxa reveals the presence of three types of elements, viz., (i) evergreen (60.61%). (ii) evergreen to deciduous (18.18%) and (iii) moist-deciduous (21.21%), which indicate the prevalence of warm and humid climate in the region during the deposition of Siwalik sediments. It is also interesting to mention that the assemblage is dominated by 19 Indo-Malayan elements revealing a fair exchange of floral elements between the two subcontinents during Miocene.
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Karmakar, Avijit, Pradip Kumar Sadhu i Soumya Das. "Performance analysis of standalone photovoltaic power generation in different load conditions in India". ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, nr 1 (listopad 2021): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2021-001007.
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The conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by the design of energy-efficient way is the key objective of this paper, which can be used as a main source of power for the main building of Polytechnic Institute to meet its daily energy requirement by replacing the all exist-ing fluorescent lighting loads to LEDs. The main purpose to choose a standalone photovoltaic system is due to the huge power cut in this location. This institute is situated in a rural area of West Bengal, India. The use of photovoltaic power relies upon assortment factors, such as structuring, topographical area, climate condition, sun-based irradiance, and burden utilization. Point by point use examinations including the two sorts of lighting burden, establishment, and upkeep of sun-based PV framework amid its life expectancy has been completed. Moreover, the analysis has two dimensions, one is cost comparison and payback calculation with respect to energy by replacement of load and another is, though the initial investment is high in a off-grid photovoltaic system, during the life span of the scheme, it not only returns this capital in-vestment but also gains substantial dividend.
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Ghosh Dastidar, B. "The impact of climate change and natural disasters on the development of post traumatic stress disorder in child and adolescent population". European Psychiatry 66, S1 (marzec 2023): S281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.635.
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IntroductionMajor traumatic natural disasters have occurred worldwide. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been the most common psychiatric disorder discussed by the studies addressing the psychological sequelae of adolescents after traumatic natural disasters. In this study we have studied the impacts of natural disaster yash cyclone that took place in West Bengal on the development of PTSD; factors related to the development of PTSD; predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors related to the development of PTSD.ObjectivesTo assess the incidence and prevalence of ptsd amongst survivors of natural disaster yash cyclone in a rural hamlet of West Bengal.MethodsIn this study ,200 survivors from Yash cyclone who belonged to Child and Adolescent age group were randomly selected .PCL 5 Scale was used to collect data and assess the incidence and prevalence of PTSD , standardized Bengali versions of the questionnaire was used in our study.ResultsThere is statistical correlation between post traumatic stress disorder and subjects exposed to climate change events such as cyclone Yash.Initial research suggests that a PCL-5 cut-off score between 31-33 is indicative of probable PTSD across samples.In our study the mean pcl 5 value from the data assessment is 70.67 with standard deviation of 4.61.Further assessment by linear regression analyses shows that female subjects are more prone to post traumatic stress disorder and higher income groups are more susceptible to ptsd.As shown by higher values as per the pcl 5 scale.ConclusionsOur study clearly demonstrates the impact of climate change and natural disasters on the mental health status of people living in disaster prone areas especially the child and adolescent population. Our study group was child and adolescent population between 10 to 15 years.The psychologist and volunteers had to collect data in disaster affected zone , yet they collected data which gave a clear cut findings and a very clear statement on climate change and mental health. The values are very high and consistent in most subjects across all twenty domains.It is our opinion that Mental health support should be provided for all victims of climate change and natural disaster calamities such as cyclone and earthquake.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Chaudhary, Pashupati, i Kamaljit S. Bawa. "Local perceptions of climate change validated by scientific evidence in the Himalayas". Biology Letters 7, nr 5 (27.04.2011): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0269.
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The Himalayas are assumed to be undergoing rapid climate change, with serious environmental, social and economic consequences for more than two billion people. However, data on the extent of climate change or its impact on the region are meagre. Based on local knowledge, we report perceived changes in climate and consequences of such changes for biodiversity and agriculture. Our analyses are based on 250 household interviews administered in 18 villages, and focused group discussions conducted in 10 additional villages in Darjeeling Hills, West Bengal, India and Ilam district of Nepal. There is a widespread feeling that weather is getting warmer, the water sources are drying up, the onset of summer and monsoon has advanced during last 10 years and there is less snow on mountains than before. Local perceptions of the impact of climate change on biodiversity included early budburst and flowering, new agricultural pests and weeds and appearance of mosquitoes. People at high altitudes appear more sensitive to climate change than those at low altitudes. Most local perceptions conform to scientific data. Local knowledge can be rapidly and efficiently gathered using systematic tools. Such knowledge can allow scientists to test specific hypotheses, and policy makers to design mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change, especially in an extraordinarily important part of our world that is experiencing considerable change.
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Rakhecha, P. R. "Assessment of water resources and seasonal prediction of rainfall in India". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (17.10.2016): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-151-2016.
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Abstract. From the analysis of rainfall data available at about 5000 stations, this paper is prepared to provide comprehensive assessment of water availability in different states of India as well as for the country as a whole. Changes in water availability per person are occurring mainly as a consequence of changes in population. The water availability per capita in India was over 6000 m3 per annum in 1951, it now stands at about 1900 m3 per capita. Nevertheless, this amount is nearly twice the water need by the people of developed countries. The developed countries require about 1000 m3 of freshwater per capita per year. The increasing demand for water is in the 4 states of Haryana, UP, Bihar and West Bengal in the face of increasing population and possible changes in climate, the water available in these states is to be used most economically and judiciously so that the vagaries of nature do not put any severe strain.
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Annamalai, H., S. P. Xie, J. P. McCreary i R. Murtugudde. "Impact of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature on Developing El Niño*". Journal of Climate 18, nr 2 (15.01.2005): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3268.1.
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Abstract Prior to the 1976–77 climate shift (1950–76), sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean consisted of a basinwide warming during boreal fall of the developing phase of most El Niños, whereas after the shift (1977–99) they had an east–west asymmetry—a consequence of El Niño being associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal mode. In this study, the possible impact of these contrasting SST patterns on the ongoing El Niño is investigated, using atmospheric reanalysis products and solutions to both an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and a simple atmospheric model (LBM), with the latter used to identify basic processes. Specifically, analyses of reanalysis products during the El Niño onset indicate that after the climate shift a low-level anticyclone over the South China Sea was shifted into the Bay of Bengal and that equatorial westerly anomalies in the Pacific Ocean were considerably stronger. The present study focuses on determining influence of Indian Ocean SST on these changes. A suite of AGCM experiments, each consisting of a 10-member ensemble, is carried out to assess the relative importance of remote (Pacific) versus local (Indian Ocean) SST anomalies in determining precipitation anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Solutions indicate that both local and remote SST anomalies are necessary for realistic simulations, with convection in the tropical west Pacific and the subsequent development of the South China Sea anticyclone being particularly sensitive to Indian Ocean SST anomalies. Prior to the climate shift, the basinwide Indian Ocean SST anomalies generate an atmospheric Kelvin wave associated with easterly flow over the equatorial west-central Pacific, thereby weakening the westerly anomalies associated with the developing El Niño. In contrast, after the shift, the east–west contrast in Indian Ocean SST anomalies does not generate a significant Kelvin wave response, and there is little effect on the El Niño–induced westerlies. The Linear Baroclinic Model (LBM) solutions confirm the AGCM’s results.
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Anzum, Hassan Md Naveed, Tapos Kumar Chakraborty i Himel Bosu. "Farmer’s Perception and Factors Influencing Adoption of Adaptation Measures to Cope with Climate Change: An Evidence from Coastal Bangladesh". Environment and Natural Resources Journal 21, nr 2 (27.01.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/21/202200186.
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Farmers in the south-west coastal Bangladesh are frequently affected by climate change due to their proximity to the Bay of Bengal and heavy reliance on agriculture for their livelihoods. In this case, farmers need to know the best implementation methods (adaptation strategies) to reduce crop losses in a changing climate. The present research evaluated the perceptions of farmers to climate change and determine the socio-economic factors which influence the farmers in choosing the right adaptation decisions. Data were collected through close-ended and open-ended structured questionnaire from 52 coastal households and analyzed through descriptive statistics and logistic regression using SPSS V.16. Results revealed that almost all farmers perceived increasing temperature and changes in rainfall patterns over the last 15 years. In response to a changing climate, farmers adopted 13 adaptation strategies where irrigation ranked the first and crop insurance was the last. The logit analysis suggests that household age, education, family income, family member, farm size, farming experience, organizational participations, and training received have a significant influence on farmer’s adaptation choices. Despite various support and technological interventions being available, changing weather, natural disaster pattern, lower income, and lack of credit facilities ranked as the highest problems farmers encountered during adaptation. This study helps to identify important household characteristics that can be applied in the future to formulate and implement a successful adaptation policy. Finally, this study recommends that effective training and early warning systems and provision of credit and market access facilities are necessary to enhance farmer’s resilience to climate change.
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SARKAR, R., i S. KAR. "Evaluation of management strategies for sustainable rice–wheat cropping system, using DSSAT seasonal analysis". Journal of Agricultural Science 144, nr 5 (6.09.2006): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859606006447.
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A simulation study using the Seasonal Analysis program of the Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.5) suite of models was conducted from 2001 to 2003 under a subhumid subtropical climate. The models CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat in DSSAT 3.5 were calibrated and validated for transplanted rice, direct seeded rice and wheat crops using the soil and weather parameters of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. The weather generator program, SIMMETEO, was used to generate future weather scenarios based on weather data from 9 consecutive years. These weather scenarios were used in the seasonal analysis program to run each treatment combination with 20 replications. The results of both biophysical and economic analyses of the Seasonal Analysis program predicted an application of 120 kg N/ha along with both rice and wheat crop residues at 4 t/ha for rice, whereas the economical analysis, specifically the Mean-Gini analysis, showed that application of 80 kg N/ha along with both rice and wheat crop residue incorporation at 4 t/ha as the most dominant management options for wheat. The present study revealed that the generated future weather data were reliable and DSSAT could successfully use it to predict the future crop yields under different management practices and select the best one for sustainable production of rice and wheat crops by DSSAT.
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Satheesh, S. K., V. Vinoj i K. Krishnamoorthy. "Assessment of Aerosol Radiative Impact over Oceanic Regions Adjacent to Indian Subcontinent Using Multisatellite Analysis". Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/139186.
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Using data from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments, we have retrieved regional distribution of aerosol column single scattering albedo (parameter indicative of the relative dominance of aerosol absorption and scattering effects), a most important, but least understood aerosol property in assessing its climate impact. Consequently we provide improved assessment of short wave aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) (on both regional and seasonal scales) estimates over this region. Large gradients in north-south ARF were observed as a consequence of gradients in single scattering albedo as well as aerosol optical depth. The highest ARF (−37 W m−2at the surface) was observed over the northern Arabian Sea during June to August period (JJA). In general, ARF was higher over northern Bay of Bengal (NBoB) during winter and premonsoon period, whereas the ARF was higher over northern Arabian Sea (NAS) during the monsoon and postmonsoon period. The largest forcing observed over NAS during JJA is the consequence of large amounts of desert dust transported from the west Asian dust sources. High as well as seasonally invariant aerosol single scattering albedos (~0.98) were observed over the southern Indian Ocean region far from continents. The ARF estimates based on direct measurements made at a remote island location, Minicoy (8.3∘N,73∘E) in the southern Arabian Sea are in good agreement with the estimates made following multisatellite analysis.
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SOM, SUPARNA, MANORANJAN PAL, BISHWANATH BHATTACHARYA, SUSMITA BHARATI i PREMANANDA BHARATI. "SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE STATES OF WEST BENGAL AND ASSAM, INDIA". Journal of Biosocial Science 38, nr 5 (11.07.2005): 625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005026921.
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Malnutrition among children is prevalent in almost all the states in India. This study assesses the extent and causes of malnutrition in two eastern Indian states with similar climates, namely West Bengal and Assam, using data from the National Family Health Survey 1998–99 (NFHS-2). The three indices of malnutrition taken for analysis are weight-for-height (WHZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ). These are assumed to depend on birth order, preceding birth interval, parent’s educational status, working status of the mother, mother’s age at delivery of the children, source of drinking water, toilet facilities and standard of living of the household. Logistic regression was carried out separately for each of the three indices on the explanatory variables for both the states. It was found that not all variables are equally important in determining whether a baby is underweight, or suffering from acute or chronic malnutrition. Also, the importance of variables is not the same in the two states. It was observed that the coefficients associated with the variables in determining weight-for-height are not significant compared with those for weight-for-age and height-for-age.
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Ray, Krishnendu, Suman Mondal, Md Jahangir Kabir, Sukamal Sarkar, Kalyan Roy, Koushik Brahmachari, Argha Ghosh i in. "Assessment of Economic Sustainability of Cropping Systems in the Salt–Affected Coastal Zone of West Bengal, India". Sustainability 15, nr 11 (27.05.2023): 8691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118691.
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Identifying productive, profitable, and less risky cropping systems is pivotal for ensuring sustainable farm–based livelihoods in the context of climatic uncertainties and market volatility, particularly in many developing nations. Conventional field crop research often identifies the best or optimal solutions based on treatment replicates at a specific point in time without considering the influence of market volatility and climatic uncertainties. To address this gap, we conducted an assessment of productivity profitability and climate– and market–uncertainty-driven risk for eleven different rice-based cropping systems (eight existing and three potential systems) in the coastal region of Gosaba Block, West Bengal, India. Farmers’ observations of the best, typical, and worst seasonal yields and price data for the selected cropping systems over the last five to seven years were collected from fifty farm households. Irrespective of the scenarios, the rice–lathyrus systems, followed by rice–onion and rice–lentil systems, recorded the lowest rice equivalent yields and system yields. However, the highest rice equivalent yields and system yields were recorded for rice–chilli systems, followed by rice–tomato and rice–potato–green-gram systems. Per hectare, total paid–out cost (TPC) of rice–tomato systems was higher, followed by rice–chilli, rice–potato–green–gram, and rice–potato systems. However, irrespective of seasonal conditions (best, normal, and worst), rice–chilli systems gave a higher net return followed by rice–tomato and rice–potato–green–gram systems. The rice–fallow system recorded the lowest value for both parameters. Under the worst seasonal conditions, the rice–onion system gave a negative net return. Under all the scenarios, the rice–chilli system gave the highest benefit over cost, followed by the rice–tomato, rice–potato–green-gram, and rice–potato systems. The cumulative probability distribution (CDF) of per ha net income of the rice–tomato system showed first–degree stochastic dominance over other systems, implying that the system is economically the most profitable and less risky. Additionally, the CDF of net income per ha of the rice–chilli system showed second–degree stochastic dominance over the rest of the systems, indicating that the system is economically more profitable and less risky than other rice/non–rice cropping systems except for the rice–tomato system. Furthermore, the risk analysis results suggest that the likelihood of obtaining negative net income was nil for the selected cropping systems, except the rice–onion system had a slight chance (<1%) of providing a negative net return. Considering the productivity and economic viability (e.g., profitability and risk) of different rice–based systems, it is recommended to promote the adoption of the rice–vegetable systems, especially rice–tomato and rice–chilli from among the existing systems and rice–potato–green-gram systems from among the potential systems, for achieving sustainable intensification in these coastal saline tracts of the region.
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Ranith, R., L. Senthilnathan, M. Machendiranathan, T. Thangaradjou i A. Saravanakumar. "Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the sea surface temperature and mixed layer depth in the southern Bay of Bengal". Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 4, nr 1 (22.05.2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2013.5337.
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Argo float data supplemented with satellite measurements was used to study the seasonal and inter-annual variation in wind speed, sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) of the southern Bay of Bengal from 2003 through 2010. Due to persistence of wind, clear sky and high insolation an increase in SST by about 2°C is evident during summer months (March-May) and is followed by shallowed MLD with a minimum depth of 9.3 m during summer 2004. MLD reached the maximum depth during monsoon season (November-December) and often extends to post monsoon (February) owing to strong monsoon wind, cloudy sky and SST plummeted by 3°C. During the inter-monsoon period (August-October) the MLD shallowed and maintained a depth of 20–30 m all through the study period. High wind accompanied with moderate temperature (SST) due to the south west monsoon leads to decreased MLD with an average depth of 44 m in July. Analysis of wind speed, SST and MLD suggested that out of various meteorological parameters wind speed and induced mixing are highly influential in MLD formation. Reduced occurrence and amplitude of MLD deepening noticed in recent years can be attributed to the evident climate change scenarios. Large scale upper ocean variability observed from the present study has innumerable antagonistic consequences on the marine ecosystem which is evident from various events of seagrass burns and coral bleaching which have occurred in the last decade.
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Nandargi, S. S., S. S. Mahto i S. Ram. "Changes in Seasonality Index Over Sub-Divisions of India During 1951-2015". Open Atmospheric Science Journal 11, nr 1 (9.08.2017): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301711010105.
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Background: The varied topographical features of the Indian region are responsible for variation in distribution of rainfall over different parts of the country. More than 80% of the country’s rainfall is received during the monsoon season. Researchers noted that there is change in distribution of this monsoon rainfall associated with climate change and global warming. This changing pattern in rainfall can be investigated by seasonality index (SI) of rainfall. Such studies are essential to identify the changes in runoff, infiltration, surface and groundwater management, agricultural planning, etc. Method: The variation in seasonality in rainfall over the Indian region is examined using monthly rainfall values for the period 1951 to 2015 of 34 meteorological sub-divisions excluding two Sea Islands. A seasonality index (SI) of a monthly rainfall is computed on monthly, seasonal (June to September) and annual scale. It is observed that seasonality index of rainfall of 34 sub-divisions for all months are in the range 0.37 (Jammu & Kashmir) to 1.56 (Saurashtra Kutch & Diu). Results: The results show that rainfall is markedly seasonal with a long dry season and most rainfall in less than three months. Most of the rainfall occurs in monsoon months. The seasonality index for monsoon season is computed and it varies from 0.19 (Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,Tripura) to 0.59 (Saurashtra Kutch & Diu) resulting in rainfall spread throughout the year, but with a definite wetter season. Conclusion: Trends of this index through the 65-year period are identified and indicate that seasonality is increasing in Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat Region-Dadra & Nagar Haveli; Saurashtra-Kutch & Diu, Konkan & Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, Marathwada, Chattisgarh, Tamilnadu & Pondicherry. The analysis clearly showed the climate change impact on northwest sub-divisions of the country showing increase in SI values leading to dryness during the monsoon season. The negative trend in SI values was observed in Sub- Himalayan West Bengal, Haryana-Delhi-Chandigarh, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, West and east Rajasthan, coastal Andhra Pradesh showing increasing wetness for an already wet months although rainfall occurs in a very short period of just a month or two.
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Deb, Rinki M., Michelle C. Stanton, Geraldine M. Foster, Rudra K. Das Gupta, Nupur Roy, Pradeep Das, Akshay C. Dhariwal i Michael Coleman. "Visceral leishmaniasis cyclical trends in Bihar, India – implications for the elimination programme." Gates Open Research 2 (21.02.2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12793.1.
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Background:Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease of public health importance in India, with the highest burden of disease in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. The disease is currently targeted for elimination (annual incidence to less than one per 10,000 population) using indoor residual spraying, active case detection and treatment. Historically the disease trend in India has been regarded as cyclical with case resurgence characteristically occurring every 15 years. Understanding this pattern is essential if the VL elimination gains are to be sustained. To better understand the cyclical trends, annual climatic indicators including rainfall, temperature and humidity over time were compared with annual VL case incidence data. Methods:Annual climate data (rainfall, average and maximum temperature and specific humidity) from 1956-2004 were used to identify potential factors influencing VL incidence. Months relevant to the VL life-cycle were identified and defined (Monsoon, Sand-fly Peak, Pre-Sand-fly Peak and Annual) for analysis. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to determine significant difference between categorical rainfall and VL incidence, whilst univariate negative binomial regression models were used to determine predictors of disease incidence.Results:The negative binomial regression model showed statistically significant associations (p <0.05) for VL incidence and maximum temperature, and average temperature, when considering annual and pre-sand fly peak time periods. No other associations between humidity, rainfall or temperature and VL incidence were detected (all values p >0.05). Conclusion:The VL programme in Bihar has made significant progress in adopting best practices for improved treatment and vector control, with the aim to achieve VL elimination. However, open access granular programme data for indoor residual spray activities and case detection is required to fully understand the role of climate in disease transmission and potential resurgence.
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Puthiyottil, M., U. K. Sarkar, L. Lianthuamluaia, G. Karnatak, M. A. Hassan, S. Kumari, B. D. Ghosh i B. K. Das. "Floodplain wetlands of eastern India in a changing climate: Trophic characterization, ecological status, and implications for fisheries". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, nr 3 (1.07.2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.03.07.
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Abstract India is endowed with vast floodplain wetland resources (0.5 million ha), which provide both livelihood and nutritional security to much of the rural populace. These biologically sensitive ecosystems are threatened by a range of anthropogenic and climatic factors. Assessment of their ecological vulnerability, and of the environmental threats that they face, is essential both in evaluating the health of these ecosystems and in developing sustainable management strategies for conservation and fisheries enhancement. In this context, eight wetlands in the Ganga basin were studied for two consecutive years across the seasons and were characterized ecologically based on chlorophyll a, primary productivity, and trophic state index. A warming temperature (+0.20 – +0.47 °C) and a decreasing total annual rainfall (257–580 mm) have been observed along the Ganga basin in the last three decades. The chlorophyll a (mean ± S.E.) content of the water varied from 4.08 ± 1.04 to 38.0 ± 14.11 µg l-1. The high primary productivity, gross primary productivity/plankton respiration ratio and trophic state index correlated positively with the high fish yield in the wetlands. Analysis of data based on Carlson's method revealed five wetlands in the eutrophic category, whereas based on Lamparelli's method, two wetlands fall into the eutrophic category. The Lamparelli TSI value ranged from 54.1 in Majharia to 65.8 in Kararia among the wetlands. The Bishnupur wetland in West Bengal and Kararia wetland in Bihar were found to be eutrophic due to cascading sewage incursion from nearby towns. These altered ecosystems with high TSI values were prudently exploited by selecting suitable fish species for high fish production, and a fish yield of 1200 kg ha-1 yr-1 was achieved in Bishnupur. The study revealed that eutrophic wetlands can be strategically managed for maintaining both ecosystem services and fish production. Careful selection of suitable fish species and stocking rate is crucial. The planned disposal and treatment of sewage is recommended to maintain the ecological health of floodplain wetlands for sustainable fisheries management in the context of a changing climate.
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Sarkar, Ajit, Sunil Saha, Debabrata Sarkar i Prolay Mondal. "Variability and Trend Analysis of the Rainfall of the Past 119 (1901-2019) Years using Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of Uttar Dinajpur, India". Journal of Climate Change 7, nr 2 (4.06.2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210011.
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The present study aims to identify and measure the impact of climate change on rainfall patterns in the Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal. The hydro-meteorological time series rainfall data was collected from the IMD and CHRS data portals and subsequently analysed using various statistical methods. Agriculture in this district is the main economic activity, but the rainfall propensity is very unpredictable and sporadic that has a significant impact on agriculture. The rainfall results (1901-2019) were examined and assessed using statistical techniques for Mann-Kendall’s Z-statistic and Sen’s slope estimators. From the estimation, it is understood that the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and winter seasons have positive trends in rainfall, whereas the post-monsoon rainfall shows a negative trend and both Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope projections depict the same. Likewise, January, February, April, May, June, July, August, and December reflect upward positive change, while a downward trend (decline trend) was recorded in March, September, and October. The winter Kharif crops are more impacted by this negative or decreasing pattern of seasonal rainfall than other crops. The maximum average monthly rainfall in July (892.1 mm) and January showed the lowest average monthly rainfall of 63.3 mm. The results revealed that during the monsoon season the maximum rainfall (75.2%) occurred and the coefficient of variance value is 20.4%. In the winter season, the minimal rainfall (2.87%) with a coefficient of variance (CV) is 72.9%. The rainfall forecast using SMOreg and linear regression methods has been calculated. This research contributes greatly to adopting different strategies by the planners, researchers, numerous government institutions, and NGOs for the overall development of the study area. This study may also be effective in the management of water resources in the study region.
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Khan, Sartaj, Shengchun Piao, Guangxue Zheng, Imran Ullah Khan, David Bradley, Shazia Khan i Yang Song. "Sea Surface Temperature Variability over the Tropical Indian Ocean during the ENSO and IOD Events in 2016 and 2017". Atmosphere 12, nr 5 (1.05.2021): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050587.
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2016 and 2017 were marked by strong El Niño and weak La Niña events, respectively, in the tropical East Pacific Ocean. The strong El Niño and weak La Niña events in the Pacific significantly impacted the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and were followed by extreme negative and weak positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases in 2016 and 2017, which triggered floods in the Indian subcontinent and drought conditions in East Africa. The IOD is an irregular and periodic oscillation in the Indian Ocean, which has attracted much attention in the last two decades due to its impact on the climate in surrounding landmasses. Much work has been done in the past to investigate global climate change and its impact on the evolution of IOD. The dynamic behind it, however, is still not well understood. The present study, using various satellite datasets, examined and analyzed the dynamics behind these events and their impacts on SST variability in the TIO. For this study, the monthly mean SST data was provided by NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST). SST anomalies were measured on the basis of 30-year mean daily climatology (1981–2010). It was determined that the eastern and western poles of the TIO play quite different roles during the sequence of negative and positive IOD phases. The analysis of air-sea interactions and the relationship between wind and SST suggested that SST is primarily controlled by wind force in the West pole. On the other hand, the high SST that occurred during the negative IOD phase induced local convection and westerly wind anomalies via the Bjerknes feedback mechanism. The strong convection, which was confined to the (warm) eastern equatorial Indian Ocean was accompanied by east–west SST anomalies that drove a series of downwelling Kelvin waves that deepened the thermocline in the east. Another notable feature of this study was its observation of weak upwelling along the Omani–Arabian coast, which warmed the SST by 1 °C in the summer of 2017 (as compared to 2016). This warming led to increased precipitation in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region during the summer of 2017. The results of the present work will be important for the study of monsoons and may be useful in predicting both droughts and floods in landmasses in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Indian subcontinent and East African regions.
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Asikunnaby. "GIS Based Land Use Change Analysis of a Coastal Area of Bangladesh". Journal of Social Science Studies 6, nr 2 (14.05.2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v6i2.14784.
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Satkhira is a coastal district of Bangladesh where lives of millions of people are transforming due to natural hazards and anthropogenic stimuluses, specifically water bodies are facing the bulk of the transformation owing to salinity. The study area of this research includes part of Satkhira Sadar and the work is done based on Betna river influenced zone. Sundarban and the Bay of Bengal are close to this river and its highly influenced by saline water. The natural pristine environment of the area went through major changes during the last few decades, especially after the 1980’s because of human interventions as well as natural causes. This research was an attempt to find out the transformations that took place in the area with remotely sensed imagery of 2018 and toposheet map of 1982, the underlying reasons of change and their consequences. The collected data were analyzed with Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) software’s for better interpretation and an in-depth understanding. Features which came into consideration frequently are river, shrimp farms, settlement, agriculture, embankment, salinity intrusion, increasing population, frequent hazard and riparian vegetation. The outcome of the work tells that the change in land use occurred mainly because of shrimp farming and salinity intrusion while Betna river took the major blow. Although economically beneficial, shrimp culture created a saline environment and modification of water bodies resulted in frequent waterlogging and escalated salinity in the area previously known as freshwater zone. While Bangladesh is scare in land resource, the coastal area such as the study site of this research is even more stressed owing to climate change and recurring natural hazards. Propositions are made at the end of the work to use the presented data and information mentioned in this study by corresponding authorities.
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Pariyar, Biju, i Bijaylakhmi Goswami. "Yield Constraints of Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and Possible Management Strategies: A Review". Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 29, nr 8 (4.07.2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2023/v29i81768.
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The Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important fruit crops of Sikkim for ages. The valleys of the Tista and Rangeet rivers and their tributaries of Sikkim and the adjoining Darjeeling district of West Bengal offer an ideal Himalayan climate for the cultivation of Sikkim Mandarin. Analysis shows that during 2020-21 Sikkim produced 26.65 MT of mandarin from 13.26 thousand hectares of land with a productivity of 2.01MT /ha. It was seen that there had been an increase of 1.68-thousand-hectare area in 2020-21 from 2014-15 producing an additional 7.66MT. However, while area and production have increased, productivity has plummeted by 38.69 per cent over the period from 2014-15 to 2020-21. Due to multiple reasons, poor returns from the citrus orchards have ushered farmers' unwillingness to invest in mandarin. The constraints like declining soil productivity and non-adherence to soil amelioration measures, the incidence of pests and diseases like the fruit fly, and citrus dieback etc, and lack of marketing channels and proper storage as well as preservation units are a few to name. There is a need of increasing productivity to maintain the glory of the species. The major strategy/approach would be to manage the basic problem which is the nutritional management of the cropping area. Studying the soil and scientifically managing it alone may wipe -off basic problems like the incidence of some pests and diseases and soil nutrient depletion. Taking other appropriate measures to control pests and diseases should be the next important strategy. Finding the loopholes in the storage and marketing of Sikkim Mandarin and defining appropriate strategies to mitigate those remain the major scope of this study. This review is based on available secondary data and observations made on farm visits.
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Hoyos, Carlos D., i Peter J. Webster. "The Role of Intraseasonal Variability in the Nature of Asian Monsoon Precipitation". Journal of Climate 20, nr 17 (1.09.2007): 4402–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4252.1.
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Abstract The structure of the mean precipitation of the south Asian monsoon is spatially complex. Embedded in a broad precipitation maximum extending eastward from 70°E to the northwest tropical Pacific Ocean are strong local maxima to the west of the Western Ghats mountain range of India, in Cambodia extending into the eastern China Sea, and over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal (BoB), where the strongest large-scale global maximum in precipitation is located. In general, the maximum precipitation occurs over the oceans and not over the land regions. Distinct temporal variability also exists with time scales ranging from days to decades. Neither the spatial nor temporal variability of the monsoon can be explained simply as the response to the cross-equatorial pressure gradient force between the continental regions of Asia and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, as suggested in classical descriptions of the monsoon. Monthly (1979–2005) and daily (1997–present) rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), 3-hourly (1998–present) rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) estimates of sea surface temperature (SST), reanalysis products, and satellite-determined outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used as the basis of a detailed diagnostic study to explore the physical basis of the spatial and temporal nature of monsoon precipitation. Propagation characteristics of the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) and biweekly signals from the South China Sea, coupled with local and regional effects of orography and land–atmosphere feedbacks are found to modulate and determine the locations of the mean precipitation patterns. Long-term variability is found to be associated with remote climate forcing from phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but with an impact that changes interdecadally, producing incoherent responses of regional rainfall. A proportion of the interannual modulation of monsoon rainfall is found to be the direct result of the cumulative effect of rainfall variability on intraseasonal (25–80 day) time scales over the Indian Ocean. MISOs are shown to be the main modulator of weather events and encompass most synoptic activity. Composite analysis shows that the cyclonic system associated with the northward propagation of a MISO event from the equatorial Indian Ocean tends to drive moist air toward the Burma mountain range and, in so doing, enhances rainfall considerably in the northeast corner of the bay, explaining much of the observed summer maximum oriented parallel to the mountains. Similar interplay occurs to the west of the Ghats. While orography does not seem to play a defining role in MISO evolution in any part of the basin, it directly influences the cumulative MISO-associated rainfall, thus defining the observed mean seasonal pattern. This is an important conclusion since it suggests that in order for the climate models to reproduce the observed seasonal monsoon rainfall structure, MISO activity needs to be well simulated and sharp mountain ranges well represented.
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Haque, Md Masidul, i Mrinal Kanti Roy. "Geology and sedimentary environment of the Surma Group of rocks, Bandarban anticline, Bandarban, Bangladesh". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 62 (14.09.2021): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v62i0.38697.
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The study illustrates the effect of tectonics, climate, and relative sea-level change on the depositional process of the Miocene Bhuban and Boka Bil Formation of Bengal Basin. Outcrop sediments of five transverse sections exposed along the axial zone of Bandarban anticline were studied. Twelve lithofacies such as Gm, Gms, Sm, ST, Sp, Sr, Sl, Sf, Sll, Fw, Fl and Fm have been identified within the successions and grouped into (i) turbidite generated, (ii) outer fan distal lobe basin plain and (iii) tide-influenced facies association. The analyses reveal that the Bhuban Formation was turbidite- generated that deposited below the continental shelf-slope environment. The Lower Bhuban Member consists of gray to brownish-gray calcareous sandstone with shale deposited under the channelized lobe of submarine fan. The Middle Bhuban Member dominated by black shale-siltstone deposited in distal turbidite lobe due to change the flow regime. The Upper Bhuban Member consists of yellow to yellowish gray, coarse to medium-grained sandstone-siltstone with black shale that deposited under channelized to nonchannelized lobes of submarine fan. The increasing sedimentation during the formation of the Upper Bhuban Member can be caused by increased the intensity of the Asian Monsoon that carried huge sediment from the Himalaya. The Boka Bil Formation was deposited under estuary to tidal flat environment. The area was uplifted during and/or after subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Burmese Plate. The monsoonal intensity enhances sedimentation that moved prograding delta towards the south. These processes shifted depositional environment from continental shelf-slope to marginal shallow marine during deposition of the Boka Bil Formation. The continental slope aligned east-west direction and sediments likely derived from the Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya in the present geographical setup during deposition of the sediments.
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Chakraborty, Debarun, i Wendrila Biswas. "Motivating factors in a teacher’s research and developmental activities and their impact on effective quality teaching in higher education institutions". Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 12, nr 4 (18.07.2019): 609–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-07-2018-0161.
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Purpose Research and development pursuits have always been an integral part of a teacher’s professional development. Today, the higher educational institutes (HEIs) are chiefly prioritizing and providing a sustained support toward research-based and research-oriented learning. But as revealed by the broad outlines of the entire scenario, a fall in research productivity and developmental attempts is witnessed among the faculties of higher educational establishments. To put it succinctly, the motivating aspects that reinforce such activities are not adequately taken care of and have thwarted their progression. The purpose of this paper is to delve deep and explore the factors that inspire teachers toward an enriched research and learning, which equally gets reflected in their teaching practices. Design/methodology/approach This is a descriptive research with a cross-sectional survey on faculties from different HEIs of West Bengal. A questionnaire has been designed with a five-point Likert scale to draw the primary data. Convenience sampling technique has been utilized. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have been performed with structural equation modeling on the hypothesized research model through AMOS. Findings The major findings of the research have revealed that improved research and development activities of faculties had an immense impact on their teaching quality. The level and accessibility of infrastructure posits a strong influence in augmenting a teacher’s research and developmental endeavors. Working climate influences teachers’ research activities as well their teaching adroitness. Research limitations/implications Results may vary when an extensive study is conducted on teachers of HEIs of two or more states or of the country as a whole. Suppression of the real underlying facts by few respondents may affect the result to a small extent. Practical implications When faculties orient themselves toward research intensive learning and teaching, the students actively get involved in a platform of greater interaction. It elevates their persistence level, intellectual curiosity, critical thinking and cognitive skills. Research-based teaching is also instrumental in honing their analytical skills, promoting creativity. Originality/value The study identified a vital role of the higher education institutes in motivating the faculties toward research-based teaching. There is a dearth of empirical research in identifying the factors that enrich the learning patterns and research activities of the teachers. Thus, it can prove to be a constructive study if implemented.
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Tagore, Sanskriti, Sutapa Pani i Lopamudra Ganguly. "Climate and crime: A case study of West Bengal". International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies 4, nr 4 (1.10.2022): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27068919.2022.v4.i4c.892.
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Chatterjee, Sourav. "Development of Primary Education in West Bengal and Tripura: A Comparative Analysis". International Journal of Research and Review 10, nr 4 (21.04.2023): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230440.
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Primary education or basic education denotes education from class- I to class- V level of education. It is to be treated as the base of future education of the children. Students’ progress or success in their future life fully depends upon their primary education. According to eminent educationist Amartya Sen, “first and most immediate contribution of successful primary education is a direct reduction of one form of deep rooted insecurity. Second, basic education can be very important in helping people to get jobs and gainful employment.” The present study has been conducted to compare the development of primary education in West Bengal and Tripura. The data were collected from udise.in website. The data were analyzed critically with logical approach considering various factors that influenced the primary education system of West Bengal and Tripura. The findings of the study revealed that though the total number of only primary schools in West Bengal was greater than Tripura but the trained of enrollment in Tripura was better than West Bengal. Tripura had better position regarding average instructional days concern except 2014-15 session. Muslims and Schedule caste students’ enrollment was much better in West Bengal than Tripura. But, Schedule Tribe students’ enrollment was better in Tripura than West Bengal. Number of composite EDI in West Bengal was also greater than Tripura. But, drop-out rate, pupil-teacher ratio, student-classroom ratio were also matter of concern in West Bengal comparing to Tripura. Keywords: Primary education, West Bengal, Tripura, enrollment, Composite EDI.
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Singh, Onkar. "West Bengal Assembly Election 2021: An Analysis". Journal of Policy & Governance 01, nr 01 (20.08.2021): 69–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002//jpg010107.
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West Bengal Assembly election was one of the most keenly watched assembly elections in India in 2021. One of the reasons for this interest was the unexpected rise of the Bhartiya Janata Party in a state mostly known for its contests between the Left parties, the Indian National Congress, and the All-India Trinamool Congress. The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) had only 3 seats in the last assembly election of 2016, whereas the ruling All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) party had 212 seats. The BJP was never a major player in the state except during the last parliamentary election (2019) when BJP bagged 18 out of the 42 parliamentary seats. The analysis presented in this paper analyzes the constituency-wise figures for each of the 294 constituencies spread over 19 districts of the state of West Bengal in India. The TMC emerged victorious with 48% of the total popular votes, while the opposition BJP got 39% of the popular votes. Also, TMC won 213 (73%) of total seats, whereas the BJP came to a distant second with 77 (26%) seats, even though it raised its stock significantly in the West Bengal Assembly from its 2016 tally of a meager 3 seats. After the West Bengal 2021 election results, Mamata Banerjee emerged as one of the main challengers of BJP at the national arena of Indian politics. This paper will benefit and help anyone interested in Indian political analysis and would also provide key insights for the political analysts and the political parties interested in a seat-by-seat deep dive. The analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Excel and R Software.
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Kanjilal, Mahananda. "Municipal Finance of West Bengal". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 3569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43062.
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Abstract: Urban local bodies ( ULBs) are statutorily responsible to deal with urban problems. The primary rationale of ULBs is provisioning of civic amenities to residents in the area under their jurisdiction. Increased urbanization creates demand for more and more civic services which are provided by the ULBs under fiscal stress. The objective of the proposed work is to undertake a study of the financial structure of ULBs of West Bengal and understand its implications for provisioning of municipal facilities for the period 2001-02, 2007-08 and 2013-14. This will include the analysis of the pattern of disbursements and receipts of ULBs at the state and district levels. This is followed by analysis of the components of receipts and disbursements. It has been found from the analysis of municipal finance that ULBs of West Bengal are not being able to generate sufficient revenue. The dependence on grants reflects the inability of ULBs to generate sufficient own source income. The provisioning of municipal services are also not at a desired level. The burden of unproductive expenditure and poor quality of municipal services are also found. West Bengal has implemented more or less all the provisions of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act But effective functioning and efficient administration are needed for overall improvement in the governance of ULBs. Keywords: Municipality, Finance, Urban local bodies, Revenue, Expenditure JEL codes: H2, H7, H71,H72,H75, H76
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Bhattacharya, Tanmoyee. "Effect of climate change on rice yield at Kharagpur, West Bengal". IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 4, nr 2 (2013): 06–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0420612.
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Ghosh, S., K. Mahato, S. Gorain, U. Das i B. Mondal. "Resilience of agriculture reducing vulnerability to climate change in West Bengal". Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences(An International Journal) 9, nr 2 (2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2394-4471.2017.00031.4.
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BASU, G. C., U. BHATTACHARJEE i R. GHOSH. "Statistical analysis of rainfall distribution and trend of rainfall anomalies districtwise during monsoon period over West Bengal". MAUSAM 55, nr 3 (19.01.2022): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i3.1172.
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The statistical analysis of rainfall distributions in different districts of West Bengal during monsoon period for 68 years (1931-98) have been studied in this paper. The statistical parameters such as moments, coefficient of skewness and kurtosis have been computed to understand the nature of such rainfall distribution in each district. The rainfall anomalies during monsoon period (June–September) have also been studied for each district of two meteorological Sub-divisions, Sub-Himalayan West Bengal (SHWB) and Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) by fitting regression lines through ‘Least Square Method’ and results for rainfall trends for each district of West Bengal have been discussed in this paper.
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CHAKRABARTY, K. K., A. K. NATH i S. SENGUPTA. "Nor’wester over West Bengal and comfortability". MAUSAM 58, nr 2 (27.11.2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i2.1202.
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During the pre-monsoon months of March, April and May the weather over Kolkata is generally very uncomfortable due to high temperature and relative humidity. During this season Kolkata is affected by the nor’wester activity. Generally the nor’wester activity is defined as a disastrous weather activity and is locally called as ‘Kaalbaisakhi’ as it is ‘kaal’ or destruction during Bengali Baishakh (April-May) month over Bengal. However the downdraft associated with the nor’wester brings cool air and temperature sometimes drops by as much as 8 to 9 degree Celsius and the atmosphere becomes comfortable for some period. This is an entirely different and positive aspect of nor’wester.The human comfortability depends upon many weather parameters apart from human physiological parameters. However the primary weather factors are air temperature and relative humidity especially for tropical areas. Many authors have worked on this and the well accepted formula for thermal index THI or Discomfort Index DI is taken from Thom (1957,1958) which is a function of dry bulb and wet bulb temperature i.e., THI or DI = 0.4 (Ta + Tw) + 15 where temperature is in ºF and is 0.72 (Ta + Tw) + 40.6 where temperature is in ºC. Various stages of comfortability are classified viz., (i) Discomfortable (ii) Partial discomfortable and (iii) Comfortable. Neglecting the effect of wind and further simplifying the equation for DI as a function of (Ta + Tw) the range varies from 27 to 55 in increasing order of temperature.During the pre-monsoon months when the climate over Kolkata is very sultry and uncomfortable, people generally desire the onset of nor’wester for some temporary relief although it results into destruction. The nor’wester makes the weather comfortable after its occurrence and remains comfortable for 10 to 12 hours and some time even for a day. The present study is made taking six years data over Kolkata, both Alipore and Dum Dum. It is seen that except early morning of March the remaining period of pre-monsoon season is found to be uncomfortable climatologically. In the present study there were 91 occasions of squalls and it is found that most of the squalls occurred during the month of April and May and on most of the occasions nor’wester made the weather comfortable for a large part of the day in the month of April. By the end of May nor’wester activity also brought relief but not to that extent as in March and April to the people of Kolkata and neighbourhood.
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Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. "Failure of education policies in West Bengal, since 1951: An analysis". Studies in People's History 4, nr 2 (10.10.2017): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448917725859.
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West Bengal, in 1951, was ranked second in the country, with a literacy level of 24.0 per cent, though far behind Kerala with a literacy level of 47.18 per cent. From the very beginning there was an elitist bias in educational planning, so that primary education was badly neglected, and so subsequently West Bengal began to slide in relation to states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Mizoram or Goa. Unfortunately, the elitist bias also persisted during the Left Front rule. As a result, by the time of Census 2011, the literacy level of West Bengal had slid down so far that it was barely above the national average. At the same time, the small state of Tripura, also ruled by a Left Front government, coming up from far behind had caught up with and then had overtaken West Bengal, and was only a little behind Kerala, the most literate state in India. Although this article is supposed to be an account of the state of education in West Bengal since independence it concentrates essentially on the primary school sector, because that is the foundation of all further education. It refers to the Bhabatosh Datta Commission on higher education whose recommendations still remain valid and unfortunately unimplemented.
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Jana, K., S. K. Das, D. C. Roy, M. K. Kundu, A. Kundu i G. Sathish. "Seed yield of linseed varieties grown as ‘paira’ crop as influenced by dates of sowing". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1571.
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Linseed is an industrial crop cultivated for its seeds, fibres and oil purpose. Linseed crop can met their requirement i.e. moisture and nutritional demand from stored soil moisture and residual fertility status in "utera‟ or "paira‟ system of cropping. On the basis of this fact an experiment was conducted on “Seed yield of linseed varieties grown as paira crop as influenced by dates of sowing” in red and laterite zone of West Bengal during rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India. Poor in organic matter content, available phosphate and bases, hard structure of iron and aluminium patterned as honeycomb are present in the subsurface regions of the profiles and kaolinite is the predominant clay minerals of red and lateritic zone (western part) of West Bengal. This experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications and compared two factors (dates of sowing and linseed varieties). Objective was identifying the optimum date of sowing and suitable linseed varieties grown as „paira‟ crop under changed climate in red and laterite zone of West Bengal. The experimental results revealed that the highest seed yield (534 kg ha-1 as pooled value) was recorded from the treatment D1 i.e. linseed sown on 15th November. The lowest seed yield (489.2 kg ha-1 as pooled value) was obtained with treatment D3 i.e. linseed sown on 29th November. Among linseed varieties, T-397 has yielded highest seed yield (573.4 kg ha-1 as pooled value). Lowest seed yield (409. 3 kg ha-1 as pooled data) was recorded from Neela variety. From the present study it may be concluded that linseed sown on 15th November is the best time and T-397 is the suitable linseed variety grown as "paira‟ crop under changed climate in red and laterite zone of West Bengal.
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DASTIDAR, AVIK GHOSH, SARBARI GHOSH, U. K. DE i S. K. GHOSH. "Statistical analysis of monsoon rainfall distribution over West Bengal, India". MAUSAM 61, nr 4 (27.11.2021): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v61i4.884.
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Seasonal, monthly and daily rainfall characteristics of meteorological sub-divisions of Sub Himalayan West Bengal (SHWB) and Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) have been studied using rainfall data of 23 stations of India Meteorological Department (IMD) over the state of West Bengal. The two subdivisions have distinctive characteristics, though two stations lying in the plain region of SHWB have behaviour more alike the stations of GWB. Krishnagar is a station with least seasonal rainfall in the entire state. Kurtosis and Skewness of the seasonal rainfall distribution have been studied and found that, for most of the stations they lie within reasonable limits. From the time series analysis, it is found that the seasonal rainfall has no trend.
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Ghosh, Sandipan, i Biswaranjan Mistri. "Geographic Concerns on Flood Climate and Flood Hydrology in Monsoon-Dominated Damodar River Basin, Eastern India". Geography Journal 2015 (22.01.2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/486740.
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In the Lower Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, the furious monsoon flood of Damodar River is a recurrent hydrometeorological phenomenon which is now intensified by the human activities. At present, the flood regulation system of Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) is not capable of managing gigantic inflow water (which appeared as surface runoff and channel flow) coming from the wide fan-shaped upper catchment of Damodar River. As a result, the lower basin of Damodar (covering Barddhaman, Hooghly, and Howrah districts of West Bengal) annually experiences low to high magnitude of floods and overflow condition because the existing canal system, streams, palaeochannels, and Damodar River itself have lost their former carrying capacity to accommodate all excess water within its active domain due to over siltation and drainage congestion. So when the DVC dams are not able to regulate flood flow, then extreme rainfall of prolonged duration over the basin turns the normal situation into devastating flood, like the years of 1978 and 2000 in West Bengal. Identifying the existing problems of lower Damodar River, this paper principally tries to assess the potentiality of flood climate and to estimate the contributing rainfall-runoff, peak discharge, and existing carrying capacity of river in relation to increasing flood risk of lower basin using the quantitative hydrologic expressions.
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Rajan, M., i A. Balasubramanian. "Statistical Analysis: Marine Capture Production of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, nr 5 (31.08.2021): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2319.
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In this study, basic statistical tools viz., measure of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, correlation and ANOVA tests were applied to analyze the marine capture production data of different groups like Pelagic, Demersal, Crustaceans and Molluscs collected from Marine Products Exports Development Authority, Cochin for the period from 1985 to 2011 pertaining to three costal states of India such as West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Each group of fish was considered as a treatment for the chosen time series period. Descriptive statistics revealed the elevation of production levels of different groups for states studied. Molluscs production from Andhra Pradesh did not vary much between the years having low standard deviation (918.46) while pelagic fish production varied highly in Kerala having standard deviation (86818.71). In the case of crustaceans, West Bengal had high coefficient of variance (100) and Kerala had low coefficient of variance (19.50) for demersal group. Various kinds of skewed distribution could be observed between groups in all three states. Marine fish productions of different groups from the states of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh had good correlation except with Kerala where even negative production was observed especially in crustacean production. ANOVA also endorsed that significant production level among various fish groups could be observed in all the states. Similarly, the fish production of every group obtained from the states of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh differed significantly with Kerala despite no difference in various fish production between the states of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh could be found.
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Sarkar, Sujit, Rabindra Nath Padaria, Sanjib Das, Biplab Das, Ganesh Biswas, Dinabondhu Roy i Ajit Sarkar. "Conceptualizing and Validating a Framework of Climate Smart Village in Flood Affected Ecosystem of West Bengal". Indian Journal of Extension Education 58, nr 2 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58201.
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Climate change is the major issue affecting the survival of human kind in the present day scenario. Farmers are the most vulnerable communities to these changes. Many climate smart technologies were devised and tried to promote through traditional extension system. But their adoption rate is very poor doe to multiple socio-economic and technological factors. Therefore focus extension approach were thought of and concept of climate smart village was introduced to promote climate smart technologies. But the past efforts on establishing climate smart villages were revolved around only on technological dimension ignoring socio-economic dimension of climate change. Hence, the present study conceptualizes the climate smart village integrating technological as well as social factors. The concept has been experimented during 2016-2021 at field level in the village Singimari, Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal in convergence mode with other related stakeholders line Krishi vigyan Kendra (KVK), state agricultural department, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), NGOs and farming communities. The findings revealed that adoption level of climate smart technologies and practices has increased significantly after establishment of climate smart village. Therefore, more number of climate smart villages should be established specially in vulnerable ecosystem for better adaptation to climate change.
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Mitra, Debjani, i Tushar K. Ghara. "Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education: A District Level Analysis of the State of West Bengal". Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, nr 3 (5.11.2019): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.3.1600.
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Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, expressed as a percentage of the official age group of the population corresponding to the same level of education. In the state of West Bengal, GER in higher education for the age group 18 -23 years is 18.7%, which is far below the national average of 25.8% for 2017-2018. There is a large variation in GER across different districts and among male and female. An effort has been made through this paper to study the spatio temporal variation in GER among the districts of West Bengal. To study the gender disparity in GER in the districts of West Bengal Gender Parity Index (GPI) is calculated. Among the districts of West Bengal, Kolkata has recorded highest GER in higher education in all the years and Uttar Dinajpur has recorded the lowest GER throughout the years (2012 to 2018). GPI in gross enrolment in greater than unity in 14 out of 19 districts of the state.
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Ghosh, Biswajit, i Namita Chakma. "Urbanisation in West Bengal: An Analysis of Recent Processes". Space and Culture, India 2, nr 2 (1.11.2014): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i2.86.
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The present work intends to study the recent processes of urbanisation of West Bengal by measuring some selected indices: like level of urbanisation, decadal growth of urban population, rate of urbanisation, pace of urbanisation and urban growth, contribution of growth in urban population to total growth and rural-urban displacement. It is a meso-level study, and 19 districts of the state have been selected as units of study. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the research has identified three principal factors that determine the processes of urbanisation in the state: rural-urban displacement, decadal growth rate and rate of urbanisation. All these three factors responded positively in both primary and secondary loadings.
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Sarkar, Satyen, i Tapan Kumar Ghosh. "Agricultural Development in West Bengal: An Inter–temporal Analysis". Economic Affairs 62, nr 3 (2017): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4666.2017.00060.2.
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Das, Diptosh, Prakash Pradhan, Debal Ray, Anirban Roy i Krishnendu Acharya. "Contribution to the Macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 69–73". Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, nr 13 (26.09.2020): 16840–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4896.12.13.16840-16853.
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The varied topography, soil and climate of West Bengal makes conducive conditions of macrofungal habitats nurturing magnificent diversity. During exploration of macro-fungal diversity in Terai Duars region of the state during 2017–18, basidiocarps of different kinds of the genus Lentinus (Polyporaceae) were collected, photographed along with macro-morphological and ecological notes. The specimens were identified through macro and micro-morphological characters following standard literature. Five species of the genus Lentinus (L. araucariae, L. fasciatus, L. polychrous, L. sajor-caju, and L. squarrosulus) were identified which are presented in this paper along with amplified description, necessary figures and photographs. Literature survey revealed that out of five identified species, L. araucariae and L. fasciatus represent new distributional record for India. The outcome of the present study would enrich data related to the macro-fungal diversity from the state of West Bengal.
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Banerjee, Saon, i Benukar Biswas. "Assessing Climate Change Impact on Future Reference Evapotranspiration Pattern of West Bengal, India". Agricultural Sciences 11, nr 09 (2020): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2020.119051.
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