Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Civilization, modern – history”

Following Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler posed the central problems of the cyclical history of civilization in the twentieth century. Subsequent world historical theorists have attempted to answer Spengler's nihilistic perspective on the destined rise and fall of all cultures by rescuing a progressive movement which transcended the downfall of civilizations. World history since Spengler has been written in pursuit of an answer to the crises of modernism: to the 'Death of God,' the problem of progress, the emergent technological order with its bureaucratic management of society, and the need sensed by the metahistorians for a new 'mythical' grounding to avert the fall of the West. The "Crisis of the West" dominates the perspectives of the world historians. Their goals for the solution of 'modernism,' through the religious transformation of society or political and cultural world unity, are central to their motivation as writers and to the formulation of their paradigms.

In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman, Hayden White, Joseph Mali, John Hinde and Richard Sigurdson, among others, I am able to portray Burckhardt as conversely inaugurating a historiography laden with elements of insightful social criticism. Such criticisms are in fact bolstered by virtue of their counter-modern characteristic. Burckhardt reveals in this way a perspicacity that both anticipates Nietzsche's own critique of modernity and in large part moves well beyond him. Much of this analysis is devised through a genealogical approach to Burckhardt which places him squarely within a cohesive branch of post-Kantian thought that I have called heterodox post-Kantianism. My study revaluates Burckhardt through the alembic of a "discursive" post-Kantian turn which reinvests many of his outré ideas, including his radical appropriation of historical representation, his non-teleological historiography, his various pessimistic inclinations, and additionally, his non-empirical, "aesthetic" study of history, or "mythistory," with a newfound philosophical germaneness. While I survey the majority of Burckhardt's output in the course of my work, I invest a specific focus in his largely unappreciated Greek lectures (given in 1869 but only published in English in full at the end of the twentieth century). Burckhardt's "dark" portrayal of the Greeks serves to not only upset traditional conceptions of antiquity but also the manner in which self-conception is informed through historical inquiry. Burckhardt returns us then to an altogether repressed antiquity: to a hidden, yet internal "dream of a shadow." My analysis culminates with an attempt to reassess the place of Burckhardt's ideas for modernity and to correspondingly reexamine Nietzsche. In particular, I highlight the disparity between Nietzsche's and Burckhardt's reception of the "problem of power," including the latter's reluctance - which was attended by ominous and highly prescient predictions of future large-scale wars and the steady "massification" of western society - to accept Nietzsche's acclamation of a final "will to power." Burckhardt teaches us the value of history as an active counterforce to dominant modern reality-formations and in doing so, his work rehabilitates the relevance of history for a world which, as Burckhardt once noted, suffers today from a superfluity of present-mindedness.

The purpose of this thesis is to reflect on the importance that deception has had on the efficient functioning of societies and the development of individuals. I attempt to do so by adopting an historical perspective, analysing the development of the notion of lawful deception during the Middle Ages and, mainly, the Early Modern Age through theological and political discourses. The scope of my investigation is pan-European. I examine sources from the major Western territories, but I pay special attention to those produced in the Spanish-Habsburg Empire, which was a major political and cultural entity during this period. My claim is that between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, the West witnessed the formation of what I call an "Ethics of Deception:" a trend of thought that, without challenging the Augustinian prohibition of lying, recognised deception as intrinsic to nature and mankind, thereby justifying its use from moral and political perspectives. I explain how this intellectual process was conducted, fostered by new social realities, and helped by the flourishing of casuistry, tacitism and neostoicism. Furthermore, I argue that the acceptance of deception contributed to the creation of a new view of the world, language and human interaction. A view that is in the very basis of some of the most characteristic features of Baroque art and that opened the door to some of the most transcendental cultural changes of the period, such as the creation of politics governed by reason rather than faith, the secularisation of social behaviour, and the emergence of the notions of individualism, privacy and freedom of thought. For these reasons, I claim that deception played an important role in the shaping of Modernity.

Esta tesis aborda un caso paradigmático del proceso de mundialización: la militancia del fraile agustino Juan González de Mendoza (1545-1618) en el proyecto imperial hispánico tuvo como consecuencia una obra, la Historia del Gran Reino de la China (Roma, 1585), con la que culminó la formación de una imagen moderna de China en Europa. Su diseminación por Europa transformó el libro de producto cultural fiel a sus objetivos de origen en un valioso testimonio de la literatura de viajes de la Edad Moderna. La tesis se ha desarrollado dentro de las siguientes líneas de trabajo: el estudio del papel de los religiosos ibéricos en China como creadores y mediadores culturales durante la Edad Moderna (siglos XVI-XVII) y el análisis de la elaboración de una imagen específica de Oriente a través de la elaboración y circulación de relaciones y cartas que versaban sobre la «materia oriental» en los imperios ibéricos (España y Portugal). En este marco, se ha estudiado la Historia del Gran Reino de la China como fuente fundamental para el conocimiento de la China de la dinastía Ming; un estudio del diálogo de su autor con sus fuentes y un análisis del proceso de conceptualización de la civilización china. Por otra parte, se ha llevado a cabo una reconstrucción de la vida de su autor, Juan González de Mendoza, y su producción intelectual como memorialista y arbitrista de la Monarquía Hispana como mediador cultural entre dos mundos.
This thesis focuses on a paradigmatic case of the early modern globalization: how the militancy of the Augustinian friar Juan González de Mendoza (1545-1618) in the Spanish imperial project resulted in a work, the Historia del Gran Reino de la China (Roma, 1585), that was the culmination of the formation of an early modern picture of China in Europe. The diffusion of this work around of Europe transformed the book from a cultural product faithful to its objectives in a valuable testimony of the early modern travel literature. The thesis has been developed within the following lines of work: the study of the role of the Iberian missionaries in China as creators and cultural mediators during the early modern times (XVI-XVII centuries) and the analysis of the development of a specific picture of the East through the production and circulation of accounts and letters focused on the Eastern topics within the Iberian empires (Spain and Portugal). In this frame it has been studied different points of interest: the Historia del Gran Reino de la China as a key source for understanding China's Ming Dynasty, the dialogue of the author with its sources and, finally, an analysis of the process of conceptualization of Chinese civilization. On the other hand, Mendoza’s life has been reconstructed, and it has been analyzed his intellectual production as a memorialist and «arbitrista» of the Spanish monarchy, following his role as cultural mediator between two worlds.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Sampaio Barbosa
Banca: José Luis Bendicho Beired
Banca: Carolina Amaral de Aguiar
Resumo: A Guerra Hispano-Americana (1898) aconteceu em decorrência da expansão imperialista dos Estados Unidos no momento em que sua industrialização crescia em ritmo acelerado. Eliminando os últimos resquícios da colonização espanhola no continente americano, Cuba e Filipinas foram os primeiros alvos de uma política agressiva dos nacionalistas estadunidenses para assegurar o slogan proposto pela Doutrina Monroe, "América para os Americanos". Nos principais centros urbanos dos Estados Unidos, a modernidade atingia a percepção dos indivíduos por meio da inovação tecnológica que dimensionava o tempo e o espaço, a velocidade da máquina mesclava o orgânico e o mecânico. Nas ruas, inúmeras propagandas visuais atordoavam os olhares, os jornais impressos traziam notícias sensacionalistas de interesses políticos e o comportamento dos cidadãos se padronizava através das revistas periódicas. Os vaudevilles, teatros de variedades, canalizavam essa sociedade caótica através da miscelânea de espetáculos e shows, o cinema se desenvolvia neste ambiente. Quando o conflito entre a Espanha e os Estados Unidos entrou em vigor, o cinema participou pela primeira vez de uma guerra, se misturando com todas as formas de comunicação do período e exercendo, de forma inédita, uma postura ativa na formação da opinião pública. O trabalho a seguir compreende como foi a participação dos filmes produzidos pela Edison Company e pela American Biograph e Mutoscope, diante desse enredo. Utilizando 68 filmes presentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Spanish-American War (1898) happened as a result of the United States's imperialist expansion at the time its industrialization grew at a accelerated pace. Eliminating the last remnants of Spanish colonization in the American continent, Cuba and the Philippines were the first targets of an American nationalists's aggressive policy to ensure the slogan proposed by the Monroe doctrine "America for Americans". In the main United States's urban centers, modernity reached the individuals perception through technological innovation that dimensioned the time and the space, the machine's speed merged the organic and the mechanic. In the streets, countless visual advertisements stunned the looks, the printed newspapers brought sensationalist news of political interests and the citizens behaviour was standardized through periodic journals. The vaudevilles, variety theaters, channeled this chaotic society through the miscellaneous of performances and shows, the cinema was being developed in this environment. When the conflict between Spain and the United States came into effect, the cinema participated for the first time in a war, mingling with all forms of communication in the period and exerting, in an unprecedented way, an active posture in the public opinion formation. The following work compromises how was the participation of the films produced by the Edison Company and the American Biograph and Mutoscope, before this plot. Using 68 films present in the Spanish American War... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Pese a haber permanecido prácticamente desatendida por la historiografía, la recepción del mito egipcio en tiempos de Felipe II no puede considerarse como residual o anecdótica. Se trata de un fenómeno en la Monarquía de la segunda mitad del XVI que, aun ser difícil de detectar, está en concomitancia con el interés que lo egipcio suscitó en la Europa renacentista. La presente investigación se adentra en los entresijos de cómo se articuló esa recepción, ciertamente intensa y volcada en fuentes tan y tan heterogéneas que llegó al punto de originar un renacimiento egipcio y un renacimiento jeroglífico específicos para el caso español. Al margen de los clásicos, en los círculos humanistas era conocido el alcance de los referentes asidos del antiguo Egipto. Un Egipto, eso sí, transformado respecto a sus cánones faraónicos, filtrado por las fuentes grecolatinas, corrompido por la tradición bíblica, adulterado por graníticas connotaciones herméticas, y distorsionado por la mentalidad e ideales renacentistas. De ahí que este estudio se adentre en la búsqueda de la huella de Osiris, es decir, la impronta de lo egipcio dibujada en suelo hispánico con contornos diversos e hilvanada mediante un discurso egiptizante (lingüístico; mito-genealógico e historiográfico; jeroglífico en torno a su estudio y vías de aplicación; médico-farmacológico relativo a las momias). Estamos, pues, ante un tema de investigación que amplía las perspectivas del estudio de la siempre compleja Monarquía hispánica y sus múltiples visiones.
Despite remaining almost neglected by Historiography, the presence of Ancient Egypt in Philip II’s time is located on the frame of the Egyptian Myth reception during the second half of the XVIth century Spanish Monarchy. Succinctly, my contribution studies how this reception was articulated through the interpretation of heterogeneous sources that allow formulating the existence of an Egyptian and Hieroglyphic Renascences for the Hispanic case. Beyond the referents of Classical Antiquity, the intellectual forces of Humanism knew about the importance of those taken from Ancient Egypt. Anyway, a completely transformed Egypt from its pharaonic canons, filtered by Greco-Latin sources, corrupted by the Biblical tradition, undermined by the Renaissance ideas, and interfered by Hermetic connotations. All in all, we are going to research into the so-called trace of Osiris; that’s to say the ‘footmark’ of Egypt drawn on the Hispanic context through various contours and revealed thanks to an egyptianizing discourse in several areas (Linguistics; Mythical Genealogy and Historiography; Hieroglyphic studies and their applied ways; Pharmacopoeia and Medicine about mummies). Thus, we are facing a research that extends the perspectives in the different visions of the complex Spanish Monarchy.

This thesis examines the Italian news reports, political debates and histories of the revolt in the Netherlands between 1566 and 1648. Many Italians were directly involved in this conflict and were keen narrators of these wars. Despite this, a systematic study of the Italian interest for the conflict has not yet been undertaken. This thesis argues that the complex political constellation of the Italian peninsula, dominated by the Habsburg monarchy, shaped the Italian news, debates and interpretations of the Dutch Revolt. Chapter one examines the different ways in which news from the Low Countries reached Italian states. It demonstrates that Italian military officers, active on the battlefield in the Netherlands in the Habsburg army, played a crucial role as purveyors of news and opinion on the conflict. The two following chapters study the circulation of political treatises on the Italian peninsula. Chapter two reconstructs the debates sparked by the events in the Low Countries between 1576 and 1577. Chapter three examines the descriptions of the emergence of a new state in the Northern Netherlands and the discourses on war and peace between 1590 and 1609. Chapter four looks into the development of a market for printed news pamphlets and explores the connections between manuscript and printed news. Chapter five studies how news was used by Italian history writers in their contemporary chronicles. It also investigates how these authors celebrated Italian protagonists in the war as Italian and Catholic heroes. The conclusion examines the evolution of all these Italian discourses related to Dutch Revolt.

La present tesi doctoral realitza una anàlisi textual de les fonts que, entre 1640 i 1709, van narrar els fets del Dia de Corpus Christi de 1640 (també conegut com Corpus de Sang), dia en el que una revolta popular a Barcelona va acabar amb la vida del virrei de Catalunya. El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi és identificar les estratègies narratives que van vehicular la representació textual dels fets en cartes, dietaris, escrits polítics, cròniques, relacions i històries escrites o publicades durant i després de la Guerra dels Segadors (1640-1652). A partir de la contextualització i comparació de les fonts seleccionades, la recerca conclou que la representació textual dels fets va estar determinada per diferents esquemes narratius que van condicionar la descripció de la violència protagonitzada per la multitud. En definitiva, aquest treball proposa que la interpretació històrica dels fets del Dia de Corpus Christi de 1640 no pot ser realitzada sense una mirada crítica a les representacions textuals que el van succeir.
This dissertation aims at doing a textual analysis of the sources that, between 1640 and 1709, narrated the events of Corpus Christi Day in 1640 (also known as Corpus de Sang), when a popular revolt killed the Viceroy of Catalonia in Barcelona. The goal of this thesis is to identify the narrative strategies in letters, diaries, political writings, chronicles, relacions and histories written or published during and after the Reapers' War (1640-1652) that conveyed the textual representation of the events. After the contextualisation and comparison of the selected sources, the research concludes that the textual representation of the events was shaped by different narrative schemes when it came to the description of violence carried out by the crowd. To sum up, this work proposes that the historical interpretation of the events of Corpus Christi Day in 1640 cannot be made without a critical look at the textual representations that followed it.

The emigration of the Scots from the 18th to the 20th century has produced a diaspora. The thesis outlines how many diasporas are involved in the nationalist projects of their homeland. However, over the chronology of this study and beyond, whilst there were active movements to amend or end the Union of 1707, it has been found that the Scots were not. The thesis then proposes some explanations for this. Chapters one and two introduce methods, research material and context; they describe the Union, the emigrations and diasporas. The study uses for comparison purposes the Irish and Norwegian diasporas. Lines of enquiry such as nationalism, the use of soft power and gatekeeping behaviour are presented, with a discussion of Scottish nationalism. The study examines the approach to involving the diaspora of five groups; both SHRAs, the International Scots Home Rule League, the National Convention and the NPS/SNP. The response of Scottish MPs in the diaspora in England to the many attempts to legislate for home rule is also examined. The approach to the diaspora was found to be badly executed and targeted. Few visits were made, and only to the US and Canada. Communication was unfocussed and spasmodic. The Scottish associational clubs were frequently used as a conduit. A small part of the whole diaspora, these acted as gatekeepers, selectively mobilising for themselves as an elite which had no need of nationalism as they could succeed without it. Comparing the Irish, whose diaspora successfully supported its nationalist causes at home, is instructive. The study concludes that the spasmodic and amateurish nature of contact, the nature of the Associations and that of the diaspora itself were the main culprits in this case of a diaspora indifferent to the fate of nationalism in its home land.

This thesis argues that the corpus of Old Norse-Icelandic literature which pertains to Iceland contains an intertextual narrative of the formation of Icelandic identity. An analysis of this narrative provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between literature and identity, as well as the potency of the artistic use of the idea of the past. The thesis identifies three salient narratives of communal action which inform the development of a discrete Icelandic identity, and which are examined in turn in the first three chapters of the thesis. The first is the landnám, the process of settlement itself; the second, the origin and evolution of the law; and the third, the assimilation and adaptation of Christianity. Although the roots of these narratives are doubtless historical, the thesis argues that their primary roles in the literature are as social myths, narratives whose literal truth- value is immaterial, but whose cultural symbolism is of overriding importance. The fourth chapter examines the depiction of the Icelander abroad, and uses the idiom of the relationship between þáttr (‘tale’) and surrounding text in the compilation of sagas of Norwegian kings Morkinskinna to consider the wider implications of the relationship between Icelandic and Norwegian identities. Finally, the thesis concludes with an analysis of the role of Sturlunga saga within this intertextual narrative, and its function as a set of narratives mediating between an identity grounded in social autonomy and one grounded in literature. The Íslendingasögur or ‘family sagas’ constitute the core of the thesis’s primary sources, for their subject-matter is focussed on the literary depiction of the Icelandic society under scrutiny. In order to demonstrate a continuity of engagement with ideas of identity across genres, a sample of other Icelandic texts are examined which depict Iceland or Icelanders, especially when in interaction with non-Icelandic characters or polities.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
This dissertation was developed on line of research of Integration, Politic and Border on History Master degree of Post graduation Program of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria with with funding from FAPERGS/CAPES. In considering the uruguayan José Enrique Rodó intellectual (1871- 1917) that composed an historical narrative that offered a place for Latin America in Western history, the goal of this dissertation is to discuss what were the strategies and cloth discursive fund established by Rodó in building Americanist ideal as an instrument for the defense of Latin American identity and continental unity. Thus, we sought to perform an analysis that included the corpus of the writer, in order to verify the continuities and ruptures in historical thought. The sources used are constituted by works Ariel (1900), Motivos de Proteo (1909), Liberalismo y Jacobinismo. La expulsion de los crucifijos (1906), El Mirador de Próspero (1913) and some of his political and literary essays published in newspapers and magazines Rodó. In the first chapter, the discussion turned to the contextual levels that involve the relationship of culture and society with the text. With these contextual levels aimed to interpret the writings of Rodó from his political and literary activities. In this chapter were prioritized the political, social and cultural events of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with which Rodó has been involved, especially those pegged the figure of José Batlle y Ordóñez, Modernism and the Generation of 900. In the second chapter, the interpretive axis turned to problematize the proximity of rodoniana work with the characters of The Tempest (1611-13) of W. Shakespeare, as for models of the philosophy of history of the eighteenth-century German idealism, specifically Kant and Hegel and Comte's positivism of the nineteenth century. In the third chapter were problematized models of civilization constituted by the triad Latin America-United States-Europe, understood from a relational perspective. In this chapter also the concepts of democracy and Latin America were analyzed. In light of the discussion was possible to verify the existence of continuity of thought in rodoniano racing employment of W. Shakespeare characters as archetypes in human terms used to think Western civilization. Moreover, the rejection of the utilitarian spirit, criticism democracy of his time, the appeal to youth, the idea of progress, defending the tradition of the race and rush to the values of Classical Greece and Christianity can be considered as the expression maximum of the philosophy of history in that Rodó demonstrate its commitment to consolidate a place in the world to Latin America. In a progressive perspective, youth would be responsible for evolution and enhancement of the values of society while the triad Latin America- United States-Europe represent the core of identify formation called Euro-Latin-America .
Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Integração, Política e Fronteira , no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Fedeal de Santa Maria, com financiamento da FAPERGS/CAPES. Considerando que o intelectual uruguaio José Enrique Rodó (1871-1917) compôs uma narrativa histórica que ofereceu um lugar à América Latina na história Ocidental, o objetivo desta dissertação é discutir quais foram as estratégias e o pano de fundo discursivo estabelecido por Rodó na construção do ideal americanista enquanto instrumento de defesa da identidade latino-americana e da unidade continental. Assim, procurou-se realizar uma análise que contemplou o corpus do escritor, a fim de verificar as continuidades ou rupturas no pensamento histórico do autor. As fontes utilizadas são constituídas pelas obras Ariel (1900), Motivos de Proteo (1909), Liberalismo y Jacobinismo. La expulsión de los crucifijos (1906), El Mirador de Próspero (1913) e alguns de seus ensaios políticos e literários publicados em jornais e revistas da época de Rodó. No primeiro capítulo a discussão voltou-se para os níveis contextuais que envolvem a relação da cultura e da sociedade com o texto. Com esses níveis contextuais objetivou-se interpretar os escritos de Rodó a partir da sua atuação política e literária. Dessa forma, foram priorizados os acontecimentos políticos, sociais e culturais do final do século XIX e início do século XX com os quais Rodó esteve envolvido, especialmente aqueles atrelados a figura de José Batlle y Ordóñez, ao Modernismo e a Geração do 900. No segundo capítulo, o eixo interpretativo abarcou para a problematização da proximidade da obra rodoniana com as personagens de A Tempestade (1611-13) de W. Shakespeare, tal como para os modelos de filosofia da história do século XVIII do idealismo alemão, especialmente o de Kant e Hegel e do Positivismo do século XIX de Comte. No terceiro capítulo foram problematizados sobre os modelos de civilização constituídos pela tríade América Latina Estados Unidos Europa, compreendidos a partir de uma perspectiva relacional. Nesse capítulo também foram analisados os conceitos de democracia e de América Latina. À luz dos elementos discutidos foi possível constatar a existência da continuidade do pensamento rodoniano no que compete ao emprego das personagens de W. Shakespeare como arquétipos em termos humanos utilizados para se pensar a civilização ocidental. Além disso, a rejeição ao espírito utilitário, as críticas à democracia de sua época, o apelo a juventude, a ideia de progresso, a defesa da tradição de raça e o apresso aos valores da Grécia Clássica e do Cristianismo podem ser considerados como a expressão máxima da filosofia da história de Rodó na medida em que demonstram seu empenho em consolidar um lugar para América Latina no mundo. Em sua perspectiva progressista, a juventude seria a responsável pela evolução e pelo aperfeiçoamento dos valores da sociedade enquanto que a tríade América Latina Estados Unidos-Europa representaria o núcleo da formação identitária denominada Euro-Latino-América .

Ce travail de thèse a pour ambition d’étudier le statut et la fonction des termes et concepts issus de la tradition juridique antique ainsi que médiévale dans la pensée politique de Machiavel. L’angle d’analyse adopté est celui du « ius non scriptum » et permet de mesurer l’influence des notions latines de « mores » et de « consuetudo » élaborées par le droit romain et le droit canon sur les formes vulgaires de « costumi » et de « consuetudine » que Machiavel mobilise dans l’ensemble de ses écrits. Plus largement, la recherche esquisse une généalogie du lexique politique de la Renaissance italienne à partir de ses antécédents latins pour mieux comprendre la logique de formation des langages politiques modernes. Le travail de recherche consiste à réinterroger la modernité de Machiavel en procédant à une contextualisation historique de sa pensée dans la longue tradition médiévale qui s’achève avec lui. Il s’agissait d’abord de repérer les principales occurrences du terme « costumi » dans les textes de Machiavel afin de mettre en lumière l’importance de cette catégorie non seulement conceptuelle mais aussi pratique dans le système de sa pensée. En s’éloignant momentanément du corpus machiavélien, j’ai cherché à présenter une histoire de la doctrine du « ius non scriptum » à partir des deux sources du droit médiéval que sont le Corpus Iuris Civilis (VIème siècle) et le Decretum Gratiani (XIIème siècle). Au terme de cette enquête, il a fallu revenir au corpus machiavélien pour montrer que la notion de « consuetudine » est l’une des plus importantes de son lexique politique parce qu’elle qualifie la nature des peuples dans leur rapport aux ordres et aux lois et constitue le fondement même de la vie des Républiques.

Ce travail de thèse a pour ambition d’étudier le statut et la fonction des termes et concepts issus de la tradition juridique antique ainsi que médiévale dans la pensée politique de Machiavel. L’angle d’analyse adopté est celui du « ius non scriptum » et permet de mesurer l’influence des notions latines de « mores » et de « consuetudo » élaborées par le droit romain et le droit canon sur les formes vulgaires de « costumi » et de « consuetudine » que Machiavel mobilise dans l’ensemble de ses écrits. Plus largement, la recherche esquisse une généalogie du lexique politique de la Renaissance italienne à partir de ses antécédents latins pour mieux comprendre la logique de formation des langages politiques modernes. Le travail de recherche consiste à réinterroger la modernité de Machiavel en procédant à une contextualisation historique de sa pensée dans la longue tradition médiévale qui s’achève avec lui. Il s’agissait d’abord de repérer les principales occurrences du terme « costumi » dans les textes de Machiavel afin de mettre en lumière l’importance de cette catégorie non seulement conceptuelle mais aussi pratique dans le système de sa pensée. En s’éloignant momentanément du corpus machiavélien, j’ai cherché à présenter une histoire de la doctrine du « ius non scriptum » à partir des deux sources du droit médiéval que sont le Corpus Iuris Civilis (VIème siècle) et le Decretum Gratiani (XIIème siècle). Au terme de cette enquête, il a fallu revenir au corpus machiavélien pour montrer que la notion de « consuetudine » est l’une des plus importantes de son lexique politique parce qu’elle qualifie la nature des peuples dans leur rapport aux ordres et aux lois et constitue le fondement même de la vie des Républiques
This work aims at analysing the way Machiavel used words and concepts from the legal tradition of Antiquity and Middle Age in his political thought. Preference was given to the “ius non scriptum” in order to measure the direct influence of Latin categories such as “mores” and “consuetudo” elaborated by the Roman Law and the Canon Law and reemployed by Machiavel in a (much)more common form in all his writings. More broadly, it consists in a genealogy of the political vocabulary of the Italian Renaissance which is born in the Latin language borrowed from its Latin roots to highlight the logic of formation of modern political languages. In our research, we try to reconsider the modernity of Machiavel by contextualizing his thought in the medieval tradition which ends with Machiavel himself. First of all, we had to identify the main uses of the word “costumi” in Machiavel’s writings in order to emphasise its theoretical and major practical meaning in his thinking. By taking a short step back from the Machiavellian corpus, we tried to rebuild a history of the “ius non scriptum” doctrine from two medieval sources: The Corpus Iuris Civilis (VI century) and the Decretum Gratiani (XII century). At this point, we had to go back to the Machiavellian corpus to show the importance of the notion of “consuetudine” in his political vocabulary. It qualifies the people’s identity, the relation to orders, and more than everything it is the basis for the existence of Republics

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research analyzes the process of constitution of the school model in Minas Gerais generated by the educational reform of 1906. It focuses the so called Triangulo Mineiro, seeking for taking the fights of representation and the actions of the subjects at schools at a dialogue with other agents and social institutions involved on the movement of the production of the school model from 1906 to 1920. At the process of the republican civilizator project, the constitution of the school model becomes a strategy of state intervention to civilize the popular classes and the hinterland regions of the state, like the Minas Triangle, represented as an antithesis of the wished modernity and target of government actions to conquer the retrograde and rude spaces to synchronize the different civilizatory rhythms. Having the Sao Paulo school model as a reference, which was based on the modern pedagogy principles, the reformers from Minas Gerais mobilized a group of mechanisms with the intention to implement new educational and social practices: the Model Normal School, the Scholar Group, the Teaching Technical Inspection and the Intuitive Method. We have observed that the reformers from Minas Gerais were based on Sao Paulo experience but they accomplished an acclimatization of the pedagogical models according to the representation they made of their own reality ad of the possibilities of efficiency of this model. The analysis also made evident that the process of constitution of the school model at the Minas Triangle did not occur on a peaceful way it was marked by tensions, conflicts and resistance of the different subjects according to their individual expectations and/or the groups they belonged to. The incursion on the empirical corpus was held on a way to apprehend the fights of representations. In a way, we have analyzed the voices of the official implementation of the school model by examining mainly the reports of inspection, direction of the scholar groups and the secretary of interior. On the other hand, we have looked for the apprehension of the voices of resistance, the contradictions, the dissensions by examining mailing, newspaper articles, schools report cards. In order to accomplish this, we have been into the field of Cultural History of school, which marks new criteria of treatment of files and tries to rehistoricize school, un-naturalize it as an object of investigation, conceiving it as a result of practices
Esta pesquisa analisa o processo de constituição do modelo escolar em Minas Gerais engendrado com a Reforma educacional de 1906. Focaliza o Triângulo Mineiro buscando apreender as lutas de representações e as ações dos sujeitos escolares na interlocução com outros agentes e instituições sociais envolvidas no movimento de produção do modelo escolar no período de 1906 a 1920. No âmbito do projeto civilizador republicano, a constituição do modelo escolar configura-se como estratégia de intervenção estatal para civilizar as classes populares e as regiões sertanejas do estado, como o Triângulo Mineiro, representadas como antítese da modernidade desejada e alvo da ação governamental que se encarregava de conquistar os espaços atrasados e incultos para sincronizar os diferentes ritmos civilizatórios. Tendo como referência o modelo escolar paulista, que alicerçava-se nos preceitos da pedagogia moderna , os reformadores mineiros mobilizaram um conjunto de dispositivos com o intuito de instaurar novas práticas educativas e sociais: A Escola Normal Modelo, O Grupo Escolar, A Inspeção Técnica do Ensino e o Método Intuitivo. Observou-se que os reformadores mineiros se basearam na experiência paulista, mas realizaram uma aclimação dos modelos pedagógicos de acordo com a representação que faziam da realidade em que estavam inseridos e das possibilidades de eficácia deste modelo. A análise evidenciou também que o processo de constituição do modelo escolar no Triângulo Mineiro não ocorreu de forma pacífica, mas foi marcado por tensões, os conflitos e resistências dos diferentes sujeitos de acordo com suas expectativas individuais e/ou dos grupos a que pertenciam. A incursão no corpus empírico realizou-se de maneira a apreender as lutas de representações. De um lado buscou-se analisar as vozes da implementação oficial do modelo escolar examinando principalmente os relatórios de inspeção, direção dos grupos escolares e do secretário do interior. De outro lado, buscou-se apreender as vozes das resistências, das contradições, das dissensões examinando correspondências, artigos de jornais, boletins escolares. Para tanto, inscreveu-se no campo da História Cultural da escola que sinaliza novos critérios de tratamento do arquivo e busca rehistoricizar a escola, desnaturalizá-la enquanto objeto de investigação, concebendo-a como um produto de práticas

Consacrée à l’organisation de l’artillerie des ducs de Bourgogne, cette thèse met en perspective la modernisation du matériel et la professionnalisation du personnel de l’arme au cours de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle. Les transformations fondamentales auxquelles l’artillerie est alors sujette, définissant largement son utilisation pour les trois siècles à venir, semblent tributaires de décisions politiques autant sinon plus que d’évolutions techniques que le pouvoir princier devait stimuler.

En une première partie sont analysés les modes de décision, de financement et de contrôle d’une arme en plein essor. L’implication personnelle des ducs, Charles le Hardi/Téméraire en tête, est patente. Mais, le développement d’une administration particulière s’impose. La spécialisation de ce personnel est révélée par l’analyse prosopographique. L’artillerie acquiert alors une certaine autonomie au niveau de la gestion des stocks matériels et des ressources financières et humaines.

La seconde partie est consacrée au matériel. Les politiques d’acquisition des armes à feu, des munitions et du matériel auxiliaire (affûts, manteaux, outillage divers) témoignent d’une prise en main progressive de la production :on assiste à l’émergence, encore timide certes, d’une première « industrie d’État ». Quittant le château ducal, le parc d’artillerie des princes bourguignons rejoint des lieux plus adaptés à son stockage, à son entretien, voire à sa fabrication :c’est la naissance de l’arsenal moderne – un des premiers à l’échelle de l’Europe occidentale. Il est alors possible, pour les gestionnaires comme pour l’historien, d’évaluer la puissance de frappe des ducs. Celle-ci est tributaire de deux facteurs :le nombre de bouches à feu, d’une part, la standardisation des calibres, influençant les cadences de tir, de l’autre. Tant au niveau quantitatif que qualitatif, l’état-major bourguignon mène de réels efforts qui doivent permettre à l’artillerie ducale d’éluder les inconvénients politiques et militaires d’un emprunt aux communes et aux seigneurs.

Le troisième volet de l’étude concerne les hommes animant les structures de l’artillerie. Il s’agit d’un ensemble d’artisans-soldats ayant un rôle dans la conception, la fabrication et la manipulation de l’arme. Les modalités de leur recrutement révèlent la volonté du pouvoir princier de s’attacher les meilleurs spécialistes. Un corps ordinaire aux effectifs encore minces, certes, est alors constitué, complété en temps de guerre par un appel aux métiers urbains et par la réquisition d’une abondante main-d’œuvre sur le pays.

Au final, si le gouvernement de Philippe le Bon en révèle les prémices, l’émergence de nouvelles conceptions relatives à la gestion d’une arme en pleine croissance doit attendre le règne de Charles le Hardi. L’efficacité de l’artillerie ducale, devenant un véritable instrument au service du pouvoir central, devait s’en trouver accrue. Pourtant, suite aux défaites de ce duc, un recul des conceptions de l’arme est perceptible. Sans pour autant abandonner entièrement la poursuite des visées de son prédécesseur, Maximilien doit composer avec des moyens financiers et humains inférieurs. Le pouvoir central devint alors à nouveau plus dépendant des pouvoirs communaux et seigneuriaux avec lesquels il fallait négocier, dans le domaine de l’artillerie comme en tant d’autres…

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La République démocratique du Congo vit particulièrement un moment difficile, mais décisif dans son histoire pour ramener la paix, favoriser l’inclusion sociale et garantir la sécurité des peuples qui vivent sur toute l’étendue du pays sans distinction de race, d’origine ethnique, de classe sociale, d’idéologie, de confession religieuse, etc.

En effet, les rébellions, les guerres ethniques ou tribales, les rivalités et les dissensions inter groupales continuent à affecter la vie politique, économique et sociale de ce pays depuis la période précoloniale en passant par la période coloniale et postcoloniale. Cette préoccupation majeure suscite des interrogations fondamentales :de quelle manière peut-on aujourd’hui ériger un projet politique qui soit à mesure de redéfinir les finalités socio-politiques, cultuelles, et économiques globales qui accordent une meilleure écoute aux productions de sens qui émanent des valeurs théoriques de chaque groupe social, en sublimant ce qui rapproche et non ce qui divise ?Comment dépasser les clivages excluant issus des situations de crise (traite, colonisation, rébellions, guerres, dissensions) ?Comment mettre sur pied un espace commun qui serait le lieu d’échange libre où chacun exprimerait son opinion dans le respect et la dignité de l’autre ?

C’est à ces questions et à beaucoup d’autres encore que cette thèse tente de répondre. Il s’agit en fait, d’une étude à caractère paradigmatique réalisée dans le groupe Ankutshu-Membele, à la lumière des approches occidentales du pouvoir et de la démocratie. Elle s’assigne comme objectif principal de problématiser la conception du pouvoir à travers la culture et les religions de ce peuple, en vue de tenter d’établir les conditions de possibilités d’intégration de cette société traditionnelle vers une société moderne multiculturelle et démocratique.

Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

本文以1860至1911年間外國旅華攝影師在中國的攝影作品為研究對象，致力於討論中國「舊照活化」文化現象中同一批照片在19世紀末20世紀初的西方與20世紀90年代以降的當代中國這兩個不同的社會語境和時段中的具體運用方式，以考察照片、歷史敘述、民族國家政治意識形態之間的關係，試圖在「雙時軌」的對比結構中為晚清攝影研究打開新的探討空間。
論文主體部分圍繞著「國家」、「民族」和「革命」這三個當代晚清攝影運用中的關鍵概念展開，分析攝影作品內部的話語變化，以及與這種變化息息相關的「主體性」與文化政治問題。第二章以晚清旅華攝影師代表約翰·湯姆遜的中國成像為討論對象，在比較1874年在英國出版、湯姆遜自主編纂的附圖遊記《中國與中國人影像》與2009年由中國官方出版界重新選編的《晚清碎影》的基礎上，具體呈現不同的主體在「想像晚清中國」和「呈現晚清中國」上的差別。第三章繞著當代晚清相冊中的「民族」選題而展開，探討「少數民族」與「中華民族」的表現方式及其缺陷。第四章著重討論「辛亥革命」在當代晚清相冊中的表現方法，以《壹玖壹壹：從鴉片戰爭到軍閥混戰的百年影像史》為例，分析照片集如何在一個通俗歷史的框架下處理「辛亥革命」這一歷史節點。在此基礎上，結論部分總結了舊照活化文化現象下「國家」與「歷史敘述」的同構關係，並以「視覺」為中心，分析了以攝影為材料的歷史敘述如何建構「民族-國家」視野下的身份認同。
The China’s early photographs have enjoyed a drastic revival of attentions in the recent decades. An important category of these photos are those taken by Westerners during the late Qing China. This thesis aims to investigate these subjects from a cultural historical perspective, the photos are thus considered as a form of representation instead of visual history materials, and a comparative approach was employed to discuss the complex relationship among photo image, imperialism, history narrating under the political structure of nation-state and China’s contemporary social reality.
Photographs which were taken by the Westerners during the late Qing China emerged in the age of European capitalism and imperialist expansion. After the year 1860, China was defeated by the British-French Alliance in the Second Opium War and the Qing government was forced to open up to the treat and culture of the west. This change attracted Westerners of different occupations, including commercial photographers, explorers and journalists, to photograph various geographical and social aspects that are of their interests. The kinds of photographed subjects they chose and the kinds of commentaries they made vividly reflected how they understand China from the imperialism point of view.
A hundred years later, these late Qing photos become an important part of the "old photo revival" wave raised in the 1990s China. Much different from the time when they were created, these photos were used as raw materials to construct the popular historiography of imperial China that fulfils the meta-historical definition of a Nation-State. This was achieved by the means of re-organizing photos in albums and exhibitions, and rewriting the original meanings and the contexts of specific photos based on the concept of "Nation", "State" and "Revolution".
In this thesis, I will focus on comparing the usages of these photos at the time they were produced and now in contemporary China, demonstrate the relationship between the visual representation and ideology by analyzing representative photographers’ works and representative albums. In Chapter Two, I discuss the photographs taken by John Thomson, who is representative of the traveler-photographer of his time, by comparing the album compiled by himself (Illustrations of China and Its People) in 1874 and the album reconstructed by China’s official publisher (Through The Lens of John Thomson, 1868-1872) in 2009. The differences between "imagining the late-Qing China" and "representing the late-Qing China" will be shown. Chapter Three is developed based on the subject of "Nation-Ethnic" as seen in the contemporary Late-Qing related albums. The ways of representing "Ethnic Minority" and "Chinese National" (Zhonghua minzu) as well as their drawbacks are discussed. Chapter Four probes into the representation of "Xinha Revolution" in the contemporary late-Qing album. Using Liu Heung Shing’s From The Opium War to The Warlord Eraas an example, the chapter analyses how such historical event is represented though album under the logic of historiography. Final chapter emphasize the connection between history narrating and the power structure, and concludes the relationship among photography-based historical narrative, visual powerand the "Nation-State" identity.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
李瀟雨.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-236).
Abstracts also in English.
Li Xiaoyu.

Islam and Competing Nationalisms: The Kurds and the Turks in the late Ottoman Era is a work, which traces how religion was intimately intertwined with nationalism during the crucial period of the late nineteenth century in the Modern Middle East. In this approach, I call into question the extent to which the principle of secularism and ethnicity serve as the only foundations of the modern nation state. Within the context of the late Ottoman Empire, my research foregrounds the differences between interpretations of Islam at the center and the myriad understandings of Islam adopted by those on the margins. I demonstrate how diverse Muslim communities (Arabs, Kurds and Turks) have linked their interpretations of 'authentic' religion to claims of 'ethnic superiority' during the process of nation building. I contend that this tension between the normative State interpretation of Islam and alternative visions was critical in shaping modern nationalism in the Middle East. This is significant for establishing how nationalism can in turn affect the range of religious interpretations. My work thus provides a new historically grounded theoretical foundation for recent debates on nationalism that have emerged in recent decades. My dissertation is based on a close examination of British archival records, Ottoman state records, Ottoman journals and other primary sources in Arabic, Kurdish (both Kurmanci and Sorani dialects), Persian and modern Turkish -- most of which I obtained during my yearlong field research as a Fulbright scholar.

中國歷史上屢有異邦人士親身踏訪禹域，其中不乏有心之人將見聞感受付諸紙筆，撰文紀行。考慮到此類材料的政治意涵與文類屬性，本文採用「中國行紀」的概念指稱明治時代日本人結合親身踏訪禹域體驗撰寫的紀行文字。本文討論之日本明治（1868-1912）在時段上與中國晚清大致相當。不到五十年裏，兩國都經歷了翻天覆地但又截然相反的變動。也就是說，在日本不斷進步、日趨興盛的同時，中國卻世風日下，走向衰頹。一百多年前日本漢學者的中國行紀從異域鄰人的角度爲今人理解與進入晚清提供了嶄新的研究視角。
有關明治漢文中國行紀的先行研究側重於中日政治關係的歷史描繪，對兩國知識人士之間文化交流與知識轉型方面的價值則有待繼續討論。本文將集中討論被視為明治三大漢文中國行紀的竹添進一郎《棧雲峽雨日記》、岡千仞《觀光紀游》與山本憲《燕山楚水紀遊》。它們分別代表了明治前期、中期與後期日本人對中國的旅行書寫，顯示出日本漢文中國行紀逐漸走向盡頭的趨勢。上述三書不僅影響到許多同代及其後大正、昭和時期的中國行紀，而且行紀文體的親歷性與權威性也使其對於近代日本人中國認識的轉變與形塑起到潛移默化的作用。三位作者都是受到過傳統舊式教育的漢學者，通過寫作傳達出親歷中國後想像與現實的落差，又以文學家的筆調記錄了晚清社會政治與士民生活的方方面面，在近代中日文化交流與知識轉型上扮演了重要角色。筆者將以漢文筆談為切入點，討論近代中日知識人士圍繞文化交流、知識轉型、文士往來與書籍酬贈等重要議題展開的交際與互動。本文期望通過勾稽相關文獻史料，回歸晚清歷史語境，藉助異域之眼反躬自省。
In Chinese history, there were always overseas people travelling to China, including Japanese sinologists, many of whom had recorded their impressions of China by composing travelogues. Considering the political implication and the genre application of this kind of materials, this research adopts the term "travelogues about China" to generalize all these records. The time period to be discussed in this research project is the whole Meiji era, namely, from 1868 to 1912, less than half a century, corresponding roughly to the late Qing period. These two countries had undergone tremendous but reversed revolutions during this period. That is to say, when Japan made progress everyday, China, on the other hand, was in an apparent state of decline. Travelogues about China 150 years ago provide people nowadays with a new research angle to comprehend and enter the late Qing history from Japanese sinologists’ perspectives.
Previous research about on Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese during the Meiji Period focused on historical descriptions of Sino-Japanese political relationships, however, the value of cultural exchange and transformation of knowledge between literary elites from both of these two countries remain to be discussed. This research plans to focus on Takezoe Shin’ichirō’s San’un Kyōu Nikki (A Diary of Clouds Hanging between the Mountains and Rain in the Ravines), Oka Senjin’s Kanko Kiyū (Travel Reports for Sightseeing) and Yamamoto Ken’s Enzan Sosui Kiyū (Travel Reports for the Mountains of North China and the Rivers of South China), which were regarded as the three most representative Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese. Respectively, they represented Japanese travel writing about China in the early, the middle and the late Meiji period and indicated that the ending of the traditional Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese was approaching. In addition, they also had a profound impact on the following Japanese travel literature about China. The genre of travelogue also exercised an invisible and formative influence on Japanese views of China in the modern era. All of these three sinologists were educated in the old style and had deep backgrounds of traditional Chinese learning. Through writing, they expressed the distance between imagination and reality after experiencing China for themselves, and various recorded aspects of the late Qing’s social politics and civil life. They played an important role in modern Sino-Japanese cultural exchange and transformation of knowledge. It will also discuss modern Sino-Japanese literati cultural and book exchange, transformation of knowledge and other issues centered on the practice of conversations by writing Chinese. This research hopes to return to the late Qing and reflect on China through its neighbors’ perspectives.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Parallel title from added title page.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 291-339).
Abstracts also in English.

L’histoire des femmes et l’histoire du genre se sont développées conjointement depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années. Pourtant, elles ne sont pas encore pleinement reconnues par les institutions universitaires, et encore moins par les institutions collégiales, les progrès historiographiques dans ces domaines étant exclus du cursus enseigné. Du moins, c’est ce que nous avons observé au niveau collégial au Québec, à la suite d’une évaluation de la trame narrative des manuels francophones et anglophones utilisés pour le cours Histoire de la civilisation occidentale. En effet, grâce à une analyse des chapitres couvrant la période moderne, soit de 1500 à 1800 environ, des manuels les plus utilisés pour l’enseignement de ce cours, nous avons pu établir que l’histoire des femmes et l’histoire du genre ne sont pas intégrées et qu’une différence existe entre la trame du manuel francophone et celle du manuel anglophone. Nous avons constaté que le seul cours d’histoire obligatoire au niveau collégial, qui tend à former des citoyens et des citoyennes éclairé(e)s ainsi qu’à transmettre une culture générale de base, exclut la moitié de la population de leurs enseignements. Aussi ce mémoire propose-t-il trois façons de remédier à cette situation.
Women and gender history have developed in conjunction for more than thirty years. Nevertheless, these domains are still not fully recognized by the university institutions, and even less by the college institutions, as the historiographical advances in these areas are being excluded from the curriculum. Indeed, this is the situation we have observed at the college level in Quebec, following an evaluation of the narrative transmitted by French and English textbooks used in the History of western civilization courses. In fact, thanks to an analysis of the chapters covering the early modern period, which ranges approximately from 1500 to 1800, in the most often used textbooks for the teaching of this course, we were able to establish that the history of women and the history of gender are not integrated in the narrative and that a difference exists between the narrative of the French and English textbooks. We observed that the only mandatory history course at the college level, which endeavours to form enlightened male and female citizens as well as to transmit a basic general culture, excludes half of the population of their teachings. Thus, this work proposes three solutions to remedy this situation.