Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Civi law”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Civi law.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Civi law”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
BARBOSA, L. N. "O Processo Civil Brasileiro Como Veículo De concretização e Juridicização de Normas Globais (Global Law)". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/8837.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
tese_11341_LUIZA20170829-114120.pdf: 1058736 bytes, checksum: 311814ae7b2d0ea28d1025b5fda763c4 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2017-06-26A globalização inseriu, na comunidade mundial, atores privados e híbridos, cujas atividades produzidas dentro de certas redes especializadas acarretam na produção de normas, regulações e padrões, os quais coordenam e regem as interações comportamentais, negociais e jurídicas de diversos setores, em nível global, sem as usuais barreiras soberano-territoriais dos direitos estatais. A despeito do ainda não concluído debate acerca da natureza de tais normas globais, estas produzem efeitos práticos notórios e são capazes de regular setores privados, funcionando como regimes quase ou semiautônomos; tendo como consequência a infiltração das referidas normas nas esferas e territórios de aplicação dos sistemas jurídicos nacionais. O estudo proposto tem como objetivo a investigação do problema de como o processo civil se constitui como instrumento, ou meio, para a introdução, concretização e juridicização de tais normas. A primeira parte da pesquisa descreve o surgimento de novos atores não-estatais na comunidade global, esclarecendo que a compreensão do estudo desses UNOs como parte de um Direito Global pressupõe a ruptura do paradigma monista-estadocentrista. Na oportunidade, são apresentadas a Teoria da Fragmentação do Direito Internacional Público e a do Pluralismo Jurídico Global, tecendo-se a crítica em relação a insuficiência científica de tais para embasar com robustez a existência de um suposto Direito Global. O capítulo seguinte demonstra os efeitos concretos dos UNOs na comunidade global, com análise de casos da nova lex mercatoria e da lex sportiva. Já no capítulo terceiro estuda-se a forma com que os objetos normativos globais são interiorizados no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, apontando quatro possíveis hipóteses: a) processo civil com elementos de estraneidade e escolha de lei aplicável pelas partes; b) reconhecimento de sentença estrangeira que reconheça a jurisdicidade de normas não-estatais; c) sentença arbitral que tenha eleito tais normas como lei aplicável; d) utilização desses objetos normativos como ratio decidendi de sentenças na jurisdição estatal brasileira. Após aprofundamento na matéria, o estudo aponta que a concretização e juridicização dos UNOs na jurisdição brasileira, por meio do sistema processual civil, se dá no caso das hipóteses c e d, tornando-se, assim, normas jurídicas concretas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: DIREITO GLOBAL. DIREITO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO. PROCESSO CIVIL. LEX MERCATORIA.
2
Soares, André Mattos. "Pressupostos do direito intertemporal no processo civil". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7653.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Andre Mattos Soares.pdf: 1125375 bytes, checksum: ebf9d3575a0f7be78cfac1a4505ae22a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2007-08-06The phenomenon regarding law conflicts in time, claiming the application of principles and rules concerning intertemporal law, is directly related to validity and efficiency law institutes, the first necessary to the checking of the fact s period, if past, during or future and the second concerning the investigation of the rule which effects will be applied to a certain factual situation. As it is inherent to natural human feelings of inviolability to the past and considering the actual evolutional stage of man, the non retroactivity of laws and the respects to acquired rights must be the rule in the juridical ordination in general. And thus it is in the Brazilian system, which, furthermore, proscribes in a constitutional headquarter the violation to acquired rights, to perfect juridical act and to a sentenced thing. In spite of the father law having suffered the influence of subjective and objective doctrines, from which, are respectively enhanced the figures of Gabba and Roubier, and although the notion of the juridical situation exceeds that of acquired rights, the flows are more or less equivalent in general terms, for means of practical results. On the other hand, the ways of law projection in time (retroactivity, immediate efficiency and ultra activity) must be understood in their right limits, especially as to incidence of novel diploma on the future effects of the precedent act, circumstance to characterize the simple immediate law effect, from which, however we protect the acquired law. The Magna Carta, yet, does not obstruct the retrooperancy of law, for which effect it demands the expression of a new law, once the acquired right is observed (which embraces the concepts of perfect juridical act and judged thing), limitation applied to public order and constitutional amendments. The exceptional violation to acquired rights is only allowed if required by the principle of dignity of the human being. On the other hand, the procedural law, is submitted to the general regime of intertemporal right mentioned in the Constitution and in the Introduction Law, from where, at first, it has no retroactive effect, not reaching the procedural acts improved under the previous regime, possessing, instead, immediate efficiency regarding the pending processes. In spite of the applicability of the general regulation, the process is of such complexity that the current new law effect presents particularities originated from the necessary harmony of the procedural acts, of the obedience to the procedural principles, of the peculiarity of certain procedural institutes consequences which might postpone or exclude the prompt efficiency of the normative novel command
O fenômeno relativo ao conflito de leis no tempo, a reclamar a aplicação dos princípios e normas atinentes ao direito intertemporal, encontra-se diretamente relacionado aos institutos da vigência e da eficácia das leis, o primeiro necessário à verificação da época do fato, se pretérito, pendente ou futuro e o segundo respeitante à perquirição da norma cujos efeitos se aplicarão a certa situação fática. Porque inerente ao natural sentimento humano de inviolabilidade ao passado e considerando o atual estágio evolutivo do homem, a irretroatividade das leis e o respeito aos direitos adquiridos devem ser a regra nos ordenamentos jurídicos em geral. Assim o é, portanto, no sistema brasileiro, o qual, ademais, proscreve em sede constitucional a violação ao direito adquirido, ao ato jurídico perfeito e à coisa julgada. Malgrado o direito pátrio tenha sofrido as influências das doutrinas subjetiva e objetiva, das quais, respectivamente, sobressaem as figuras de Gabba e Roubier, e embora a noção de situação jurídica ultrapasse a dos direitos adquiridos, as correntes se equivalem em termos gerais, para fins de resultados práticos. Por outro lado, os modos de projeção das leis no tempo (retroatividade, eficácia imediata e ultratividade) devem ser compreendidos nos seus justos limites, notadamente no tocante à incidência do novel diploma sobre os efeitos futuros do ato precedente, circunstância a caracterizar mero efeito imediato da lei, do qual, todavia, se resguarda o direito adquirido. A Carta Magna, ainda, não veda a retrooperância da lei, para cujo efeito exige seja expressa lei nova, desde que se respeite o direito adquirido (que abrange os conceitos de ato jurídico perfeito e coisa julgada), limitação aplicável às leis de ordem pública e às emendas constitucionais. A violação excepcional ao direito adquirido somente é permitida se o exigir o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. A lei processual, a seu turno, submete-se ao regime geral de direito intertemporal previsto na Constituição e na Lei de Introdução, donde, em princípio, não detém efeito retroativo, não atingindo os atos processuais aperfeiçoados sob o regime anterior, possuindo, ao revés, imediata eficácia em relação aos processos pendentes. Não obstante a aplicabilidade do regramento geral, o processo é de complexidade tal que o efeito da lei nova ao feito em curso apresenta particularidades derivadas da necessária harmonia dos atos processuais, da obediência a princípios processuais, da peculiaridade de certos institutos processuais, conseqüências que podem postergar ou excluir a pronta eficácia do novel comando normativo
3
Laurindo, Marja Mangili. "Entre common law e civil law". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/179920.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2017.Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T04:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 348552.pdf: 14136770 bytes, checksum: 8b8b640521518567f41d5a953f437668 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
Esta dissertação objetiva compreender as condições socioeconômicas em que se dão e as implicações das transformações do direito brasileiro no que se refere à adoção de procedimentos comuns à tradição estrangeira da common law. Disso, se obteve que, em um cenário econômico neoliberal de direito flexível, a análise do discurso politizador e moralizante do judiciário coloca à luz uma série de problemas decorrentes de um novo paradigma interpretativo do Direito. Se para o positivismo jurídico a norma é o limite, para o neoconstitucionalismo o limite está no senso moral do julgador. Nesse estado de crescente indeterminação, adotam-se no Brasil instrumentos estrangeiros como os ?precedentes?; além disso, instituições internacionais como o Banco Mundial lançam diretrizes por meio de relatórios como o Doing Business que indicam que, em termos de eficiência, o sistema de common law é superior ao de civil law. Isso, claro, ao mesmo tempo em que vigora, em países como os Estados Unidos, uma teoria herdeira do Realismo Jurídico, a Law and Economics, que defende a união entre direito e economia em um nível nunca visto antes. A liberdade interpretativa permitida por esse conjunto de fatores rompe a ideia da necessidade de um direito rígido, o que será analisado, em termos de implicações, em seu contexto socioeconômico, qual seja o do neoliberalismo.
Abstract : This dissertation aims to understand the socioeconomic conditions in which occur and the implications of the transformations of Brazilian law regarding the adoption of procedures common to the foreign common law tradition. From this, it was obtained that in a neoliberal economic scenario of flexible law, the analysis of the politicizing and moralizing discourse of the judiciary brings to light a series of problems arising from a new interpretative paradigm of Law. If, for legal positivism, the norm is the limit, for neoconstitutionalism the limit lies in the moral sense of the judge. In this state of growing indeterminacy, foreign instruments are adopted in Brazil as the "precedents"; in addition, international institutions such as the World Bank have issued guidelines through reports such as Doing Business which indicate that the common law system is superior to civil law in terms of efficiency. This, of course, at the same time that, in countries such as the United States, an inheritance theory of Legal Realism, Law and Economics, is defending the union between law and economy on a level never seen before. The interpretive freedom allowed by this set of factors breaks the idea of the need for a rigid Law, which will be analyzed, in terms of implications, in its socioeconomic context, namely neoliberalism.
4
Trazegnies, Granda Fernando de. "Civil Law: Future prospects". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108842.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Civil Law is the kind of figure that everybody knows about, but only a few understand. It is considered a basic legal institution, key tounderstand the historical development of Law. However, discordant voices question the usefulness of Civil Law in front of the challenges from the contemporary world.In this paper, written twenty years ago, the author introduces in a clear way the criticism towards Civil Law, as well as the threat of disappearance that hanged above it, and proposes solutions for Civil Law to transform and adapt it to changes, in order to avoid extinction.El Derecho Civil es una figura que todos conocen, pero pocos comprenden. Es considerada una institución jurídica básica, clave para entender el desarrollo histórico del Derecho. Sin embargo, voces discordantes cuestionan la utilidad del Derecho Civil ante los desafíos delmundo contemporáneo.En el presente artículo, que fue escrito hace ya veinte años, el autor presenta de manera clara las críticas que se hacían al Derecho Civil, así como la amenaza de desaparición que pendía sobre él, y propone soluciones para que el mismo se transforme y logre adaptarse a los cambios, evitando su extinción.
5
Gibbons, Robert C. "Florida's common-law corporation sole an historical, civil law, and canon law analysis /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Landskron, Rolf. "Common-law and civil-law legal families : a misleading categorisation". ePublications@bond, 2008. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/landskron.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examines common-law and civil-law jurisdictions in order to find differences between them. These differences are then being qualified as either relevant or irrelevant for the categorisation of individual jurisdictions. This reflects the argument that only features occurring in only one of the legal families can be relevant when categorising jurisdictions. Only such features can be, from the author’s point of view, specific and typical for their legal family and inherent features of them.The first thing to be considered under this premise is the respective sources of law (Chapter 1). These are in civil-law jurisdictions traditionally statutes and in commonlaw jurisdictions predominantly courts’ decisions. There are, of course, statutes also in common-law jurisdictions and previous courts’ decisions play an important role also in civil-law systems. The differences are not inherent. Furthermore, there are fundamental legal concepts, that is important concepts underlying the respective rules. These concepts may explain differences between the rules. The examination of sources of law, altogether, does not reveal any distinguishing factors.Chapters 2–5 discuss the issue of attitudes of common-law and civil-law judges to statutory interpretation. Chapter 2 examines the respective methods of statutory interpretation. This does not reveal any differences as to common-law and civil-law judges’ attitudes; for instance, greater adherence of common-law judges to the literal meaning of rules arguably does not exist. As shown in Chapter 3, this is true also in the area of Criminal Law under the special safeguards this subject provides. Chapter 4 asserts terminology causes differences between the systems; this is true even in case of identical terminology which is sometimes being interpreted in a diametrically different way. Moreover, differences can also be compensated for elsewhere in the legal system. Altogether, Chapter 4 does not reveal any inherent differences between the systems. As Chapter 5 shows, there is an ongoing process of convergence between common-law and civil-law systems, which means the categorisation into legal families becomes even less plausible.Chapter 6 shows that the categorisation into legal families is not only incorrect but also highly misleading and that there are numerous scholarly statements relying incorrectly on the family concept. The proposition (Chapter 7) is that it may nevertheless be feasible to structure comparative-law texts according to the wellknown legal families, as these show a common historical background. However, for conducting research into particular foreign legal rules (micro-comparative research), the family concept becomes a misleading starting-point. Insofar the concept should be abandoned or, at least, used only together with an appropriate warning.
7
Rivarola, José Domingo. "¿Actori incubit probatio? presunciones y cargas de la prueba repensadas: common lay versus civil law". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2005. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107447.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Fernández, Cruz Gastón. "Las transformaciones funcionales de la responsabilidad civil: la óptica sistémica Análisis de las funciones de incentivo o desincentivo y preventiva de la responsabilidad civil en los sistemas del civil law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122653.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Проняєва, Вікторія Едуардівна, Виктория Эдуардовна Проняева, Viktoriia Eduardivna Proniaieva i E. Kusyl. "Criminal and civil law in the USA". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18345.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Kiel-Chisholm, Scott. "Civil liability challenges for the law and neural interface devices: Reconceptualising the law". Thesis, The University of Queensland, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/135189/1/PhD%20Thesis%20-%20Scott%20Kiel-Chisholm.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Neural interface devices are artificial devices that are controlled by the human mind. Neural interface systems encompass sophisticated technology that enables integration of machine with the human brain and body. The complexity of the brain and neural system is so great that full understanding of how these work is still being discovered through neuroscientific research. Interfacing with the human brain and neural system is far from perfect so the ways in which they work and the limitations of neural interface devices must be recognised when a dispute comes before a court of law.
The research hypothesis tested in this thesis is that when a person who has a neural interface device is involved in circumstances where harm to another person or another person's property occurs, the Australian law will require re evaluation and adaptation to resolve subsequent civil action. Complexity will arise because of the existence of the neural interface device and what might be regarded as a merging of mind and machine. This will make it difficult to determine factual causation and as a result, the law will need to adapt to these circumstances. Thomas Kuhn's concept of revolutionary science, involving paradigm shift, is applied to determine this hypothesis.
While doctrinal methodology is applied in the analysis of the law, policy considerations that will impact on the judicial decision making and legislative action are also discussed. Delphi Method research has been undertaken to obtain the insight of legal experts regarding the legal issues that will arise in the context of civil disputes and how the current law will address these issues. The information upon which the participants in the Delphi Method research based their responses purposely excluded malfunction of the neural interface device as the law will have most difficulty determining liability when the device does not malfunction.
In the analysis of the legal issues, scenarios have been introduced to better assess the application of the law and identify the difficulties that will require re-evaluation and adaptation of the law. While the facts that arise in disputes differ, identification of the difficulties the current law will have in resolving a dispute presented in this thesis will provide insight for future civil proceedings where the person with a neural interface device is involved. Throughout this thesis, the person with the neural interface device is regarded as a defendant in a civil proceeding. The issues involving neural interface devices are multifactorial, so while neuroscientist and engineers develop neural interface devices, lawyers, academics and politicians must consider the ethical, legal and social frameworks within which innovation can exist and thrive. This thesis concludes with recommendations, based on the legal issues identified and analysed, to assist the judiciary, the legislature and the legal profession with this new area of technological advancement.
The challenges that the melding of mind and machine through neural interface present at law are analysed throughout this thesis. This thesis seeks to provide a substantial contribution to the legal literature that is both innovative and pioneering. This new, developing field of inquiry provides the opportunity for ground breaking advances in legal analysis of the existing legal frameworks that, in particular circumstances, will require re-evaluation and adaptation.
11
Gallant, Mary Michelle. "The profits of crime and the civil law". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393637.
Pełny tekst źródła
12
Bulbul, Asli. "Civil Law Claims On The Enforcement Of Competition Rules: A Comparative Study Of Us, Eu And Turkish Laws". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608035/index.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Private enforcement, which primarily represents individuals&rsquoright to claim damage arisen from violations of competition law, supplements public enforcement and ensures indemnification of individual loss. However, private enforcement of competition law has fallen behind public law enforcement in laws presented in this study, other than those enforced in the USA. Realizing this fact, European Commission, has recently focused on the enhancement and facilitation of private enforcement in the Community competition law. The lagging behind of private enforcement mainly sources from the cultural and traditional differences in the understanding of liability law between Anglo Saxon Law and Continental Law. Anglo Saxon law tradition is inclined to leave the matter to individual action, whereas Continental Law is in more favor of strengthening regulatory mechanisms. More specific obstacles to the improvement of private enforcement are, yet not exhaustively, indefiniteness of legal basis of claims, involvement of complex economic analysis while stating the case, courts&rsquo
lack of technical knowledge, indefinite relationship between judiciary and competition authorities, problems in proving damage and causality, absence of facilitating procedural mechanisms such as class actions, treble damage and discovery rights. In the Community law context it is also highly probable to encounter peculiar problems arisen from co-existence of different national laws. Additionally, implementation of the Community competition law by national authorities may also lead to the weakening of the Single Market objective. Through this study, we will present probable solutions by depicting all these problems.
13
Alvim, Wambier Teresa Arruda. "La uniformidad y la estabilidad de la jurisprudencia y el estado de derecho- Civil Law y Common Lay". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2010. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108432.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
En el presente artículo, la autora resalta la importancia de la predictibilidad y la estabilidad en las decisiones judiciales, tanto en los sistemas del common law como del civil law, para luego proceder al análisis de la realidad brasilera. Adicionalmente, reflexiona respecto de cómo, a pesar de las razones históricas que justifican las diferencias entre los sistemas de common law y civil law, ambos buscan los mismos objetivos: uniformidad de la jurisprudencia y necesidad de seguridad jurídica, con la finalidad de alcanzar una verdadera aplicación del principio de igualdad en la sociedad.
14
Alem, Mohammed Y. "The applicable law to international commercial contracts : harmonization perspectives between civil and common law?" Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61160.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
There seems to be wide acceptance of the idea that divergencies between legal systems give rise to disadvantages. These divergencies are, and have always been, regarded as inconveniences to overcome, particularily between the Civil and Common Law traditions, which present quite diverging points of view in the way the Law is thought. Today, one criterion of evaluating any harmonization of international legal norms is the extent to which the effort enhances certainty, a quality much appreciated in the field of international commercial contracts.In fact, today, there is a detectable effort on the international level to harmonize the laws, especially in relevance to international contracts, in order to provide a better environment for world trade.
When we decided to go through this subject, we had in mind the importance of understanding this harmonization tendency on the international sphere. That may be the reason why we have tried, in this thesis, to expose the harmonization process adopted by some recent conventions. Our purpose was to prove that, even though differences and disparities may exist, as long as there is a uniform tendency toward social and cultural uniformity, one might predict that these divergencies would eventually even out. We see in this tendency an indication of the convergence of the Common and Civil Law toward the same destination: make this world a better place.
15
GRANDI, BARBARA. "Fatti, fattispecie e tutele nella definizione della subordinazione, tra common law e civil law". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1011.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
La ricerca utilizza la prospettiva di un ordinamento di common law per contribuire allo studio della definizione del rapporto di lavoro e in particolare del rapporto di lavoro subordinato.
Il presente studio, così tributario di una ottica comparata, indaga il fenomeno della subordinazione attraverso una preliminare scomposizione delle sue tre dimensioni costitutive: quella della concettualizzazione giuridica, quella degli effetti giuridici (intesi sinteticamente come tutele) e quella fattuale che richiama gli elementi socio-economici fondanti la condizione della dipendenza considerata ontologicamente e praticamente.
In termini espositivi si rileva come l’intento di definire la subordinazione si sposi con la necessità di discernere, ulteriormente, sotto il profilo temporale, tenendo separata quindi la definizione ex ante (o qualificazione propriamente detta) dalla definizione ex post.
Lo studio arriva a rilevare il ruolo del diritto casistico quale non solo fondante, ma anche fisiologico e ineludibile per la corretta definizione della condizione del lavoratore subordinato; esso trova, nell’indagine della case law anglosassone in materia di interpretazione del rapporto, suggerimenti che possono costituire elementi di critica all’impianto categorico tipico del sistema italiano-continentale.
Conclude con il rinvenire nella tecnica delle presunzioni legali assolute uno strumento di qualificazione efficace quanto delicato, poiché direttamente collegato al supporto di inderogabilità di cui sono fornite le tutele per il lavoro subordinato.
Richiama le forme di consulenza preventiva alla stregua di percorsi efficaci verso una maggiore stabilizzazione delle aspettative. Suggerisce, infine, in una prospettiva di definizione della subordinazione ex post, il criterio ermeneutico della interpretazione orientata alla ratio della specifica tutela che sia oggetto di disputa e/o di accertamento, quale strumento di indirizzo del potere giurisprudenziale da parte del legislatore.The research is moved from the observation of outdated legal systems facing with an increasing complexity as governing the evolution of labour markets; an instance for reform is called both in common law and civil law countries. The common law perspective is used to highlight the essential role of case law as far as classification and qualification of any subordinated relationship is concerned. The analysis stress the point over the need to decompose the meaning of subordinated work: subordination is a legal concept, it is a matter of fact, it is a legal effect implying rights and duties. Also stressed within the process to define a subordinated relation of employment is a temporal dimension, since any a-priori definition is involving a different approach if compared with any ex post definition. Some conclusions are finally put forward.
16
Kallikkattukudy, Joy Paul. "Fraud and nullity of marriage in canon law and Indian civil law: A comparative analysis". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29123.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The mutual recognition and acceptance of canon law and civil law have generated interesting debates through the centuries. This is particularly true since the Second Vatican Council called for a new way of thinking on matters pertaining to our religious way of life and on our relationship with other peoples and nations. As a result many pastorally important issues have surfaced. One of these is the possibility for the Church of recognizing and accepting a legitimate decision of the nullity of a marriage by a civil court.
India, a secular country by constitution, accommodates many religions. The State recognizes the laws of all religious groups and acknowledges them as Personal Civil Laws, such as Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872 and the Indian Divorce Act of 1869, governing matters such as marriage, succession, and divorce. Therefore, when carrying out any action which has consequences in civil law, every person is expected to observe his/her applicable personal civil law.
According to the Church's teaching, marriage is indissoluble. However, the Church provides for a declaration of invalidity under strict conditions. A close examination of the ecclesial and civil laws indicates that, in order to protect the sacredness of this institution and to prevent invalid marriages, both systems have established a number of impediments and defects of consent which invalidate marriage ab initio.
While Indian civil courts do not recognize the declarations of nullity granted by an ecclesiastical court, the Church does not accept a civil decree of nullity or of divorce. This particular confrontation between the two systems of laws naturally results in undue pain, tension and financial burdens for the persons involved. Therefore, we ask the question: Is it possible for the Church formally to accept a legitimately issued civil decree of nullity and allow the parties to marry in accordance with the norms of canon law without submitting them to a fresh new canonical trial? This question defines the hypothesis of our dissertation.
Our study has demonstrated that there is substantial agreement between canon law and Indian civil law on several substantive aspects of marriage. For example, both hold that the right to marriage is a natural right of every human being. Both have established impediments in order to protect the social institution of marriage from being contracted invalidly. Both systems also recognize the invalidating effect of deceit. Once it is proven with moral certainty, or beyond reasonable doubt, that one party was deceitful in obtaining the consent of the other, both systems of law consider the marriage null and void. Therefore, at least in the case scenario discussed in our study, the Church can formally recognize and accept a civil declaration of invalidity of a marriage and declare the parties involved free to enter upon a new canonical marriage according to the norms of canon law. We maintain that this conclusion, mutatis mutandis, can be applied also to other similar hypotheses.
17
Mathers, Douglas J. "Canonization of civil law in the 1983 Code of Canon Law according to Canon 22". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
Pełny tekst źródła
18
Wolff, Ulrich Hermann. "Reducing damages claims for beneficial events : comparative thoughts in German civil law and common law". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64045.
Pełny tekst źródła
19
Rosenwasser, Elior. "Good faith -- civil, common and maritime". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81232.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The growing recognition of obligation of Good Faith in contract law has only increased the debate surrounding this concept and its ramification on contract. The uneasiness about Good Faith should be attributed to the fact that Good Faith is an open norm or vague standard, which in practice means judicial law making. Furthermore, Good Faith suggests the teleological method of interpretation of contract and legislation in determining the rights and the duties of the parties to a contract. This, it is argued, would contradict the importance of certainty, private autonomy and commercial stability. The thesis presents the development and functions of Good Faith, in different jurisdiction, civil and common. It elaborates the arguments and counterarguments in the Good Faith debate from the context of major civil law and common law features. This will be mainly illustrated by maritime law related contracts. Finally, Good Faith in a possible uniform transnational maritime law will be discussed.
20
Collins, David A. "Absentee soldier voting in Civil War law and politics". Thesis, Wayne State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3643244.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
During the Civil War, twenty northern states changed their laws to permit absent soldiers to vote. Before enactment of these statutes, state laws had tethered balloting to the voter's community and required in-person participation by voters. Under the new laws, eligible voters – as long as they were soldiers – could cast ballots in distant military encampments, far from their neighbors and community leaders. This dissertation examines the legal conflicts that arose from this phenomenon and the political causes underlying it. Legally, the laws represented an abrupt change, contrary to earlier scholarship viewing them as culminating a gradual process of relaxing residency rules in the antebellum period. In fact, the laws left intact all prewar suffrage qualifications, including residency requirements. Their radicalism lay not in changing rules about who could vote, but in departing from the prewar legal blueprint of what elections were and how voters participated in them. The changes were constitutionally problematic, generating court challenges in some states and constitutional amendments in others. Ohio's experience offers a case study demonstrating the radicalism of the legal change and the constitutional tension it created. In political history, prior scholarship has largely overlooked the role the issue of soldier voting played in competition for civilian votes. The politics of 1863-1864 drew soldiers into partisan messaging, since servicemen spoke with authority on the themes the parties used to attack their opponents: the candidates' military incompetence, Lincoln's neglect of the troops, and McClellan's cowardice and disloyalty. Soldiers participated politically not only as voters, but also as spokesmen for these messages to civilian voters. In this setting, the soldier-voting issue became a battleground in partisan efforts to show kinship with soldiers. The issue's potency became evident nationally after the 1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial race, presaging the 1864 presidential contest. The Republican incumbent ran as "the soldiers' friend" and attacked his Democratic rival as the enemy of soldiers for opposing that state's soldier-voting law. The issue was decisive in securing civilian votes for the victorious Republican. That experience launched a nationwide push by Republicans to enact soldier-voting laws in time for the 1864 elections.
21
Taruffo, Michele. "El precedente judicial en los sistemas de Civil Law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122585.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
En el presente artículo el autor da a conocer de forma magnífica su perspectiva sobre la naturaleza del precedente vinculante en la tradición jurídica del Civil Law. Para ello realiza un profundo análisis histórico y teórico sobre el nacimiento del precedente vinculante como institución procesal. Siendo el Common Law la cuna del precedente vinculante en su forma originaria, el autor lo coteja con nuestro sistema jurídico haciendo uso del Derecho Comparado. Asimismo enfatiza su crítica sobre los puntos controvertidos, diferenciando al precedente vinculante de los distintos fenómenos procesales que se encuentran en los variados ordenamientos jurídicos. This article provides an excellent description of Taruffo’s perspective on the nature of binding precedent in the juridical tradition of Civil Law. Taruffo provides a detailed historical and theoretical analysis of the roots of the binding precedent as a procedural institution. Since Common Law is the source of the binding precedent in its original form, the author compares it to our juridical system using Comparative Law methodology. At the same time, the author presents a critique of controversial issues, differentiating binding precedent in different procedural phenomenon that can be found in various legal systems.
22
Cooper, David John. "Secondary liability for civil wrongs". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251586.
Pełny tekst źródła
23
Al-Eliwi, Ali Mohammed Khalaf. "Legal framework for protecting computer programs in the ambit of intellectual property : a comparative study between Iraqi law (civil law) and English law (common law)". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1912.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of this thesis is to test the ability of Iraqi law to protect right holders of computer programs and the programs themselves. Comparison is made between Iraq’s Author’s Right Act 1971, as amended in 2004, and English law- especially Copyright, Designs, and Patent Act 1988, as amended. Examining the effectiveness of the rules in both laws for protecting CPs entails four main areas: the nature and legal status of computer programs, the scope of copyright protection guaranteed for computer programs by the legislation, other legal ways of protecting programs and harmonisation between European Union copyright laws and Iraqi author right law. The methodology is mainly doctrinal /comparative. Accordingly, this study has been divided into six chapters. Chapter One contains the general introduction and covers the main features for Iraq as a developing country and the study’s background; its importance, aims and goals, and methodology. Chapter Two examines the nature and legal status of computer programs. Many questions are raised in relation to their nature: are computer programs tangible or intangible things? goods, services, or something else? Should property subsist and if so which kind of property, if programs do not fit recognised kinds of private property, can they be deemed a sui generis? Finally, evaluation the ability of “property” as a way to protect the investment of CPs in Iraq. Chapter Three, test the provisions of copyright and author’s right in English law, Iraqi law and references other laws - US, French, and Egyptian. Iraqi law and the UK law deem computer programs to be a literary works, protected by author’s right/copyright. Iraqi law has started to be consistent with the WTO and TRIPs Agreement. Questions arise regarding the sufficiency of copyright/author’s right to protect computer programs. If not adequate, would other methods provide preferable protection? Chapter Four examines other techniques for protection: patents, contractual terms, trade secret law and trade marks. Chapter Five aims to make harmony between Iraqi laws, international laws and European Directives, to link Iraq with the communities which preceded it in the area of intellectual property. As well as legislation, there is scope for judicial harmonisation using s1 (3) of Iraqi Civil Code. Finally, Chapter Six presents the main results and conclusions and makes recommendations as to for improving the current legal situation.
24
Prebble, Zoë, i John Prebble. "Comparing the General Anti-Avoidance Rule of Income Tax Law with the Civil Law Doctrine of Abuse of Law (Part I)". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123574.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper compares the general anti-avoidance rule of incometax law with the Civil Law doctrine of abuse of law (Rechtsmissbrauch, abusde droit) in eight jurisdictions: Germany, Croatia, New Zealand, Australia, France, the e uropean u nion, the u nited s tates and the United Kingdom. The paper addresses the statutory and judge-made general anti-avoidance rules in these jurisdictions and deals with the core concept of avoidance an on how these eight jurisdictions either frustrate avoidance or allow it.Este artículo compara la norma anti-elusiva general de la ley del impuesto a la renta con la doctrina del abuso de derecho del Civil Law(Nt 1) (Rechtsmissbrauch, abus de droit) en ocho jurisdicciones: Alemania, Croacia, Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Francia, la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. El artículo se ocupa de las normas anti-elusivas generales legislativas y jurisprudenciales en estas jurisdicciones y aborda el concepto central de la elusión. El artículo se enfoca en transacciones que la mayoría reconocería como elusivas y en cómo estas ocho jurisdicciones frustran la elusión o la permiten.
25
Prebble, Zoë, i John Prebble. "Comparing the General Anti-avoidance Rule of Income Tax Law with the Civil Law Doctrine of Abuse of Law (Part II)". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123114.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article compares and analyzes how member States of the European Union, the United States of America and the United Kingdom combat tax avoidance through its legal systems. The article addresses issues such as the influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the case Cadbury Schweppes in establishing anti-avoidance rules in member States of the European Union and the application of Business Purpose Doctrine in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.El presente artículo compara y analiza la manera en que los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido combaten la elusión tributaria a través de sus sistemas legales. El artículo aborda temas como la influencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y el caso Cadbury Schweppes en el establecimiento de normas antielusivas en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y la aplicación de la doctrina de la simulación en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino Unido.
26
MARINETTI, LORENZA. "RULE OF LAW E MODELLI DI CRIMINALIZZAZIONE PRIMARIA: IL BANCO DI PROVA DELLO STALKING NELLA CIVIL LAW E NELLA COMMON LAW". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/173933.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The aim of the present work is to study the role of the Rule of Law in Civil Law and in Common Law, traditionally seen as two different and distant system. Starting from the historical view, we will analyze in a comparative perspective how Rule of Law evolved in both systems and its aknoledgement. Using the stalking regulation as a testing ground we will, at last, observe how the Rule of Law influences law making and judges’ decisions .
27
Al-Kraisha, Abeer Jamal. "Law of internal armed conflicts". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271566.
Pełny tekst źródła
28
Russo, Valentina. "The dilemma of translating and interpreting in the criminal justice system: civil law vs. common law". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13778/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The scope of this thesis is to offer solutions to some of the translation and interpreting issues arising in the legal field. In particular, the focus of the analysis will be the differences between a common law country, England, and a civil law country, Italy. Through some excerpts taken both by an Italian movie and a UK TV series, the issues are analysed and in the end, two glossaries(Italian-English and English-Italian) built on this analysis are offered.
29
Cassamally, Zeenat Bibi. "L'influence respective de la "Civil Law" et de la "Common Law" en droit mauricien des sûretés". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010309.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Cette thèse expose le droit contemporain des sûretés à Maurice en soulignant l’influence respective de la Civil Law et de la Common Law et l'impact de ce droit mixte sur les litigants. Le droit mauricien des sûretés est un système juridique hybride, marqué à la fois par la Civil law et la Common law. Ce caractère mixte est justifié par des raisons historiques et pratiques. La République de Maurice était jadis une colonie française, appelée Ile de France, avant d'être colonisée par les anglais. L'acte de Capitulation reflète la volonté du peuple mauricien de conserver le Code Napoléon aussi connu comme le Code Civil Mauricien. Les cautionnements, les nantissements, les hypothèques et les privilèges sont essentiellement inspirés du droit français. A cette liste, s'ajoutent le« bond », la« comfort letter », la «fixed charge» et la «floating charge» d'inspiration anglaise. Des amendements ont dû être apportés pour adapter ces législations aux particularités insulaires. Et évidemment, certaines lois, devenues obsolètes, ont été abrogées, et des nouvelles lois ont été adoptées, d'origine mauricienne ou étrangère, parce qu'au fil des années les fléaux et les besoins sociaux ne sont plus les mêmes. La loi, au service de la société, doit être conforme à la réalité actuelle afin de mieux répondre à ses attentes. En outre, des normes internationales issues des Conventions viennent alimenter ce corpus législatif. A savoir que, Maurice est un Etat du "Commonwealth" et les "Law Lords" du "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" viennent siéger à Maurice pour entendre les appels formés contre les décisions de la Cour Suprême et leurs décisions s'imposent aux instances judiciaires inférieures en vertu du "stare decisis". Désormais, le Code abrite à la fois des sûretés d'origine française et d'origine britannique. Il offre un système hybride afin de répondre aux besoins des particuliers et des professionnels tout en offrant une garantie adéquate aux établissements de crédit. Chaque sûreté comporte des avantages et des inconvénients pour le débiteur ou le créancier. Il est difficile, même dans un système hybride à la fois influencé par la Common Law et la Civil Law, de trouver une sûreté à la fois équitable pour les deux parties.
30
Serpico, Clemente. "Acquisizioni di partecipazioni societarie e clausole di garanzia: profili contrattuali di civil law e common law". Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200775.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Partecipazioni societarie e clausole di garanzia. La "due diligence" e le espresse garanzie patrimoniali. Le garanzie legali ("legal warranties"). Le garanzie patrimoniali ("business warrenties"). Limitazioni alle garanzie e indennizzi. Profili di diritto comparato.
31
SCRIMA, Sofia. "I danni punitivi. Riflessioni in chiave comparatistica sui sistemi di common law e di civil law". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90903.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
La tesi ha ad oggetto l’istituto del risarcimento punitivo, del quale indaga natura, presupposti applicativi e profili funzionali nell’ambito degli ordinamenti di common law, con particolare riferimento all’ordinamento inglese e a quello statunitense. La parte finale del lavoro si occupa di individuare, in chiave comparatistica, punti di collegamento con le esperienze dei sistemi di responsabilità civile continentali, tentando di avviare una rilettura degli stessi in chiave polifunzionale ed assumendo, a tal fine, come banco di prova il risarcimento del danno non patrimoniale.The thesis deals with punitive damages, investigating their nature, applicative requirements and functions, among common law jurisdictions, with particular reference to England and U.S. law. The final part of the work aims at identifying, in a comparative light, connection points with the law of torts of the European jurisdictions, proposing a multi-functional framework and using, for this purpose, damages for non-pecuniary losses as a test case.
32
Kelly, Paul Joseph. "Utilitarianism and distributive justice : Jeremy Bentham and the civil law". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.722688.
Pełny tekst źródła
33
Li, Junhong. "Civil liability for damage to marine biodiversity under international law". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359893/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Marine biodiversity is of significance to the existence of humankind but has been experiencing globally continuous deterioration due to anthropogenic activities in the past decades. It has been generally accepted that damage to marine biodiversity is mainly caused by marine pollution, alien invasive species, unsustainable use and overexploitation of resources such as overfishing, destructive fishing operation and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, habitat loss, and climate change. Due to its importance, marine biodiversity must be protected and when damaged there should be liability imposed on the polluter. This thesis assesses the extent to which existing international law covers damage to marine biodiversity, permits actions and ensures recovery. To answer these questions, this thesis comprehensively examines the relevant international legal instruments on prevention and protection of marine biodiversity. It finds that protection of marine biodiversity under the current regulatory framework is piecemeal and no comprehensive liability regime exists. The factors hindering the development of an international liability regime for such damage include conceptual problems of the concept of marine biodiversity and the definition of damage to marine biodiversity, and the lack of baseline conditions as reference for the damage. Because of the gaps and inadequacy of the existing regimes which concern liability for damage to marine biodiversity, the thesis advocates that a liability regime for such damage shall be established and several important elements of such a regime are analysed. For this regime, the thesis discusses the theoretical basis first and then suggests a structure that will include relevant national legislation to be developed or refined, changes of the current multilateral liability regimes, and the creation of a new international legal instrument comprehensively addressing liability for damage to marine biodiversity within and beyond the areas of national jurisdiction. Significant obstacles in developing such a regime are identified and discussed.
34
Geeroms, Sofie. "Foreign law in civil litigation : a comparative and functional analysis /". Oxford : Oxford university press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392234602.
Pełny tekst źródła
35
Bona, Carla Della. "UNIÃO EUROPÉIA E MERCOSUL: APROXIMAÇÕES ENTRE COMMON LAW E CIVIL LAW PRODUZINDO UM NOVO SISTEMA DE DIREITO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9747.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The increasing exchange of people from different countries enforce around the world judges to produce legal instruments to found, granting and defend ongoing contracts.
Therefore, the discussion of historically diverse juridical concepts, such as the group of Law from the European Community and the Mercosul, request the immediate
creation of respectful international regulations. This necessary act among Law officers of distinct cultural background and needs is subject to crucial debate, which
will have the English language as the official communication instrument. As so, it is critical the understanding of the English Law, which is the origin of many juridical systems. Yet, there is a trend not only for the English language but for the English culture as whole. Therefore, the increasing number of procedures that require knowledge of this juridical system and the integration of several economic blocks
around the world, mainly the European Community and the Mercosul, imply the need for a juridical confluence of the common law and the civil lawO intercâmbio, crescente a cada minuto, entre sujeitos de diferentes nacionalidades, pressiona juristas do mundo inteiro para que produzam os instrumentos legais necessários para alicerçar, garantir e balizar os contratos que se vão formando. É nesse sentido que o embate de concepções jurídicas historicamente diversas, como o são as duas grandes famílias do direito que regem a União Européia e o Mercosul, acirrado pela premência da solução de conflitos muitas vezes pioneiros, impõe urgência na criação de regulamentações internacionalmente respeitadas. Essa necessária regulamentação jurídica entre atores de diferentes caracteres, de culturas e interesses está, ainda uma vez, sujeita à mediação inescapável das palavras e terá como veículo privilegiado nesse final de século, a língua inglesa. Isto porque a tendência é que não somente a língua se imponha, mas igualmente a cultura que a sustenta. Assim, o aumento dos processos cujos elementos de conexão remetem à necessidade de conhecer os dispositivos daquele sistema jurídico e, de outro lado, a necessidade de forjar uma nova cultura jurídica comum dentro dos blocos econômicos, em especial da UE, a qual possui embutida no seio de seus integrantes os dois sistemas de direito, e do Mercosul, através do direito internacional, aí incluídas as formas extrajudiciais de solução de litígios que é base da própria cultura jurídica inglesa, visando a responder à crescente complexidade do mundo contemporâneo e a evolução das relações jurídicas internacionais, não deixam dúvidas de que ocorrerá uma confluência também jurídica entre a common law e a civil law
36
Holman, Robin. "Law enforcement, the rogue civil airliner and proportionality of effects: an analysis of international human rights law". Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97268.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Existing theoretical approaches to international human rights law governing the State's duty to respect and ensure the right to not be arbitrarily deprived of life do not provide a satisfactory analytical framework within which to consider the problem of a rogue civil airliner – a passenger-carrying civil aircraft under the effective control of one or more individuals who intend use the aircraft itself as a weapon against persons and property on the surface. A more satisfactory approach is provided by the addition of a norm of proportionality of effects that is analogous to that which has been developed within the framework of international humanitarian law and modern constitutional rights law. This additional norm would apply only where there is an irreconcilable conflict between the State's duties in respect of the right to life and all of the courses of action available will result in innocent persons being deprived of life.Existants approches théoriques au droit international des droits humains régissant l'obligation de l'État de respecter et de garantir le droit de ne pas être privé arbitrairement de la vie ne fournissent pas un cadre analytique satisfaisant dans lequel de considérer le problème d'un aéronef civil à passagers renégat – un aéronef civil portant des passagers et sous le contrôle effectif d'un ou plusieurs individus ayant l'intention utiliser l'aéronef-même comme une arme contre des personnes et des biens à la surface. Une approche plus satisfaisante est fournie par l'ajout d'une norme de proportionnalité des effets qui est analogue à celle qui a été développé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire et le droit moderne des droits constitutionnels. Cette norme supplémentaire s'applique que lorsqu'il y a un conflit insoluble entre les devoirs de l'État en respect du droit à la vie et tous les cours d'action disponibles se traduira par des personnes innocentes étant privé de leur vie.
37
Pesiri, Benedetta. "La pubblicità immobiliare e la funzione del notaio nei sistemi giuridici di civil law e common law". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1842.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
2012 - 2013Il codice civile del 1942 attribuisce al notaio un ruolo primario al fine di rendere possibile l’efficiente funzionamento della pubblicità immobiliare. Innanzitutto, l’art. 2657 cod. civ. richiede l’autenticità del titolo quale presupposto imprescindibile ai fini della trascrizione; in secondo luogo, l’art. 2671 cod. civ. pone a carico del notaio, o altro pubblico ufficiale che ha ricevuto o autenticato l’atto «soggetto a trascrizione», «l’obbligo di curare che questa venga eseguita». Al fine di comprendere la ratio delle citate norme, si è concentrata preliminarmente l’attenzione sulla figura del notaio, analizzandone natura, funzione e ruolo. Partendo dalla vexata quaestio del “bifrontismo” del notaio, ossia la coesistenza in lui delle figure del pubblico ufficiale e del libero professionista, sono prospettate le diverse tesi relative al coordinamento di siffatti due caratteri, in termini di prevalenza o di combinazione dell’una qualità con l’altra, giungendo dottrina e giurisprudenza spesso a conclusioni diametralmente opposte. Gli orientamenti più recenti considerano il notaio espressione di armonica ed inscindibile sintesi delle due qualità di pubblico ufficiale e di libero professionista: la pubblica funzione e l’attività libero-professionale non rappresentano, infatti, l’espressione di due distinti atteggiamenti della stessa figura, svolgentesi in tempi e modi differenti e paralleli, bensì le qualità fondamentali di un’anima, quella notarile, intimamente ed inscindibilmente unitaria. Si passa così ad analizzare la complessa attività svolta dal notaio attraverso l’esame delle tradizionali ricostruzioni proposte dalla dottrina al riguardo. In particolare si pone l’accento sulla funzione di certificazione riconosciuta al notaio dall’art. 1 l. 16 febbraio 1913, n. 89 (legge notarile) e che consiste nell’attribuzione della pubblica fede agli atti da lui ricevuti. Non trascurandosi il ruolo del notaio nella formazione del regolamento negoziale, viene in rilevo la funzione di adeguamento dal medesimo svolta, definita come “congrua aderenza dell’intento empirico manifestato dalle parti ai paradigmi offerti dall’ordinamento positivo”, che comporta per il notaio una delicata ed importante serie di doveri-poteri: indagare personalmente la volontà delle parti; fornire alle parti l’atto più idoneo e più economico per il raggiungimento del fine voluto; rapportare costantemente la volontà delle parti, e l’atto loro fornito, alla legge, all’ordine pubblico ed al buon costume. Il notaio, nell’assolvere i suoi compiti in maniera coscienziosa e scrupolosa, rappresenta anche uno strumento essenziale nella limitazione dell’insorgenza delle controversie. Ne discende l’affermazione del carattere “antiprocessuale” della funzione notarile, che Francesco Carnelutti ha sottolineato con l’espressione ormai celebre: «tanto più notaio, tanto meno giudice». Si prosegue evidenziando come oggi l’attività notarile sia stata arricchita con l’attribuzione legislativa di nuovi compiti che finiscono col valorizzare il ruolo del notaio, che diventa così garante di rilevanti interessi pubblici e collettivi. Di qui la definizione della funzione del notaio quale funzione di garanzia, avanzata da autorevole dottrina. Attività certificante, adeguamento della volontà ed esplicazione di compiti ausiliari, attribuiti per la tutela di interessi pubblici, si ricompongono in una attività complessa ed unitaria, che è, appunto, la funzione di garanzia: garanzia che non si ledano i diritti delle parti venute alla relazione negoziale; garanzia che sia tutelato il contraente più debole; garanzia che siano salvaguardati i diritti dei terzi; garanzia che non si rechi danno alla comunità. L’esatta individuazione della natura e della funzione del notaio consente, poi, di delineare il ruolo di primaria importanza che il notaio ha assunto nel panorama giuridico e socio-economico della realtà contemporanea. Segue, pertanto, l’analisi del ruolo del notaio quale garante dell’equilibrio contrattuale delle parti, nel rispetto della legge, acquistando vigore il valore della imparzialità, indipendenza, correttezza e competenza che connotano il suo modo di essere; ed ancora il ruolo del notaio quale garante del corretto funzionamento del mercato e quale custode del diritto e dell’ordinamento. Nella veste di custode del diritto il notaio deve esercitare il cosiddetto “potere di controllo di legalità” dell’esplicazione dell’autonomia privata, potere che costituisce una delle più importanti estrinsecazioni della funzione notarile e che trova valido fondamento positivo nell’art. 28 n. 1 l. not., che vieta al notaio di ricevere atti «espressamente proibiti dalla legge». Si osserva, nel prosieguo della trattazione, che la figura del notaio così delineata non è esclusiva dell’ordinamento giuridico italiano, ma la si trova in tutti i sistemi giuridici c.d. latini o di civil law. Di contro, ragioni storiche e culturali, ampiamente esposte, hanno impedito in Inghilterra e nei paesi di diritto di derivazione inglese lo sviluppo di un figura professionale corrispondente a quella del notaio latino, e quindi la nascita del concetto di atti forniti di pubblica fede. Di qui la comparazione del notaio latino con le figure del public notary e del solicitor. Si perviene, infine, ad esaminare il ruolo del notaio nel nostro sistema di pubblicità immobiliare. La legge riserva al notaio la formazione del titolo idoneo alla trascrizione. Si spiega il fondamento di tale scelta legislativa, che viene ravvisato nell’esigenza di accrescere la certezza e l’affidabilità delle risultanze dei registri immobiliari, assicurate dal filtro preventivo effettuato dal notaio attraverso la sua quotidiana attività d’indagine della volontà delle parti, dell’accertamento dell’identità, capacità e legittimazione delle stesse, di controllo della legalità formale e sostanziale dell’atto, al fine di promuovere il massimo grado possibile di sicurezza della circolazione immobiliare. Il tema della sicurezza della circolazione, o meglio della sicurezza dei traffici giuridici, che costituisce la ragion d’essere stessa della pubblicità immobiliare è valutato, però, in un’ottica non solamente privatistica, ma ormai integrata nel contesto di più ampie finalità di ordine generale e di natura pubblicistica. Tali considerazioni emergono da un attento esame dell’evoluzione storica dell’istituto della trascrizione – dalle origini fino ai più recenti provvedimenti legislativi in materia – che, rilevandone natura e funzione, viene a dimostrare l’esistenza di una progressione, continua ed ininterrotta, nella direzione di una sempre più intensa tutela dei traffici immobiliari. La centralità del ruolo del notaio nel sistema di pubblicità immobiliare viene confermata dalla valutazione della qualità dei diversi sistemi di pubblicità immobiliare – dei quali sono individuate le caratteristiche –, riguardo al profilo in esame. L’analisi condotta comparativamente evidenzia che negli ordinamenti in cui non esiste la figura del notaio, in cui i controlli riguardanti la legalità dell’atto, la capacità e la legittimazione delle parti sono effettuati – quantomeno in parte – dall’autorità amministrativa o giudiziaria preposta alla tenuta del registro, il livello di affidabilità dei pubblici registri diminuisce ed aumenta il livello del contenzioso, con il risultato di una sostanziale insicurezza sulla attendibilità degli stessi che porta prima i pratici, e poi i giuristi, a non considerarli una fonte esclusiva della certezza delle contrattazioni. I sistemi di common law presi in considerazione offrono un esempio particolarmente significativo in tal senso. Così nel sistema Torrens e nel sistema inglese di Land Registration, in cui non esistono la figura di civil law notary e gli stessi concetti di autenticità dei documenti e di prova legale, è previsto dalla legge un approfondito controllo riguardante legalità e legittimazione ad opera del Registrar, a giustificazione dei rilevanti effetti costitutivi e “sananti” derivanti dalla Registration, ma vi è evidentemente un potenziale maggior rischio per l’alienante, stanti i minori controlli nella fase genetica del titolo (capacità d’intendere e di volere, serietà del consenso, vizi della volontà ecc.). Nei Deeds Recording Systems, l’assenza di un qualsiasi controllo preventivo di legalità ha reso, di fatto, il sistema di pubblicità inefficiente; in tali sistemi, diffusi principalmente negli Stati Uniti d’America, la totale assenza di controlli di legalità e la conseguente inidoneità della disciplina della pubblicità a soddisfare le esigenze proprie del commercio degli immobili hanno determinato lo sviluppo della prassi della Title Insurance e quindi la sostanziale “privatizzazione della certezza giuridica in materia di trasferimenti immobiliari”. Da quanto esposto si comprende chiaramente la ragione per cui il notaio rappresenta uno dei pilastri del sistema di pubblicità immobiliare nel modello di civil law. Il controllo preventivo di legalità, capacità e legittimazione, da lui effettuato, che è un controllo professionale, oggettivo ed imparziale, garantisce la qualità e la validità dei dati presenti nei registri, tutelando nel contempo gli interessi delle parti nelle singole contrattazioni, nel rispetto delle regole e delle finalità dell’ordinamento giuridico, e l’interesse della collettività, che fa affidamento sulle risultanze dei detti registri, alla sicurezza ed allo sviluppo degli scambi, che è un bene acquisito e socialmente condiviso. [a cura dell'autore]
XII n.s.
38
Infantino, Marta. "Comparative Law of causation in Tort Law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123595.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
this article analyzes the causal element of torts from the perspective of comparative law, focusing on the field of tort liability. Thus, it specifies both the particular aspects of the investigation as well as each legal system studied. then, the article discusses the differences and similarities of each system. Later, it stops on the dominant approaches examining its success on facing the tort phenomenon in order to highlight the essential characteristics that determine the various approaches tort liability can assume.El presente artículo analiza el elemento causal de la responsabilidad civil desde una perspectiva de derecho comparado, haciendo énfasis sobre el campo de la responsabilidad aquiliana. Así, precisando tanto los aspectos particulares de la propia investigación como de cada Ordenamiento Jurídico estudiado, el artículo aborda las diferencias y similitudes de cada Ordenamiento. De esta forma, se detiene sobre los enfoques dominantes examinando la capacidad de los mismos. Ello con la finalidad de evidenciar las características esenciales que determinan los diversos alcances que puede asumir la responsabilidad aquiliana.
39
Steinke, Dimitri. "Die Zivilrechtsordnungen des Baltikums unter dem Einfluss ausländischer, insbesondere deutscher Rechtsquellen /". Göttingen : V & R Unipress, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017543407&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Pełny tekst źródła
40
Brandt, Denver Charles. "Civil liability of an employer for injuries on duty". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1042.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The workplace has evolved dramatically in the past decades. Technology has improved, innovative ways of utilising nuclear power have been developed, new chemicals have been introduced to the market and the adverse effects of other chemicals on both human health and safety and the environment have been discovered. This has influenced the nature of the workplace itself. While employees enjoy a common law right to a safe working environment and health and safety, state intervention currently provides restricted claims to an employee who has sustained injuries or contracted occupational diseases. This thesis explores the effect of section 35 of the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 which deprives an employee of its common law right to institute civil action against an employer for an injury sustained or disease contracted during the course and scope of employment. Furthermore, this thesis also explores the marriage between the Occupational Health and Safety Act 89 of 1993 and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 as well as the position of ‘employee’ and ‘employer’ insofar as the scope and application of these two acts are concerned with specific reference to the position of labour broker employees. The use of indemnity clauses and its validity in South Africa will also be explored and discussed. This thesis also dedicates a chapter to the leading case authority of Jooste v Score Supermarket Trading (Pty) Ltd and its effect insofar as the enforcement and application of section 35 of the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 is concerned. It is impossible to mention all the changes in the workplace that have occurred in the recent years, and this discussion therefore focuses on the current position of employees who have been deprived of their common law right to institute delictual action for damages resulting from an injury sustained while on duty as well as the impact of the current restrictive claims available to them. Alterations to existing approaches are also proposed to resurrect the common law right of employees to institute action against their employers.Abstract
41
Cais, Fernando Fontoura da Silva. "Direito processual civil intertemporal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08072011-133714/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
O direito intertemporal é um dos ramos mais complexos da ciência jurídica. Não bastasse a amplitude do tema e sua ligação com todos os ramos da ciência jurídica, as soluções apresentadas pela doutrina para seus problemas são bastante variadas e partem de enfoques bem diferenciados na observação dos seus fenômenos. A despeito de ser uma matéria extremamente importante, porque vinculada com o progresso da ciência jurídica e com a evolução do ordenamento mediante a alteração das leis, ela não recebeu a atenção adequada da doutrina processual, o que reflete na absoluta ausência de parâmetros seguros para o direito intertemporal processual. Este estudo é uma tentativa de sistematização desse ramo do direito. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos partiu-se da análise das principais doutrinas do direito intertemporal, com atenção especial às de GABBA e ROUBIER por serem elas as que exercem maior influência no nosso sistema. A preocupação principal nesse momento foi a de fixar conceitos que são imprescindíveis para uma boa compreensão do modo como o direito intertemporal é tratado em nosso ordenamento. Posteriormente foi estudado o sistema de direito intertemporal brasileiro, numa análise global, sem uma preocupação especial, ainda, com o direito processual. A abordagem partiu de uma evolução histórica do tratamento da disciplina e culminou com o esboço do modo como nosso sistema confere proteção aos direitos adquiridos e às situações jurídicas consolidadas contra alterações legislativas. Fixadas essas idéias, passou-se à análise do direito processual civil intertemporal. Em um primeiro momento foram demonstrados os motivos que justificam uma abordagem da disciplina a partir de um enfoque eminentemente processual, para, posteriormente, traçar um resumo da forma como essa disciplina é tratada pela legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência. Dessa análise ressaltaram as principais lacunas da disciplina, que são: a ausência de delimitação dos direitos processuais adquiridos; a falta de sistematização da disciplina dos poderes do juiz em matéria de direito intertemporal e a inexistência de parâmetros seguros para identificação das situações jurídicas processuais. Identificadas essas lacunas, foram desenvolvidos esforços para que este estudo fornecesse subsídios para preenchê-las. Para tanto, foram estudados isoladamente cada um desses temas e, dentro das limitações do trabalho, buscou-se enfocá-los de maneira diferenciada e mais aproximada, a fim de alcançar os objetivos propostos. No tópico final foram esclarecidas as principais conclusões obtidas durante o estudo com o desenho do modo como, a partir delas, entendeu se possível sistematizar o direito processual civil intertemporal brasileiro.Intertemporal Law is one of the most intricate branches in the field of legal theory. Adding to its width and to its connection with all juridical fields, the solutions presented by this doctrine are quite ample and stem from diverse focuses when observing its phenomena. Notwithstanding being an extremely important subject, for it binds upon the progress of the legal science and upon the evolution of Law amendment ordinance, it has not been closely observed by the procedural doctrine, what explains the lack of safe parameters for the procedural intertemporal Law. This paper seeks to systemize this branch of Law. To attain the objectives herein, analysis of the main doctrines of intertemporal law were carried out, and special attention was placed on those of GABBA and ROUBIER for they are the ones that mostly influence our system. The initial worry was to fix concepts which are imperative for understanding how intertemporal law is dealt with in our system. Afterwards, the intertemporal Brazilian system was examined, on its whole, still not aiming at its procedural aspects. Its address arouse from a historical approach of this discipline and ended up with a draft of how our system confers protection to acquired rights and to consolidated legal cases against legislative alterations. Thereafter, analysis of intertemporal civil procedure took place. Prima facie, motives which justify its eminent procedural approach was demonstrated and, then, a summary of how it is treated by our legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. From this analysis its main gaps came to surface, namely: absence of acquired procedural rights delimitation; absence of systematization of judges authorities inherent in intertemporal law and absence of safe parameters for identification of procedural situations. These gaps identified, efforts were endeavored towards this study with a view to providing solutions to them. So, each one was separately studied and, within the scope of this paper, differentiated and closer focuses were sought, aiming at complying with the proposed objectives. Last, this studys main conclusions are made clearer, with a framework, as of these conclusions, of how it was possible to systemize the Brazilian intertemporal civil law.
42
Huang, Shih-Chou, i 黃士洲. "Acceptance and Adjustment of Civil Law by Tax Laws". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03101080486646977873.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
博士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
95
The topic of acceptance and adjustment of private laws by tax laws shall be deemed as norm conflict between tax laws and private laws, and it should be resovled under the harmonization of constitution. The method that constitution harmonizes the aforesaid norms conflict is to weigh the goals of tax laws against the fundamental right and order that private laws protect. During the weighing, the methodology of "Systemgerichtigkeit" can be adopted.
43
Hwaung, Howard, i 黃俊達. "Trusts and Civil Law". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17080725862081862852.
Pełny tekst źródła
44
吳承翰. "Advertising marketing and Civil liability—Focusing on Civil Law , Consumer Protection Law and Financial Consumer Protection Law". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2cqd38.
Pełny tekst źródła
45
Chang-Chi, Yeh, i 葉張基. "The Harmony Between Trust Law And Civil Law". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90261543590382713551.
Pełny tekst źródła
46
Hsueh, Ya-Chih, i 薛雅之. "The Reseauch of Consumer Protection Law and Civil Law". Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59499748843035375633.
Pełny tekst źródła
47
Bueno, André Soares de Freitas. "Common law or civil law : which is best for business". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37121.
Pełny tekst źródła
48
WU, HUEY-CHYI, i 吳蕙琪. "The relationship between medicial law and civil law -- Focus on civil liability of non-therapeutic cosmetic medicine". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95336212340091841987.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士南台科技大學
財經法律研究所
100
In addition to physical and mental health in addition, everyone wants to own a beautiful. With the improved standard of medical knowledge, medical practice is no longer just treating disease, but to use medical technology to achieve the aesthetic results. For the general impression of the past remain in the plastic repair disability repair or burns, but with beauty trends and medical equipment and technology, will slowly push the human aesthetic plastic surgery for the subject. In this paper, is the latest medical beauty, for example, to cut the angle of medical cosmetic medical practices, attempts to distinguish between non-therapeutic medical cosmetic and general health behavior differences. In this paper, cosmetic medicine as a starting point, as the entire thesis of the study. On the order of the first chapter. The second chapter will be cosmetic and medical care as a simple act of narrative, and then define for medical practices, and by the parties as to the purpose of the treatment of division can be divided into non-therapeutic purposes and the nature of the treatment for the purpose. After the segment is discussed in the medical cosmetic, physicians described the necessity of the obligation, and recorded in the surgery after informed consent form before the records. The third chapter is to explore the beauty of non-therapeutic medical civil liability, this will add the beauty of the substantive law on the medical case base and consolidate its claim as the related discussion. The fourth chapter is to explore whether there are medical cosmetic applicable Consumer Protection Law, the first medical practices as whether the Consumer Protection Law of the applicability of, and then acts as an extension of export in accordance with medical cosmetic medicine with or without the applicable Consumer Protection Law. Chapter V is conclusion.
49
Liu, Zhe-Ming, i 劉哲名. "The Class Action of Civil Procedure Law: Focusing on the Civil Procedure Law §§44-2, 44-3". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25060733864746123493.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士銘傳大學
法律學系碩士班
98
Most people on a civil dispute involving events may occur in the consumer, securities trading events or of labor. So, there should be proper and applicable procedures regulations in civil procedural law. The Code of Civil Procedure 44-2 and 44-3 are provided for such events. But only in accordance with the provisions of Civil Procedure Act for the special events of civil disputes was not sufficient. Subjecting to specific provisions of particular law could make individual events in the civil proceedings on the trial. In U.S. law, German law and the laws of Japan, the proceedings have provisions to prevent the proceedings disorders, and to protect the rights of many parties for involving the majority of civil disputes. Such incidents in Taiwan, the existing provisions of procedural law has yet to be added and amended. This article proposed an amendment to the Civil Procedure Law and the supplementary proposal.
50
Paiva, Bruno Teixeira de. "Aproximação entre common law e civil law para a cooperação penal internacional". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/80666.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Tese de doutoramento em Direito, na especialidade de Ciências Jurídico-Criminais, apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de CoimbraO objetivo desta tese é, inicialmente, demonstrar que, apesar da diversidade de tratados bilaterais e multilaterais assinados nas últimas décadas, o cenário atual de desenvolvimento de uma persecução penal internacional segura e eficiente encontra-se distante do ideal, afetando tanto o interesse da aplicação eficaz da norma como os direitos fundamentais do arguido. A partir dessa verificação, busca-se sugerir que os Estados devem ambientar-se a uma nova postura de política cooperativa e integracionista, habilitando suas estruturas jurídicas internas e, cada vez mais, acionando e aprimorando seus ordenamentos jurídicos ante o processo de harmonização e de cooperação jurídica internacional. Voltar-se à proeminência das jurisdições estatais internas, estando estas entrelaçadas por amarras materiais e procedimentais de cooperação penal internacional, constitui medida que, sem macular a necessária previsão normativa da legalidade e do poder soberano dos Estados, permitirá a preservação de bens jurídicos de contornos nacionais e internacionais. Busca-se, assim, atingir um modelo de sistema jurídico internacional solidário e cooperativo que envolva, de forma harmônica, recíproca e interdependente, todos os outros ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais, além das ordens jurídicas supranacionais e internacionais existentes, aptas a promover uma adequada dinâmica de cooperação penal internacional entre todos os envolvidos, sem o rompimento dos compromissos de proteção e de promoção dos direitos humanos individuais, agindo, portanto, com critérios de razoabilidade, mas também de eficácia. Entretanto, diante da ampla diversidade de sistemas jurídicos - especialmente os separados por tradições jurídicas diferentes -, intensificada pela especificidade de características de cada um e, em cada sistema, pela multiplicidade de soluções jurídico-penais, a comunhão de interesses jurídicos torna-se uma realidade difícil de ser concretizada. Nesse sentido, criar um alicerce normativo comum entre ordenamentos de distintas famílias do direito (aqui, especialmente, das tradições da Common Law e da Civil Law) constitui trincheira de transposição ainda mais custosa, eis que a contingência de antagonismo e incompatibilidade possui lastro ainda mais extenso. Em que pese uma gradativa aproximação entre os dois sistemas, nas últimas décadas, restam ainda evidenciados variados distanciamentos entre os mesmos, de modo que se tenta buscar o estreitamento de seus institutos primordiais (precedentes, de um lado, e base normativa mínima, de outro), como forma de incentivar a dinâmica de harmonização e de obter um melhoramento do sistema jurídico de cooperação penal internacional. Na direção de ideias que são postas na presente tese, mesmo sabendo quão longe se está de uma completa uniformidade nas manifestações judiciais, deve-se ter como firme e incorruta a aspiração de se atingir uma justiça penal baseada em uma igualdade de consideração das situações concretas, com os limites que lhe forem impostos pelos precedentes judiciais, desaguando, a partir daí, como proposta última e primordial, na necessidade de constituição de elementos normativos mínimos de determinados injustos penais internacionais e de criação de um instrumento uniforme de cooperação penal internacional entre os diversos países. Nesse aspecto, tentar-se-á demonstrar que cada país e cada tratado sugerem medidas com listas específicas de requisitos, sendo, portanto, inúmeras as variantes, o que acaba, em algum momento, por romper o encadeamento da medida cooperativa solicitada no exterior, prejudicando, assim, a relação de cooperação, bem como - na mesma ou até em maior medida – malferindo a própria segurança jurídica do encaminhamento da persecução penal empreendida através do pleito cooperativo e, pois, a própria situação jurídico-processual do visado. O grande desafio para a cooperação jurídica internacional é a criação de um instituto uniforme que possibilite respeitar o devido processo legal e também as peculiaridades de cada ordenamento, ensejando ao mesmo tempo o aprimoramento da cooperação e o respeito aos direitos do indivíduo. Já que o intuito de desenvolver a cooperação entre os Estados e proteger judicialmente os direitos individuais envolvidos depende de um maior grau de linearidade no procedimento cooperativo, controle judicial e de uma maior desburocratização e aproximação das legislações, será proposta a criação, no âmbito de cada ordenamento jurídico, do instituto da Colaboração Recíproca Direta através de jurisdição exclusiva da autoridade judicial de primeiro grau, dispensando a delibação de quaisquer outros órgãos do Poder Judiciário e a ingerência de qualquer outro órgão diplomático ou de outro poder constitucional.
Initially, the purpose of this thesis is to demonst rate that, despite the diversity of bilateral and m ultilateral treaties signed in recent decades, the current scen ario of developing a safe and efficient internation al criminal prosecution is far from ideal, both affect ing the interest of an effective application standa rd as well as the fundamental rights of the defendant. Ba sed on this verification, this thesis suggests that States should acclimatize to a new position in a cooperati ve and integrationist policy, enabling its internal legal structures, and increasingly, activating and improv ing its legal systems before the harmonization proc ess and international legal cooperation. Back to the pr ominence of the internal state jurisdictions, and b eing interlaced by material restrains and international criminal cooperation procedures, which constitutes a measure without tarnishing the necessary legislativ e provisions of law and the sovereign power of Stat es, will allow the preservation of legal assets of Nati onal and international boundaries. Thus, it aims to achieve a model of solidarity and cooperative inter national legal system which involves an harmonic, reciprocal and interdependent manner, all the other national legal systems, in addition to existing supranational and international legal systems, and able to promote a adequate dynamic of international criminal cooperation between all involved, without the disruption of protection commitments and promotion of individual human rights, acting theref ore with criteria of reasonableness, but also effic iency. However, given the wide diversity of legal systems - especially those separated by different legal traditions - intensified by the specific characteri stics of each and every system, the multiplicity of legal- criminal solutions, the communion of legal interest s becomes a reality difficult to bring about. In th is sense, to create a common legal foundation between systems of different law families (here especially the traditions of Common Law and Civil Law) is implemen ting a trench even more costly, once the contingency antagonism and inconsistency has ballas t further extensive. Despite a gradual rapprochemen t between the two systems in recent decades, there ar e still evidenced varying distances between them, s o that it try to get closer to its primary institutes (preceding of one side, and minimal normative basi s, of other) as a way to encourage harmonization of dynam ics and get an improvement of the legal system of international criminal cooperation. Toward the idea s that are exposed in this thesis, even knowing how far it is a complete uniformity in legal demonstrations , it should be a firm and incorruptible aspiration to achieve a criminal justice based on equal considera tion of real situations with the limits which are imposed by judicial precedents, emptying, from ther e, as the last and primary proposal, the need for establishment of minimum regulatory elements of cer tain international criminal unjust and creating a single instrument of international criminal coopera tion between several countries. In this respect, ea ch country will attempt to demonstrate and each treaty will suggest measures with specific lists of requirements, and therefore numerous variants, whic h ends at some point, to break the chain of cooperative measure sought abroad, thus undermining the relationship of cooperation, as well as – in t he same or even greater extent - seriously wounded its own legal security of the routing of the criminal prosecution undertaken by the cooperative elections and therefore its own legal and procedural status of the individual. The major challenge for the interna tional legal cooperation is the creation of a sole institute which allows comply the due process and a lso the peculiarities of each system, giving rise a t the same time the improvement of cooperation and respec t for individual rights. Whereas the aim of developing an cooperation between States and legall y protect the individual rights involved depends on a high degree of linearity in the cooperative procedu re, judicial control and further reducing bureaucra cy and approximation of the legislations, the proposed creation will enforce within each law of the insti tute an Direct Reciprocal Collaboration through exclusive jurisdiction from the legal auth ority of first degree, dismissing the resolution of any other agencies of the Judiciary and the interference of any other diplomatic department or other constitutional power