Rozprawy doktorskie: „Citizen's initiative”

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Fernandez, Andujar Miguel. "La participation du peuple à l'élaboration des normes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU2161.

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Sous le souvenir invétéré d'une démocratie passée, purement directe, dans laquelle le peuple décidait lui-même de toutes les questions relatives à la sphère publique, la participation populaire continue d'être une source de débats et d'études animés. Ce travail aborde cette participation populaire d'un point de vue purement juridique, en l'examinant selon les étapes d'une procédure visant à l'élaboration d'une norme. Ce faisant, il apporte une réponse à un problème jusqu'ici non résolu : déterminer si le peuple et le Parlement peuvent coexister en tant que législateurs au sein d'un même ordre juridique sans altérer radicalement la structure et le fonctionnement de l'État de droit. Afin de répondre à ce problème, la thèse est structurée en deux parties.La première partie analyse les institutions qui permettent au peuple de participer à chacune des phases d'une procédure normative. Bien que cette participation soit possible tant dans l'initiative que dans la délibération, ce n'est que dans la phase de décision par référendum que le peuple dans son ensemble agit directement, sans être médiatisé par d'autres acteurs. Dans toutes les autres phases, le peuple est toujours représenté, mais par une minorité ad-hoc émanée de son sein. C'est pourquoi on ne peut pas parler aujourd'hui d'un modèle de démocratie directe, mais tout au plus de modèles de démocratie semi-directe. Néanmoins, la recherche a permis de constater que l'exercice de la fonction législative par le peuple est juridiquement possible, même si sa capacité de créer ou d'abolir les normes loi se trouve limitée, contrairement au Parlement. La deuxième partie examine la réponse que cette participation suscite de la part des autres organes de l'État. Cette réponse s'effectue, premièrement, à travers le contrôle juridique de la participation populaire et, deuxièmement, par la modification parlementaire d'une norme précédemment adoptée par référendum. Le premier volet permet de vérifier que la participation populaire peut effectivement être soumise à un contrôle juridique, même lorsqu'elle a pour objet l'adoption d'une norme par référendum, écartant ainsi une vision sacralisée de la volonté populaire. Le second aspect prouve que le parallélisme des formes ne peut être juridiquement compris comme une identité des formes. Ainsi, le peuple et le parlement peuvent coexister en tant que co-législateurs au sein d'un même ordre juridique, bien que le premier jouisse d'un caractère exceptionnel et limité, tandis que le second conserve sa vocation de permanence
Under the inveterate memory of a past democracy, purely direct, in which the people decided for themselves all matters relating to the public sphere, popular participation continues to be a source of lively debate and study. This thesis approaches such popular participation from a purely legal perspective, examining it according to the stages of a procedure aimed at the elaboration of a norm. In doing so, it provides an answer to a hitherto unresolved problem: to determine whether the people and Parliament could coexist as legislators within the same legal order without radically altering the structure and functioning of the rule of law. To address this question, the thesis is structured in two parts.First part analyses the institutions that allow the people to participate in each of the phases of a legislative procedure. Although such participation is possible both the initiative and deliberation phases, it is only in the decision-making phase through the referendum that the people as a whole act directly, without being mediated by other actors. In all other phases, the people are always represented, albeit by an ad-hoc minority emanating from them. For this reason, it is not possible today to speak of a direct democratic model, but, at most, of semi-direct democratic models. Nevertheless, the exercise of the legislative function by the people is legally feasible, even though their ability to create or abolish rules is more limited than in the case of Parliament.Part Second examines the response that such popular participation elicits from the rest of the state organs. This response takes place, first, through the legal control of popular participation. Secondly, through the system of parliamentary modification of a rule previously adopted by referendum. The first aspect makes it possible to verify that popular participation can indeed be subject to legal control even when its object is the adoption of a rule by referendum, thus discarding a sacralised vision of the popular will. The second aspect proves that the parallelism of forms cannot be legally understood as an identity of forms. What is more, the people and parliament can coexist as co-legislators within the same legal system, although the former enjoys an exceptional character, while the latter retains its vocation of permanence

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Dorji, Sithar. "E-government initiatives in Bhutan: Government to Citizen(G2C) service delivery initiative - A case study". Thesis, Dorji, Sithar (2012) E-government initiatives in Bhutan: Government to Citizen(G2C) service delivery initiative - A case study. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/11508/.

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Since the second half of 20th century the world has witnessed unprecedented waves of public sector reforms that are global in nature and scope (Miller 2005); this is commonly referred to as New Public Management (NPM) (Hood 1991; Tolofari 2005; Atreya 2002). The advent, adoption and spread of public sector reforms in both developed and developing nations was mainly driven by the quest for overcoming the problems of the traditional bureaucratic model of public administration, which is often perceived as too big, expensive and inefficient in delivering public services (UNECA 2003; Tolofari 2005; Larbi 1999; Bonina and Cordella 2008). In other words, the main objective of New Public Management (NPM) was to create more efficient, effective, transparent, accountable and responsive public sector in delivering public services (Atreya 2002; de Araújo 2000). Hence, countries around the world have initiated various innovations and initiatives in an effort to revitalize their public administration and one such initiative is the use of Information Communications Technologies (ICT) in public sector as a tool to deliver services in more efficient and effective way (UN 2008). The implementation of e-government initiatives has taken high priority on the policy agenda of most governments in developed as well as in developing nations around the world as a way towards improving the effectiveness and efficiency in public service delivery (Haldenwang 2004). Although, the use of ICT in the field of public administration promises significant potential benefits in enhancing public service delivery, numerous studies have surprisingly revealed that developing countries have experienced higher rate of failure than developed countries in implementing e-government initiatives (Dada 2006; Syamsuddin 2011). The failure according to Heeks (2002, p-1) is mainly because most, if not all, of the e-government initiatives in developing countries are predominantly based on an “imported 2 concept and imported designs” that has its origin in developed countries with a difference in context and realities from developing countries (Heeks 2002). Yet, the increasing trend in adoption of e-government in all UN member states (UN 2012) indicates that the incidence of higher rate of failures has not stopped developing countries from adopting the e-government initiatives as part of their concerted efforts towards implementing public administration reform. Like any other developing country, Bhutan too has joined the global trend in adopting egovernment initiatives in its effort to improve the public service delivery. Under the ‘Accelerating Bhutan’s Socio-Economic Development’ (ABSD) initiatives, in 2010, Bhutan embarked on an ambitious plan of providing 110 (out of 200 identified) Government-to- Citizen (G2C) services online through the one-window facility in the Community Centers by end of 2011 (Saraswati 2010; Wangchuk 2010). Among others, the main objective of G2C initiative is to improve citizens’ accessibility to services and reduce service delivery time by automating service delivery process through use of ICT and making services available online (G2C-RGoB 2010). However, given global experience of higher failure rate of e-government initiatives, the question is, whether G2C e-government initiatives in Bhutan would realize its objective and contribute to improved public service delivery, especially in the rural areas? This paper argues that despite the strong government commitment and effort in implementing e-government services, G2C e-government initiative is an over ambitious project in terms of what it can deliver, and there are many issues at the implementation level that need to be addressed for realization of its objective. As the success or failure of egovernment adoption is influenced by various factors, this paper tries to justify the above argument through analysis of G2C e-government initiative in Bhutan in the context of four 3 key factors - policy and regulatory environment; telecommunication and ICT infrastructures; application and content; and users ability to use ICT facilities. This paper is presented in four sections. The first section provides discussions on egovernment, its concept, benefits and barriers that hider its effective implementation and realization of its objectives. The second section reviews literature on policy transfer for a better understanding of why e-government initiatives, as imported idea and concept, may fail to realize its objectives in developing countries. Also, to establish the understanding of why countries around the world look abroad for policy solution to domestic problem. The third section focuses on the analysis of e-government initiatives in Bhutan - a case of G2C initiative. Finally, the last section provides summary by way of conclusion and some recommendations for the future.

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Keown, Laura Beth 1987. "Making Policy Deliberative: The Case of Citizens' Initiative Review in Oregon". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10665.

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ix, 123 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Literature on deliberation has made claims that deliberation in policy making will result in increased legitimacy of collective decisions, more attention to public interests, respect among disagreeing parties, and fewer policy mistakes through complete understanding of issues. Past empirical research on deliberative projects has focused on assessing whether these outcomes of deliberation occur in reality. This research seeks to answer the question of why deliberative policy is adopted in the first place, or what leads political elites to endorse deliberation in public policy. The empirical case study explores the passage of a Citizens' Initiative Review pilot by the Oregon legislature in 2009. Using personal interviews from primary actors, I have discovered four dominant explanations for the adoption of this deliberative policy: timing, effective advocacy, exceptionalism, and low-impact legislative strategy. These conclusions help to predict the future fortunes of the Citizens' Initiative Review policy in Oregon and elsewhere.
Committee in charge: Dr. Daniel J. Tichenor, Chair; Dr. Craig Parsons; Dr. Priscilla Lewis Southwell

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Piazza, Martina <1993&gt. "European Citizens’ Initiative: origins, evolution and the future of participatory democracy". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12743.

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The work stems from a research on citizens’ involvement into the activities of the European Union, as a solution to the widespread sense of disaffection, lack of trust towards the institutions, increasing rate of democratic deficit and low level of EU legitimacy. With this regard, the work focuses on the European citizens’ initiative, which was firstly introduced in 2009 with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty as one of the main novelties in reforming the role of the institutions and the decision-making process, namely considered as the first supranational instrument of participatory democracy. Through this tool, citizens may invite the European Commission to submit any proposal, which falls within the scope of its powers, on matters where the intervention of the Union is most needed. Firstly, the research develops from presenting the legislative framework of the ECI by tracing its legal basis into the Treaties and assessing the historical development of the principle of participatory democracy. Secondly, an overview on the functioning of the European Citizens’ Initiative is given by reporting the procedures and conditions for the submission of a citizens’ initiative set out in Regulation (EU) no 211/2011. Thirdly, the work focuses on the assessment of the first five years of experiences of ECI by juxtaposing the main constrains which have been faced with the opportunities and options of increasing its potential as presented by the recently published European Commission Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European citizens' Initiative. Finally, throughout the whole work, reference is made to the characteristics and possibilities of the ECI to better represent the future of participatory democracy.

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Hatton, Lucy. "Democratic legitimacy and the European Citizens' Initiative : a recipe for disappointment and disaffection?" Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/86232/.

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The European Union has long been argued to suffer from a deficit of democratic legitimacy. One recent innovation introduced with the intention of addressing this deficit is the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI), a means by which 1 million EU citizens can ask the European Commission to propose new legislation. In 2015, three years following its introduction, opinions on the performance of the ECI amongst EU politicians, journalists and campaigners are tinged with disappointment and disaffection. This thesis asks to what extent the sceptics are warranted in their frustrations towards the ECI or whether it is able to live up to the high expectations of the EU institutions at the time of its introduction. By drawing analytic criteria directly from the theory of democratic legitimacy and applying them in a systemic manner, I address how the ECI can, in principle, and has thus far, in practice, affected the EU in terms of inclusion in policy making, impacts on policy outcomes, and the pursuit of normatively justifiable and salient issues. Using case studies of the first four ECI campaigns registered by the Commission, I argue that the ECI has the potential to contribute to the inclusion of EU policy making through the activation and formation of multiple, issue-specific demoi in the EU, which can form the basis of democratic legitimacy. I also find the ECI capable of producing tangible impacts on EU, national and local policy, though mostly in ways unintended by the Regulation underpinning the instrument. Effects on inclusion and impacts are, furthermore, affected by the salience of the issues the ECI is used to pursue, and the normative justifiability of the issue in terms of how it upholds the political equality of the people can directly enhance the EU’s democratic legitimacy. Given these findings, it is concluded that the ECI, despite the current disappointment of many commentators, has scope for unanticipated positive, though limited, impact on the EU’s democratic legitimacy.

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Wubbold, Ari Joaquin. "Evaluating the Impact of Oregon's Citizen Initiative Review (CIR) on Voter Decisions". Thesis, Portland State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10687045.

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Voters are getting information from more and more sources. Along with this proliferation of sources has come an increasing distrust of traditional mass media. This has created a challenge for voters who seek reliable information when making decisions in the voting booth; including on ballot initiatives. Because voters tend to find ballot initiatives confusing and not easily informed by traditional party cues, the Citizen’s Initiative Review (CIR) and the non-partisan, fact-based recommendations they produce have now spread into multiple states. My thesis seeks to gauge whether the CIR is effective at achieving the goals of increasing voter knowledge and encouraging thoughtful voting decisions; two challenges posed by ballot initiatives. I evaluate the available literature on how voters make decisions in general and about ballot initiatives specifically and then review data from five studies conducted in states with a CIR to determine whether the CIR has met these goals. Where other reports have evaluated findings from individual studies or states, my report takes a comprehensive view of the available data and compares it to what traditional political science literature has to say about voter behavior related to ballot initiatives. On balance, I find that voters see the CIR as providing useful and informative recommendations that have legitimate positive impacts on how they deliberate and vote on ballot initiatives.

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Starskaya, Margarita, i Özgüc Çagdas. "Analysis of the Online Collection Software provided by the European Commission for the European Citizens' Initiative". Department für Informationsverarbeitung und Prozessmanagement, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3643/1/Binder1_(2).pdf.

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Schum, Richard M. "A study in direct democracy the citizen initiative & the determinants of voter behavior /". Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3409.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 187. Thesis director: Edgar H. Sibley. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 16, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-186). Also issued in print.

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Flores, Lopez Jesus Arturo. "The politics of participatory democratic initiatives in Mexico : a comparative study of three localities". Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10818/.

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Sandoval, Quezada Natalia Belén. "Citizens resisting Smart Cities’ initiatives : The case of Concepción (Chile) and the R+D PACYT project". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43674.

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Parque Científico y Tecnológico (PACYT, Science and Technology Park) is a large-scale R+D project that seems to be framed in a Smart City plan for Concepción, Chile, which the media has presented as “the Chilean Silicon Valley” (Araus, 2015; Tele13, 2019) and promises to bring not only research and development opportunities for the city but also thousands of direct and indirect jobs (Estudio Interdiseño, 2018; la Tercera, 2015) carried out by PACYT Corporation. Nonetheless, voices have raised to question the construction of the 91 hectares initiative, and some of them have even organized in citizen groups targeting the creation of the urban complex, which actively share information contesting the PACYT through social media, and coordinate activities to protest and spread the word. This is the study case to be analyzed in the present research, which aims to explore and understand, on the one hand, the reasons that have led to the organization of citizens contesting the PACYT project, and on the other hand, the way the project has been advertised and developed in relationship to the city's inhabitants. It intends to make a novel contribution to the field of Urban Studies, both in the areas of Critical Smart Urbanism and Postcolonial Studies, which in this case collide in Latin America, part of the Global South, while opening a discussion around the topic of citizens contesting urban developments with a Smart City background, where few incursions have been made and more specifically in the Latin American context, where the Smart City seems to have a particular interpretation. With that in mind, the current research tries to dig into an under-studied territory, and in doing so, it plans to bring to the table the relevance of studying the approach and way of developing Smart Cities’ ideas in Latin American, and to put focus on what city’s inhabitants have to say about those developments and what their interests are, using the lenses of the right to the city and the understandings coming from urban social movements and conflicts. In that sense, the research outputs are to question the form in which Smart City projects are being implemented in Latin America and to find possible guidelines to incorporate the city’s inhabitants in the development of them elsewhere, with that in mind, future research can be supported by this investigation, which encourages further studies both in the described fields and territory. To do so, the current investigation explores and unwrap theories regarding the mentioned fields and focuses on analyzing the case making use of mixed methods research, by executing qualitative and quantitative methodological tools to reach relevant data that helps to answer the research inquiries. In that sense, the results show that it can be confirmed that the nature of the PACYT, i.e. its R+D purposes and origins linked to a Smart City plan to transform the city into smartness, does not play a relevant role in the development of the conflict that has emerged between the PACYT management, and the people opposed to its construction, but several aspects explain the urban social conflict and that will be explored in the present work.

Acknowledgment.

First of all, I would like to thank all the interviewees that decided to share their thoughts in the present study, as well as to all the people that participated in the survey; without your contribution, it would have not been possible for me to reach my research goals and to count on with the rich material I have. On the other hand, I want to thank people from academia, such as my peers, who have given me advice and stamina, to my tutor, who has contributed with his wisdom, and to my mentor at university, who has kept me on track and provided me with valuable insights. I am grateful to these people for helping me with my willpower and effectiveness. Finally, I need to thank those surrounding me, like my family for supporting me from the distance, my partner for being here to contain and take care of me, and my dog for always being around me and spreading his love and joy.

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Maher, Sean Kevin. "Asking the right questions, facilitating citizen and stakeholder participation in ecosystem management initiatives". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0012/MQ26769.pdf.

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Jait, Adam. "Government e-services delivery requires citizens awareness : the case of Brunei Darussalam". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9447.

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This study examines citizens awareness and usage of government e-services. Governments use Web-based Internet applications to enhance their citizens access to government services. However, in a case study in Brunei Darussalam, it was found that the government s initiative in providing e-services in last few years has not been as successful as it could have been as the services have not been citizen-centric. This was due to the availability of e-services being unknown amongst the citizens and that a silo-based approach existed for each government ministry. One notable finding was that although the ICT literacy of Brunei citizens has rapidly improved, this has not been reflected in the citizens interaction with government. There are several challenges for citizens awareness and use of government e-services that occur on e-government initiatives. Failure in managing such problems, results in a high probability of these services becoming a white elephant , with inefficiency, wastefulness and cost overruns on e-government projects. E-government management agencies still do not have an organized citizens awareness strategy approach to managing knowledge in e-government initiatives. The proposed Government e Services Citizens Awareness Strategy (GeS-CAS) framework, incorporating communication, management and education strategies, can effectively be used to enable e-government agencies to deal with e-government projects problems and risks in an organised and efficient way. It is concluded that e-government initiatives management can be improved if the knowledge dimensions of the problems are well understood and are conveyed to the right people, at the right time and the right place, and are appropriately managed. This research has developed an integrated citizens awareness strategy Knowledge Management framework that provides a structured approach to achieving this which is easy to understand and put in to practice by e-government agencies, and can be used to solve citizen awareness problems, explore opportunities and make decisions.

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Louwers, Petrus Rudolfus Cornelis. "A comparison of two citizen initiatives in contrastingflood risk management systems,the Netherlands and Wales". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10507.

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This master thesis analyses two citizen initiatives; the flood action plan of LLanddowror, Wales and the mount plan of the Overdiepse Polder, the Netherlands. It uses the collaboration theory, the ladder of citizen participation, cross-scale interaction and community resilience to explain the role of citizens in flood risk management. The aim of this research is to see how governments facilitate citizens and if culture and context influence the roles of governments and citizens. The Welsh system is bottom-up with an increasing role for market and civil society to take responsibilities. Citizens generally insure themselves against flood damage. The Welsh system has enhanced community engagement and creating awareness is important. Dealing with big strategic issues seems to be difficult. The Dutch flood governance is more top-down which means less room for citizen initiatives. Citizens are not insured for flood damage since the government profiles itself responsible for floods therefore awareness amongst citizens is low. The Dutch system has benefits when dealing with large scaled projects but has issues with creating awareness as well as engaging citizens in water development. Assumingly there are opportunities for both countries to learn from each others’ way of dealing with flood risk management and citizen engagement.

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Böttiger, B. W., A. Lockey, R. Aickin, M. Castren, Caen A. de, R. Escalante, K. B. Kern i in. "“All citizens of the world can save a life” — The World Restart a Heart (WRAH) initiative starts in 2018". Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624722.

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“All citizens of the world can save a life”. With these words, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) is launching the first global initiative – World Restart a Heart (WRAH) – to increase public awareness and therefore the rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for victims of cardiac arrest. In most of the cases, it takes too long for the emergency services to arrive on scene after the victim's collapse. Thus, the most effective way to increase survival and favourable outcome in cardiac arrest by two- to fourfold is early CPR by lay bystanders and by “first responders”. Lay bystander resuscitation rates, however, differ significantly across the world, ranging from 5 to 80%. If all countries could have high lay bystander resuscitation rates, this would help to save hundreds of thousands of lives every year. In order to achieve this goal, all seven ILCOR councils have agreed to participate in WRAH 2018. Besides schoolchildren education in CPR (“KIDS SAVE LIVES”), many other initiatives have already been developed in different parts of the world. ILCOR is keen for the WRAH initiative to be as inclusive as possible, and that it should happen every year on 16 October or as close to that day as possible. Besides recommending CPR training for children and adults, it is hoped that a unified global message will enable our policy makers to take action to address the inequalities in patient survival around the world.
Revisión por pares

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Milita, Kerri. "Taking the Initiative: Exploring the Influence of Citizen Legislating on Good Goverance in the American States". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2222.

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The citizen legislator is both a controversial and recurring phenomenon of interest in political science research. A longstanding concern for the discipline has been whether or not involvement of the public in the lawmaking process is an asset or a liability to quality governance. This study explores the desirability of citizen legislating in the American states. A four dimensional index is created that includes empirical indicators of "substantive" and "procedural" governance. These indicators include voter turnout, fiscal health, the ideological distance between government and the citizenry, and the diversity of a state's interest group system. The total number of initiatives and popular referendums that appear biennially within each of the fifty states is employed as the key explanatory variable to capture the degree of citizen legislating that is occurring in the states between 1980 and 2000. A random-effects generalized least squares regression reveals that higher ballot measure counts are statistically and substantively associated with better quality governance, indicating that citizen legislation is a quality input into the political system. Key control variables such as divided government, interparty competition, citizen ideological extremism, state legislative term limits, and legislative professionalism also tell particularly poignant stories about the road to good governance.
M.A.
Department of Political Science
Sciences
Political Science MA

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Bantawa, Bipana. "Examining the structures and practices for knowledge production within Galaxy Zoo : an online citizen science initiative". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:574067c5-d6c2-4440-bdcb-746c5be97298.

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This study examines the ways in which public participation in the production of scientific knowledge, influences the practices and expertise of the scientists in Galaxy Zoo, an online Big Data citizen science initiative. The need for citizen science in the field of Astronomy arose in response to the challenges of rapid advances in data gathering technologies, which demanded pattern recognition capabilities that were too advanced for existing computer algorithms. To address these challenges, Galaxy Zoo scientists recruited volunteers through their online website, a strategy which proved to be remarkably reliable and efficient. In doing so, they opened up the boundaries of scientific processes to the public. This shift has led to important outcomes in terms of the scientific discovery of new Astronomical objects; the creation and refining of scientific practices; and the development of new forms of expertise among key actors while they continue to pursue their scientific goals. This thesis attempts to answer the over-arching research question: How is citizen science shaping the practices and expertise of Galaxy Zoo scientists? The emergence of new practices and development of the expertise in the domain of managing citizen science projects were observed through following the work of the Galaxy Zoo scientists and in particular the Principal Investigator and the project's Technical Lead, from February 2010 to April 2013. A broadly ethnographic approach was taken, which allowed the study to be sensitive to the uncertainty and unprecedented events that characterised the development of Galaxy Zoo as a pioneering project in the field of data-intensive citizen science. Unstructured interviewing was the major source of data on the work of the PI and TL; while the communication between these participants, the broader Science Team and their inter-institutional collaborators was captured through analyses of the team emailing list, their official blog and their social media posts. The process of data analysis was informed by an initial conceptualisation of Galaxy Zoo as a knowledge production system and the concept of knowledge object (Knorr-Cetina,1999), as an unfolding epistemic entity, became a primary analytical tool. Since the direction and future of Galaxy Zoo involved addressing new challenges, the study demanded periodic recursive analysis of the conceptual framework and the knowledge objects of both Galaxy Zoo and the present examination of its development. The key findings were as follows. The involvement of public volunteers shaped the practices of the Science Team, while they pursued robust scientific outcomes. Changes included: negotiating collaborations; designing the classification tasks for the volunteers; re-examining data reduction methods and data release policies; disseminating results; creating new epistemic communities; and science communication. In addition, new kinds of expertise involved in running Galaxy Zoo were identified. The relational and adaptive aspects of expertise were seen as important. It was therefore proposed that the development of the expertise in running citizen science projects should be recognised as a domain-expertise in its own right. In Galaxy Zoo, the development of the expertise could be attributed to a combined understanding of: the design principles of doing good science; innovation in methods; and creating a dialogic space for scientists and volunteers. The empirical and theoretical implications of this study therefore lie in (i) identifying emergent practices in citizen science while prioritising scientific knowledge production and (ii) a re-examination of expertise for science in the emerging context of data-intensive science.

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Stroo, Hans Daniel. "Explaining Ballot Initiative Contest Outcomes in California, Oregon, and Washington". Thesis, Portland State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1553932.

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What explains the outcomes of ballot initiative contests? What factors determine the passage or rejection of an initiative? This paper describes and evaluates three approaches to explaining ballot initiative contest outcomes. The first approach involves using the expenditures of Yes and No campaigns as the causal factor in explaining why passage or defeat is the respective outcome of a given contest. The second explanatory approach emphasizes the logic of collective action problems. The third approach incorporates the larger constellation of policymaking institutions in which each ballot initiative process exists. Specifically, in what ways is the process shaped by the larger system of partisan attachments that structures electoral politics?

This paper contains a set of three analyses which speak to each of the three respective explanatory approaches to explaining initiative contest outcomes. The results provide evidence of the importance of a contest's early competitive dynamic in determining the amount of resources made available for a campaign to spend. Left unaccounted for, this strategic financing of initiatives distorts estimates of the effectiveness of spending.

The second analysis, inspired by insights into collective action problems, finds the initiative arena to be a policymaking site where there is a competitive advantage for broadly diffused interests, especially when they challenge other broad interests. Moreover, broad-based Yes groups achieved relatively high passage rates with relatively low levels of campaigns expenditures.

Finally, the third analysis provides evidence of a consistently high level of correlation between Yes voting and alignment with a particular party. The lowest levels of correlation were still fairly high from a measured social science perspective. In many instances, county-level party attachment mapped almost seamlessly over initiative decision making. This suggests that ballot initiatives politics do not operate outside party politics, as has been suggested in the past.

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Square-Smith, DeNita R. "Police and Citizens' Perceptions of Community Policing in Richmond, Virginia". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4023.

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Community policing is an initiative that requires public cooperation and participation to be successful. Little is known, however, about police and citizens' perceptions of community policing and its impact on Richmond, Virginia neighborhoods. Using policy feedback theory as a lens, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and gain a better understanding of RPD's and Richmond citizens' perceptions of community-oriented policing strategies in Richmond neighborhoods. Research questions focused on how officers and citizens perceive the impact of community policing strategies and the specific strategies they viewed as most successful in building public trust. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of 7 police officers and 4 residents who participated in unstructured telephone interviews. Data were inductively coded and subjected to thematic analysis. Key findings revealed that both police and citizen participants believe community policing strategies have increased visibility of police and improved community trust and public support associated with crime, safety, transparency, and accountability between officers and citizens. Findings further revealed that participants believe that community policing has achieved the goal of removing barriers to community collaboration with law enforcement. Finally, officers in this study proposed the development of an additional unit focusing on government-funded housing areas in the City of Richmond with high crime rates. The results of this study contribute to positive social change by offering practical strategies and policy suggestions for stakeholders in Richmond who want to foster collaborative relationships between police officers and community members.

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Mouton, Lorette. "A communication framework for public participation in municipal development initiatives". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49809.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a reality that public participation processes in local government do not yield the outcomes that reveal a fully optimised process. Communication is the lifeblood of any development initiative (Swanepoel & De Beer, 1996:1) and is one way of breaking the isolation of people. By having the ability to communicate (i.e. to reach and to be reached) people can truly have a say in matters shaping their current and future reality. The objectives of this thesis were to explore the communication short falls hindering effective participation in local government, and also to provide a practical implementation framework aimed at guiding municipalities in communication with the view to enhance public participation. This was accomplished by way of a literature study and an analysis of the West Coast District (WCD) Communication and Participation Project (2003). In Chapter 1 the thesis topic was introduced and the background to the thesis, the research problem, the design and methodology, as well as the outline of the chapters was explained. In Chapter 2 the key concepts of this thesis were discussed and included sustainable. development, public participation and communication. This selection of concepts is justified by the argument that communication supports public participation, which will in turn promote sustainable development. A description of the WCD Project (2003) findings was provided in Chapter 3, which was followed by an analyses and interpretation of the WCD Project findings in Chapter 4. During the analyses a number of observations were made. Firstly, there is a distinct relationship between communication, public participation and sustainable development. Communication facilitates information sharing which supports informed decision-making during public participation. The latter in turn is vital in establishing sustainable development. Secondly, there should be distinguished between community communication and corporate communication. Dealing with the local community requires a unique approach to communication, which varies from the communication approach followed by the internal administration of the municipality. Thirdly, local communities should be consulted to identify and communicate their unique communication needs, issues and perspectives as they have unique knowledge of their own local challenges. These inputs from the community cause for powerful communication content and messages key to successful participation and to sustainable development. Fourthly, that the perceptions as expressed by community members, embody their unique and specific communication needs. By converting and translating community perceptions into community needs. positive motivation for public participation could be created. Based on the findings of the analyses and interpretation of the WCD Project findings, a communication framework aimed at enhancing participation was developed in Chapter 5. The framework focussed on guiding the implementation of communication and participation when embarking on development initiatives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is 'n realiteit dat openbare deelname prosesse in plaaslike regering nie die uitkomste wat sprekend is van 'n optimale. proses lewer nie. Kommunikasie is die lewensaar van enige ontwikkelingsinisiatief (Swanepoel & De Beer, 1996:1) en word beskou as een manier om die isolasie van mense verbreek. Deur die vermoë te hê om te kan kommunikeer (om uit te reik en bereik te kan word), kan mense werklik seggenskap hê in aangeleenthede wat hul huidige en toekomstige realiteit beïnvloed. Die doelwitte van hierdie tesis was om die kommunikasie tekortkominge wat effektiewe deelname in plaaslike regering verhinder te ondersoek en ook om 'n praktiese implementeringsraamwerk wat daarop gemik is om munisipalitieite te lei rakende kommunikasie, met die oog daarop om openbare deelname te bevorder. Dit is bereik deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie en 'n analise van die Weskus Distrik (WD) Kommunikasie en Deelname Projek (2003). In Hoofstuk 1 was die tesis onderwerp bekend gestel en die agtergrond van die tesis, die navorsingsprobleem, die onderwerp sowel as die raamwerk van die hoofstukke is verduidelik. In Hoofstuk 2 is die sleutel konsepte van die tesis bespreek wat volhoudbare ontwikkeling, openbare deelname en kommunikasie ingesluit het. Hierdie seleksie van konsepte word geregverdig deur die argument dat kommunikasie openbare deelname stimuleer, wat beurtelings volhoudbare ontwikkeling sal bevorder. 'n Beskrywing van die WD Projek bevindinge (2003) is in Hoofstuk 3 verskaf, en word gevolg deur 'n analise en interpretasie van die WK Projek bevindinge in Hoofstuk 4. Gedurende die analise van die WD Projek bevindinge is 'n aantal waarnemings gemaak. Eerstens, is daar 'n betekenende verhouding tussen kommunikasie, openbare deelname en volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Kommunikasie fassiliteer die meedeel van informasie wat beurtelings ingeligde besluitneming tydens openbare deelname bevorder. Laasgenoemde is krities in die vestiging van volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Tweedens, moet daar 'n onderskeid getref word tussen gemeenskap kommunikasie en korporatiewe organisasie. Om met die gemeenskap te werk vereis 'n unieke benadering tot kommunikasie, wat verskil van die kommunikasie benadering wat gevolg word tydens munisipale administrasie. Derdens, plaaslike gemeenskappe behoort meer gekonsulteer te word om hul unieke kommunikasie behoeftes te identifiseer en te kan kommunikeer, omdat hulle kennis het van hul eie unieke plaaslike uitdagings. Hierdie insette van die gemeenskap dra by tot kragtige kommunikasie inhoud en boodskappe wat 'n sleutel rol speel in suksesvolle deelname en in volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Vierdens, dat die persepsies soos beskryf deur gemeenskap lede, hul unieke en spesifieke kommunikasie behoeftes vergestalt. Deur die gemeenskap persepsies om te skakel in gemeenskap behoeftes, sal positiewe motivering rakende openbare deelname geskep' kan word. Op grond van die bevindinge rakende die analise en interpretasie van die WK Projek bevindinge, is 'n kommunikasie raamwerk wat gemik is op die verbetering van deelname ontwikkel in Hoofstuk 5. Die raamwerk is ingestel daarop om leiding te gee rakende die implementering van kommunikasie en deelname.

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Kautsky, Matilde, i Klara Kedborn. "Six Weeks in Belgrade : A Comic Book on Participatory Architecture and Citizen Initiatives in Urban Planning". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146302.

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The project “Six weeks in Belgrade” is a comic book and an exhibition of our research on citizen participation in the planning process in Belgrade, Serbia. The project discusses how participation can be used to improve the way we plan and build our cities: If, and how, participation can result in a more democratic planning, aiming at a more long-term sustainable and less market-driven urban development. It presents current planning conditions in Belgrade, and current actors and projects in Belgrade. It also introduces a speculative method for a participatory practice through fiction and the visual language of comics. The project maps both formal and informal initiatives in the field of urban planning.The research was done on the basis of interviews, books and articles. By mapping these initiatives we wanted to show their importance, hoping that people will get inspired and involved in the planning and making of the city, and also to strengthen already existing initiatives. The research is presented in the form of a comic narrative, presenting an alternative mode of communicating ideas in architecture and planning. Something which is of specific importance for the development of a participatory practice.
Projektet “Sex veckor i Belgrad” är en seriebok och en utställning baserad på vår undersökning av medborgardeltagande i stadsplaneringen i Belgrad, Serbien. Utställningen var på KTH, Arkitekturskolan 2-5 juni 2014. “Sex veckor i Belgrad” diskuterar hur deltagande i stadsplanering kan användas för att förbättra hur vi planerar våra städer: Om och hur deltagande kan leda till en mer demokratisk stadsplanering i en strävan mot en mer långsiktigt hållbar och mindre marknadsstyrd stadsutveckling. Det diskuterar dagens förutsättningar för stadsplanering i Belgrad genom att titta på stadsplaneringshistorien där. Och genom intervjuer med planerare, politiker, akademiker och framförallt aktivister kartläggs både formella och informella initiativ inom stadsbyggandet i Belgrad. Genom att kartlägga dessa initiativ vill vi stärka dem och visa på deras betydelse, och hoppas att fler blir inspirerade och involverade i planeringen och skapandet av staden. Projektet föreslår ett nytt sätt att jobba på, med deltagande i praktiken och en spekulativ metod som tar avstamp i fiktion och serieteckningens visuella språk. Resultaten av undersökningen är presenterad i form av en narrativ seriebok, och visar en alternativ metod att kommunicera idéer inom arkitektur och stadsplanering. Något som är angeläget vid en utveckling av en deltagande praktik.

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CAMPAGNARI, FRANCESCO. "Off-center. Citizen initiatives between institutionalization and innovation. Evidences from case studies in Slovakia and France". Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/283642.

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In the last decades citizen initiatives of urban action have received extensive attention by scholars for their divergence from highly formalized planning routines, their innovative logics and ways of engaging with city making and with citizens’ unformalized needs. These initiatives of reappropriation have often been regarded by urban scholars as open processes of emergent sensemaking and spaces of freedom, opposed to the institutionalized nature of public administrations. However, current urban theories on the transformative nature of citizen initiatives present an overly optimistic stance, assuming them devoid of institutionalized and oppressive dimensions. Furthermore, these conclusions are drawn from empirical research limited to the initial phases of these initiatives. Considering institutionalization incipient in every social situation continuing in time, the research aims at exploring the institutionalization of citizen initiatives, their learning and innovation processes and the effects of these phenomena on their urban actions, public services and internal democratic practices. The first level of analysis of the research explores synchronically and diachronically two citizen initiatives in France and Slovakia active for two decades. In the second level the thesis explores the engagement of these two initiatives with new problematic situations - specifically two processes of urban transformation - to observe the learning and innovation effects they generate. Adopting a perspective influenced by grounded, internalist, situated, value-critical and dialogical perspectives, the research illustrates that while these initiatives develop processes of habitualization and institutionalization, but they still present a certain level of flexibility; they institute values, routines, roles, practices, knowledges and operations of production of public services that are politically alternative, therefore creating alternative institutions. The thesis also argues that, in a cyclical loop, they can de-institutionalize or suspend part of their routines to tackle new problematic situations, allowing the inclusion of heterodox approaches in their operations. While they have difficulties in absorbing innovations in their institutional dimensions, these de-institutionalized spaces constitute innovative milieux from which other actors can learn and transfer innovations to other initiatives and contexts. Tackling these research themes, the thesis contributes to debates in planning theory and public policy, developing theoretical reflections on the relation between citizen initiatives, institutions and innovation, on the publicization of problems, on the institutionalization of direct action as a strategy to face problematic situations by citizens and on new analytical approaches to radical planning theory.

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Bozzi, Alberica Domitilla. "People for green infrastructure : Exploring participatory initiatives in Paris". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286254.

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Since the early 2000s, the city of Paris has launched several greening initiatives with the scope of, among many, strengthening its green infrastructure (henceforth, GI). With the support of the municipality, citizens actively participate in this transformation, for instance by reactivating and managing former wasteland sites, making the streets blossom, covering walls and roofs with plants and creating new micro-ecosystems. But what is their impact? Citizens engaged in selected participatory initiatives along the local GI have been questioned and interviewed to find out more about their projects. Citizens - either alone, in small groups, organised in local associations, start-ups or companies - act for different reasons and do not always know the concept of GI. Questionnaire respondents value their project first of all because it improves their living environment, but also because it facilitates reconnecting with nature and promotes biodiversity. However, their actions are not coordinated as to effectively reinforce GI. In other words, people’s projects spread everywhere and not particularly where they are most needed. Through the revision of local planning and policy documents, as well as interviews with key actors, this work also highlights contradictions between definition, strategies, maps and meanings of the GI in Paris. Some recommendations are provided to expand the ecological and public GI of today into a veritable multifunctional GI through multidisciplinary and participatory approaches.
Sedan början av 2000-talet har staden Paris startat flera grönskande initiativ med syfte attbland annat återinföra naturen i staden och stärka dess gröna infrastruktur (GI). Med kommunens stöd deltar medborgarna aktivt i denna omvandling, till exempel genom att återaktivera och gemensamt sköta tidigare ödemarker, få gatorna att blomma, täcka väggar och tak med växter och skapa nya mikroekosystem. Men vad är deras inverkan? Medborgare som deltar i utvalda deltagande initiativ längs den lokala GI har utfrågats och intervjuats för att ta reda på mer om sina projekt. Medborgare - antingen ensamma, i små grupper, organiserade i lokala föreningar, nystartade företag eller företag - agerar av olika skäl och känner inte alltid till begreppet grön infrastruktur. De som svarar på frågeformuläret värderar först sitt projekt eftersom det förbättrar deras livsmiljö, men också för att det underlättar återanslutning med naturen och främjar biologisk mångfald. Men deras handlingar samordnas inte för att effektivt stärka GI, eller delar av det. Med andra ord, människor som grönar projekt sprids överallt och inte särskilt där de behövs mest. Genom översynen av lokala planerings- och policydokument, samt intervjuer med nyckelaktörer, belyser detta arbete också motsägelser mellan GI-definition, strategier, kartor och betydelser. Vissa rekommendationer tillhandahålls för att utöka dagens ekologiska och offentliga GI till en verifierbar multifunktionell GI genom multidisciplinära och deltagande strategier.
Depuis le début des années 2000, la ville de Paris a lancé plusieurs initiatives de végétalisation pour réintroduire la nature dans la ville et renforcer ses trames vertes et bleues (TVB). Avec le soutien de la municipalité, les citoyens participent activement à cette transformation, par exemple en réactivant et en gérant d’anciennes friches, en faisant fleurir les rues, en recouvrant les murs et les toits de végétaux et en créant de nouveaux microécosystèmes. Mais quel est leur impact ? Les citoyens engagés dans des initiatives participatives sélectionnées le long de la TVB locale ont été interrogés et interviewés pour en savoir plus sur leurs projets. Les citoyens - seuls, en petits groupes, organisés en associations locales, start-up ou entreprises - agissent pour des raisons différentes et ne connaissent pas toujours le concept de TVB. Les répondants au questionnaire valorisent d’abord leur projet parce qu’il améliore leur cadre de vie, mais aussi parce qu’il facilite la reconnexion avec la nature et favorise la biodiversité. Cependant, leurs actions ne sont pas coordonnées pour renforcer efficacement les TVB. En d’autres termes, les projets de végétalisation des citoyens se répandent partout et pas particulièrement là où ils sont les plus nécessaires. À travers l’analyse des documents de planification locaux, ainsi que des entretiens avec des acteurs clés, ce travail met également en évidence les contradictions entre la définition, les stratégies, les cartes et les significations des TVB. Quelques recommandations sont formulées pour faire de la TVB écologique et publique d’aujourd’hui une véritable TVB multifonctionnelle à travers des approches multidisciplinaires et participatives.

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Gaddis, Margaret L. "Training Citizen Scientists for Data Reliability| A Multiple Case Study to Identify Themes in Current Training Initiatives". Thesis, The University of the Rockies, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13423764.

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This dissertation characterized trainings designed to prepare citizen scientists to collect ecological data in natural outdoor settings. Citizen scientists are volunteers who participate in scientific activities under the guidance of professional scientists and organizations. The work of citizen scientists greatly expands the data collection possibilities in natural resource management and increases science literacy among participants and their social communities. The general problem is that some scientists and land managers view the data collected by citizen scientists as unreliable. The specific problem is the absence of educational training measurement in citizen science program design and analysis with which to ascertain the learning gains of trained citizen scientists.

Through a sequenced methodology of data analysis, survey, and semi-structured interviews, deductive descriptors and codes guided a directed content analysis of data collected. The analysis indicated strong alignment between citizen science, andragogy, and social learning theory. The sample revealed a bimodal distribution related to the type of data collected and the subsequent training design. Little training existed when data collection involved photography only. Citizen scientists brought prior skills to the task but did not need to gain new procedural learning to complete their data collection task. When citizen scientists collected more complex measurements, classroom and field mentoring facilitated learning.

Citizen science leaders described their perception of the reliability of their citizen scientists’ data collection efforts. Computer technologies validated photo and water quality data. Therefore, quantitative data analysis supported the perception of data reliability. Terrestrial data had a range of reliability qualifications including video and paper quizzing, field observation of methods implemented, periodic data checks, and follow-up mentoring when data quality was poor. Managers of terrestrial citizen science programs were confident in the reliability of the data for the land management, policy, and research applications required.

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Organ, James. "Direct democracy in and between the EU and UK : a legal analysis of the European Citizens' Initiative and the European Union Act 2011". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2024099/.

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Participation is an important theme in current democratic theory and there is burgeoning use of its institutional form, direct democracy, to legitimise political bodies and their decision-making. This thesis analyses the legislative design and implementation of two recent direct democracy innovations: the European Citizens Initiative (ECI) and the referenda in the European Union Act (EUA). The agenda setting ECI, which gives EU citizens the chance to propose legal acts of the Union, is the first supranational instrument of direct democracy, and the EUA contains the UK’s first ongoing legislative criteria that trigger a referendum. The duality of EU democracy is an essential aspect of its legitimisation. Two dichotomies are therefore used to frame the analysis of direct democracy in the EU: the supranational (direct) and intergovernmental (indirect) routes of EU legitimisation and the legitimisation of the EU’s constitutional framework and its daily authority. These dichotomies, and democratic criteria focussed on citizen participation and influence over the political agenda, support the analysis of the likely combined impact of the ECI and EUA on the dual EU democracy. The critical assessment of the legislative design of the ECI and of the Commission’s decision-making in relation to the ECI shows that institutional mediation and the EU’s duality have a significant impact on the potential to increase the influence of EU citizens on the EU political agenda, and to facilitate a challenge to established policy preferences. Similarly the critical analysis of the EUA referenda provisions indicate that the apparently strong opportunity to vote on the UK’s EU policy in a referendum is qualified in a number of respects by institutional control reflected in the legislation itself, and that the chance of citizen-led policy preferences is diminished. The thesis concludes with a combined analysis of the ECI and EUA to assess the joint impact of direct democracy on dual EU democracy through answering two questions: ‘What are their implications for the EU democratic paradigm?’, and ‘What is their influence together on EU democratic legitimacy?’. The overall findings are that the impact of the ECI and EUA, despite posing some challenges and despite their democratic potential, is likely to be heavily restricted as a result of institutional control and the EU’s political framework.

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Jöhnemark, Anna-Maja. "Exploring the possibilities for implementing Collaborative Consumption within Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm : Going beyond the visions of the citizen initiative HS2020". Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170925.

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This is a futures study based on the citizen initiative HS2020 in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm. The initiative has the vision to “Renew a new city”, and further develop Hammarby Sjöstad’s environmental profile towards a sustainable development until 2020. The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities for HS2020 to also work with Collaborative Consumption, which involves the sharing of goods, services, and space, as a contributing factor to the sustainable development of Hammarby Sjöstad. This study uses an explorative scenario approach together with backcasting, a normative scenario approach to create future images of Hammarby Sjöstad in 2020. These images explore the possibilities for HS2020 to also work with Collaborative Consumption in six of their sub-projects. The futures images were generated based on three workshops with participants connected to HS2020’s work, and also on the literature study and the collected background information. The future images of Hammarby Sjöstad mediate how HS2020 could further develop the existing sub-projects, by focusing more on Collaborative Consumption. The solutions presented in the theory could be implemented in Hammarby Sjöstad. They could be for anyone, restricted to members, within an apartment building or a small group of people that could also own and maintain the sharing solution. Other important actors are private companies, the municipality and non-profit organization that could initiate, own and maintain these sharing solutions. The future images show that they could contribute to increased sustainability in different ways.

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Myeni, Jabu R. "How community participation and stakeholder involvement can improve recycling : an investigation of initiatives and opportunities in Simunye". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006457.

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This report presents the findings of a research project whereby the initiatives and opportunities for municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling were investigated in the town of Simunye, in Swaziland with a view to establish how recycling, in particular household waste recycling, can be improved through stakeholder involvement and community participation during the planning and implementation of a sustainable system for household waste recycling in Simunye. The reason for focusing on household waste was because source separation of household waste was identified as a potential area for improving efficiencies and cutting costs by the local authority. It was deemed necessary to conduct research because there was a history of failure in respect of household recycling. In 2006 an initiative, by the local authority, for separating household waste at source had ended up in failure. The participation rates of the households turned out to be very low even though they had been issued, free of charge, some plastic bags for sorting the waste. Some of the households were found using the bags for other purposes rather than recycling. As a result, the initiative had to be suspended (White, 2010). There is a new move to revive the project in order to cut costs and minimize wastages. This time around the local authority is determined for the new project to be a success story. Since the underlying causes for the failure of the previous initiative were never investigated formally (Khumalo, 2010), the starting point would be to identify and try to eliminate all the potential barriers to recycling through a consultative process to start with.

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Cramner, Isabella. "Digital Maturity in the Public Sector and Citizens’ Sentiment Towards Authorities : A study within the initiative Academy of Lifelong Learning, in partnership with RISE and Google". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301179.

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This study was conducted in partnership with RISE and Google, within the initiative “Academy of Lifelong Learning”, aiming to propel the digital transformation in the Swedish public sector. The study investigated the digital maturity of 18 authorities in terms of maturity level (early, developing maturing), and within the driving areas (1) Citizen Centricity, (2) Leadership, (3) Digital Toolbox and (4) Security and Sustainability. Further, it explored how citizens’ sentiment towards public authorities relates to the organizations’ digital maturity scores. The results of a digital maturity survey showed that 16 of the 18 contributing organizations were developing, whereas two scored just enough to be classified as maturing. The organizations performed best within Security and Sustainability, and the worst within the category Digital Toolbox—where the biggest competence gaps were also identified. To unlock citizens’ sentiment towards the authorities, sentiment analysis was conducted on Facebook data. In a correlation analysis, a significant negative relationship was surprisingly found between (i) maturity score and (ii) sentiment score, as well as between (i) maturity score and (ii) positive comments. Presumably, this can be explained by citizens interacting the most with the more mature organizations and thus expressing their dissatisfaction more. However, more analysis is needed to draw conclusions.
Studien genomfördes i samarbete med RISE och Google inom initiativet ”Akademin för livslångt lärande” (Academy of Lifelong Learning), som syftar till att driva på den digitala transformationen i den svenska offentliga sektorn. Studien undersökte 18 myndigheters digitala mognad med fokus på mognadsnivå (early, developing maturing), och inom de drivande områdena (1) medborgarperspektivet, (2) ledarskap, (3) digitala verktygslådan och (4) säkerhet och hållbarhet. Vidare undersöktes medborgarnas attityder gentemot offentliga myndigheter i relation till organisationernas digitala mognad. Resultatet från mognadsundersökningen visade att 16 av de 18 medverkande organisationerna var developing, medan två organisationer precis kunde klassificeras som mature. Organisationerna presterade bäst inom säkerhet och hållbarhet och sämst inom kategorin digitala verktygslådan—där de största kompetensbristerna även identifierades. För att utvärdera medborgarnas attityder gentemot myndigheterna genomfördes en sentimentanalys baserat på data från Facebook. I en korrelationsanalys hittades överraskande nog en signifikant negativt samband mellan (i) digital mognad och (ii) sentimentpoäng, samt mellan (i) digital mognad och (ii) positiva kommentarer. Detta kan antagligen förklaras med att medborgarna interagerar mer med de mest mogna organisationerna och därmed är mer benägna att utrycka sitt missnöje gentemot dem. Ytterligare analys behövs dock för att kunna dra sådana slutsatser och förklara resultatet.

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Gerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.

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Afin de répondre aux enjeux sociaux d'adaptations aux effets des changements climatiques, cette thèse participe à la compréhension des processus de développement de capacité d'adaptation. L'objet d'étude principal porte sur les dynamiques citoyennes spontanées de transition. Il s'agit de groupe de citoyen souhaitant agir localement pour le développement de leur territoire de manière cohérente autour de valeurs partagées.Cette thèse contribue à démontrer l'émergence et le développement de pratiques sociales innovantes, assimilable à des innovations sociales dans des arènes de transition reproduisant les caractéristiques des niches, espace protégé et restreint encourageant l'incubation. Ces innovations sociales, favorisé par la mise en réseau, la cohésion et le partage de valeurs contribuent au développement de capacité d'adaptation à travers une volonté de transmission, des pratiques d'essaimage et une dynamique globale d'inclusion.Concrètement, cette étude porte sur deux initiatives de transition semblable dans leurs intentions et différentes par leur histoire. Elles participent à considérer une nouvelle dynamique de société à la fois spontanée, autonome et inclusive. En se positionnant ni "contre" le territoire et ses institutions, ni "sans" eux, ces initiatives de transition représentent des alternatives remarquables pour conduire vers des sociétés plus coopératives et davantage capables de s'adapter aux effets des changements climatiques
To respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change

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Webb, Holbrook Lawson. "Self-Directed Learning Projects by Older Learners: Roles for Educational Organizations in Initiating and Facilitating the Process". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278602/.

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Ways in which educational structures can initiate and facilitate older learners' self-directed learning projects are described in this study. The research was guided by questions related to the ways that educational organizations can facilitate the learning process for older learners. This study involved two distinct phases of research. In the first phase, a survey was administered to approximately 100 older learners at four organizations for senior citizens; the four organizations were Hillcrest Center for 55+, Golden Learning Opportunities and Workshop, Tulsa Senior Services, and Retired Senior Volunteer Program. The survey enabled the researcher to identify the 10 most frequented sites for gathering information related to the learning projects of senior citizens in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The survey respondents were volunteer participants from classes, social occasions, and other learning opportunities offered by the organizations. The survey produced three sites where older learners pursued learning activities. Phase two involved ethnographic techniques in order to identify and describe at each three sites specific educational structures that facilitated older learners' self-directed learning projects. The descriptions from each of the identified sites involved three data-collection techniques. The data-collection techniques used included interviews, observation, and artifact collection. The focus of this phase was to describe the educational structures that facilitated the development of learning projects endemic to each site as identified by the older learners. Notes taken during interviews and observations were transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Interviews were also transcribed. The transcripts were transferred to a conceptually clustered matrix for each site. Analyses of the administrator interviews, participant interviews, educational opportunity observations, and artifact collection at each site revealed patterns and trends that represent the educational structures that appeal to older learners as they pursue learning projects. The findings indicate that four patterns or trends were common to each site. These four patterns included accessible materials, service-minded staff, entertainment, and teacher-directed learning style.

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D'Orazio, Anne. "S’associer pour habiter et faire la ville : de l’habitat groupé autogéré à l’habitat participatif en France (1977 – 2015) : exploration d’un monde en construction". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100062/document.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux capacités des citoyens, en France, à agir collectivement et à impulser des productions « alternatives » de leur cadre de vie et de leur cadre habité. Fondées largement sur une critique des modes de production conventionnels, ces démarches en proposent un dépassement dans une perspective de mutualisation et de solidarité. Si elles se réclament d’expériences étrangères, elles s’inscrivent en même temps dans la poursuite d’un débat tant idéologique qu’opérationnel qui a parcouru le XX° siècle sur la participation des habitants à la production de l’habitat. En portant notre regard sur une série d’initiatives qui ont émergé au début des années 2000, nous analysons leurs modalités de structuration, d’organisation collective et d’interpellation de l’action publique. Ces mobilisations qui sont portées par des acteurs associatifs, politiques et institutionnels construisent ainsi le Monde de « l’habitat participatif ». Pour mieux saisir ce mouvement contemporain, nous nous sommes penchée sur l’héritage des expériences françaises de l’habitat groupé autogéré de la fin des années 1970. L’approche diachronique de l’enquête questionne les niveaux de filiation entre les initiatives d’hier et celles des années 2000. Cette analyse montre comment s’organisent ces militants et les stratégies qu’ils adoptent pour faire entendre leur revendication. Elle met en évidence les mécanismes d’élaboration d’une question publique et son traitement par des acteurs institutionnels. Cette thèse contribue à l’analyse de la transformation de l’action publique et questionne les capacités de co-construire et de dialogue entre initiative militante et acteurs institutionnels
This thesis focuses on the capacity of citizens to collectively promote “alternatives” in terms of living and housing environments in France. Grounded in a broad critique of conventional modes of production, the study suggests ways of transcending these modes through social processes such as sharing and solidarity. Although many such experiments have occurred outside of France, they are linked to ongoing twentieth century ideological and operational debates about resident participation in the construction of their own housing. By closely examining a series of initiatives in the early 2000s, the present study analyzes how they were organized and structured and how they generated public action. Under the auspices of housing associations and political and institutional organizations, these mobilizations have collectively supported the construction of a World of “participative housing.” In order understand this contemporary movement in an historical perspective, the study has also investigated the legacy of self-managed housing projects in France in the late 1970s. This diachronic approach helps to critically appraise relationships between earlier initiatives and more recent examples in the early 2000s. The study demonstrates how activists organized themselves; it analyses the strategies they used to ensure their demands would be heard. It highlights the mechanisms through which this public issue was created and describes its reception by a range of institutional actors. This thesis contributes to an analysis of the transformation of public action. It questions the capacities to co-construct and to drive a dialogue between activist initiatives and institutional actors

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Evliati, Maria-Angeliki. "To renew a new city from niche to regime level : Actor network properties and inertia in the transition to electric vehicles and energy management. The citizens’ initiative of Hammarby Sjöstad 2020". Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141693.

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Cities are receiving increasing attention in sustainability research as the appropriate spatial entities for local solutions to global problems. In this context, urban components tend to demonstrate great inertia against socio-technical innovations. HS2020 is a citizens’ initiative in Stockholm, Sweden, with the aim to “renew a new city” through developing an actor network involving citizens, research institutes, private companies and public authorities. Two subprojects – transition to electric vehicles (EVs) and energy management in residential buildings are the focus of this analysis. Empirical data from the case study were analysed using Strategic Niche Management (SNM) and Social Network Analysis (SNA) in order to map the actor networks and their properties, the milieu within which they are developing and assess their potential to move from niche to regime level. The results of the analysis highlight the need for more formalised partnerships for the stability of the actor network and continued learning processes for better vision alignment.
Inom hållbarhetsforskningen fokuserar man alltmer på städer som en lämplig enhet för att studera lokala lösningar på globala problem. Detta är viktigt eftersom många hållbarhetsproblem är relaterade till städer och stadsliv. Dessutom krävs innovativa och socio-tekniska förhållningssätt, eftersom stadsstrukturer och stadsliv är trögföränderliga. HS2020 är ett medborgarinitiativ i Stockholm, med syftet att “förnya en ny stad” genom att utveckla ett aktörsnätverk som involverar medborgare, forskningsinstitut, privata företag och offentliga myndigheter. Två delprojekt – övergång till elfordon och energihantering i bostadsrättsföreningar är i fokus för analysen i detta examensarbete. Empiriska data från fallstudien analyserades med hjälp av Strategic Niche Management (SNM) och Social Network Analysis (SNA) för att kartlägga aktörsnätverken och deras egenskaper, för att utvärdera deras potential att omvandlas från att vara en begränsad "nisch" till en allmänt spridd "regim". Analysen visar på behovet av mer formaliserade partnerskap för att ge aktörsnätverken stabilitet och av en fortsatt lärandeprocess för att samordna olika aktörers visioner.

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Mohele, I., i Beer K. J. De. "The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in e-service delivery and effective governance in South Africa". Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 6, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/408.

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Published Article
The current debate within the ASGISA and NEPAD policy structures of the South African Government is to enhance E-service delivery via Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for all citizens. This paper deals with the problem how ICT in governance may be constructed to facilitate greater accountability, transparency and reducing corruption through better financial, public information management, procurement and administrative systems. South Africans especially in rural areas have a limited access to ICT. The main barriers to ICT access relate to high cost of Internet access, connectivity problems, lack of technical skills to support maintenance and low number of computers with Internet connectivity at schools, libraries and other public places.

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Juan, Maïté. "Sociologie des initiatives culturelles citoyennes : le pouvoir d'agir entre démocratie participative et économie solidaire". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1182.

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A travers l’analyse d’expériences citoyennes dans le champ culturel – un centre culturel de gestion communautaire, un centre socioculturel autogéré et une association de médiation artistique -, cette thèse interroge la capacité des initiatives citoyennes à constituer des espaces publics autonomes, en tant que foyers de créativité et de résistance, d’élaboration de discours critiques et de construction d’alternatives concrètes. Face aux limites de l’offre institutionnelle de participation, au formatage entrepreneurial des initiatives citoyennes et à la pénétration marchande du champ culturel, la recherche s’intéresse aux leviers de l’autonomie des espaces publics de la société civile, en combinant deux échelles d’analyse privilégiées : la fabrique des collectifs (institutionnelle, organisationnelle, économique mais aussi sociale et relationnelle) et le rapport aux institutions, à travers la tension entre institutionnalisation et contre-pouvoir, apprivoisement et innovation institutionnelle. S’inscrivant à la croisée de la sociologie économique et de la sociologie politique, les enjeux de cette thèse sont d’articuler les champs de la démocratie participative et de l’économie solidaire afin de saisir les conditions de l’autonomie citoyenne, d’enrichir l'approche habermasienne des « espaces publics autonomes » mais aussi de contribuer à une sociologie de l’émancipation qui, n’évacuant nullement l’attention aux processus de domination et de reproduction, soit apte à mettre en lumière les capacités critiques et instituantes d’espaces publics populaires
Through the analysis of cultural citizens’ experiences – a cultural centre of comunity-based managment, a self-directed sociocultural centre and an association of artistic mediation – this thesis questions the capacity of citizens’ initiatives to constitute autonomous public spaces, as sources of creativity and resistance, of elaboration of critical discourses and construction of concrete alternatives. In front of the limits of institutional offer of participation, of entrepreneurial standardization of citizens’ initiatives and of commodification of the cultural field, this research investigates the various levers of the autonomy of public spaces of civil society, combining two main scales of analysis : the making of collective action (institutional, organizational, economic but also social and relational dimensions) and the relation to political institutions, through the tension between institutionalization and counter-power, domestication and institutional innovation. At the crossroads between economic and political sociology, the stakes of this thesis are to articulate participatory democracy and solidarity-based economy fields to understand the conditions of citizen autonomy, to enrich the Habermasian approach of « autonomous public spaces » but also to contribute to a sociology of emancipation that, without neglecting domination and reproduction processes, was able to enlighten critical and creative capacities of these popular public spaces

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Batard, Robin. "Intégrer les contributions citoyennes aux dispositifs de gestion de crise : l'apport des médias sociaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT019.

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Si la gestion des crises de sécurité civile incombe à un ensemble d’institutions et d’acteurs professionnels, l’utilisation grandissante des médias sociaux affirme le rôle majeur joué par les citoyens dans sa mise en œuvre. À partir d’une approche interdisciplinaire (sciences de l’information et de la communication, sciences informatiques), nos travaux proposent d’étudier l’intégration des contributions citoyennes aux dispositifs de gestion de crise, et ce en particulier via les médias sociaux. Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans le champ des crisis informatics, et se présentent selon quatre axes thématiques : i) l’utilisation des médias sociaux par les communautés citoyennes en situation de crise, ii) les pratiques des acteurs professionnels sur l’intégration des contributions citoyennes, iii) les opportunités pour renforcer les interactions professionnels-citoyens en gestion de crise, et iv) l’intégration des initiatives citoyennes au sein d’un outil logiciel pour l’orchestration de la réponse. Premièrement, nos travaux présentent comment les citoyens s’approprient les fonctionnalités des médias sociaux pour répondre à des besoins spécifiques en situation de crise. Ils amènent à reconsidérer la notion de volontariat en gestion de crise, et dressent une cartographie de la diversité des contributions citoyennes qui peuvent être perçues via les médias sociaux. Deuxièmement, nous étudions comment les pratiques des acteurs des Services Départementaux d’Incendie et de Secours (SDIS) intègrent cette émergence de contributions citoyennes. Si l’on note une certaine maturité dans l’usage des médias sociaux en cellule de crise, on observe toutefois certaines réticences qui freinent leur adoption. Pour l’intégration des initiatives citoyennes sur le terrain, les professionnels des SDIS sont généralement frileux à l’idée d’impliquer les citoyens dans leurs missions de secours. En revanche, l’échelle communale semble plus propice à la prise en charge des volontaires.Troisièmement, nos recherches amènent des axes de travail et de réflexion pour accompagner les institutions de sécurité civile dans une meilleure intégration des contributions citoyennes. Ils amènent alors des réflexions théoriques sur la portée collaborative de ces interactions entre professionnels et citoyens.Quatrièmement, nos travaux proposent de modéliser la notion d’initiative citoyenne, et de mettre en place des modes d’orchestration de leur intégration au sein du logiciel R-IO Suite. Avec l’appui d’un cas d’étude, ils illustrent les possibilités pour une cellule de crise de piloter une gestion de crise qui implique acteurs professionnels et acteurs citoyens
The management of civil security crises is the responsibility of a set of institutions and professional actors. However, the growing use of social media asserts the major role played by citizens in its implementation.From an interdisciplinary approach (information and communication sciences, computer sciences), our work proposes to study the integration of citizens’ contributions to crisis management systems, especially via social media. This research contributes to the field of crisis informatics. It is presented according to four thematic axes: i) the use of social media by citizen communities in crisis situations, ii) the practices of professional actors regarding the integration of citizen contributions, iii) the opportunities to reinforce interactions between professionals and citizens in crisis management, and iv) the integration of citizen initiatives within a software tool to orchestrate the response.First, our work presents how citizens appropriate social media functionalities to meet specific needs in crisis situations. We reconsider the notion of volunteerism in crisis management and map the diversity of citizen contributions that can be perceived via social media.Secondly, we study how the practices of the actors of French departmental fire and rescue services (SDIS) integrate this emergence of citizen contributions. Although we note a certain maturity in the use of social media in crisis management units, we observe certain reticence that hinders their adoption. When it comes to integrating citizen initiatives into response operations, SDIS professionals are generally reluctant to involve citizens in their rescue missions. However, the local level seems more appropriate for the involvement of volunteers.Thirdly, our research presents areas of work and reflection to support the civil security institutions in a better integration of citizens’ contributions. It brings theoretical considerations on the collaborative aspects of interactions between professionals and citizens.Fourthly, our work proposes to model the concept of citizen initiative, and to set up orchestration modes for their integration within the R-IO Suite software. Through a case study implemented in the software, we demonstrate the possibilities for a crisis management unit to lead a crisis response involving both professional and citizen actors

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Mthembu, Bhekisisa Jacob. "The role of leadership in implementing service delivery initiatives: a case study of Buffalo City Municipality". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003902.

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In terms of the South African Government Structure, Local Government is entrusted with the service delivery mandate. Furthermore, Local Government, being the closest sphere of government to the people, is expected to enhance service delivery to the communities within its jurisdiction. Local Government has for the past four years, undergone numerous transformation processes, ranging from Local Authorities, to Transitional Local Councils and to Municipalities. Having mentioned that, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, in particular, has recently acquired metropolitan status, which requires another transformation protocol. At the same time this automatically raises the bar on the service delivery expectations by the communities. In general, Local Government has been extensively supported by the National and Provincial Governments to deliver superior services to communities. This has happened through numerous pieces of legislations such as the Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998, the Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000, the Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003 and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, act 108 of 1996. In 1997, the South African Government introduced a White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service. This was to re-emphasis on the performance enhancing role of both the political and administrative leadership in the implementation of service delivery mandates. The need was identified that communities require an assurance that their needs are taken care of by the leadership of the municipalities. It is therefore the role of leadership to ensure effective implementation of service delivery initiatives and to promote a culture of performance among the administrative officials of the municipality. The aim of this study is to critically investigate the role of leadership: A case study of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), with the view that BCMM is considered one of the high capacity municipalities within the Eastern Cape Province. During the literature review, it became evident that different people and scholars, dating back in the early 90’s, view leadership in different forms. In sourcing the information for this research, structured interviews were conducted with five Directors, five Executive Mayoral Councillors and five Ward Councillors. The interviews were an extensive consultation process which resulted in over 30 hours of engagement with research participants, with an average of 2 hours per structured interview. A four week period was allocated and effectively utilised for this exercise. The research provides recommendations for further research on other related components of the subject such as the intended role as compared to the current role fulfilled by both administrative and political leadership, and suggested solutions to the current problems in Municipalities, in order to ensure their sustainability within Local Government. The research findings identified the need for the leadership to take the leading role in service delivery initiatives in order to address the service delivery challenges in local government. Political leadership need to enhance the public participation process to ensure the community is on board regarding the progress of their respective projects and planning processes.

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Demaku, Besart, i Ramia Ronald Abou. "Vem Föreslår? : En studie om medborgarförslag i Kumla kommun". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-21994.

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Boulogne, Fleur Anne. "Building sustainable communities through participation : analysing the transition from participatory planning to implementation in the case of the Grabouw Sustainable Development Initiative". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4273.

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Thesis ((MPhil (Sustainable Development, Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABTRACT: Through the development of sustainable communities, a transformation process can be incited towards a more sustainable way of life. An important prerequisite of this transformation process is behavioural change. This thesis is based on the supposition that participation can contribute to behavioural change. Behaviour which supports the functioning of sustainable systems, is essential in the long term success of sustainable communities. To sustain this behaviour and create a sense of ownership, participatory processes need to encompass the initial phases of development (planning) as well as the implementation and management phase (governance). To secure the participatory involvement in the implementation phase anchor points need to be created in the planning phase, which enable participation of community members in the implementation phase. By means of a case study this thesis has analysed the role of participation in the pilot project in Grabouw, a medium-sized town in the Western Cape, South Africa. The key objective was to establish whether and in what manner, the participatory planning process anticipated the involvement of community members in the implementation phase. Research shows that in some occasions, participation is defined as an instrument to effectively manage contingencies and facilitate the implementation of government decisions. However, the case studies of Grabouw and Porto Alegre, illustrate that community participation can also be organised in such a way that it enables community members to be involved in a meaningful way in decision-making processes, enabling them to shape their own environment. Defined this way active participation is not merely an instrument but an integral part of a complex system encompassing opportunities for social learning. Active participation can incite a process of „conscientization‟ and empowerment, stimulating people to become aware of sustainable challenges and adapt their behaviour accordingly. This viewpoint on participation is in line with the multi-dimensional nature of sustainable development and based on the need to facilitate a continuous evolving learning system. Furthermore it supports the notion that sustainable development is not a fixed objective but a moving target. Within this perspective sustainable communities need to be flexible entities able to evolve in accordance with increased understanding of the complex interrelated issues of sustainable development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‟n Transformasieproses, gerig op ‟n meer volhoubare lewenswyse, kan deur die ontwikkeling van volhoubare gemeenskappe aangemoedig word. ‟n Belangrike voorvereiste vir so ‟n transformasieproses is gedragsverandering. Gedragsverandering is nie ‟n individuele oefening nie, maar is stewig veranker in sosiale prosesse en word daardeur beïnvloed. Om gedragsverandering op groter skaal te stimuleer, is dit nodig dat individue as katalisators van gedragsverandering optree. Deelname speel ‟n vername rol om volhoubare gemeenskappe as platforms vir volhoubare gedragsverandering op te stel. Die bestaande verskeidenheid tussen die verskillende vlakke van deelname bemoeilik die opstel van een duidelik omlynde definisie van deelname. Die regering en ander gemeenskapsrolspelers het die waarde van deelname besef en dit het algemene gebruik geword om lede van die gemeenskap by die beplanning en/of beheer van volhoubare stedelike ontwikkeling te betrek. Kompleksiteit-teorie bied ‟n waardevolle perspektief in die strewe na dieper verstandhouding rondom die geleenthede en beperkinge van deelname. Hierdie verhandeling het deur middel van ‟n gevallestudie die rol van deelname in die loodsprojek op Grabouw, ‟n medium-grootte dorp in Wes-Kaapland, geanaliseer. Die navorsing wat vir dié verhandeling gedoen is, het deel uitgemaak van ‟n evaluasiestudie wat deur die Ontwikkelingsbank van Suider Afrika bekend gestel is en deur die Omgewingsevaluasie-eenheid aan die Universiteit van Kaapstad (UK) uitgevoer is. Die navorsing het getoon dat in sommige gevalle deelname gedefinieer word as ‟n instrument om omstandighede doeltreffend te beheer en die toepassing van regeringsbesluite af te glad. Die gevallestudies van Grabouw en Porto Allegre wys egter daarop dat deelname ook op so ‟n manier georganiseer kan word dat dit lede van die gemeenskap in staat stel om op betekenisvolle wyse by besluitnemingsprosesse betrokke te raak en sodoende hulle eie omgewing rangskik. Aktiewe deelname wat so gedefinieer word, is nie ‟n instrument nie, maar ‟n integrale deel van ‟n komplekse stelsel wat geleenthede vir sosiale leer omsluit. Aktiewe deelname kan ‟n proses van „gewetensprikkeling‟ en bemagtiging aanmoedig, wat mense stimuleer om bewus te word van volhoubare uitdagings en hulle gedrag dienooreenkomstig aan te pas. Hierdie siening oor deelname is in lyn met die multi-dimensionele aard van volhoubare ontwikkeling en gebaseer op die behoefte om ‟n voortdurende ontwikkelende leerstelsel te fasiliteer. Voorts ondersteun dit die denkwyse dat volhoubare ontwikkeling nie ‟n vasgeankerde doelwit is nie, maar wel ‟n bewegende teiken. Binne hierdie perspektief behoort volhoubare gemeenskappe buigsame entiteite te wees wat daar toe in staat is om met toenemende insig van die komplekse verbandhoudende aangeleenthede rondom volhoubare ontwikkeling, te groei.

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Takman, Eric, i Josephine Karlsson. "Urbana prototyper - En flytande metod på väg mot fasta platsskapare". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22519.

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När stadsbyggnadsprojekt planeras och städer omformas, var kommer medborgares kunskap om sin omgivning in? Hur behåller eller skapar medborgarna en anknytning till stadens platser, när deras användning och identitet förändras? Om staden ska vara en allmän rättighet krävs det att den växer fram kollektivt. Därför måste medborgares kunskap tas till vara på i stadens utveckling och i konkreta stadsbyggnadsprojekt. Det är svårt att se hur medborgare kommer få en koppling till dessa platser när de under en lång tid av stadsomvandlingen är avskärmade från den. Hur kan dessa platser, istället för att exkludera medborgare, bli en del av deras vardag redan under planerings- och förändringsprocesser? Hur kan medborgarnas delaktighet i planerings- och byggprocessen vara med om att bygga upp värden för platsers framtida användare?I Jubileumsparken i Göteborg används en metod planerarna kallar platsbyggnad. Arbetet bygger på att koppla samman medborgare med platsen under planeringen av den nya stadsdelen i Frihamnen genom att skapa urbana prototyper. Prototyperna öppnar upp för medborgarna att använda och utveckla platsen medan den planeras och tar fysisk form.Genom att prototyperna är i ett konstant flöde av användning och omvandling kan nya förståelser av hur planering kan gå till och vad platsen kan bli skapas. Prototyperna hjälper till att gå från något flytande (planer, idéer, visioner) till något fast.I studien ställer vi oss frågorna: var kommer idén om prototypprojekt ifrån? Hur har idén vuxit fram? Hur har prototyperna utvecklats och förändrats? Hur förstår och använder olika aktörer prototyperna och hur fungerar de i arbetet med Jubileumsparken?Prototyperna i sig själva hamnar i ett gränsland mellan aktörers relationer till prototyperna. Kontrasten av aktörernas relation till prototyperna gör det svårt att definiera vad prototyperna egentligen är, men genom att för en stund gör relationerna till något fast kan vi studera dem. När prototyperna är stabila och relationerna inte längre kommer omvandlas, och inga nya relationer kommer skapas, så har de kanske slutligen övergått till något fast. Men kommer de någonsin bli permanenta? Kanske är de bara i ett fast tillstånd för en stund? De är fasta objekt så länge inga relationer skapas eller omvandlas.
When urban construction projects are planned and cities are transformed, where will citizens’ knowledge of their surroundings come in? How do the citizens create or keep an attachment to the city’s places when their use and identity change? If the city is to be a universal right, it is required that it grows collectively. Therefore, citizens’ knowledge must be taken into account in the city’s development and in concrete urban construction projects. It’s hard to see how citizens will get a connection to these sites when they are shielded from the urban transformation for a long time. How can these places, instead of excluding citizens, become part of their everyday lives during the planning and construction process? How can citizens’ involvement in the planning and construction process help to build up the values for site’s future users?Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg uses a method the planners call space building. The work is based on linking citizens with the site during the planning of the new district in Frihamnen by creating urban prototypes. Prototypes open up for citizens to use and develop the site while it’s being planned and taking physical form. Because the prototypes are in a constant flow of use and conversion, new understandings of how planning can be and how the site can be created. Prototypes help move from something floating (plans, ideas, visions) to something solid.In the study we are asking the following questions: where does the idea of prototype projects come from? How has the idea emerged? How have prototypes evolved and changed? How do different actors understand and use prototypes and how do they work in Jubileumsparken?The prototypes themselves end up in a borderland between actors’ relations with the prototypes. The contrast of the actors’ relation to the prototypes makes it difficult to define what the prototypes really are, but by making the relationships solid for some time we can study them. When the prototypes are stable and the relationships will no longer be transformed, and no new relationships will be created, they may eventually have shifted to something fixed. But will they ever become permanent? Maybe they are just in a solid state for a while? They are fixed objects as long as no relationships are created or converted.

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Markovic, Petar. "The Democratic Deficit of the European Union and Transnational Civic Culture". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/286415.

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The topic of this dissertation is the democratic deficit of the European Union and the normative and empirical assessment of the likelihood that the existing forms of institutionalized transnational civic engagement would act as the point of anchoring democratic practices at the EU level. If the democratic deficit reflects the apparent lack of legitimacy and accountability of EU institutions and a lack of influence of its citizens, the question the project attempts to answer is why the existing democratic innovations within the EU constitutional framework fail to attract political allegiance and mobilization necessary for a functioning EU democracy? The thesis attempts to bridge the gap between normative political theory and more empirical and policy oriented approaches to the issue of EU democratic deficit. In a theoretical sense, this research covers a broad spectrum of topics within political theory and the theory of political culture. Parting ways with most of the current literature on the subject, which usually ends with institutional prescriptions derived from descriptions that rely on the nation-state as the benchmark for the prospects of democratisation of the EU, the project seeks to analyse the democratic innovations that the Lisbon treaty introduced within a more comprehensive framework of transnational deliberative democracy - demoicracy. The underlying idea behind the project is to apply, for the first time and with necessary modifications, the basic notions of the founders of the discipline of Political Culture, Almond and Verba, to the EU. That means to draw on their seminal work, ‘The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations’, and hypothesize that further democratization of EU decision-making requires a 'civic political culture'. By definition, it presupposes the dominance of 'participative' over 'subject' and 'parochial' dimensions of orientation towards the political system. After extensive theoretical and methodological considerations, following a brief investigation into political culture in the EU, the empirical focus shifts to the European Citizens’ Initiative and the framings around the struggle for its reform in order to draw findings on which types of political cultures the European Commission has fostered. The principle aim of the research is to investigate if and how the democratic legitimacy of the EU can be enhanced by a shift from a parochial and subject to a more participation-enhancing dynamics.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Wright, Brian Bradley. "A review of lessons learned to inform capacity-building for sustainable nature-based tourism development in the European Union funded ʺSupport to the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programmeʺ". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003628.

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This case-study establishes the influences of power-knowledge relationships on capacity-building for sustainability in the European Union Funded ‘Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programme’ (EU Programme). It aims to capture the lessons learned for capacitybuilding to support nature-based tourism initiatives on the Wild Coast. The EU Programme aimed to achieve economic and social development of previously disadvantaged communities through nature-based tourism enterprises, and to develop capacity of local authorities and communities to support environmental management. The study discusses common trends in thematic categories emerging from the research data, and contextualises research findings in a broader development landscape. This study indicates that power-knowledge relations were reflected in the EU Programme’s development ideology by an exclusionary development approach, which lacked a participatory ethos. This exclusionary approach did not support an enabling environment for capacity-building. This development approach, guiding the programme conceptualization, design and implementation processes, resulted in a programme with unrealistic objectives, time-frames and resource allocations; a programme resisted by provincial and local government. The study provides a causal link between participation, programme relevance, programme ownership, commitment of stakeholders, effective management and capacity-building for sustainable programme implementation. The study argues that the underlying motivation for the exclusionary EU development ideology in the programme is driven by a risk management strategy. This approach allows the EU to hold power in the development process, whereas, an inclusionary participative development methodology would require a more in-depth negotiation with stakeholders, thereby requiring the EU to relinquish existing levels of power and control. This may increase the risk of an unexpected programme design outcome and associated exposure to financial risk. It may also have a significant financial effect on donor countries' consultancies and consultants currently driving the development industry. This study recommends an interactive-participative methodology for programme design and implementation, if an enabling environment for capacity-building is to be created. In addition, all programme stakeholders must share contractual accountability for programme outcomes. This requires a paradigm shift in the EU development ideology to an inclusionary methodology. However, this research suggests that the current EU development approach will not voluntarily change. I, therefore, argue that South Africa needs to develop a legislative framework that will guide donor-funded development programme methodology, to support an enabling environment for capacity-building.

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Gonçalves, Junior Jerson Carneiro. "O cidadão legislador: iniciativa popular de emenda constitucional no Estado Democrático de Direito". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5959.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jerson Carneiro Goncalves Junior.pdf: 3777696 bytes, checksum: 548728b94562caf95a271891f5fe2ce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-09
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objectives of this paper are to reflect upon the exercise of the political fundamental right of citizen s initiative. In order to fulfill this constitutional aspiration under the scope of citizenship and the democratic rule of law, it is essential to consider the concept of citizenship and the analysis of citizen s initiative in the federal, state, district. The legal system points out to the fundamental principle of citizenship and the democratic rule of Law, communicating constitutional laws implied in the process of the exercise of citizenship, disseminating them throughout the legal system. Based on the idea of principle, this paper analyzes citizen s initiative expressed in the federal, state and municipal realms in order to sustain the feasibility of the right to exercise this fundamental political right in the lawmaking process for constitutional amendments. In order to do that, in the light of constitutional law, there is the need to recognize the innate citizen as the only one entitled to propose and initiate amendments to the Constitution. In this sense, constitutional law is an open inter-text and the study of history is fundamental, because without it human beings would never have found conditions to evolve. For this reason, the path to understand citizen s initiative should consider the Brazilian constitutional history, especially the review of the Assembly s annals of the 1987 National Constitution Assembly in order to evaluate and challenge the writing of the constitutional and infra-constitutional laws related to citizen s initiative in order to demonstrate, by the interpretation of constitutional laws, that innate citizens have the possibility of exercising their political fundamental right in relation to the lawmaking process and constitutional amendments
O objetivo deste trabalho centraliza-se na reflexão do exercício do direito político fundamental de iniciativa popular das leis prevista na Constituição brasileira de 1988. Para alcançar o significado desiderato constitucional, sob o prisma da cidadania, torna-se mister a perseguição do conceito de cidadão e a análise da iniciativa popular nas esfera federal, estadual, distrital, municipal e, caso haja no futuro, no território federal. O sistema jurídico aponta a observância dos princípios fundamentais da soberania popular, do Estado Democrático de Direito e da cidadania, informando as normas constitucionais implicadas em processo do exercício da cidadania e disseminando por todo ordenamento jurídico. Partindo da ideia de sistema, analisa-se a iniciativa popular de lei no âmbito federal, estadual e municipal para sustentar a viabilidade do exercício desse direito político fundamental no processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. Para esse enfrentamento à luz do Direito Constitucional brasileiro, há necessidade de reconhecimento do cidadão nato, como único legitimado a propor e a iniciar o processo legislativo de Emenda à Constituição. O Direito Constitucional é intertexto aberto e, nesse sentido, o estudo da história é fundamental, pois sem ela o cidadão jamais teria encontrado condições para evoluir. Por isso, o caminho a ser trilhado é o entendimento da iniciativa popular de lei passa pela história constitucional brasileira, em especial pela análise dos Anais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987

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Fermanis, Elena. "The European citizens initiative and the democratic deficit in the European Union". Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338818.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate the European Citizen's Initiative and its repercussions on the notions of legitimacy and the perceived democratic deficit in the European Union. As it is a recent phenomenon, its importance to the academic debate is especially valuable. Firstly, the thesis laid the theoretical groundwork which will help to understand the debate surrounding legitimacy, namely input, output, and throughput legitimacy. It also outlines some of the discussions and justifications of a democratic deficit. Then, three European Citizen's Initiatives were analyzed. Specifically, it dealt with the bureaucracy of the process, how representative each initiative was of the wider European society, its capacity for legislative change, and the type of funding each initiative had access to. These were gauged through an investigation of the experiences of each initiative, with supporting evidence from the initiatives themselves as well as the European Union. In the end, the thesis shows that the ECI contributes to creating a public sphere in which a participatory element of democracy may emerge, thus helping the EU in securing input legitimacy. Throughput legitimacy is also tentatively secured through the ability of an ECI to enter the EU agenda setting stage. However, in falls short in...

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Ribeiro, João Ricardo Pereira. "Sustainability and resilience building through social innovation and citizens networks". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29300.

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This dissertation aims to study the importance of citizen networks in promoting the sustainability and resilience of communities, focusing mainly on the driving forces and barriers related to such initiatives. The research work carried out in this dissertation is part of the project TRUST, Analysis of social innovation initiatives for sustainability (PTDC / GES-AMB / 28591/2017). This work aims, to explore the knowledge about citizen networks and the associated forms of social innovation, as well as the role it can play in the transition to sustainability processes. It also includes analyzing the role of stakeholder networks in these processes and assessing their role as agents of change in small-scale socio-ecological systems. The research work was developed in three steps. Firstly, a search was made for scientific articles published on platforms such as Scopus and Web of Science. The selected articles were the basis of a brief literature review capable of framing the main concepts associated with the study and the existing knowledge. Secondly, the main characteristics of the three case studies of citizen networks were analyzed, namely the group of fisherwomen of Murtosa, Ciclaveiro and Santiago’s Civic Laboratory. Thirdly, in order to identify the driving forces and barriers of the case studies, the analysis was deepened using a questionnaire matrix adopted by the TRUST Project. The main conclusions stand out as follows: The development of initiatives such as those illustrated in the case studies allows the promotion of social innovation through the alteration of knowledge and behaviors relevant to sustainability in communities. The development of these initiatives does not always find openness and support mechanisms in local government entities, the latter often being sources of blockade. Despite the potential value of these initiatives, their ability to bring about change depends greatly on the ability of leaders to transfer and disseminate their power. Additionally, communication between similar initiatives reinforces the robustness and durability of innovation and potential transformation. Bridging these initiatives with government agencies can also help strengthen the potential of such actions by facilitating the transition to more sustainable and resilient communities.
O presente trabalho tem com objectivo estudar a importância das redes de cidadãos na promoção da sustentabilidade de da resiliência das comunidades, focando-se principalmente nas forças motrizes e barreiras relativas a este tipo de iniciativas. O trabalho de investigação realizado nesta dissertação está integrado no projecto TRUST, Análise de iniciativas de inovação social para a sustentabilidade (PTDC/GES-AMB/28591/2017). Esta dissertação tem por objectivo explorar o conhecimento sobre redes de cidadãos e as formas de inovação social associadas, bem como papel que pode desempenhar nos processos de transição para a sustentabilidade. Inclui ainda a análise do papel das redes de actores nesses processos e na avaliação do seu papel enquanto agentes de mudança dos sistemas socio ecológicos de pequena escala. O trabalho de investigação foi desenvolvido em três passos. Em primeiro lugar realizou-se uma pesquisa de artigos científicos publicados em plataformas como Scopus e Web of Science. Os artigos seleccionados serviram de base a uma breve revisão de literatura capaz de enquadrar os principais conceitos associados ao estudo e o conhecimento existente. Em segundo lugar, foram analisadas as principais características dos três casos de estudo de redes de cidadãos, designadamente o grupo de pescadoras da Murtosa, a Ciclaveiro e o Laboratório Cívico de Santiago. Em terceiro lugar, com o objectivo de identificar as forças motrizes e barreiras dos casos de estudo, foi aprofundada a análise usando uma matriz-questionário adoptada pelo Projecto TRUST. Como principais conclusões destacam-se os seguintes aspetos: o desenvolvimento de iniciativas como as ilustradas nos casos de estudo permite a promoção de inovação social, através da alteração de conhecimento e de comportamentos relevantes para a sustentabilidade nas comunidades. O desenvolvimento destas iniciativas nem sempre encontra nas entidades governativas locais abertura e mecanismos de suporte, constituindo frequentemente fontes de bloqueio. Apesar do potencial valor destas iniciativas a sua capacidade para gerar transformação depende muito da capacidade de os líderes transferirem e disseminarem o seu poder. Adicionalmente a comunicação entre iniciativas semelhantes reforça a robustez e durabilidade da inovação e da potencial transformação. A criação de pontes entre estas iniciativas e as entidades governamentais pode também contribuir para reforçar o potencial destas iniciativas facilitando a transição para comunidades mais sustentáveis e resilientes.
Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente

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TSAI, HSIN-JU, i 蔡欣汝. "Discussion on government policy initiatives and service needs of senior citizens - A Case Study of Kaohsiung". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c8cy7y.

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碩士
義守大學
工業管理學系
103
Taiwan is facing an aging society, much attention has been put on the elderly. When talking about the measures of the service and the related policies provided by the government, the elderly have different demands.However, we are not sure whether the existing policy fits the urgent needs of these people. Consequently, having a sound discussion on the old people’s immediate demands and trying to provide suggestions to the improvement of the policy can attain the “appropriate” plan on the government’s “care” with the elderly’s “demand”.The elderly have received increasing attention for the needs of seniors, for services provided by government measures, policy support vary, but these policy measures are most urgently needed for the seniors, depth, to explore the most senior citizens urgent need, and so as the government in the provision of services governance project on senior citizens, to meet the government''s "care" of between seniors'' needs ", to" appropriate "plan.According to the results collected through the domestic documents, we have chosen 21 kinds of needs of the older people at first. With the study of “the expert weight method”, we have selected the most important 10 problems priorly.Results based on internal documents collected, the preliminary total twenty-one elderly needs, and then to the development of this study, "the expert weight method" preferentially selected ten important Seniors important needs.To have a truly understanding of the demands of the old people, the study analysis the 10 kinds of urgent needs according to the welfare policy to the elderly people provided by the Kaohsiung City Government and then sequence the demands, the results are as followings: “health check” and “senior citizen services” come to the most concerned ones at the same time, the “dementia day care”, the “moderate to severe disability shuttle transportation”,and the “home rehabilitation” rank the second simultaneously. Followed by the "older basic guaranteed pension", the" Medicaid",the " low-income subsidy for the elderly ", the" national health insurance ",and the" Residential repair. "To be able to understand really need seniors, welfare for the elderly through the Kaohsiung City Government measures provided for common weight mode, for the most urgent needs of dozens of senior citizens, the need to assess the priority needs are two major "health check" , "senior citizen services," tied Moreover as "dementia day care", "moderate to severe disability shuttle transportation", "home rehabilitation" tied for second place, in order, is "older basic guaranteed pension", " Medicaid, "" low-income subsidy for the elderly "," national health insurance "," Residential repair. "This study wishes to reach a proper plan for the government to carry out proper policies on the seniors’ needs according to final results.To reach the closest planning on expected results of this study the results can provide the government''s policy and the needs of senior citizens.

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Daningrum, Vinda, i 薇妲戴妮諾. "BUILDING CITIZEN-CENTRIC GOVERNMENT THROUGH E-GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE: An Empirical Study of Taiwan E-Government". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/srs8a5.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
104
The growth of e-government implementation around the world has been rapidly increasing. E-government is conceived as the enabler of various government objectives towards different stakeholders. Among many government objectives, one particular objective that becomes focus of this study is the purpose of being citizen-centric government. Citizen-centric government is the concept that stressed on ‘putting citizens first’. Considers e-government initiative as the manifestation of IT investment, there were plenty of prior research stated that IT investment could not directly improve performance, yet it need to strategically transformed within business proses. There are three presumed determinants that affect the success of citizen-centric government performance: 1) e-government that has been transformed within government daily process (represented as e-government quality); 2) open data; 3) citizens’ participation. Thus this study aims to identify the influence of citizens’ participation, e-government quality, and open data towards citizen-centric government performance. Online and offline survey using 142 sample of Taipei citizens were conducted. The Structured Equation Model was used to analyse the path coefficient between variables. Finally this study revealed the positive significant direct influence of citizens’ participation towards citizen-centric government performance. Open data also has significant relationship with citizens’ participation. Therefore open data also indirectly influences citizen-centric government performance through citizen-centric government performance. Unfortunately, the relationship between e-government quality and citizen-centric government performance as well as e-government quality and citizens’ participation are not significant.

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Oshiro, Raymond Shigeru. "A study of significant initiating and sustaining factors which influence citizen participation in social planning". Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10273.

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Malhotra, Charru. "Design of citizen centric e-Governance approach: a study of select ICT based rural initiatives". Thesis, 2010. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/3240.

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Porta, Simone. "Carbon Footprint and Smart Cities : from bottom-up initiatives towards environmental sustainability". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31292.

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Smart Cities are a recently developed concept which helps cities hoarded by rapid urbanization and ever-increasing population to innovate themselves and be sustainable. By the implementation of disruptive technologies and carbon literacy, their efficiency can be increased and set environmental sustainability as the principal marker for better livability within the city. That is why the newly formed definition of Smart Sustainable City represents a concept that should be utilized by all the stakeholders involved while aiming to positively evolve the Smart City context. Stakeholder involvement, in particular the citizens’ participation in the decision-making process is, now more than ever, a key feature for every city that desires becoming more “smart” and more environmentally sustainable. This involvement through Bottom-Up approaches gives practitioners and decision-makers potential new insights helpful to shape the city in the right direction. This research follows the five steps process to identify the practical advantages of the citizens’ involvement. A four-week study with 93 active participants from three pilot European city was set. This study, alongside a database model composed by ad-hoc environmental indicators, sets to be an example of how citizens’ literacy and feedback can be implemented and increase environmental sustainability, fostering the chances of a positive outcome. Furthermore, thanks to the validation received from Smart City practitioners, it promotes the inclusion of citizens within the decision-making context and an improved ready-to-use framework.

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Demediuk, Peter. "The form and function of local government community engagement initiatives : Swedish case studies". Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30097/.

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The aim of local governments to increase community engagement is an emergent global phenomenon. Ideally, community engagement initiatives connect the community with their government so that citizens can have a say in the things that really matter to them. Mounting internal or external pressure for more citizen participation moves the focus from 'local government' to 'local governance',. And presents professional practices with the challenge of determining the ends for participation, and responding with the appropriate means - given the local economic, social, political and technological context. The purpose of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of community engagement initiatives by local governments in order to inform professional practice in a growing but under researched asrea of activity. The research aims to conceptualise and articulate factors and characteristics that consititute the 'form' (means) and 'function' (ends) of individual community engagement initiatives; identify the shape of these attributes in practice, and provide a management model to fuel debate and inform the planning, implementation and evaluation of community engagement initiatives.

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Mati, Jacob Mwathi. "The power and limits of social movements in promoting political and constitutional change: the case of the Ufungamano Initiative in Kenya (1999-2005)". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11720.

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Ph.D.--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2012
The Kenyan political landscape has, since the 1990’s, been tumultuous and characterised by multiple political and social struggles centred on embedding a new constitutional order. This thesis is a qualitative case study of the Ufungamano Initiative, a powerful movement involved in these struggles between 1999 and 2005. Emerging in an environment of deep societal divisions and multiple sites of struggle, the Ufungamano Initiative is a remarkable story of how and why previously disjointed and disparate individuals and groups came together in a ‘movement of movements’ to become a critical contender in Kenyan constitutional reforms. The movement utilised direct citizens’ actions and was directly in competition with the Moi/KANU state for control of the Constitution Reform Process. This direct competition and challenge, posed a legitimacy crisis on the state led process forcing an autocratic and intolerant regime to capitulate and open up space for democratic engagement of citizens in the Constitution Reform Process. But the Ufungamano Initiative is also a story of the limits of social movements. While holding so much power and promise, movements are limited in their ability to effect fundamental changes in society. Even after substantial gains in challenging the state, the Ufungamano Initiative was vulnerable and agreed to enter a ‘coerced’ merger with the state-led process in 2001. The merger dissipated the Ufungamano Initiative’s energy. This study therefore speaks to the power and limits of social movements in effecting fundamental changes in society. Applying a socio-historical approach, the study locates the Ufungamano Initiative within the broader social, economic and political struggles to argue that contemporary constitutional reform struggles in Kenya were, in Polanyi’s (1944) terms, double movement type of societal counter-movements to protect itself from an avaricious economic and political elites. Engaging the political process model, this thesis analyses seventy in-depth interviews and secondary data to explain the dynamics in the rise, operations, achievements and decline of the Ufungamano Initiative as illustrative of how movements emerge, take on a life of their own and sometimes metamorphose into phenomenal forces of change, or just fizzle out.

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