Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Circulation – Évaluation”
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Alsoufi, Fatima. "Une réorganisation douce des circulations urbaines : zones 30km/h et piétonnes : évaluation européenne de la modération de circulation motorisée : Paris, Hambourg, Genève". Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120054.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research describes the interaction among three elements: - The local and national urban dysfunctions because of the excessive utilization of car. The cal traffic is the centre of the urban politics in the cities that we have studied. - The traffic politics of the cohabitation between the different types of traffic. All these actions are issues of the agenda 21 inscribed in the sustainable development. - The innovations, which accomplish a soft and calm organisation of the urban traffic like the pedestrian areas, the zone 30km/h and 20km/h. Our study has different approaches : urban approach, social approach, economical approach. These three approaches are associated with a regulation and administrator approach. In addition, this research describes the result of the creation of the pedestrian areas and the zone 30km
Jaber, Samir. "Syndrome inflammatoire de réponse systémique (SIRS) sévère en chirurgie cardiaque : évaluation d'une antibiothérapie (résultats préliminaires)". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON11151.
Pełny tekst źródłaZargouni, Yadh. "Évaluation de l'efficacité des mesures de sécurité routière". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066194.
Pełny tekst źródłaOliva, Justine. "Eco-épidémiologie du virus influenza D : évaluation du spectre d'hôtes et du risque d'émergence". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30171.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecently, a novel genus was identified within the Orthomyxoviridae family and named thereafter Influenza D virus (IDV). So far, IDV has been detected on differents continents and differents species are susceptible to the virus. Bovine are considered as a main host for IDV. The PhD was divided in two parts: (i) assessment of the host ranges and the geographical circulation of IDV, and (ii) development of a murine model in order to study the pathogenesis of IDV. First, the host range and geographical circulation of IDV were analyzed using serological and/or virological tools, on domestic species from France, Luxembourg and Africa; but also in wild fauna species from differents countries. We observed that IDV circulates mainly in bovine, but other species, such as swine or small ruminants, seem susceptible to the virus too. Virological and phylogenic analyses demonstrated that IDV strains circulating in France are genetically close to European viral strains. Moreover, it appears that camelids, cervids and marsupials could be new hosts for the virus. Finally, we developed a murine model in order to better understand the pathogenesis of the virus. The results suggest that IDV presents a low pathogenesis in mice compared to what was observed in the calf model, although similarities have been observed. In conclusion, IDV circulates throughout the world and seems to have a wide host range, which includes species from the wild fauna. Moreover, the murine model allowed us to better understand of IDV's pathogenesis, especially its replication (fitness, tropism) and associated immune response
Brogniez, Hélène. "Humidité de la troposphère libre africaine : élaboration d'une archive Meteosat, analyse climatique et évaluation de modèles". Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008052.
Pełny tekst źródłaCambon, Gildas. "Étude numérique de la mer d'Iroise : dynamique, variabilité du front d'Ouessant et évaluation des échanges cross-frontaux". Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis work falls within a realistic ocean modelling framework focused on the study of the Iroise Sea. The first two parts deal with the numerical implementation and validation through comparison with observations. Then, emphasis is put on the analysis of the main physical structures and processes at work in the Iroise Sea At first, the ushant tidal front along with the associated stratification/destratification processes, then the mean eulerian residual circulation in order to isolate and assess its different components. Then, the mapping of the different dynamical regimes at work allowed us to observe cyclostrophic regimes around the islands and in shallow water area and made clearly appear a strong geostrophic regime at the tidal front, especially in summer. Nevertheless, in the main part of the domain under study, the contributions by the different dynamical terms are quite alike. From a thermal point of view, the analysis of heat budget showed a high domination of the advective fluxes by the air-sea ones despite the induction by the latter of a marked high-frequency modulation of the net heat gain. Then, a diagnostic parameter was established, and the role of different external forcings (air/sea heat fluxes, wind stress, springjneap tidal cycles) upon the ushant front variability was highlighted through sensitivity experiments. Finally, a study of the cross-frontal mass transport by a lagrangian particles tracking technique was launched. The methodology proved to be reliable, and according to the first results, these exports are developing through specific latitude “channels”
Blais, Philippe. "Élaboration d'un modèle de trafic à partir de données massives de trajectoires automobiles en assurance". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69181.
Pełny tekst źródłaChatellier, Patrice. "Simulation de l'hydrodynamique des chenaux d'oxydation par l'utilisation des équations de Navier-Stokes associées au modèle k-epsilon : évaluation de la vitesse de circulation". Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0027.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoussougou, Nicaise. "Évaluation de l'efficacité des transports en commun en site propre : élaboration d'un modèle mathématique d'optimisation du débit horaire". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Boussougou.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuedria, Mohamed. "Modélisation et évaluation des livraisons urbaines à base de petits véhicules". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0206/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe VRP makes it possible to model the problem of TMV. However, in its most simplistic version it cannot be adapted to the new constraints which reinforce the complexity of the urban environment such as congestion. This is why this work is placed first on a TDVRP (Time-dependent-Vehicle-Routing-Problem) in order to best represent the current urban context. The resolution of these two problems is effective; resulting in a reduction in the number of additional vehicles needed due to congestion delays can be eliminated. But this solution is not without consequences for end customers since its goal is to avoid the switch to peak hours and this can lead to delivery delays. For this reason we want to propose a new solution that solves the problem of the shortest path and integrating time dependency (TDVRP). This solution relies on better operation of vehicles, in the first place, to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. This problem is called MT-VRP (Multi-Trip VRP) which was raised in 2007 by (Azi, et al. 2007). In a second step we want to propose a MT VRP that uses different types of vehicle in terms of loading capacity. In this perspective comes our work that proposes a new solution of MTTDVRP (TW with time windows) by testing a new solution using a light vehicle of low load capacity (tricycle type) in order to reduce the nuisance associated with TMV
Stankovic, Stéphanie. "Les processus cognitifs en jeu dans les jugements de risques en situation complexe et dynamique : le cas du contrôle aérien". Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20105.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main interrogation of this thesis is: “What are the cognitive processes involved in judgments of potential conflict given by air traffic controllers? “. To answer this question we investigated the risk judgments about conflict between two aircraft given by expert and novice air traffic controllers following the approach of the lens of Brunswik (1952) and the model of integrating information of Anderson (1996). The application of these two models to the risk judgments allow us to identify particular components that have a major role in shaping judgments and specify the rules governing integration. This application is developed across three empirical studies: the first relates to risk judgments issued by air traffic controllers' experts and students. In this study we propose a model of risk judgments based on three variables. The second study is a test of the proposed model and an analysis of the rules of integrating information. And the last study incorporates several elements in shaping judgments. We demonstrate that it is crucial to adopt an individual differences approach to study judgments by air traffic controllers. Also, these findings should have implications for developing user-friendly interfaces with conflict detection devices and for devising ATC training programs
Cambon, Gildas. "Etude numérique de la mer d'Iroise : dynamique, variabilité du front d'Ouessant et évaluation des échanges cross-frontaux". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976378.
Pełny tekst źródłaNeyton, Clément. "Évaluation de l’hémodynamique systémique lors de l’arrêt cardiaque par analyse des signaux recueillis par un défibrillateur". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ062.
Pełny tekst źródłaProviding suitable emergency care during out of hospital cardiac arrest requires the diagnostic of the circulatory status. Manual pulse check does not provide a reliable way for laypersons to identify cardiac arrest or for first responders to discriminate organized rhythms. Thus, Schiller Medical sought to embed an hemodynamic sensor in its external defibrillators by analyzing the electrocardiogram and transthoracic impedance recorded via the defibrillation pads. This thesis work stemmed from a partnership between Schiller Medical and the Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien of the Université de Strasbourg. We first identified transthoracic impedance featureslinked with the circulatory status by studying clinically induced cardiac arrest. The most relevant features were later selected to form predictive models of hemodynamic collapse. We uncovered restrictions to the use of transthoracic impedance. We took them into account for the annotation of out of hospital cardiac arrests aimed at training algorithms for the classification of pulseless electrical activity and pulsatile rhythms
Puygrenier, Vincent. "Etude de la couche limite atmosphérique côtière durant ESCOMPTE 2001 : évaluation et amélioration des performances d'un radar UHF". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30193.
Pełny tekst źródłaForecasting of pollution events was the main objective of the ESCOMPTE-2001 campaign, which took place in the Marseille/Fos/Berre heterogeneous area (southeastern France) in the early summer 2001. This goal requires good understanding and taking into account, by physicochemical numerical models, of the physical processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL), in which pollutants are emitted, transported and diffused. In the ESCOMPTE-2001 campaign context, this work was devoted to study the low troposphere during sea breeze events, related to meteorological conditions responsible for poor air quality of coastal areas. It presents notably an oscillation of the sea breeze intensity and competitions of locals and regional sea breeze, which change the advected time of the marine air above the continental surface and thus influence the ABL development and its pollutants concentration. This study is based principally on the network of four UHF wind profilers radars set up on the coastal area of Marseille/Fos/Berre, allowing a continuous three-dimensional description of the sea breeze flow and the ABL. For the needs of this phenomenological work, methodological developments was realized to improve the measurement of ABL turbulent properties with UHF radars (terms of turbulent kinetic energy budget) and the use of wind profilers network for the study of pollutants plumes trajectography
Therrien, Marc, i Marc Therrien. "Le calcul des coûts de la congestion routière causée par les ponts reliant Québec et Lévis". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28300.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa congestion routière est un problème qui fait supporter de nombreux coûts à la société, qu’il s’agisse de perte de temps, d’une consommation accrue de carburant ou d’une pollution atmosphérique supplémentaire. Dans la région métropolitaine de Québec, le problème est particulièrement présent aux alentours des ponts de Québec et Pierre-Laporte. Ce mémoire propose de calculer trois types de coût de la congestion routière autour des ponts en utilisant des données GPS, soit le coût total, le coût externe et la perte sociale de la congestion. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que la congestion fait supporter un coût total à la société de plus de 40 millions $ par année dans la zone autour des ponts, en estimant ce coût selon deux approches différentes. Le coût externe de la congestion dans la zone est estimé à 21,7 millions $ et la perte sociale entraînée par cette congestion à 5,5 millions $ annuellement. Les coûts de la congestion estimés sont nettement supérieurs à ceux de l’étude parue en juin 2017 de Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton qui estimait le coût total pour les tronçons routiers principaux dans une zone similaire autour des ponts à 15,8 millions $.
Road congestion is a problem that burdens society with many costs, whether it is loss of time, an increased consumption of fuel or supplementary atmospheric pollution. In the metropolitan region of Quebec, the problem is particularly present in the vicinity of Quebec and Pierre-Laporte bridges. This master’s thesis proposes to calculate three types of cost of road congestion around the bridges using GPS data : the total cost, the external cost and the social loss of congestion. Our results seem to indicate that the congestion imposes a total cost to the society over $40 million per year in the area around the bridges, estimating this cost with two different approaches. The external cost of congestion in the area is estimated to $21.7 million and the social loss incurred by this congestion to $5.5 million annually. The estimates of the cost of congestion are considerably higher than those of the study published in June 2017 by Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton that estimated the total cost for the main roads within a similar zone around the bridges of $15.8 million per year.
Road congestion is a problem that burdens society with many costs, whether it is loss of time, an increased consumption of fuel or supplementary atmospheric pollution. In the metropolitan region of Quebec, the problem is particularly present in the vicinity of Quebec and Pierre-Laporte bridges. This master’s thesis proposes to calculate three types of cost of road congestion around the bridges using GPS data : the total cost, the external cost and the social loss of congestion. Our results seem to indicate that the congestion imposes a total cost to the society over $40 million per year in the area around the bridges, estimating this cost with two different approaches. The external cost of congestion in the area is estimated to $21.7 million and the social loss incurred by this congestion to $5.5 million annually. The estimates of the cost of congestion are considerably higher than those of the study published in June 2017 by Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton that estimated the total cost for the main roads within a similar zone around the bridges of $15.8 million per year.
Fassert, Christine. "La transparence dans les organisations à risque : une approche ethnographique dans le contrôle de la navigation aérienne". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010716.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoudabous, Safa. "Vehicular traffic analysis based on Bluetooth sensors traces". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT036.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe pervasiveness of personal radio devices and the high penetration rate of these technologies in vehicles have, in recent years, made a strong case for the development of new traffic measurement techniques based on the analysis of the radio access network activity levels. In this thesis, we explore the use of sensor data gathered through Bluetooth (BT) passive scanning. Bluetooth sensors provide a cost-effective, low-impact and easy to deploy alternative to conventional techniques. They are adapted for mass deployment in urban areas at relatively low investment and maintenance costs. However, the BT indirect detection process may introduce bias and uncertainties that hinder the accuracy of the derived vehicular traffic metrics. In this context, we investigate the capacity to use Bluetooth sensors as a reliable sole data source for intelligent traffic systems in urban areas. Our work focuses on improving the accuracy of the obtained estimations of the traffic flow and the travel speed. The first part of this work concerns the task of vehicular traffic flow quantification from Bluetooth sensor data. We adopted a data-driven approach relying on statistical and machine learning models. We first considered traffic flow estimation in one sensing pose. Then, we proposed a model for network-scale flow estimation. In this contribution, we also introduced the transfer learning problem required to limit the need to acquire labelled training data for each new deployment. In the second part, we focus on the task of estimating the average travel speed. We propose an algorithm that uses the collected data about the quality of the received signal to improve the matching process and weigh individual vehicle speed contributions in calculating the average speed. During this work, we also developed a simulation framework of BT scanning for vehicular traffic monitoring. The simulator allows us to study and identify the factors impacting the probability, for one sensor, of detecting an active BT connection in its detection range and generate synthetic training datasets to handle data scarcity
Chibbaro, Salvatore. "Impact de la cranioplastie sur l'hémodynamique et métabolisme cérébral chez les patients craniectomisés : évaluation de l'effet de la cranioplastie comme facteur pronostic de l'amélioration clinique chez les traumatismes crâniens graves, HSA, HIC, Thrombophlébite des sinus duraux et AVC ischémique malin". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077134.
Pełny tekst źródłaCranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy in patients suffering from severe head injury, SAH, ICH and dural sinus thrombosis often leads to a functional improvement although, to date, the pathophysiology of this phenomenon remains unclear. A few hypotheses have been proposed. The impact of cranioplasty on cerebral perfusion coulb be one explanation. We have evaluated the impact of cranioplasty on the functional status of patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy with its influence on cerebral perfusion. This was a multi-centric and prospective study concerning different patient's cohort undergoing to a cranioplasty within 12 weeks following decompressive craniectomy; An experimental animal study has also been realized. A clinical and radiological evaluation was performed prior to and after cranioplasty in ail patients. Neurological and cognitive evaluation was performed with the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Radiological evaluation was performed by perfusion CT scan, transcranial Doppler and in selected case by a 18 FDG PET scan. A statistically significant neurological and cognitive improvement was observed in 92% of patients at 6 months follow-up (F-U). Brain perfusion was improved at 6 weeks F-U, predominantly in the affected hemisphere. Systolic and diastolic blood velocity flow were improved in both middle cerebral arteries being in favor of cerebral perfusion improvement. Cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy probably improves the functional outcome of these patients, thanks to a global improvement of cerebral perfusion. The former data are in favor of a therapeutic effect of cranioplasty which until now has been considered a procedure to improve just cosmetic feature and brain protection. Finally the implementation of new technique and/or devices to perform the craniectomy keeping in the same time the brain protected could constitute a true revolution in the management of such patients
Pradier, Sophie. "Circulation enzootique du virus West Nile en population équine : identification de facteurs de risque environnementaux en Camargue, France". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605812.
Pełny tekst źródłaFouilloux, Virginie. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la qualité et de la gestion des risques en chirurgie cardiaque. : Conception, réalisation et évaluation de techniques d'enseignement basées sur la simulation sur modèle animal vivant". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5046/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe quality and the risk management became, during the last decade, the main stakes within the initiatives of improvement of medical and paramedical practices.Education and teaching have to constitute the basement on which these various steps can build. In the field of health, the simulation stands out as one of the most successful tools contributing to the improvement of the practices.Our work concerns more particularly the very specialized area represented by cardiac surgery. We propose an educational tool based on the simulation from an in-vivo animal model.After a first stage to design the model and its relevance, two curriculum of training, one concerning basics and the other concerning continuing medical education, are proposed and assessed.To improve the quality and the risk management in France, a comparison with the initiatives already established abroad, in particular in Canada, is depicted.Finally, the School of the CEC comes to illustrate what could be, in France, an example of training curriculum for medical and paramedical professions in the field of the cardiac surgery
Paubel, Pierre-Vincent. "Évaluation d’un système de résolution de conflits, ERASMUS : apport de l’oculométrie comme mesure de la charge mentale chez les contrôleurs aériens en-route". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20053/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir Traffic Control has to handle the strong and constant increase in air traffic density. In this context, mental workload experienced by air traffic controllers is a key research concept to maintain the actual safety level. ERASMUS is an automated aid system designed to reduce air traffic controllers’ workload. The purpose of ERASMUS is to compensate the effects of the air traffic growth by reducing the increased mental workload associated with a greater number of potential conflicts. Prior experiments designed to validate the ERASMUS system showed a reduction in ratings of mental workload, but only subjectives measures were used. In the present thesis, the first goal is to complete these first results by providing, for the first time, a real time objective measure of controllers’ mental workload. In this purpose, we had to develop a new non-intrusive eye-tracking platform in a fully realistic simulation environment. The eye movements of seven controllers, placed in a high-fidelity simulation, were recorded. Traffic sequences were manipulated (with vs. without ERASMUS). Consistent with a reduced workload hypothesis, results showed medium to large effects of ERASMUS on the amplitude of saccades, on the time spent gazing aircraft, and on the distribution of attention over the visual scene. Moreover, without ERASMUS, growth in the traffic density significantly increased pupil diameters. In contrast, when ERASMUS was activated, traffic density growth did not impact significantly pupil diameters. Finally, we discuss the impact of ERASMUS on mental workload and the use of pupillometric measures in an ecological air traffic control environment
Petitjean, Adeline. "Approches biométrologiques de l'éclat du teint". Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'éclat du teint est une réalité que tout le monde appréhende, mais qu'il est difficile de décrire ; pourtant, de plus en plus de produits cosmétiques mis sur le marché revendiquent cette indication. Il est le reflet de notre état de santé, du fonctionnement de notre organisme. Il joue un rôle physiologique et social de premier plan. La liste des paramètres qui le constituent est difficile à établir et les méthodes d'évaluation in vivo de l'éclat du teint manquent encore à ce jour. - L'objectif de ce travail était de comprendre l'éclat du teint. Il semble dépendre du pouvoir réfléchissant de la peau. L'aspect brillant de la peau est dû à la réflexion spéculaire (elle-même influencée par la texture de la peau) alors que la couleur est due à la rétrodiffusion, qui dépend majoritairement de la concentration des différents pigments et de leur distribution (mélanine et hémoglobine). Ainsi la couleur cutanée est influencée par la microcirculation. Il apparaît évident que la notion d'éclat du teint est très complexe et d'origine multifactorielle. Ce mélange pondéré de la texture, de la brillance, de la microcirculation et de la couleur, est probablement influencé par d'autres facteurs psychologiques tels que la joie, la tristesse, la fatigue. . . - [ Travaux et résultats :] Dans un premier temps, pour évaluer la quantité de lumière réfléchie (brillance), nous avons validé un nouvel outil développé au sein de notre laboratoire. Nous avons montré que cet outil est répétable et reproductible dans le temps pour deux paramètres. L'un dépend de la texture de la peau et l'autre de la brillance de la peau. Il est aussi sensible et spécifique. Ainsi, cet appareil est satisfaisant pour suivre l'évolution de l'éclat du teint au niveau du front et de la pommette, et pour réaliser une classification (terne ou éclatant) au niveau du front. - Dans une application physiologique, nous nous sommes intéressée à un facteur susceptible d'altérer l'éclat du teint : le tabac. Puis dans une application cosmétique, nous avons étudié le potentiel d'amélioration de cet éclat par une famille de peptides. Nous avons étudié : les effets cutanés du tabagisme et de ses principes actifs sur le microrelief (projection de franges) ; la microcirculation (vidéocapillaroscopie) ; la couleur (Chromamètre®) ; la brillance, à l'aide d'un nouveau système développé par notre laboratoire, mesurant la quantité de lumière réfléchie par la peau ; l'hydratation (Cornéomètre®) ; le taux de sébum (Sébumètre®). Des techniques de biologie ont aussi été utilisées pour comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu par les principes actifs pour leur efficacité in vivo. - Nous nous sommes intéressée aux fibroblastes (prépuce), cellules responsables de la synthèse et de l'entretien des macromolécules de la matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons étudié leur activité de synthèse via l'étude du collagène de type l et III, leur capacité de rétraction, certains récepteurs - les intégrines α2β1 - lesquels lient le collagène de type l avec une forte affinité et ainsi jouent un rôle clé dans la migration des fibroblastes à l'intérieur du derme. - Nous avons mis en évidence que le tabagisme chronique aggrave le microrelief, diminue le taux de sébum et diminue le nombre de boucles capillaires visibles. Cette étude renforce l'idée que fumer est un facteur de vieillissement prématuré de la peau. Ainsi, nous pouvons conclure que le tabac altère l'éclat du teint en diminuant la réflexion de la lumière, la brillance et la rétrodiffusion de la lumière. - Nous avons mis en évidence que quatre principes actifs améliorent l'état de surface de la peau en ayant un effet lissant : l'un par un effet filmogène, les trois autres par une augmentation du taux de collagène I. Pour la brillance, seul un des principes actifs réduit la quantité de lumière diffusée et augmente la quantité de lumière réfléchie (mais de façon non significative). - Au niveau microcirculatoire, seul un des principes actifs a inhibé l'augmentation observée de la vascularisation avec l'excipient. Nous pouvons suggérer qu'une diminution de la vascularisation améliore le teint en maintenant un teint homogène et en luttant contre les effets du vieillissement. Ainsi, tel principe actif tend à inhiber les effets microcirculatoires du vieillissement et à améliorer le teint. Nous n'avons pas mis en évidence d'efficacité sur les autres paramètres étudiés. - [ Conclusion : ] Ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender les paramètres intervenants dans l'éclat du teint et il témoigne de sa complexité. Ces résultats suggèrent que la texture de la peau joue un rôle important dans l'éclat du teint
This work has helped to identify the parameters which participate in the skin radiance and has revealed its complexity: multifactorial sources (texture, brightness, rnicrocirculation, colour, happiness, sadness, tiredness. . . ). - By biometrological assessment, we demonstrated that smoking alters the skin radian ce by reducing the brightness, the light reflection (worsening the microreIief) and the light retrodiffusion. We showed that the four active principles improve the skin radiance by a smoothing effect. Only one of the actives improves brightness. With regard to microcirculation, only one of the active princip les inhibited the increase of the vascularisation with the excipient. It seems that reduced vascularisation improves the skin radiance by keeping it homogeneous and fighting the effects of aging. The results suggest that the skin texture is a capital eIement in the skin radiance
Gonzalez, Salazar Nancy. "Circulation des savoirs et des pratiques médicaux entre la France et le Rio de la Plata (1828 - 1886)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0093.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs a key factor in the development of nations, medicine and its organization were at the center of the preoccupations of the political authorities who succeeded one another in Argentina and Uruguay as soon as these territories were conquered by Spain. Yet, once independence has been achieved, repeated economic crises and a chaotic political situation have meant that medicine on both sides of the Plata has struggled to awaken and consolidate. While in Uruguay the erection of a faculty of medicine was not possible until 1875, that of Buenos Aires, erected in 1821, functioned in an intermittent manner until 1852, because of the troubled political situation in the country with the Juan Manuel de Rosas's dictatorship. As a result, many Uruguayans and Argentines have gone to begin or perfect their medical training at the Faculty of Paris. At the same time, in spite of the political unrest and the economic instability of the region, many French doctors decided to establish themselves on the banks of the Plata in the first half of the 19th century.This work examines the links that physicians living on both sides of the Atlantic between 1828 and 1886 developed, maintained and strengthened over the course of the century. This dynamic circulation of knowledge and medical techniques, energetic and permanent, benefited the medicine on both sides of the Atlantic. More specifically, we approach these exchanges by an analysis of the management carried out by the medical corps of Montevideo and Buenos Aires of the epidemics of cholera and yellow fever when they broke out in these towns and of the knowledge that circulated in the area before and after their appearance. We also study the reception given by the members of the French and Rioplatense medical spheres to the speeches related to the crematist system and its establishment, a system that excited the European medical profession at the turn of the 1860s. We show that medicine on both sides of the Atlantic has been enriched by the contact and reciprocal exchanges that these doctors have maintained. Indeed, while Plata's medicine has to a large extent been awakened by the contribution of the French medical actors who brought their knowledge and know-how to the region, French medicine was in turn fueled by the stay of doctors of the Hexagon in the banks of the Plata. Regardless of the length of their stay in the region, the various explorations they have carried out and their direct confrontation with the local pathology have allowed French physicians to increase their knowledge and acquire a singular experience. This experience had a significant impact, not only in their daily practice, but also in the adoption of innovative practices essential to French medical progress in the last quarter of the 19th century
Factor esencial para el desarrollo de las naciones, la medicina y su organización se encontraron en el centro de las preocupaciones de las autoridades políticas del Río de la Plata (Argentina y Uruguay) desde el momento mismo de la conquista española. Sin embargo, una vez adquirida la Independencia, las crisis éconómicas y la inestabilidad política fueron permanentes en los dos países, En consecuencia, el despliegue y la consolidación de la medicina de parte y parte de la Plata se vieron fuertemente comprometidos. Mientras que en Uruguay la facultad de medicina fue creada apenas en 1875, la facultad de Buenos Aires, instalada desde 1821, funcionó de manera irregular hasta 1852, puesto que el régimen dictatorial de Juan Manuel de Rosas entorpeció la enseñanza y puso freno al movimiento científico establecido desde principios de siglo 19. Fue por eso que, con el objetivo de formarse o especializarse en la facultad de medicina de París, numerosos uruguayos y argentinos viajaron a Francia. Paralelamente, y a pesar de las múltiples agitaciones políticas y de la economía vacilante de la Plata, varios médicos franceses decidieron establecerse en la región desde la primera mitad del siglo. Este trabajo explora las relaciones establecidas y consolidadas con el paso del tiempo entre los médicos y estudiantes en medicina rioplatenses y franceses que viajaban entre el viejo continente y la Plata, y que dieron paso a la instauración de una circulación énergica y permanente de saberes, de prácticas y de técnicas médicas, que benefició tanto a la medicina rioplatense como a la medicina francesa. Dicha circulación es ejemplificada a través de la actuación concreta de los cuerpos médicos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo en los momentos en que el cólera y la fiebre amarilla irrumpieron en estas ciudades de forma epidémica, asi como también de la circulación de saberes que, sobre estas enfermedades exóticas, tuvo lugar en la región antes y después de su aparición en la Plata. Asimismo, se analiza la recepción de los discursos y la puesta en práctica de la cremación de cadáveres – sistema que provocó el entusiasmo del cuerpo médico europeo desde finales de los años 1860 – en las esferas médicas francesa y rioplatense. Se espera así recalcar que la medicina de parte y parte del Atlántico se vió enriquecida por el contacto y los intercambios científicos enfectuados entre los médicos franceses y rioplatenses. En efecto, si los médicos franceses, llevando sus conocimientos y su experiencia a la Plata, jugaron un rol clave y estimularon el desarrollo de la medicina rioplatense, la medicina francesa fue, a su turno, alimentada por la estadía de los médicos franceses en la región. En efecto, sin importar el tiempo pasado en la Plata, las múltiples exploraciones geográficas y la confrontación directa avec la patología local enriquecieron los conocimentos de esos médicos y les aportaron una experiencia singular cuyo impacto, altamente significativo en el ejercicio cotidiano de su profesión, repercutió igualmente en el desarrollo de la médicina nacional, estimulando la adopción de prácticas innovantes indispensables al progreso médico francés en el último cuarto del siglo 19
Martinet, Simon. "Estimation in-situ des facteurs d’émission des polluants du trafic routier". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET006.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrban air pollution is a major issue for human health and the environment. Road traffic is the main source of pollution in urban areas and contributes significantly to air pollution in these areas despite improvements in pollution control technologies and engines. To measure and improve knowledge of pollutant emissions from road vehicles, different methods exist, each with its own advantages and limitations. For example, measurements on a test bench make it possible to study vehicle emissions according to their technology and with good reproducibility of test conditions. However, this approach remains limited, particularly for the representativeness of vehicle fleet emissions under real operating conditions. The limited knowledge of emissions of unregulated pollutants, such as BTEX, C9-22 alkanes, carbonyl compounds, particulate matter and soot carbon, which have adverse effects on health and the environment and are rarely measured due to the complexity of metrology, is a second area for further study of traffic emissions. The objective of this work is to estimate in-situ emission factors for unregulated pollutants from road traffic, under real vehicle traffic conditions and for fleets whose composition is precisely characterized. For this purpose, the work of this thesis has made it possible to develop and implement methodologies for in-situ measurement, in urban areas, of unregulated pollutant emissions from road traffic, and to estimate emission factors based on measurements made at different sites (open roadside site and confined site). These emission factors are established for unregulated pollutants, and for a precisely defined actual vehicle fleet (detailed knowledge of the composition of the vehicle fleet in use and local traffic conditions). The emission factors thus determined in-situ are compared with those derived from bench measurements in order to verify their consistency and analyse them according to the different measurement sites and the impact of the composition of the fleet on pollutant emissions. Three in-situ measurement campaigns were carried out, two roadside in urban areas (open sites) and one in a tunnel near an urban area (confined site). The concentrations of the targeted pollutants measured at these three sites, as well as the different fleet compositions and traffic conditions identified, were used to estimate emission factors per vehicle or for the entire fleet
Grandmougin, Daniel. "Développement d’un modèle expérimental porcin d’autorétroperfusion myocardique à coeur battant : évaluation des réponses hémodynamiques et cardiaques avant et après occlusion de l’artère interventriculaire antérieure : potentialités d’applications cliniques". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0098/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPart I: Objectives. This work reports an anatomic study of swine heart in order to produce technical recommendations and achieve successful experimental cardiac surgical procedures. Methods. 16 swines were studied. Coronary artery vessels were surgically (n=13) and angiographically (n=10) assessed. Coronary venous vessels were studied by anatomic dissections (n=13) and retrograde injection of methylene blue through the coronary sinus (n=8). Results. Specific pericardial positioning of swine heart dramatically differs from human heart resulting in a limited access to ascending aorta and right atrium, requiring surgical precautions to perform a safe sternotomy and canulation of ascending aorta with an antegrade cardioplegia. Arterial coronary pattern is similar to that of humans (right dominant supply: 70%). Pig coronary sinus receives 4 main branches vs 3 in human sinus. Preliminary ligation of the left azygos vein is required to visualize the surface distribution of methylene blue within the venous vessels, thereby confirming an optimized perfusion of the left ventricle whereas the right ventricle remains poorly perfused. This asymmetry of perfusion results from a specific venous drainage of the right ventricle through small cardiac veins disconnected from coronary sinus. Conclusions. Anatomic knowledge of swine heart validated surgical guidelines for designing the model of self-myocardial retroperfusion and safely performing experimental cardiac surgical procedures. Part II: Background. Retrograde perfusion into the coronary sinus is used to deliver cardioplegia. We developed an in-vivo porcine beating-heart model of self-myocardial retroperfusion (SMR) using the venous route to supply myocardial oxygenation and sought to assess hemodynamic and cardiac responses triggered by SMR before and after a prolonged occlusion of the LAD.Methods. A bypass-line between the ascending aorta and the coronary sinus was made to perform a selective retrograde perfusion of the great cardiac vein with oxygenated blood (SMR). A Control group (n=6) was assigned to collect baseline data, and an SMR group (n=6) was dedicated to undergo SMR with occlusion of LAD for 240 minutes. Cardiac output (CO), maximal pressure in the LV (Pmax in-LV), stroke volume (SV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), diastolic durations, heart rate, and arterial systemic pressure were evaluated with conductance catheters for the following periods: basal (before SMR), SMR with patent LAD, and SMR with occluded LAD. In order to assess peripheral perfusion, patterns of sublingual microcirculation were analyzed. At the end of the procedures, the hearts were harvested for histology. Results. Echographic LVEF evaluation was affected by sternotomy, but conductance catheter evaluation was not. Following pericardiotomy, CO decreased by 7.51% (P < 0.05). SMR with patent LAD showed inotropic properties with improvements in CO, SV, Pmax in-LV and LVEF (P < 0.0001). Following LAD occlusion, SMR supplied myocardial oxygenation with hemodynamic compensation and preserved the peripheral perfusion. Histology confirmed no signs of infarct. Conclusions. SMR showed capacities to produce inotropic effects and protect against ischemia, opening interesting potential applications
Laarabi, Mohamed Haitam. "Optimisation multicritère des itinéraires pour transport des marchandises dangereuses en employant une évaluation en logique floue du risque et la simulation du trafic à base d'agents". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0074/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEveryday thousands of trucks transporting hundreds of thousands of tons of dangerous goods by various modalities and both within and across nations. However, the term “dangerous” indicates an intrinsic adversity that characterize these products, which can manifest in an accident leading to release of a hazardous substance (e.g. radioactive, flammable, explosive etc.). In this situation, the consequences can be lethal to human beings, other living organisms and damage the environment and public/private properties.The importance of dangerous goods boils down to the significant economic benefits that generates. In fact, one cannot deny the contribution of the transport of all fossil fuel derived product, which represents more than 60% of dangerous goods transported in Europe. Eni, the Italian leading petrochemical company, every day operates a fleet of about 1,500 trucks, which performs numerous trips from loading terminals to filling stations. Distribution of petroleum products is a risky activity, and an accident during the transportation may lead to serious consequences.Aware of what is at stake, the division Eni R&M - Logistics Secondary, historically active in Genoa headquarters, is collaborating since 2002 with the DIBRIS department at University of Genoa, and the CRC at Mines ParisTech, with the purpose of studying possible improvements regarding safety in transport of dangerous goods, particularly petroleum products. Over years, this collaboration has led to the development of different technologies and mainly to an information and decision support system. The major component of this system is a platform for monitoring Eni fleet, at the national level, to deliver the products to the distribution points, called the Transport Integrated Platform (TIP). These vehicles are equipped with a device capable of transmitting data stream in real-time using a GPRS modem. The data transmitted can be of different nature and contain information about the state of the vehicle and occurred events during the trip. These data are intended to be received by centralized servers then get processed and stored, in order to support various applications within the TIP.With this in mind, the studies undertaken throughout the thesis are directed towards the development of a proposal to further minimize the risk related to the transportation of dangerous goods. In other words, a trade-off based model for route selection taking into consideration economic and safety factors. The objective is prompted by the need to support existent regulations and safety standards, which does not assure a full warranty against accidents involving dangerous goods.The goal is carried out by considering the existent system as basis for developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aggregating multiple software platforms. These platforms should allow planners and decision makers to monitor in real-time their fleet, to assess risk and evaluate all possible routes, to simulate and create different scenarios, and to assist at finding solutions to particular problems.Throughout this dissertation, I highlight the motivation for such research work, the related problem statements, and the challenges in dangerous goods transport. I introduce the TIP as the core for the proposed ITS architecture. For simulation purposes, virtual vehicles are injected into the system. The management of the data collection was the subject of technical improvement for more reliability, efficiency and scalability in real-time monitoring of dangerous goods shipment. Finally, I present a systematic explanation of the methodology for route optimization considering both economic and risk criteria. The risk is assessed based on various factors mainly the frequency of accident leading to hazardous substance release and its consequences. Uncertainty quantification in risk assessment is modelled using fuzzy sets theory
German, Ronan. "L’intervention des médias informatisés dans le continuum de la médiation patrimoniale. D’une écriture des pratiques de visite à une pratique des écritures de médiation". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040178.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhen dealing with the discontinuity and heterogeneity of museum communication (which is essential and not at all accidental), the broad spectrum of the positions adopted by the actors of mediatization who are involved in the processes is substantial. This thesis examines the manner in which these actors (i.e. those working in museums and those collaborating with them) anticipate complex interactions and seek to guarantee their place on the continuum of heritage interpretation in order to pursue their respective projects. This thesis was possible thanks to a CIFRE grant and was undertaken within a service provider for museums called Mazedia. In this context of relatively significant institutional instability, its aim is to focus on the reliance on digitized media and, more precisely, on architexts, that is, writing tools which condition the writing (and, as a result, the reading) of others. In a process which is situated at an intersection between media and mediation semiology and political economy of communication, two architexts are analyzed in detail, DMA Friends (conceived by the Dallas museum of Art) and Wezit (conceived by Mazedia) respectively. The first was chosen on account of the way it illustrates a process of architextualisation of museum evaluation (apprehended as practices scripturalization). The second deals with a process of the architextualization of practices of transmedia interpretation writing. It is in an exploratory perspective that this thesis examines the possible articulation between these two processes and the manner in which the latter is susceptible to reconfigure the way heritage mediation can operate when it relies on the use of digitized media
Coopman, Quentin. "Impact des aérosols sur les nuages en Arctique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10154/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Arctic region is warming particularly rapidly. The aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) plays an important role on cloud radiative properties and climate change but aerosol impact on cloud microphysical parameters is still poorly understood.In this study we combine measurements from the satellite instruments POLDER-3 and MODIS to temporally and spatially co-localize cloud microphysical properties with carbon monoxide concentrations, passive tracer of aerosol content, from GEOS-Chem and FLEXPART. We also add ERA-I reanalysis of meteorological parameters to stratify meteorological parameters, such as specific humidity and lower tropospheric stability. Thus, observed differences in cloud-microphysical-parameters can be attributed to differences in aerosol content and not in meteorological parameters. We define a net ACI (ACInet) which can be interpreted as a measure of the sensitivity of a cloud at any given location to pollution plumes from distant sources. We study the impact of aerosols from anthropogenic and biomass-burning sources on liquid-cloud microphysical properties in Arctic, between 2005 and 2010, above ocean, and for different meteorological regimes. Our results suggest that the effect of biomass pollution plumes is smaller than the effect of anthropogenic pollution plumes. Meteorological parameters can significantly influence the ACI. We analyze the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on thermodynamic phase transition. The smaller the effective radius, the greater the supercooled temperature, whereas the greater the aerosol concentration, the smaller the supercooled temperature
Boujnah, Houda. "Modélisation et simulation du système de stationnement pour la planification de la mobilité urbaine : application au territoire de la cité Descartes". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1240/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaParking management is a key lever for the modal orientation of urban travel. Indeed, restrictions by scarcity or price penalize the automobile mode and increase the attractiveness of alternative travel modes, which have less impact on the environment. However, restrictive management increases the difficulty of finding an available spot, cruising for parking and traffic congestion, which raises the environmental effect of each of the subsidiary car journeys. This thesis deals with the quantitative problem of the supply and demand of car parking in urban areas through the prism of eco-design to make planning more sustainable. It proposes a simulation model which allows to study parking management plans, focusing on the technical functioning of the system and its interaction with road traffic. The first part proposes a comprehensive overview of the evolution of urban parking in public policies in France, followed by a theoretical analysis of the issues and the challenges raised by an eco-design approach of parking. A systemic exploration centered on its physical, functional and spatial dimensions is then given. Finally, a methodology for diagnosing parking practices at the level of an agglomeration based on a household travel survey is developed and illustrated by an application to the Île-de-France in 2010.The second part is devoted to the spatial modeling of the parking system. It begins with a review of specific literature. Then, we propose a static treatment of the interactions between parking and road traffic at the local level. A spatialized network assignment model (ParkCap model) is developed. It enables to model the joint choices of network route and parking lot and explicitly considers supply capacities constraints and the phenomenon of cruising for parking on the road network. The model’s performance is demonstrated by two numerical examples. Lastly, the structure of the computer simulator prototype is briefly presented. The third and final part provides an application of the model to the strategic planning of parking in the district of Cité Descartes. After a territorial diagnosis of the study area and its parking system, a simulation of the 2010 reference state is implemented. The application demonstrates the ability of the ParkCap tool to simulate a real network and to evaluate several parking management plans. We extend it to a prospective study of the parking system by 2030. By anticipating the urban transformations associated with the Greater Paris Express project, three contrasting scenarios of parking supply are compared and evaluated
Müllenheim, Rosenbourg Pierre-Yves de. "Évaluation et compréhension des limitations fonctionnelles dans l'artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs : validation du géo-positionnement par satellites pour l’étude de la dépense énergétique lors de la marche en extérieur & étude de l’effet de la durée de récupération sur la capacité de marche". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20053/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaLower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a non-communicable disease that is associated with atherosclerosis and that leads, in most patients, to ischemia (mismatch between blood demand and blood supply) during exercise. Exercise-induced ischemia may lead to the occurrence of pain in the lower extremities during walking, thus limitingwalking capacity. Assessing walking capacity is an important step in the management of PAD patients. Thanks to the development of activity monitors such as global positioning system (GPS), it is possible to assess walking capacity under real-life conditions with measurements performed in outdoor settings. These GPS measurements have highlighted thefact that walking capacity seems variable and is likely to be influenced by the recovery duration between two symptoms-limited walks. However, this remains to be demonstrated in standardized conditions. Moreover, methodological advances are needed to standardize and express more adequately GPS data in order to better interpret walking capacity measurements. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was two-fold: i) to validate a method for estimating walking energy expenditure (EE) in healthy subjects in outdoor setting, and that could be used in the future in PAD patients in order to compare walking capacity results obtained in outdoor setting; ii) to determine to which extent the duration of the recovery period that follows a first symptom-limited walk influences walking capacity measured during the subsequent walk in PADpatients. Our results show that GPS allows accurate estimations of walking EE in healthy subjects in outdoor setting and with various conditions of speed and grade. Moreover, our results clearly show that recovery duration influences walking capacity in PAD patients. The logarithmic shape of the relationship supports further analyses to determine a minimum recovery duration that could maximize patients walking capacity. This could have interesting implications for the development of new exercise walking programs in PAD and/or to help patients to better manage their pain during daily life
Quet, Mathieu. "Politiques du savoir : une approche communicationnelle des rapports entre sciences, technologies et participation en France (1968-1983)". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808650.
Pełny tekst źródłaWigetman, Robert. "Vers la conception du système Sieel : un tuteur intelligent pour le contrôle aérien". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30258.
Pełny tekst źródłaSégur, Céline. "Les recherches sur les téléspectateurs en France : émergence et ramifications d'un objet scientifique (1964-2004)". Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Segur.Celine.LMZ0624_1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow – i. E. When, from which basis, in which theoretic and methodological context – have researches about viewing audience arisen in the academic field and how have they developed ? These questions are dealt with the analysis of 359 texts about TV viewers published between 1964 and 2004 and the accounts of researchers, review editors and media business workers. To begin, we find that the subject is dealt firstly in the 50s ; we show the scientific and sociocultural facts that lead to postpone it during the 70s, before this one becomes permanently part of the researches diary in the middle of the 80s. Then, we study the behaviors of various characters (writing a book, organization of symposium, publication of an article). Moreover, we see their positions in the academic « field », as Pierre Bourdieu means, in terms of power struggle that organize exchanges : these ones define the making of knowledge as the « sociologues des sciences » say. We borrow them the idea of the « scientist job ». But, the study of knowledge development needs these acts to be thought in a scientific « system (configuration) » (Norbert Elias), into which they exchange with other. It leads us to think the meanings of scientific practices (quotations, acknowledgement, review editing) as in a network. Finally, we also question the meanings of the subject « viewing audience » in relation with the found branches
Garcia, Jessica. "Évaluation du patrimoine tumoral circulant dans la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients atteints de cancer broncho-pulmonaire". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1275.
Pełny tekst źródłaBroncho-pulmonary cancer (PBC) is the 4th most common cancer worldwide after prostate, breast and colon cancer. Diagnosed at late stages, it is the leading cause of cancer death. However, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer has led to the development of personalized therapies for each patient. The emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapy has revolutionized the therapeutic management, improving the overall survival, progression-free survival and side effects of patients compared to conventional chemotherapy treatments. The prescription of personalized therapies is based on the molecular characteristics of the tumor and, therefore, requires innovative molecular analyzes. Nevertheless, between 10 and 30% of the molecular analyzes of NSCLC patients are non-contributory and access to targeted therapies is compromised. Moreover, even if the pathological analysis remains useful for stadium evaluation or histology, it remains unsuitable for repetitive actions throughout the illness. The "liquid biopsy", is an emerging concept, corresponding to the analysis of circulating nucleic acids but also circulating tumor cells (CTC), derived from the primary tumor. This low-invasive method, based on a blood sample, makes it possible to analyze the circulating tumor inheritance and gives access to the molecular information of the primary tumor. The development of new diagnostic activities is therefore essential to meet its new clinical demands. Since 2015, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL) has deployed a translational research program, called CIRCAN "CIRculating Cancer" in which this thesis. Many methods for detecting relevant biomarkers in thoracic oncology in circulating free DNA (cfDNA) have been developed and validated in the laboratory for more than 1500 patients currently, allowing them to benefit from targeted therapies. The optimization and validation of molecular biology technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and ultra-sensitive digital PCR were performed during this thesis work and published in international journals. Beyond targeted therapies, immunotherapies represent promising new treatments for these patients whose PD-L1 expression level on tissue biopsy is the biomarker of choice. Given the constraints of tissue biopsy, we have developed a phenotypic characterization protocol for PD-L1 in CTCs. In addition, numerous studies show the clinical relevance of the use of mutational load (TMB) as a predictive marker of response to immunotherapy. In parallel, we have developed molecular tools undergoing validation for the calculation of TMB in cfDNA and in CTC compared with the value calculated in tissue, and the PD-L1 level evaluated by immunohistochemistry. However, for about 50% of patients with CBP, no biomarker is found, blocking access to personalized therapies and reducing the patient's chances of survival. In search of new biomarkers, we have developed a protocol allowing access to the transcriptomic signature of CTCs at a "single-cell" level in order to characterize the tumor heterogeneity of these cells and to better understand the resistance mechanisms implemented. The clinical samples of patients are being analyzed, with this protocol validated with a model cell line. Indeed, the results of the method validation highlight the possibility of evaluating tumor heterogeneity and the signaling pathways involved in metastatic spread, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Princeton, Judith. "Pratiques innovantes d'exploitation des réseaux routiers en lien avec une mobilité durable : une nouvelle approche de l'évaluation". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1152/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTraffic management is facing the new issues of the sustainable development concept. The objective is not only to guarantee acceptable travels times over the networks anymore. Energy consumption as well as associated greenhouse gaz and pollutant emissions must be reduced for a better quality of life for current and future generations. Standards in road safety have also been reinforced and aim at cutting off the number of accident fatalities. Thus, traffic operators use the most innovating strategies. Nevertheless, if decision-makers have greater possibilities to implement their programmes, they also are committed to assess their performance at different stages. This doctoral thesis analyses the new strategies in motorway network management by identifying their respective domains of application as well as their potential and real impacts. Limitations of existing a priori and a posteriori evaluation methods are highlighted and a new approach is proposed. It associates the three main criteria of sustainable mobility to one concept: the level of service, which is widely used by network operators. The methodology is validated on several operations. Besides, based on results obtained from the various lane management operations implemented all accross Europe, the thesis proposes a tool to help in choosing the appropriate strategy according to the motorway layout and congestion level. The tool is presented in the form of a catalog of typical cases for the Ile-de-France motorway network. The new evaluation approach proposed in this thesis may be easily integrated in the available traffic simulation tools. Hence, the impacts of a traffic management operation on congestion, safety and the environment may be obtained as output from those simulators in the framewok of an a priori evaluation. This integration is also possible in the traffic management center systems, for a posteriori evaluations. Besides, the thesis identifies potential subjects for future research. Firstly, accident severity could be considered in the proposed evaluation approach, which takes into account all injury accidents at once by now, due to a lack of data. Likewise, only four manged lane strategies are included in the catalog, which could be extended to all the existing traffic management operations through the same methodology described in the thesis
Wu, Xianglei. "Évaluation concomitante des signatures fonctionnelles des réponses lymphocytaires T spécifiques des Antigènes Associés aux Tumeurs et des Cellules Tumorales Circulantes : Impact sur le pronostic des patients atteints de carcinome épidermoïde des voies aéro-digestives supérieures". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0037/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe have evaluated herein two important parameters in the immunomonitoring of cancer patients: circulating tumor cells (CTC) as an indicator of “tumoral antigenic load” and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) specific T-cells. We firstly evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTC in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We came to the conclusion that current evidence identifies the CTC detection test as an extremely specific but low sensitive test in HNSCC. In addition, the presence of CTC indicates a worse disease-free disease (DFS). Also, we report for the first time a rare case of extremely high enumeration of circulating tumor cells detected in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity using the CellSearch® system. The absolute number of CTC could therefore predict a particular phase of cancer development as well as a poor survival, potentially contributing to personalized health. In addition, we describe an adaptation of the CellSearch® method that we have developed for detecting tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with carcinomatous meningitis. This new approach reaches a significantly improved sensitivity compared to conventional cytology. CellSearch® technology, applied to limited sample volumes and allowing an increased pre-analytical time, may be of great interest in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with epithelial cancer. By a concomitant evaluation of CTC and TAA-specific lymphocyte responses in 24 HNSCC patients, we describe that CTC could be an independent indicator of immunogenic tumor burden. The absence of CTC, the presence of TAA-specific T-cells, or the combination of these, were all parameters showing a trend for a better overall survival or DFS. The amplitude and functional signatures of TAA-specific T-lymphocytes in patients with HNSCC were associated with the presence of CTC. These results suggest that a concomitant evaluation of these two parameters may be more pertinent for prognosis assessment as well as for treatment impact, especially in “checkpoint-inhibitors” new immunotherapies
Morelli, Xavier. "Pollution de l'air, santé et défaveur sociale en zone urbaine". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS015/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn urban areas, atmospheric pollution represents a major threat to human health. The accurate characterization of this threat relies centrally on the quality of exposure assessment. It also requires assessment of other factors sharing the same sources and also possibly impacting health, such as noise. Fine-scale exposure assessment of air pollution levels may allow identifying spatial contrasts. Such spatial variations may lead to social differences in the distribution of the health impact of these pollutants.The general aims of the PhD were: 1. To study the possibility to model ultrafine particles distribution in urban areas and assess the correlation of ultrafine particles levels with road traffic noise; 2. To assess the risk incurred by air pollution exposure with a fine-scale modelling approach and investigate the potential socio-economic disparities in health burden induced by particulate matter; 3. To investigate the health benefits expected from hypothetical scenarios of reduction of air pollution levels at the urban scale.The first aim relies on Tri-tabs project, conducted in three European cities (Basel, Girona, Grenoble). Measurements during 20 minutes of outdoor noise and traffic, but not of UFP, were strongly reproducible over durations of a couple of days or months. In these areas, on the short-term, noise levels and UFP concentrations exhibited relatively moderate correlations, which may allow adjustment for mutual confounding in epidemiological studies, thus allowing to disentangle their possible short-term health effects.The second aim introduces health effects, and focuses on the longer term. Risk assessment studies often ignore within-city spatial variations of air pollutants. In Grenoble and Lyon areas (0.4 and 1.2 million inhabitants, respectively) in 2012, PM2.5 exposure was estimated on a 10×10 m grid by coupling a dispersion model to fine-scale data on population density. Outcomes were mortality, lung cancer and term low birth weight incidences. The numbers of cases attributable to air pollution were estimated overall and stratifying areas according to the European Deprivation Index, a measure of social deprivation. Estimations were repeated assuming spatial homogeneity of air pollutants within city. The proportion of cases attributable to air pollution was in the 3-8% range for mortality and 9–43% range for term low birth weight. In Grenoble, 6.8% (95% CI: 3.1–10.1%) of incident lung cancer cases were attributable to air pollution. The impact was underestimated by 8 to 20% when background monitoring stations were used to assess exposure, compared to fine-scale dispersion modeling. Health impact was highest in neighborhoods with intermediate to higher social deprivation.Several countries across Europe have implemented air pollution regulation policies, or low emission zones, France being an exception. We estimated the health impact of air pollution under different scenarios of reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations. Scenarios targeting a reduction in the PM2.5 annual averages by 5% led to a 10% decrease of the health burden, while actions aiming at only reducing the exposure of the population exposed above the 90th percentile did not yield a significant reduction of the health burden (around 1%).In conclusion, we have shown that short-term measurements cannot be used to model ultrafine particles levels in urban areas; we were among the first to rely on a fine-scale exposure model for estimating the health impact of air pollution, and quantify its impact on term low birth weight. Our estimations showed that background air quality monitoring stations used classically in France for health impact assessment studies tend to underestimate exposure, compared to a spatially-resolved dispersion model. We have provided an estimate of the air pollution decrease required to obtain a significant reduction of the health impact of air pollutants in urban areas
Ralaidovy, Ambinintsoa Haritiana. "Efficiency in health ressource allocation : three empirical studies in Eastern Sub-Sahara Africa and Southeast Asia". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD016.
Pełny tekst źródłaPriority setting in health, in the context of Universal Health Coverage, emphasizes three values: improving population health, ensuring equity in access to and quality of services and avoiding impoverishment or underutilization of services as a result of out-of-pocket expenditures. Allocative efficiency can be measured with respect to any one of these values, or with respect to all together by different variants of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In this thesis, we use the Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, a standardized approach developed by the World Health Organization’s programme, ‘Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective’ (WHO-CHOICE) that can be applied to all interventions in different settings. This thesis provides a quantitative assessment of allocative efficiency within three health categories: communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and road traffic injuries, focusing on two economically and epidemiologically diverse regions: Eastern sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Our objectives are to inform health policy debates, improve the world’s body of knowledge on the cost-effectiveness of different interventions by providing more information on the allocative efficiency in those three disease groups and contribute to discussions on Universal Health Care packages
Montpetit, Guillaume. "Les déterminants de la valeur dans le marché immobilier montréalais : étude appliquée aux lignes de distribution câblées, à la végétation et aux types de rue". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3741/1/M11854.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLevac, Xavier. "Évaluation de l'innocuité et de l'efficacité d'un dérivé synthétique marqué de l'adrénomédulline dans l'imagerie moléculaire pulmonaire chez l'humain". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20257.
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