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Ho, Shi-king. "Cigarette smuggling in Hong Kong". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1612117X.
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Batey, Jacqueline. "The safe cigarette : visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-safe-cigarette(a1dd0e71-ce49-4441-aab6-297bdd958c1c).html.
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This Practice-Based Ph.D. thesis is in two sections, the written element presented as a sequence of eight Fascicles, and the practical element presented as an inter-related set of nine Artist’s Books and Multiples. This thesis presents a series of Artist’s Books and Multiples of graphic expressions of anxiety, each informed by a comparative study presented as a sequence of Fascicles of the visual strategies used to advertise cigarettes in America in mass-circulation magazines between 1945 and 1964. The thesis is presented as a boxed object containing the eight Fascicles (each containing a Gatefold Image) and the nine Artist’s Books and Multiples. The thesis identifies specific design and illustration solutions in cigarette advertising such as considerations of artwork, photography, layout, typography, characterisation, and diagrammatic representation of process. The conclusions are then used as the basis for 9 books and multiples in which I explore, within my own artwork, the dynamics of visual instruction, and the devices for reassuring the anxious consumer using irony and humour throughout. Each Fascicle has a Gatefold visual montage with juxtaposed imagery central to the theme. The thesis combines visual analysis and the making of imagery in equal measure. The vast proportion of original visual examples used in the Fascicles are reproduced for the first time in colour from a wide range of contemporary magazines. Particular emphasis is placed on the professional manuals generated by the advertising profession itself. A brief study of the cigarette market in the pre-1945 period identifies early anxieties about the product and how the tobacco industry and the advertising industry sought to address them. The thesis identifies the industries’ invention of the 'Safe Cigarette' and then explores the anxieties implicit in that concept, presenting visual means by which anxiety is depicted. Visual strategies of reassurance in the form of personifiers are compared - ranging from people in socially esteemed professions through to the use of animals (dogs) and visual fictions (Santa Claus). Two factors in particular have been identified to distract consumers from the gathering sense of unease in the safety of the product that culminated in the report of the American Surgeon General in 1964 - the appeal to the consumption of the cigarette in the outdoors and the corresponding success of menthol cigarettes, and the appeal to the reassurance that technology can impart - in the success of the Filter-Tip market. The twin polarities are reflected in the Artist’s books, 'Which Filter Works?' and 'Menthol Daze'. In the last Fascicle the techniques of persuasion after 1945 are compared with those used by the American Huckster of the early twentieth century and the thesis concludes with an assertion of the role that visual humour can play in exposing fallacious marketing.
3
Ho, Shi-king, i 何仕景. "Cigarette smuggling in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977650.
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Klemperer, Elias Mushabac. "A Randomized Trial to Compare Switching to Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Versus Reducing Cigarettes Per Day". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/922.
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Smoking cigarettes is the most preventable cause of death in the US. Smokers are often unsuccessful at quitting because they are dependent. Reducing nicotine could be one way to reduce dependence. Currently, reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) is the most common strategy to reduce nicotine intake. However, some have proposed switching to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes to reduce nicotine and dependence. Both reducing CPD and switching to VLNC cigarettes aim to reduce nicotine but do so in different ways. I conducted a randomized trial to compare the degree to which switching to VLNC cigarettes vs reducing CPD 1) is more acceptable and 2) decreases dependence more among smokers not ready to quit.
Sixty-eight adult smokers of ≥ 10 cigarettes/day who were not ready to quit smoked full nicotine study cigarettes ad-lib for 1 week (week 0). I provided all participants with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches and instructions to gradually reduce over the next 4 weeks by either 1) switching to lower nicotine content VLNC cigarettes or 2) reducing the number of full nicotine CPD. I provided VLNC participants with their usual number of cigarettes throughout the study but cigarettes contained only 70% of their usual nicotine at week 1, 35% at week 2, 15% at week 3, and 3% at week 4. I provided CPD participants with full nicotine cigarettes throughout the study but only 70% of their usual number of cigarettes at week 1, 35% at week 2, 15% at week 3, and 3% at week 4. I instructed participants to attempt to smoke only study cigarettes and report use of all (study + non-study) cigarettes via nightly surveys. I used participants’ percent non-study cigarettes/day as a proxy for acceptability and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale as my primary measure of dependence. Participants completed self-report measures and provided breath and urine samples at weekly visits during the 5-week study period. I tested between-group differences, within-participant change over time, and group by time interactions using multi-level modeling.
Switching to VLNC cigarettes was more acceptable than reducing CPD (F=5.0 p<.05). Acceptability declined over time for CPD participants as they were instructed to reduce more nicotine (F=42.2, p<.001) but this was not true for VLNC participants (F=29.5, p<.001). Dependence declined over time for both VLNC (F=10.5, p<001) and CPD (F=5.0, p<.01) participants but declined more over time for VLNC than CPD participants (F=3.2, p<.05).
This is the first trial to directly compare switching to VLNC cigarettes vs reducing CPD. Large reductions were more acceptable and effective at decreasing dependence among participants who switched to VLNC cigarettes than those who reduced CPD when all were aided by NRT. My findings suggest that regulatory policy that promotes a gradual transition to VLNC cigarettes could be more acceptable and effective at decreasing dependence than the common strategy of reducing CPD. Furthermore, NRT-aided transitions to VLNC cigarettes could be a useful and acceptable component for clinical interventions to reduce nicotine dependence among smokers not ready to quit and thereby make it more likely for smokers to quit and succeed.
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Hon, Kam-yuen Dennis. "Economic analysis on cigarette market in China". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954649.
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Kim, Kilsun. "Investigations of Electronic Cigarette Chemistry: 1. Formation Pathways for Degradation Products Using Isotopic Labeling; and 2. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Nicotine and Flavor Related Chemicals in Electronic Cigarette Fluids". PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3944.
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Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly growing around the world. E-cigarettes are commonly used as an alternative nicotine delivery system, and have been advocated as generating lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. Cigarette smoke-like aerosols are generated when e-cigarettes heat e-liquids. The main components of e-cigarette liquids are propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL) in a varying ratio, plus nicotine and flavor chemicals. Both PG and GL are considered safe to ingest in foods and beverages, but the toxicity of these chemicals in aerosols is unknown. Current studies of e-cigarettes have mainly focused on dehydration and oxidation products of PG and GL. In this study, the other degradation products that can be generated during the vaping process are discussed. In addition, the gas/particle partitioning of chemicals in vaping aerosols is determined.
This work finds that the formation of benzene in electronic cigarettes depends on the wattage, types of coils, and devices. To simulate commerical e-cigarette liquids, mixtures containing equal parts of PG and GL by volume were made with the following added components: benzoic acid (BA), benzoic acid with nicotine (Nic), benzaldehyde (BZ), band enzaldehyde with nicotine. PG only, GL only, and PG and GL mixtures were also made for comparison. The data presented here demonstrate that more benzene is generated as the wattage of a device increases. The results also seem to support the importance of ventilation in the generation of benzene. More benzene is generated from the mixtures containing benzoic acid when using the EVOD device with a smaller vent. However, benzaldehyde yields more benzene when using the Subtank Nano device with a larger vent. Findings also indicate that more benzene is produced from GL rather than PG.
This thesis also addresses the chemical formation pathways of degradation compounds found in the aerosols formed from isotopically labeled e-cigarette liquids. Mixtures of both 13C-labeled and unlabeled PG as well as GL were made. The mixtures were vaped and gas-phase samples were collected to determine which chemicals were in the gas-phase portion of the aerosols. With the use of GC/MS methods, these isotopic labeling experiments provided evidence that the majority of the benzene, acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, toluene, xylene, acrolein, and furan found in e-cigarette aerosols originates from GL in the PG plus GL mixtures. It was also shown that the majority of propanal is derived from PG: while hydroxyacetone can be formed from both PG and GL. Possible mechanisms for the formation of acetaldehyde, benzene, 2,3-butanedione, toluene, and xylene formation are proposed.
Last, this study investigated the gas/particle partitioning of nicotine and flavor-related chemicals in e-cigarette fluids. The gas/particle partitioning behavior of chemicals in e-cigarettes fluids is highly dependent on the chemical volatility. A total of 37 compounds were examined. The target compounds were divided into 3 groups based on their vapor pressures: high, medium, and low. Headspace gas samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of a compound in equilibrium with the liquid phase. The gas and liquid concentrations were used to calculate the gas/particle partitioning constant (Kp) for each compound. In an e-cigarette aerosol, volatile compounds have smaller Kp values and tend to be found in greater proportion in the gas-phase, whereas the less volatile compounds are likely to stay in the particle phase. General agreement with theory was found for compounds with known activity coefficients in PG and GL, indicating that theory can be used to predict Kp values for other compounds.
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Wong, Pui Shan Patrica. "A study of the text-image relations of health warnings on cigarette packets and their effectiveness among universtiy student". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/950.
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Stephens, Raymond Peter, i rays@turningpoint org au. "Why alcohol and drug treatment workers smoke cigarettes". RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080521.122401.
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A grounded theory approach was used to explore the reasons why staff who work in alcohol and drug treatment services smoke cigarettes. Eleven in-depth interviews were conducted with staff in Victoria across a variety of service types and roles. Data gathered from the interviews were analysed and grouped into categories. From analysis of the interviews it appeared that cigarette smoking is given legitimacy in the alcohol and drug treatment field that reinforces its place in these services. Legitimacy was evident in three main ways - Permission, a Therapeutic Tool and Rewards. Permission to smoke was communicated by means which included the opportunity to smoke at work, the provision of smoking areas, the absence of no-smoking rules and policies, and an acceptance of smoking. Smoking was seen as a therapeutic tool that enhanced the treatment provided to clients. Some smokers saw cigarettes as a tool to convey empathy, develop rapport, promote a feeling of engagement and manage difficult clients. Smokers also received some rewards to reinforce their behaviour. There was a benefit of feeling an increased acceptance by other staff, increased socialising, work breaks, a reduction in perceived stress levels and the opportunity to readily satisfy cravings for nicotine that reinforced the smoking behaviour. Punishments, or negative rewards, for smoking were also described. These included being recipients of harassment or pressure from non-smoking staff and concerns about the impact of smoking on their health. These three categories of permission, therapeutic tool and rewards contribute to the legitimacy of smoking in this field and support the continued presence of this behaviour.
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Kolonen, Sakari. "Low-yield cigarettes : smoke exposure and puffing behaviour /". Kuopio : University of Kuopio : Kuopio University Library [jakaja], 1992. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23605.
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Kinouani, Shérazade. "La cigarette électronique chez les étudiants : trajectoires de consommation et profils d’usage". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0382.
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Introduction : L’usage chronique de tabac est une pratique nocive pour la santé, favorisée par l’installation d’une addiction. Les e-cigarettes sont des dispositifs électroniques pouvant délivrer de la nicotine destinée à être inhalée. Un récent essai clinique suggère qu’elles pourraient être plus efficaces que les traitements de substitution nicotinique pour obtenir l’arrêt du tabac chez les fumeurs adultes. L’absence de combustion en fait aussi une alternative dans la réduction des risques et des dommages liés au tabac. Ces bénéfices potentiels pour les fumeurs restent néanmoins à confirmer. Ils sont contrebalancés par l’absence de données sur les risques liés à leur usage prolongé et par la passerelle vers le tabagisme que constitue leur usage par les non-fumeurs adolescents ou jeunes adultes. Peu d’études se sont justement intéressées à l’usage d’e-cigarettes en population de jeunes adultes. Notre objectif était de décrire l’usage d’e-cigarettes (motivations, trajectoires, vécu, profils d’usagers) et son évolution en population étudiante. Méthodes : Entre Octobre 2014 et Novembre 2018, nous avons mené un projet de recherche par méthode mixte, associant une étude observationnelle de cohorte en ligne nichée dans le projet i-Share (suivi sur 12 mois), une revue systématique de littérature et une étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés auprès d’étudiants bordelais. Résultats : L’expérimentation d’e-cigarettes a été déclarée en 2016 par 36 % des étudiants interrogés dans i-Share. La prévalence de l’usage actuel (occasionnel ou quotidien) d’e-cigarettes était estimée à 7 %. Le vapotage était majoritairement une pratique d’anciens fumeurs et de fumeurs. Les raisons d’expérimenter comme de prolonger l’usage d’e-cigarettes étaient plurielles, combinant i) des raisons en lien avec l’usage de tabac/nicotine ; ii) d’autres en lien avec les propriétés fonctionnelles des e-cigarettes ou leur praticité et iii) des raisons sociales. La curiosité était cependant la raison la plus citée d’expérimentation, indépendamment du statut tabagique. Chez les fumeurs, la probabilité d’arrêt du tabac à l’issue d’un suivi sur 12 mois n’était statistiquement pas corrélée à l’usage d’e-cigarettes. Pourtant, certains étudiants réussissaient à arrêter de fumer via les e-cigarettes dans notre étude qualitative. Quatre trajectoires de l’usage d’e-cigarettes et de tabac ont pu être décrites chez des fumeurs ayant vapoté pendant au moins 2 mois consécutifs : l’arrêt du tabac sans transition par un usage dualiste ; l’arrêt planifié et acquis du tabac, après un usage dualiste transitoire ; l’arrêt planifié mais non acquis du tabac, avec un usage dualiste en cours ; l’usage dualiste sans arrêt planifié du tabac. Un processus d’apprentissages s’opérait chez les étudiants au cours du vapotage prolongé. L’apprentissage avait lieu à différents niveaux : dans la recherche des effets, dans le rapport avec le dispositif électronique, dans les interactions sociales et dans le mécanisme cognitif de rationalisation de la poursuite du vapotage. Ce processus d’apprentissages était décrit indépendamment du souhait d’arrêt du tabac. Conclusion : Notre analyse des données recueillies dans i-Share ne montrait pas d’association entre l’usage d’e-cigarettes et l’arrêt du tabac chez des étudiants fumeurs. Les hypothèses possibles sont i) qu’elles ne sont effectivement pas efficaces ou ii) que les jeunes adultes fumeurs qui vapotent ne ressentent pas tous le besoin d’arrêter de fumer et ne les utilisent donc pas dans cette perspective. Chez les fumeurs qui s’inscrivent dans un vapotage prolongé, les trajectoires d’usage d’e-cigarettes et de tabac paraissent influencées non seulement par leur projet initial d’arrêt du tabac (motivation au changement) mais aussi par leur vécu au cours de l’usage d’e-cigarettes. Cela aboutit dans certains cas à l’arrêt du tabacIntroduction: Chronic use of tobacco is a harmful practice for health, favored by the installation of an addiction. E-cigarettes are electronic devices that can provide nicotine to be inhaled. A recent clinical trial suggests that they may be more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in adult tobacco smokers. The absence of combustion also makes them an alternative in harm reduction related to tobacco. These potential benefits for smokers remain to be confirmed. And benefits are counteracted by the lack of data on the risk associated with their continued use and the gateway to tobacco if they are used by non-smokers, particularly among adolescents or young adults. Few studies have focused on the use of e-cigarettes in young adults. Our goal was to describe the use of e-cigarettes (reasons for use, trajectories, personal experience, user profiles) and its evolution in the student population. Methods: Between October 2014 and November 2018, we led a mixed-method research combining an observational online cohort study nested in the i-Share project (12-month follow-up), a systematic review and a qualitative study by semi-directed interviews among students in Bordeaux (France). Results: The e-cigarette experiment was declared in 2016 by 36% of students in i-Share project. The prevalence of current use (daily as non-daily) was estimated at 7%. Vaping was mostly a practice of former smokers and smokers. The reasons for experimenting and continuing the use of e-cigarettes were plural, combining: i) reasons related to tobacco / nicotine use; ii) others reasons related to the functional properties of e-cigarettes or their practicality and iii) social reasons. However, curiosity was the most cited reason for experimentation, regardless of smoking status. Among smokers, the probability of smoking cessation at 12-month was statistically uncorrelated with the use of e-cigarettes. Yet some students were able to quit tobacco smoking via e-cigarettes in our qualitative research. Four trajectories in the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco have been described in smokers who used e-cigarettes for at least 2 consecutive months: cessation of smoking without transition by dual use; planned and acquired cessation of tobacco, after a transitional dual use; a planned cessation of tobacco, with dual use in progress; dual use without a planned smoking cessation. A learning process was taking place in students during their continued use of e-cigarettes. Learning took place at different levels: search for effects, relation with their electronic device, social interactions and cognitive mechanism of justifications for pursuing e-cigarette use. This learning process was described independently of the desire to stop smoking. Conclusion: Our analysis of the data collected in i-Share project did not show an association between the use of e-cigarettes and smoking cessation among student smokers. The possible hypotheses are i) that e-cigarettes are in fact not effective or ii) that young adult smokers - not feeling the need to quit smoking- did not use them in this perspective. In smokers enrolled in a continued vaping, the trajectories of use of e-cigarettes and tobacco seem influenced by their initial project of stopping smoking (motivation to change) but also by their experience during the use of e-cigarettes. This can lead in some cases to smoking cessation
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Bergsten, Therese. "Cigaretten : en resa genom tid och samhällsförändringar". Thesis, Gotland University, Department of Human Geography and Ethnology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-137.
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My essay explores the public view on smoking in Sweden over the last few decades. I've studied how changes in social structures through media, laws, studies and education has brought about a change in the opinions about smoking. I found that even though there have always been different opinions on smoking it seems to have become less accepted in the Swedish society, particularly in the past twenty years. I discuss the different reason as to why (and how) the view on smoking might have changed the last decades amongst the Swedish people. To be able to do this I have done interviews on which I have applied narrative analysis.
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Osibogun, Olatokunbo. "Poly-tobacco Use Among Youth and Adults in the United States". FIU Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3968.
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This dissertation 1) described prevalence and correlates of poly-tobacco use among US youth and young adults; 2) addressed positive and negative transitions of e-cigarettes among US youth and adults and 3) examined the 2-year transition of dual e-cigarette/cigarette use among US adults in relation to nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms, interest in quitting, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) factors. Data from 2013-2016 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were used. In the first study, 3.6% of youth (12-17years) and 18.3% of young adults (18-34years) were current poly-tobacco users between 2013-2014. Common poly-tobacco products combination was cigarettes and e-cigarettes for youth and young adults. Among youth, heavy drinking was associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use. Factors associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use among young adults included males, younger adults (18-24years), those with lower levels of educational attainment, residing in the South, heavy drinking, and marijuana use. In the second study, between 2013-2016, e-cigarette use increased only in youth. Young e-cigarette users were more likely to be never cigarette smokers compared to older users. Among youth e-cigarette users at each wave, the proportion of never cigarette smokers rose from 24.1% in Wave 1 to 42.6% in Wave 3 (p=0.0001 for trends). Among adult e-cigarette dual users in Wave 1, 8.8% transitioned to no tobacco use at Wave 3, 6.2% to mono e-cigarette use, while 85% either relapsed to cigarettes (53.5%) or continued dual use (31.5%). In the final study, among 1,870 adult dual tobacco users from Wave 1, 25·8% (95% CI 23·5-28·3) remained dual users 2 years later, 11·9% (95% CI 10·5-13·5) reported no tobacco use (cessation transition), 7·0% (95% CI 5·5-8·7) reported e-cigarette mono use (harm reduction transition), and 55·3% (95% CI 52·6-58·0) reported cigarette mono use (relapse transition). In the adjusted regression analysis, ND severity was associated with lower odds of cessation (OR 0·36; 95% CI 0·15-0·88) and harm reduction (OR 0·18; 95% CI 0·04-0·82) transitions. Interest in quitting and CVD factors were not associated with cessation or harm reduction. Collectively, our study findings emphasize the need for stricter tobacco regulatory policies to prevent another tobacco epidemic.
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Dupont, de Rivaltz Cédric Evenor Jackson John D. "The impact of tobacco taxation on cigarette consumption: a case study of France". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%2012-15-07/DUPONT_DE_25.pdf.
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Zhang, Ying, i 張穎. "Can electronic cigarettes increase smoking cessation? : a systematic review". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206976.
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Background: Over the past ten years or so, there is a huge increase in the popularity of electronic cigarettes around the world. Some people regard e-cigarettes as a tobacco substitute and use them to help smoking abstinence and relieve nicotine withdrawal symptom. On the other hand, there are those who believe that e-cigarettes should not be promoted since safety and efficacy of these battery-operated devices are still under investigation. Hence, this project aims to evaluate the effect of using electronic cigarettes to quit smoking among the conventional smokers.
Methods: This project used key words to search on PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, 中国知网(CNKI), EMBASE, and BBCNEWS. Eventually, a total of 111 items in PubMed, 6 in The Cochrane Library and 23 were obtained in CNKI. After the screening process, finally 11relevant papers were reviewed in this project. There were two randomized controlled trials on evaluating the effect of reducing smoking with e-cigarettes. Five surveys(Survey 1-5) analyzed users’ satisfaction and their original expectations on trying electronic cigarettes. Two proof-of-concept trials also assessed the effect of using e-cigarettes on reducing and quitting smoking. In addition, a qualitative study and a case series study provided evidence on interpreting whethere-cigarettes could help smoking abstinence.
Results: Brown et al. 10conducted a RCT and showed that in an intention to treat analysis, combined ≥50% smoking reduction and complete smoking abstinence was shown in 33% (99/300) at 12 weeks and 19% (57/300) at 52 weeks. Another RCT conducted by Bullen et al. showed the continuous abstinence at 1 month was23.2%in nicotine e-cigarettes group and15.9%in nicotine patches group and 16.4%in placebo e-cigarettes group; at 3 month, the rateswere13.1%, 9.2% and 6.8%; at 6 months, the rates were 7.3%, 5.8% and 4.1%.In survey 1 (Etter), satisfaction of helping smokers quit was79%; in survey 2 (Kralikova et al.), satisfaction of helping quit was over 60%; in survey 3 (Dawkins et al. 14), participants reported their situation of smoking cessation: 38% for >1 year, 19% for 6-11 months, 43% for < 6months;in survey 4 (Etter and Bullen), 92% current smokers and 96%former smokers reported ECs were effective to reduce their smoking consumption; in survey 5 (B. Siegel et al. ), 66.8% smokers reported it helped quitting smoking. In two proof-of-concept trials, sustained quitting more than 50% including quitter accounted for 55% and 64.3%.Thequalitative study and the case series study indicated that ECs were modestly effective to reduce smoking consumption with less toxic effects.
Conclusion: There is some preliminary evidence from11studiesthatelectronic cigarettes could be effective for reducing conventional smoking consumption within a short period. Because there is a lack of adequate and long-term randomized controlled trials to assess the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes, particularly in comparison to nicotine replacement therapy, government regulations should be established to control e-cigarettes and to the claim that e-cigarettes can be used as a standard as nicotine smoking cessation aid.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Theakstone, Kirkham Andrew Jonathan. "Smoking and the use of lower tar yield cigarettes". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844124/.
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The aim of this thesis was to investigate smoking behaviour in a population of habitual cigarette smokers. Measurements were made 5 times, at intervals of 4 weeks whilst smoking cigarettes with tar yields above 10 mg. After switching to lower yield cigarettes (reductions of at least 3 mg tar and 0.2 mg nicotine) a further 6 visits were made at intervals of 6 weeks. A group of subjects followed the same protocol but without switching. Tobacco smoke uptake was estimated by measuring pre and post-smoking plasma nicotine, cotinine, carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) and expired carbon monoxide (infinity). Smoke generation was measured with the subject smoking through a holder acting as a flow meter. The data from visits 2-6 showed large between-subject variability but little between-session variability indicating that these measures were reproducible. However, the large variation in measurements of plasma nicotine may limit the use of this variable unless sample collection is carefully controlled. There were observed gender differences in smoke generation which could be explained in terms of anatomical size. Examination of the interrelationships between measurements of smoking showed that although some indices were highly correlated, much of the variation in the relationship could not be explained Indicating that no one measurement can give an overall indication of smoke exposure. 497 people expressed an interest in the study but only 53 managed to complete. Of these 44 met the study criteria: 26 switched to a lower yield brand and 18 remained on their own brand. The switching group showed significant increases in puff volume, peak puff flow, puff number and total puff volume, whilst pre-smoke Hbinfinity, the HbCO boost, mean plasma cotinine and puff interval showed significant reductions. These changes resulted in an average level of regulation of about 56%. The majority of these changes were maintained over the post-switch period, however, puff number, puff interval and total puff volume showed short-term adaptation by returning to baseline values after an initial change. It is concluded that the effects of switching to lower yield cigarettes persist for at least 8 months (average level of regulation of about 65%) and that this has Important implications for the strategy of reducing cigarette smoke exposure. It was postulated that smoking results in transient changes in pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) and this mechanism may explain the discrepancy between the relative boost for the non-lnvasive and Invasive methods of measuring changes in HbCO on smoking. Both breath-hold and mean alveolar methods were significantly affected by posture Induced changes in VA/Q Indicating that equilibration between CX) in blood and the lungs cannot be assumed for these methods. However, these techniques do provide a reasonable estimate of Hb? before smoking as long as the same method and conditions are adhered to. Although unaffected by changes in posture, the rebreathing method also failed to reflect changes in Hb? on smoking since the relative infinity boost was only half that for Hbinfinity. It is therefore concluded that none of the alveolar sampling techniques give a reliable indication of the acute changes In Hbinfinity associated with smoking.
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McIntire, Jean. "State anti-smoking legislation and the demand for cigarettes". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1357151500.
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Bergeria, Cecilia L. "Evaluating The Utility Of The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire And The Cigarette Purchase Task For Predicting Acute Relative Reinforcing Efficacy In Cigarettes Which Vary In Nicotine Content". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/924.
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Rationale: Nicotine is the addictive component in cigarettes which maintains cigarette smoking that subsequently leads to morbidity and mortality. There are growing regulatory efforts to lower the nicotine content in cigarettes so that they are minimally addictive. Valid methods for assessing the abuse liability of cigarettes are essential to these efforts. While subjective effect measures and hypothetical purchase tasks are appealing because they are far easier to administer, it is unclear whether these methods can be used to evaluate acute relative reinforcing, a critical component of abuse liability. This secondary analysis sought to evaluate the utility of one subjective effects measure, the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ), and one hypothetical purchase task, the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), for predicting acute relative reinforcing efficacy as measured by concurrent choice Self-Administration (SA)
Method: Current smokers (N=169) belonging to one of three vulnerable populations (socioeconomically disadvantaged women of childbearing age, opioid-maintained individuals, or individuals with affective disorders) participated in a multi-site, double blind study evaluating research cigarettes with varying levels of nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g). In Phase 1 (4 sessions, 1 research cigarette per session) participants completed the mCEQ and CPT following ad-lib smoking of the research cigarette. In Phase II (6 sessions) cigarette preference was assessed using two-dose concurrent choice tests. Difference scores were calculated for each of the five mCEQ subscales and five CPT indices for all six possible dose comparisons evaluated in Phase II. We evaluated the utility of the mCEQ subscale and CPT index difference scores for predicting preference for the higher dose in a given dose comparison using a mixed-model of repeated measures analysis of variance. Finally, we used stepwise regressions to determine which subscales and indices served as independent predictors of concurrent choice SA.
Results: Among mCEQ subscales, higher Satisfaction and Enjoyment of Respiratory Tract Sensation were independently predictive of higher dose preference in the choice testing regardless of dose comparison. There was a significant Satisfaction X Vulnerable Population interaction where increases in Satisfaction difference scores corresponded to greater changes in higher dose preference among socioeconomically disadvantaged women of childbearing age compared to other Vulnerable Populations. Among CPT indices, Elasticity was the only independent predictor of choice. However, there was a significant Elasticity X Dose Comparison X Vulnerable Population interaction associated with its predictive utility where the relationship between elasticity and choice differed by dose among opioid-maintained individuals. In a final model, including all subscales and indices, Satisfaction and Enjoyment of Respiratory Tract Sensations remained the only significant predictors of choice.
Discussion: Concurrent choice testing, subjective effects and hypothetical purchase tasks capture some common features of abuse liability. Concurrent choice testing and the Satisfaction subscale were the most concordant measures. The observation that CPT indices are not robust predictors of choice in a concurrent arrangement suggests this measure may have greater utility for capturing individual differences as opposed to isolating the acute relative reinforcing effects of nicotine. Nevertheless, all three measures can contribute to efforts to assess the abuse liability of cigarettes varying in nicotine dose and important work aimed at regulating these products to improve human health.
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Ige, Teminijesu. "The Influence of Internet Information on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions and Past Behavior of Young Adults with regard to Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes)". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1468512722.
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Hon, Kam-yuen Dennis, i 韓金元. "Economic analysis on cigarette market in China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954649.
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L'Insalata, Alexa Mary. "E-Cigarette Use among Individuals Diagnosed with an Eating Disorder". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1495644601493472.
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Ahmed, Sadeq Mohamed, i Kamran Vaziri. "Price elasticity of demand for cigarettes : The Case of Sweden". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-14649.
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Due to health problems and the negative externalities associated with cigarette consumption, many governments try to discourage cigarette consumption by increasing its price through taxation. However, cigarette, like the other addictive goods, is viewed as that it is not sensitive to demand rules and the market forces. This study analyses the effect of price increase on cigarette consumption. We used Swedish time series data from 1970 to 2010. Our results reveal that though cigarette is addictive substance its demand is sensitive to changes in the price. Estimates from this study indicate short-run price-elasticity of -0.29 and the long run price elasticity of -0.47.
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Mhazo, Pakhani. "Knowledge, Perceptions and Attitudes of Young Adults Towards Electronic-cigarettes". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31094.
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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are deemed to be safer than tobacco cigarettes because they do not contain a number of toxicants and carcinogens that are present in tobacco cigarettes. However, their long-term health effects are unknown. Despite concerns surrounding this, there has been a rapid market penetration of e-cigarettes worldwide. South Africa has no legislation which specifically controls the marketing, sale and use of e-cigarettes and concerns have been raised over the increasing use of e-cigarettes by youth, who are often attracted to these novel products. This study is one of the first studies to explore the knowledge and perceptions of ecigarettes in South Africa. A qualitative approach was used to explore young adults’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour related to e-cigarettes and assess the factors that shape those perceptions. The sources from which the participants accessed e-cigarette-related information were also explored. The study was conducted at the University of Cape Town and participants were registered male and female students at the university. Focus group discussions and individual interviews were used to collect data and thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. The results show that participants generally perceived e-cigarettes as healthier than tobacco cigarettes despite showing limited knowledge of the chemical constituents of e-cigarette liquid. Rather, the majority of the participants felt e-cigarettes were safer because of the pleasant smell. A pleasant smell from e-cigarettes was associated with health and the unpleasant smell was associated with danger. E-cigarettes were also viewed as a symbol of social status. The study recommends that e-cigarette awareness should be increased, and e-cigarettes should be regulated as tobacco products to alter the perception that they are safe.
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Ali, Sarvath. "Electronic cigarettes smoking among youth, its trend and factors associated". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490354340016325.
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Leung, Mei-hung, i 梁美紅. "The effectiveness of cigarette tax increase on smoking cessation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46938941.
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Sanderson, Zachary W. "Burning a Hole in Your Pocket: the Effect of Smoking Cigarettes on Wages". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1543848326507365.
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Anderson, Lynn M. "Delivery of Smoke Toxicants from Cigarettes Made in Developed and Developing Countries: a comparison of U.S. full flavor and ultra light brands with Syrian cigarettes". VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/972.
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Clinical research is needed to understand how cigarette toxicant yield affects smoker toxicant exposure. While there is much clinical research on yield and exposure in developed countries, there is little in developing countries. Forty smokers completed one, 4-hour session to compare yield and exposure of different cigarettes. Participants smoked three cigarettes under controlled topography conditions: one U.S. 111 flavor, one U.S. ultra light, and one Syrian cigarette, with 90 minutes between cigarettes. Sessions differed by Syrian brand; 21 participants smoked Alhamraa while 19 smoked A1 Sham cigarettes. Blood nicotine and breath CO samples were obtained, HR was monitored and subjective withdrawal and cigarette effect questions were asked. Results suggest that Syrian Alhamraa and U.S. full flavor were similar in exposure while Syrian A1 Sham and U.S. ultra light were similar. Though U.S. full flavor and ultra light cigarettes differed in toxicant yield and exposure, subjective ratings of withdrawal were similar.
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Geist, Thomas. "A Survey of Healthcare Providers’ Attitudes and Knowledge on E-cigarettes Based On Evidence-Based Practice". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1533656577013985.
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Nwabueze, Christian, Liang Wang, Fenose Osedeme, Michelle McNabb, Joshua Yang, Rafie Boghozian, David Wood i Hadii Mamudu. "Understanding the association between susceptibility to smoke e-cigarettes and the actual use of e-cigarette among school-going youths in rural appalachia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7675.
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Background: The Central Appalachian region of the United States is disproportionately burdened with high prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-induced diseases. Efforts to address tobacco use in the region have become complicated with uptake of Electronic Nicotine Products (ENPs), including e-cigarettes, among adolescents and young adults. The high prevalence of tobacco use, and the history of tobacco production have created a high-risk environment for the use of tobacco and ENP among adolescents in the region. However, research on how susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among school-going adolescents translates to usage is sparse. This study aimed to explore the association between susceptibility to use e-cigarette and e-cigarette use in school-going adolescents in Appalachian Tennessee.
Methods: Data (N=399) was collected from high school students in an Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC)-designated distressed County in Appalachian Tennessee. We ascertain the study’s outcomes (current e-cigarette use), the exposure (susceptibility to use e-cigarette) and co-variates (grade, sex, age at first use of tobacco, perception of the danger of smoking, parental counseling) using validated questions. Descriptive statistics and multi-variable logistics analyses were performed. The Odds Ratios (ORs) along with Confidence Intervals (CI) have been reported.
Results: 15.5% of the population were current e-cigarette users and 25.93% were identified as susceptible to use e-cigarettes. Susceptibility to use e–cigarette was associated with increased odds of the current use of e-cigarette (OR=6.40, CI=4.18–9.77). In addition, age at first use of tobacco (OR = 0.42, 95%CI =0.32 – 0.56) was associated with reduced odds of the current use of e-cigarette, while intention to smoke e-cigarette (OR =6.46, CI =3.63 -11.49) was associated with increased odds of the current use of e-cigarette.
Conclusion: Susceptibility to use e-cigarette was positively associated with the current use of e-cigarette among school going adolescents. Future longitudinal studies with large sample size are warranted to confirm the association.
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Sandberg, Amanda, i Linnea Tjernberg. "En ansvarsfull cigarettförpackning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167151.
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Rökning är en ovana som många personer ägnar sig åt, det speglas inte minst på gatorna vart man än går. Fimpar på gator runt om i städer är en miljöbov som sällan uppmärksammas. Trots att det finns allmänna askkoppar för fimparna att slängas i, hamnar de ofta på gatan och blir en fara för djur och natur. Denna studie syftar på att ta fram ett designförslag på hur en omkonstruerad cigarettförpackning, som rymmer cigarettfimpar, kan se ut. Det undersöks även hur en cigarettförpacknings konstruktion kan uppmana konsumenter att inte slänga fimpar på marken, vilket i stort kan ha en positiv effekt på miljön. Den målgrupp som är relevant att undersöka är alltså alla rökare i Sverige. En digital enkät skickades inledningsvis ut för att ta reda på folks vanor och åsikter kring rökning. Detta resulterade i en bekräftelse av forskningsfrågorna där respondenterna önskade en smidig lösning som minskade antalet fimpar på marken, varpå några föreslog att en cigarettförpackning hade en funktion liknande snusdosans dubbla lock. Representanter från kartongproducenter kontaktades för att få information om material och dess möjligheter. Designprocessen inleddes med en konceptgenerering med hjälp av mindmapping och brainstorming. Ur detta föddes tio idéer som sedan reducerades till tre koncept genom en pugh-chart. LoFi-prototyper skapades av dessa och presenterades för åtta deltagare under semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna resulterade i att två koncept föredrogs, men författarna tog beslutet att utveckla ett av dem. En slutgiltig prototyp skapades, vilken var konstruerad som en vanlig cigarettförpackning med flip top lock, men var knappt två centimeter längre. Detta gav utrymme i förpackningens botten att ha en separat plats för använda fimpar. Värderingen av den slutgiltiga prototypen skedde genom ytterligare en digital enkät som skickades ut till samtliga deltagare från den tidigare semistrukturerade intervjun. Genom att de besvarade påståenden samt beskrev prototypen fritt kunde det konstateras att alla deltagare inte är lika positivt inställda till denna förpacknings utformning, men att majoriteten ändå skulle använda en cigarettförpackning som denna till att förvara fimpar när inget bättre alternativ finns. Dessutom uppgav respondenterna att förpackningen skulle motivera dem personligen att slänga färre fimpar på marken, samt att förpackningen skulle minska antalet fimpar i naturen generellt. Därmed kan det konstateras att en alternativ cigarettförpackning troligtvis skulle minska antalet fimpar på marken och ge en positiv effekt på miljön i stort.Smoking is a bad habit whose traces can be seen widely on the streets. The cigarette butts pose an environmental threat that seldom is given attention. Although there are public ashtrays, cigarette butts often end up on the ground and become a risk for animals and nature. This study aims to produce a design suggestion for a reconstructed cigarette packaging that can hold used cigarette butts. It will also be examined how a cigarette packaging’s construction can invite consumers to avoid tossing cigarette butts on the ground, which at large can have a positive impact on the environment. The relevant target group that will be analysed is all smokers in Sweden. A survey was distributed in order to examine the smoking habits of persons and their opinions about smoking and cigarettes. The result showed that the respondents wanted a handy solution that would reduce the amount of cigarette butts on the ground, whereupon some proposed that the cigarette packaging could utilize a feature like the double lid on the packaging of swedish snus. Representatives from large carton board producers were also contacted in order to retrieve information concerning material and their possibilities. The design process started by generating concepts with mind mapping and brainstorming. This resulted in ten ideas that later was reduced to three concepts via a Pugh-chart. LoFi-prototypes of the three concepts were created, which were presented to eight participants in semi structured interviews. The interviews led to two concepts being prefered by the respondents, where the writers chose to develop one of them. A final prototype was developed and produced. This was constructed as a general cigarette packaging with a flip top lid, but was barely two centimeters longer. This created a space in the bottom of the packaging to contain used cigarette butts. The valuation of the finished prototype was done by an additional survey that was distributed to the same participants that partook in the semi-structured interview. By having them answer statements and describe the prototype freely, it was clear that every respondent didn’t have a positive attitude towards the prototype’s construction. However, a majority of the participants claimed that they would use a cigarette packaging like this to hold the cigarette butts when no better option was available. Additionally, the respondents stated that the cigarette packaging would personally motivate them to discard fewer cigarette butts on the ground, and also that the cigarette packaging would decrease the amount of cigarette butts in the environment generally. Consequently, an alternative cigarette packaging would possibly reduce the amount of cigarette butts on the streets and therefore positively affect the environment.
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Davies, Gareth Mark. "Cravings for cigarettes and cognitive performance in regular and occasional smokers". Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42549.
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Aim. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the reliability and validity of a multi-dimensional subjective measure of cravings for cigarettes - the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU - Tiffany & Drobes, 1991) in cigarette smokers. Another aim was to investigate the sensitivity and utility of objective, behavioural measures of the urge to smoke. Finally, an attempt was made to resolve the controversy as to whether the reported cognitive-enhancing effect of nicotine (e.g. Wesnes & Warburton, 1983) is a pharmacological effect or is instead merely the result of relief from withdrawal. Design. A series of laboratory studies were conducted. Abstinence periods, smoking- related cues, and in one study, pre-treatment with placebo or nicotine gum, were manipulated as independent variables. Two participant groups were used. Participants used in the first four experimental chapters were all regular smokers whereas those used in the final two experimental chapters were all occasional, non-dependant, smokers or tobacco "chippers". Findings. Evidence was found for both the reliability and the validity of the QSU. The QSU was shown to be sensitive to both periods of abstinence and exposure to smoking- related cues. In addition, the QSU was shown to have a reliable two-factor structure and that these two factors were measuring different aspects of cigarette craving. The PR was demonstrated to be an unreliable subjective measure of craving, and attempts to use two alternative measures were unsuccessful. Further, no evidence was found for the cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine in chippers. Conclusions. The results support the multi-dimensional view of craving, and suggest that the multi-dimensional QSU is a valid and reliable measure of cravings for cigarettes.
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Weiss, Lauren Nicole. "An Experimental Evaluation of Two Varying Yield Cigarettes on Nicotine Dependence". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2694.
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In the current investigation, nicotine yield in variations of cigarettes was altered in an attempt to directly affect nicotine dependence levels among participants. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of cigarette yield on participant’s reported levels of dependence through a series of self-report measures and weekly monitoring of carbon monoxide levels. Primary measurements used consisted of a cigarette purchase task tracking the fluctuation in demand of cigarettes, as well as the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives surveys completed each week during the study. Results suggested that as yield was increased, an increase in dependence could also be seen. Likewise, as yield was decreased, dependence reached a plateau or otherwise decreased compared to baseline measurements. Conclusions reported that on average participants consumed between 24-27 cigarettes per day and spent between $12.00-$40.00 on cigarettes over the course of experimental conditions. These measures along with all secondary measurements suggested that yield percentage had an effect on the level of reported nicotine dependence. The findings suggest that cigarettes produced with a greater nicotine yield aid in the overwhelming addictive element present within cigarettes. Limiting factors surrounding measures used and sample size are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Tam, Kam Chuen. "Adolescent cigarette smoking and social marketing". HKBU Institutional Repository, 1996. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/57.
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Tonn, Heidi Marie. "Smoking room, cigarettes and the creation of community among girls who smoke". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/MQ41387.pdf.
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Norman, Ruth Trexler. "Contest for the meanings of science in the debate over framing cigarettes". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 219 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251905271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kilumelume, Micheal. "Effect of increased reliance on specific excise on the consumption of cigarettes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29383.
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Research has shown that specific tax is more effective in discouraging the behavior of smoking than ad valorem tax. This paper makes use of panel data on 39 countries to investigate the impact of increased reliance on specific tax on cigarette consumption. The data used includes 21 countries, from six WHO regions, that increased their reliance on specific tax between 2008 and 2016. The fixed effects and random effects models are employed to estimate the extent to which a change in the specific share of excise tax changes the per capita consumption of cigarettes. According to the results, a one percent increase in the share of specific tax is associated with a 0.16 percent decline in per capita consumption. The findings support the assertion that increased reliance on specific tax results in a more significant decline cigarette consumption. The paper recommends that policymakers should aim to implement a health-driven taxation policy which entails a heavy reliance on specific tax on cigarettes and other tobacco products. However, it is essential to keep in mind that reliance on specific tax may only be useful when adopted with along with other strategies of tobacco control such as combating illicit trade.
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Alanazi, Humidah. "The effects of electronic cigarettes on human gingival cells and Candida albicans". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66703.
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Plusieurs alternatives ont été mises au point pour réduire les effets de la cigarette sur la santé buccale et générale. La plus récente de ces initiatives est la cigarette électronique. Plusieurs études montrent que la cigarette électronique contient moins de produits toxiques comparativement à la cigarette standard. Ces études concluent que la cigarette électronique est moins nocive pour la santé. Cependant, d’autres études émettent des doutes sur l’innocuité de la cigarette électronique étant donné la présence de multiples produits chimiques. Ces derniers peuvent interagir négativement avec plusieurs parties du corps, dont la cavité buccale. Les objectifs de cette étude sont (i) d’évaluer les effets d’expositions répétées (1, 2 ou 3 fois) au condensé de cigarette électronique sur la morphologie, la croissance, la migration et l’apoptose des fibroblastes gingivaux humains (ii) d’évaluer les effets de la vapeur de la cigarette électronique sur la croissance, la production de chitine et l’expression de certains gènes codant pour des protéines de la famille des "secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP par C. albicans avec des temps d’exposition de 15 min, deux fois par jour, pendant 2 et 3 jours. (iii) d’évaluer l’interaction des cellules épithéliales gingivales avec C. albicans préalablement exposé à la cigarette électronique. Nous avons utilisé différentes techniques de biologie cellulaire, de biologie moléculaire et de microbiologie. Nos travaux montrent que les fibroblastes exposés au condensé de cigarette électronique ont une morphologie anormale (cellules plus grosses, vacuolées,.) et un taux de prolifération plus faible comparativement aux cellules non exposées. Ces observations sont consolidées par un taux plus élevé de cellules apoptotiques comparativement aux cellules non exposées. L’analyse de la migration cellulaire montre que le condensé de cigarette électronique réduit de façon significative la capacité de migration des fibroblastes. Il est à noter que les effets sont plus importants avec la cigarette, suivi de la cigarette électronique contenant la nicotine, puis celle sans nicotine. Les effets de la cigarette électronique sont moins importants que ceux du condensé de cigarette, mais plus sérieux comparativement aux cellules non exposées. Nos études montrent que l’exposition de C. albicans à la cigarette électronique entraîne une augmentation de sa croissance. Cette observation est supportée par un taux plus élevé de chitine produite par C. albicans exposé à la cigarette électronique. L’analyse de la transformation montre des formes hyphes plus longues après l’exposition à cigarette électronique. Nous avons aussi observé que la cigarette électronique augmente l’expression des gènes SAP2, SAP3 et SAP9 par C. albicans comparativement au contrôle (non exposé). L’exposition de C. albicans à la cigarette électronique favorise l'adhésion de la levure aux cellules épithéliales, augmente le taux de tyransformation de la levure. L’exposition de C. albicans à la cigarette électronique, puis son contact avec les cellules épithéliales cause une libération importante de la lactate deshydrogénase (LDH), et la différenciation des cellules épithéliales, mais réduit le taux de croissance de ces cellules gingivales. Les résultats globaux indiquent que les cigarettes électroniques peuvent interagir avec le microbiome buccal de l’utilisateur. Parce que les cigarettes électroniques réduisent la croissance des cellules gingivales et augmentent l'apoptose cellulaire, cela peut diminuer l'immunité innée dans la cavité buccale, ce qui pourrait augmenter le risque d'infections buccales, telles que la candidoseElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were designed to replace regular cigarette smoking and to contribute to smoking cessation. E-cigarettes require the use of vaping liquid that contains propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) as well as nicotine in various concentrations and flavours. Several studies comparing ecigarettes to conventional cigarettes show that e-cigarettes contain lower levels of toxic compounds and for this reason are deemed safer. However, a growing body of evidence shows that e-cigarettes contain many chemicals including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and toluene, which may have adverse effects on different body parts, including the oral cavity. The first objective of this study was to investigate the impact of repeated exposures (1, 2, or 3 times) to e-cigarette condensates with or without nicotine on normal human gingival fibroblast morphology, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of e-cigarettes vapors on the growth changes of C. albicans from blastospore to hyphal form and the expression of secreted aspartic proteinases (SAPs) SAP2, SAP3, and SAP9 genes by C. albicans, with exposure times of 15 min twice a day for 2 and 3 days. The third objective was to shed light on the interaction between e-cigarette-exposed C. albicans and gingival epithelial cells. Various cell biology, molecular biology, and microbiology protocols were deployed. Results show that exposure of gingival fibroblasts to nicotine-rich e-cigarette condensate altered both cell morphology and proliferation rate. Exposure to the ecigarette condensate also increased the levels of apoptotic fibroblasts. Fibroblast migration was delayed after culture scratches were exposed to e-cigarette condensate. Although e-cigarettes are considered to be less harmful than are conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes significantly harmed the fibroblasts compared to non-exposed cells. E-cigarette exposure also increased C. albicans growth and hyphal length. The exposed C. albicans produced high levels of chitin and expressed high mRNA levels of SAP2, SAP3, and SAP9 genes. When in contact with gingival epithelial cells, e-cigarette-exposed C. albicans adhered better compared to the controls. Indirect communication between e-cigarette-exposed C. albicans and gingival epithelial cells led to epithelial cell differentiation, reduced cell growth, and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Overall results indicate that e-cigarettes may interact with the user’s oral microbiome. Because e-cigarettes reduce gingival cell growth and increase cell apoptosis, this may decrease the innate immunity in the oral cavity, which could increase the risk of oral infections, such as candidiasis.
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El, Shahawy Omar. "Impact of E-cigarettes on Physician Recommendations of Tobacco Use Cessation Pharmacotherapy". VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3945.
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Introduction: E-cigarettes have been marketed as smoking cessation aids and harm reduction strategies. Prior regional surveys found that physicians are recommending them to patients despite the lack of evidence supporting these industry claims. Yet, little is known about physicians’ beliefs regarding e-cigarettes and whether these beliefs are associated with them recommending e-cigarette use in clinical practice. Methods: This three-manuscript dissertation used a mixed-methods approach including both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The aims were to: (1) Uncover the factors associated with primary care physicians’ (PCPs) decisions to recommend e-cigarettes to their patients for tobacco use cessation; (2) Estimate the prevalence of PCPs who recommend e-cigarettes to their patients as a tobacco use cessation aid; (3) Estimate the influence of factors identified in Aim 1 on PCPs’ decisions to recommend e-cigarettes to their patients for tobacco use cessation; (4) Evaluate the conceptual model which demonstrates the factors contributing to PCPs’ decisions to recommend e-cigarettes to their patients for tobacco use cessation. Results: Study 1 found that PCPs expressed a lack of information about e-cigarette safety and efficacy along with skepticism about the role of e-cigarettes in tobacco control in general and in smoking cessation in particular. However, once a patient initiates a discussion with them, PCPs seem to be endorsing patients’ interests in using e-cigarettes, as well as recommending e-cigarettes to particular types of patients who smoke for both smoking cessation and as a harm reduction strategy. Study 2 found that over three-quarters (82.7%, n=220) of PCPs reported previously discussing e-cigarettes with their patients. Overall, 57.8% (n=155) reported previously recommending e-cigarettes to an adult patient who smoked. Among those recommending e-cigarettes, the majority reported recommending them for smoking cessation and harm reduction (71.6%, n=111), 18.8% for smoking cessation only, and 9.6% for harm reduction only. The likelihood of recommending e-cigarettes to patients was associated with considering their patients’ interest in using e-cigarettes, PCP’s belief that e-cigarettes can help in quitting smoking, and PCP’s belief that e-cigarettes limit secondhand smoke exposure for others. Study 3 found that PCPs intend to recommend e-cigarettes for smokers with prior unsuccessful quit attempts (mean=3.63, ±2.1), followed by heavy smokers wanting to quit (3.57, ±2.2), and heavy smokers refusing to quit (mean=3.50, ±2.2). The mean for PCPs’ recommendation intentions was 3.04 (±2.0) for light smokers wanting to quit, and 3.01 (±1.9) for light smokers refusing to quit. Nevertheless, these recommendation intentions were driven by PCPs’ beliefs and perceptions of e-cigarette benefit and harm; however, these intentions varied by patients’ tobacco use profile. Discussion: Findings across the three studies highlight the significance of PCPs’ beliefs in driving their recommendations of e-cigarettes versus evidence based knowledge, as well as, the importance of patients’ factors and interest in using e-cigarettes for PCPs’ recommendations for e-cigarette use.
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Schaal, Courtney. "Regulation of nAChRs and Stemness by Nicotine and E-cigarettes in NSCLC". Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6582.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women, nationally and internationally and kills more people each year than breast, prostate, and colon cancers combined. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all cases. Cigarette smoking is the single greatest risk factor for lung cancer, and is correlated with 80-90% of all lung cancer deaths. Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, is not a carcinogen and cannot initiate tumors itself; however, it is known to act as a tumor promoter, by enhancing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells in vitro, thus accelerating tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Nicotine exerts is tumor promoting effects primarily by binding to, and activation of, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), specifically the α7 subunit of nAChRs. While α7 nAChR is expressed in a wide array of cells, how its expression is regulated is not fully understood. Here we sought to elucidate the transcriptional regulation of α7 nAChR in NSCLC cells. We report that α7 nAChR expression is induced by nicotine in an autoregulatory feedforward loop, and that the α7 gene promoter is differentially regulated by E2F1 and STAT1 transcription factors at an overlapping binding site suggesting a competitive interplay. Depletion of E2F1 resulted in a reduced ability of nicotine to induce α7 nAChR, while depletion of STAT1 resulted in enhanced induction, suggesting that nicotine might use these two transcription factors to modulate the expression of α7 nAChR in a very precise fashion. More recently, nicotine has been implicated in promoting self-renewal of stem-like side-population cells from lung cancers. Cancer stem-like cells have been implicated in tumor initiation as well as the maintenance, drug resistance, dormancy, recurrence, and metastasis of various tumor types. We had previously shown that the embryonic stem cell transcription factor, Sox2, is indispensable for self-renewal of stem-like cells from lung adenocarcinoma cell lines; hence we sought to determine whether nicotine enhances stemness of lung cancer stem-like cells through Sox2. We find that nicotine can induce the expression of Sox2 at the transcriptional level and this occurs through a nAChR-Src-Yap1-E2F1 signaling axis. Over recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as healthy alternatives to traditional cigarette smoking as they do not contain tobacco; however, they do still contain nicotine. Our studies show that e-cigarette components can enhance tumor promoting properties of NSCLC cells similar to that observed with nicotine alone, and find that they can induce expression of Sox2 and mesenchymal markers as well as enhance migration and stemness of NSCLC cells. Taken together, these studies reveal novel molecular mechanisms by which exposure to nicotine, via cigarette smoke or e-cigarettes, could alter the oncogenic potential of NSCLC cells.
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Eguae, Eniye Emmanuel. "Factors Associated with Menthol Cigarettes Smoking Among Youths Ages 12 to 19". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5184.
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Menthol is added to cigarettes to make smoking more convenient. Menthol is considered a contributing factor that makes smoking appealing to youths and their continuous smoking initiation, which progresses to regular cigarette smoking and addiction, especially among youths ages 12 to 19. Menthol encourages approximately 4,000 youths to experiment with smoking daily in the United States, of which approximately 1,000 become active smokers. Not enough is known regarding the influence of menthol on youth smoking initiation/smoking behavior. A quantitative analysis of data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was used to explore the association between age, race/ethnicity, gender, grade (education level), and menthol cigarette smoking among youth ages 12 to 19. The sample size for this study consisted of 115 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, in the United States taken from the 2014 NYTS data. The theoretical framework for this study was the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The independent variables were ethnicity/race, gender, age, and grades (education level), while the dependent variable is the type of smoking: menthol versus nonmenthol. Bivariate analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between age (p = <.001), race/ethnicity (p = <.001), gender (p = <.001), grade (education level) (p = <.001), and menthol cigarette smoking; however, no statistically significant results were obtained in the multivariate regression analysis. Future research is needed to better determine and understand the factors associated with youth smoking initiation and behavior. The potential positive social change impact of this study is a better understanding of youth smoking behavior and the development of more effective prevention interventions to protect the health of this vulnerable population.
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Omarjee, Momeena. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems : approach to regulation in South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5334.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScBackground: The explosion in the popularity and use of e- cigarettes over the last decade has raised concerns and incited intense discussions over their safety, efficacy and potential public health impact. Globally there is dramatic variation in the approach to regulation, with certain jurisdictions attempting to regulate e-cigarettes either as tobacco products, medicines, consumer products or poisons whilst others have banned their use and sale. The aim of this study was to review the e-cigarette regulatory strategies adopted by the World Health Organisation, Australia, European Union and United States in an attempt to identify feasible approaches to the regulation of e-cigarettes in South Africa within the context of existing institutional regulatory frameworks. Methods: The principles of an explorative comprehensive literature-based review using a thematic qualitative approach were employed. The primary method of data collection was documentation, collected and selected using document review and analysis. Results: The strategies between jurisdictions studied vary significantly in their approach to e-cigarette regulation with each equally facing challenges and massive criticism. The South African approach to the medicalisation of e-cigarettes when evaluated against the WHO FCTC regulatory objectives was found to be ineffective and warrants a change in strategy. Within the existing medicine and tobacco product regulatory frameworks, SA has the option to regulate e-cigarettes as: (1) medicine; (2) tobacco products; or (3) an amalgam of the two approaches. Conclusion: The most expeditious way for SA to regulate e-cigarettes immediately, in the absence of robust scientific data would be to implement a hybrid approach - regulation as a medicine when marketed for therapeutic use and as tobacco products when used recreationally.
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Lechasseur, Ariane. "Pulmonary and systemic effects of electronic cigarette use". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70279.
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Le marché de la cigarette électronique est en constante expansion. La majorité des utilisateurs de cigarette électronique sont également des fumeurs de cigarette de tabac. Un nombre croissant de jeunes commencent à utiliser la cigarette électronique, sans avoir fumé la cigarette de tabac au préalable. Outre le propylène glycol et le glycérol, le liquide de la cigarette électronique peut contenir différentes concentrations de nicotine et se décliner dans près de 15 000 mélanges de saveurs. Le glycérol est un substrat métabolique impliqué dans la production de glucose en période de jeûne, et de lipides en période d'excès de glucides. Les impacts de la cigarette électronique sur la santé restent à déterminer. L'hypothèse générale de cette thèse est que l'utilisation de la cigarette électronique perturbe la biologie pulmonaire et métabolique. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer les effets de la variation des paramètres physiques de la cigarette électronique ainsi que la composition du liquide de vapotage sur la taille des particules d'aérosols générée. L'extension e-cigarette InExpose (SCIREQ) a été utilisée. Différentes concentrations de nicotine, saveurs et proportions de propylène glycol et glycérol ont été utilisées. La taille des particules des vapeurs de cigarette électronique a été analysée par un Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer (SMPS 3080, TSI Inc). Nous avons montré qu'une puissance de la cigarette électronique plus élevée augmente la taille des particules émises. Nous avons également montré qu'une plus grande proportion de glycérol, la présence de nicotine et de vanilline augmente la taille des particules. Ces changements modifient la déposition pulmonaire prédite des particules de cigarette électronique. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d'investiguer les effets pulmonaires de la double exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique et à la fumée de cigarette. L'exposition de souris BALB/c femelles à la fumée de cigarette 3R4F a été effectuée dans un système automatisé de type « whole-body » (SIU24, Promech Lab AB). L'exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique a été réalisée dans un système « whole-body » développé dans notre laboratoire, et en utilisant un liquide de vapotage sans saveurs et sans nicotine. Pour les deux types d'expositions, les souris ont été exposées successivement 2h/jour, 5 jours/semaine pendant 8 semaines. Nous avons montré que les souris exposées aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique et à la fumée de cigarette présentent des changements dans l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la régulation du cycle circadien. Nous avons montré une augmentation de la fréquence des cellules dendritiques, macrophages, neutrophiles, lymphocytes B ainsi que lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ au poumon comparativement aux souris exposées seulement à la fumée de cigarette. L'exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique a également modulé les niveaux d'immunoglobulines dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire et le sérum. Une augmentation de la résistance des voies aériennes a été observée pour les souris exposées aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique, avec ou sans exposition concomitante à la fumée de cigarette. Le troisième objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les effets de l'inhalation de vapeurs de glycérol sur le métabolisme énergétique hépatique. Les souris ont été exposées aux vapeurs de glycérol en utilisant notre système d'exposition de type « whole-body ». Des souris C57BL/6 mâles et femelles ont été exposées de manière aigüe pour une exposition de 6h. Bien que des changements mineurs ont été observés suivant l'exposition aigüe, l'exposition aux vapeurs de glycérol semble prévenir les effets métaboliques du jeûne. Par la suite, des souris C57BL/6 mâle et femelle, âgées de 6 ou 12 semaines, ont été exposées 2h/jour, 5 jours/semaine pour 9 semaines. Aucun changement dans le poids ou la composition en tissu adipeux n'a été observé. Nous avons montré une diminution de la tolérance au glucose chez jeunes souris mâle et femelle. Nous avons également observé une augmentation de la concentration hépatique de triglycérides et de phosphatidylcholine chez les souris femelles, sans augmentation chez les souris mâles. Aucun changement dans les marqueurs d'inflammation, de remodelage ou de stress du réticulum endoplasmique n'a été observé dans les tissus hépatiques. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse mettent en lumière les effets de la cigarette électronique sur la santé pulmonaire et métabolique. Davantage d'études sur les effets des composantes de la cigarette électronique sont nécessaires afin de caractériser les mécanismes responsables de ces changements.The electronic cigarette market is in constant expansion. A majority of electronic cigarette users are also tobacco cigarette smokers though an increasing number of young people are starting to use electronic cigarettes without having to smoke tobacco cigarettes first. In addition to propylene glycol and glycerol, vaping liquids in electronic cigarettes contain different concentrations of nicotine and nearly 15,000 flavours are available. Glycerol is a metabolic substrate involved in the production of glucose during fasting and lipids after feeding. The impacts of electronic cigarettes on health remain to be determined. The general hypothesis of this thesis is that the use of electronic cigarettes disrupts lung and metabolic processes. The first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of the variation in the electronic cigarette model as well as the composition of the vaping liquid on the size of the emitted particles generated. Using the InExpose e-cigarette extension (SCIREQ), different concentrations of nicotine, flavours and proportions of propylene glycol and glycerol were assessed. The particle size of electronic cigarette aerosols was analyzed by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer (SMPS 3080, TSI Inc). We have shown that increasing electronic cigarette power increases the size of the particles emitted. We have also shown that a greater proportion of glycerol or the presence of nicotine and vanillin led to increased particle size. These changes alter the predicted pulmonary deposition of e-cigarette particles. The second objective of this thesis was to investigate the pulmonary effects of dual exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke. Exposure of female BALB/c mice to 3R4F cigarette smoke was performed in an automated whole-body system (Promech Lab AB SIU24). Exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols was carried out in a whole-body system developed in our laboratory, using a flavourless and nicotine-free vaping liquid. For both types of exposure, mice were exposed successively 2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. We showed that mice exposed to electronic cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke exhibit changes in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. We found increases in the frequency of dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in lung tissue compared to mice exposed only to cigarette smoke. Exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols also modulated immunoglobulin levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage and serum. An increase in airway resistance was observed in mice exposed to electronic cigarette aerosols, with or without concomitant exposure to cigarette smoke. The third objective of this thesis was to characterize the effects of glycerol vaping liquid aerosol inhalation on energy metabolism. Mice were exposed to glycerol aerosols using our whole-body exposure system. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were acutely exposed for 6 hours. Although only minor changes were observed, acute exposure to glycerol aerosols appears to prevent the metabolic effects of fasting. Separately, male and female C57BL/6 mice of 6- or 12-week-old, were exposed for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 9 weeks. No change in weight or body fat composition was observed. We showed decrease glucose tolerance of young male and female mice. We also observed an increase in hepatic triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine concentration in female mice, without effect in male mice. No changes in markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, or remodeling were observed in liver tissue. The work presented in this thesis highlights the effects of electronic cigarettes on lung and metabolic health. More studies on the effects of the components of electronic cigarettes are needed to further characterize the mechanisms involved in these changes.
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Kittaneh, Ahmad Azzam. "Examining the Effects of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, and Gender, on Subsequent Tobacco Product Use". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619009322398511.
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Lawan, Boonyamanond Junya Pattara-archachai. "Effects of cigarette smoking on severity of periodontal disease among male taxi motor-cyclists in thung kru district, Bangkok /". Abstract, 1999. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2542/42E-LawanB.pdf.
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Scollo, Michelle. "Illicit tobacco in Australia: how big is the problem, does it matter and how should its use be monitored?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11448.
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This thesis aimed to establish how best to monitor use of illicit tobacco in Australia and to provide the best possible estimate of extent of use. Six sets of studies were conducted to analyse the literature, examine the characteristics of users, assess the relationship between use of illicit tobacco and smoking cessation and to quantify extent of use and availability from retail outlets. Industry-funded, less transparent studies produced consistently higher estimates of extent of use. Australians who smoke unbranded tobacco are more likely to be male, <50 years old, heavier smokers and dual users of roll-your-own and factory-made cigarettes. Too few users could be identified to assess effects on cessation. Questions about source of purchase and whether packs feature required health warnings could help quantify population use of illicit branded products through consumer surveys. Retail audits suggested limited availability of illicit tobacco in retail outlets. Availability of illicit tobacco has not seriously threatened the effectiveness of tax policy in Australia. Approximately 1.5% of the total amount of tobacco sold in Australia in 2012 was likely to have been unbranded illicit tobacco. It is not possible at this time to provide a reliable estimate of use of illicit branded tobacco products.
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Beauval, Nicolas. "Evaluation de l'impact sanitaire des cigarettes électroniques : caractérisation physicochimique des e-liquides et e-vapeurs". Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S015/document.
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La cigarette électronique est installée sur le marché depuis plusieurs années et jouit aujourd’hui d’une forte notoriété. Les données scientifiques existantes tendent à considérer l’e-cigarette comme moins toxique que son homologue principal, la cigarette conventionnelle. Cependant, l’impact intrinsèque du vapotage sur la santé humaine, à court et long terme, n’est pas précisément connu et est actuellement au coeur de nombreux débats de Santé Publique.Depuis 2014, nous menons un projet dont l’objectif principal est d’étudier l’impact sanitaire de la cigarette électronique au moyen d’une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant entre autres l’analyse physicochimique et la toxicologie expérimentale. Dans le cadre de ce projet, mes travaux ont porté sur la caractérisation physicochimique des e-liquides, d’une marque commerciale, et de leurs e-vapeurs, basée en particulier sur l’identification et la quantification de composés potentiellement toxiques pour l’Homme. En l’absence de méthodes de référence, cette analyse requiert un niveau élevé de maîtrise et de robustesse de l’ensemble de la chaîne de mesure, allant de la génération à l’analyse, notamment pour les e-vapeurs.Les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) étant des composés à impact sanitaire potentiel, nos travaux ont débuté par le développement et la validation d’une méthode de dosage simultané de 15 ETM dans les e-liquides par ICP-MS. Il s’avère que l’e-liquide, matrice organique visqueuse, est source d’effets de matrice non négligeables qu’il est nécessaire de corriger par l’ajout de matrice dans le calibrant, en proportion adaptée. La méthode a été entièrement validée selon les recommandations du Comité français d’accréditation et de l’US Environmental Protection Agency et a démontré des paramètres de robustesse satisfaisants.Six e-liquides et leurs e-vapeurs respectives, générées par une machine à fumer/vapoter, ont été ensuite analysés pour la recherche et la quantification de leurs ingrédients principaux (propylène glycol, glycérol et nicotine) et de différents polluants potentiellement toxiques (15 ETM, 50 pesticides, 16 hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et 3 composés carbonylés). Les e-liquides avaient une composition conforme à celle annoncée par le fabricant et contenaient quelques rares polluants, à l’état de traces. Dans les e-vapeurs, 3 composés carbonylés, 2 HAP et 4 ETM (Sb, Cd, Cr et Pb) ont été retrouvés à des concentrations 7 à 6126 fois inférieures à celles mesurées dans la fumée de la cigarette de référence 3R4F, analysée dans des conditions comparables (à l’exception du Cr et du Sb non présents dans la fumée de la 3RF4).Le profil de vapotage, qui repose essentiellement sur le volume, la durée et la fréquence des bouffées, semble contribuer à la large variabilité de la composition chimique des e-vapeurs observée entre les différentes données de la littérature. En se focalisant sur l’analyse d’une seule famille de composés à impact sanitaire probable, nous avons montré, d’une part, que le profil de vapotage a une influence certaine sur la composition de l’e-vapeur en composés carbonylés et, d’autre part, que les profils de vapotage ne sont pas adaptés à tous les modèles d’e-cigarette.Les travaux de cette thèse ont participé à améliorer les connaissances actuelles sur la caractérisation physicochimique des émissions de cigarette électronique. Globalement, les e-cigarettes et e-liquides testés émettent et/ou génèrent quelques rares composés potentiellement toxiques, à des concentrations inférieures à celles observées dans la fumée de cigarette conventionnelle. Les résultats de nos travaux répondent en partie à l’urgente nécessité d’optimiser et d’harmoniser les pratiques analytiques dans le domaine de l’e-cigarette et de ses émissions. Ils devraient ainsi contribuer à l’établissement de méthodes de référence qui faciliteront et autoriseront l’interprétation et la comparaison des données, actuellement très disparates dans la littératureThe electronic cigarette has been on the market for several years and enjoys a strong reputation. Existing scientific data tend to consider the e-cigarette as less toxic than its main counterpart, the conventional cigarette. However, the intrinsic impact of vaping on human health, in the short and long term, is not precisely known and is currently part of many Public Health debates.Since 2014, we have undertaken a project whose main objective is to study the health impact of the electronic cigarette using a multidisciplinary approach comprising physicochemical analysis and experimental toxicology. As part of this project, my work focused on the physicochemical characterization of e-liquids, from a unique commercial source, and their e-vapors, mainly based on the identification and quantification of potentially-toxic compounds. Regarding the current lack of reference methods, this analysis requires a high level of control and robustness of the entire measurement chain, from generation to analysis methods, especially for e-vapor study.Considering the potential health impact of metallic trace elements (MTEs), we first developed and validated a method allowing the simultaneous dosage of 15 MTEs in e-liquids by ICP-MS. The e-liquid, a viscous organic matrix, is a source of significant matrix effects which must be corrected by the addition of matrix in the calibration step, in a suitable proportion. The method was fully validated according to the recommendations of the French Accreditation Committee and the US Environmental Protection Agency and demonstrated satisfactory robustness parameters.Six e-liquids and their respective e-vapors, generated via a smoking/vaping machine, were then analysed to detect and quantify their main ingredients (propylene glycol, glycerol and nicotine) and various potentially-toxic pollutants (15 MTEs, 50 pesticides, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 3 carbonyl compounds). Each e-liquid composition was in accordance with that announced by the manufacturer and contained few pollutants, at trace levels. In the e-vapors, 3 carbonyl compounds, 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 4 MTEs (Sb, Cd, Cr and Pb) were found at concentrations 7 to 6126-fold lower than those measured in the mainstream smoke of the reference cigarette 3R4F, analysed under comparable conditions (except for chromium and antimony which were not detectable in the 3R4F smoke).The vaping regimen, that is mainly based on the volume, the duration and the frequency of puffs, is strongly suspected to participate to the large observed variability of the e-vapor chemical composition between different published data. Through focusing on the analysis of a unique family of compounds with health impact, we demonstrated, on the one hand, that the vaping regimen has some influence on the carbonyl composition of e-vapors and, on the other hand, that vaping regimens are not all suitable for any type of e-cigarette models.This work has contributed to improve the current knowledge on the physicochemical characterization of e-cigarette emissions. Globally, the e-cigarettes and e-liquids tested emit and/or generate few potentially-toxic compounds, at concentrations lower than those observed in conventional cigarette smoke. Our findings satisfy partly the urgent need of optimization and harmonization of the analytical practices used to study e-cigarettes and their emissions. They should thus contribute to the establishment of reference methods that will allow and facilitate the interpretation and comparison of data, which vary significantly across the literature
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Sample, Hilary Gayle. "The Effect of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on the Vocal Folds". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1560288560508.
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Harvanko, Arit M. "THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FIRST-GENERATION ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AFTER 24-HOUR TOBACCO DEPRIVATION". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/73.
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Little is currently known about the ability of electronic cigarettes to manage tobacco withdrawal symptoms and their abuse liability. In the current study eight conventional cigarette smokers completed nine within-subject study sessions. In the first session participants practiced using an electronic cigarette containing 16 mg/ml of nicotine over six 10-puff bouts. Remaining study sessions were comprised of four two-day blocks (one for each condition), which assessed measures of tobacco withdrawal symptoms and abuse liability following unrestricted cigarette smoking and 24-hour tobacco deprivation. Study conditions included an electronic cigarette with 0, 8, or 16 mg/ml nicotine concentrations, or preferred brand of conventional cigarette. Following 24-hours of tobacco deprivation, smoking conventional cigarettes ameliorated many of the self-report and physiological symptoms (decreased heart rate) associated with tobacco deprivation, while no attenuation of withdrawal symptoms was indicated following using electronic cigarettes, independent of nicotine dose. On abuse liability measures there were no significant changes following using an electronic cigarette (regardless of nicotine concentration), while conventional cigarettes engendered significant changes on abuse liability measures. Within the conditions of this study, first-generation electronic cigarettes had no measurable efficacy in ameliorating tobacco withdrawal symptoms and a reduced abuse liability compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes.
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Hiler, Marzena M. "Electronic Cigarette User Plasma Nicotine Concentration and Puff Topography: Influence of Liquid Nicotine Concentration and User Experience". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4613.
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Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) aerosolize an often nicotine-containing solution for user inhalation. ECIG nicotine delivery may depend on liquid nicotine concentration and user puffing behavior (topography). This study examined the relationship among liquid nicotine concentration, puff topography, and plasma nicotine concentration. Thirty-three ECIG-experienced and 31 ECIG-naïve individuals completed four laboratory sessions that differed by ECIG liquid nicotine concentration (0, 8, 18, or 36 mg/ml). A 3.3 volt “eGo” ECIG battery attached to a 1.5 Ohm dual coil “cartomizer” filled with 1 ml of 70% propylene glycol/30% vegetable glycerin nicotine liquid was used in two ECIG-bouts (10 puffs; 30 s IPI). Plasma nicotine concentration, puff topography, and HR were evaluated. Some ECIG/liquid combinations can deliver physiologically active doses of nicotine to users, and nicotine delivery depends on liquid nicotine concentration and user puffing behavior. Liquid contents, device characteristics, and user behavior should be considered when regulating ECIGs.
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Ali, Henna. "Overcoming barriers faced by smokers in quitting cigarettes & a portfolio of professional practice". Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1086/.
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Hjelmström, Anna. "Use of electronic cigarettes among patients with ischemic heart disease at Örebro University hospital". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48461.
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