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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cigarettes"
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Rostron, Brian L., Joanne T. Chang, Cindy M. Chang, Rebecca A. Jackson i Bridget K. Ambrose. "ENDS Flavor Preference by Menthol Cigarette Smoking Status among US Adults, 2018–2019". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 1 (31.12.2020): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010240.
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E-cigarette flavor preference may differ among smokers using e-cigarettes, but little information is available on preferences by menthol cigarette status. Using nationally representative data for US adults from the 2018–2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, we analyzed e-cigarette flavor preference by menthol cigarette status and e-cigarette device type for dual-cigarette and e-cigarette users and e-cigarette users who had recently quit smoking by trying to switch to e-cigarettes (“switchers”). Approximately half (52.2%) of dual users of menthol cigarettes and e-cigarettes reported using menthol/mint-flavored e-cigarettes as did 41.4% of “switchers” who had smoked menthol cigarettes; exclusive menthol/mint flavor use was 13.1% for dual users and 21.3% for “switchers.” A similar proportion (45.1%) of dual users who smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, but only 26.7% of “switchers” who had smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes. Approximately 60% of dual users and “switchers” used fruit/other flavors, regardless of menthol cigarette use. By device type, 63.9% of dual users of cartridge-based e-cigarettes and menthol cigarettes used menthol/mint-flavored e-cigarettes. Approximately 75% of dual users and 85% of “switchers” who used tank or mod systems used fruit/other flavors. Menthol cigarette smokers may be particularly likely to use menthol/mint e-cigarettes, and a majority of dual users and “switchers” used fruit/other flavors. These results can inform policy measures concerning flavored electronic nicotine delivery system products.
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Olonoff, Matthew, Raymond Niaura i Brian Hitsman. "“Electronic Cigarettes” Are Not Cigarettes, and Why That Matters". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, nr 10 (28.09.2018): 1441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty205.
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Abstract As the prevalence rates of cigarette use have declined over the past decade, use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) continues to increase, and companies are heavily invested in manufacturing new e-cigarette products. Scientists are therefore studying e-cigarette use at a rapid rate, generally by conceptualizing e-cigarettes as similar to traditional cigarettes in their use and effects. Thinking of e-cigarettes as largely comparable with cigarettes, however, fails to capture the unique e-cigarette capabilities, user experiences, and effects on nicotine dependence and even health. Assuming that e-cigarette users puff on their devices as they do cigarettes to attain doses of nicotine comparable in magnitude and asking questions about e-cigarette use modeled after how smoking behavior has been usually assessed (eg, puff number, duration, number of cigarettes per day) may miss important differences. A greater appreciation of the distinct uniqueness of e-cigarettes, as compared with cigarettes, will help to accelerate innovative research on e-cigarettes and other electronic devices, leading to new theoretical models and behavioral measures. Implications With research about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) rapidly increasing, this commentary addresses the conceptualization of e-cigarettes as similar to traditional cigarettes. The more we attempt to understand and measure e-cigarettes as equivalent to cigarettes, the more likely research may err in conclusions about these unique devices. Our commentary notes how using unique conceptualizations and measures for e-cigarettes will help accelerate new research.
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Espinoza-Derout, Jorge, Kamrul M. Hasan, Xuesi M. Shao, Maria C. Jordan, Carl Sims, Desean L. Lee, Satyesh Sinha i in. "Chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 317, nr 2 (1.08.2019): H445—H459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00738.2018.
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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems, are a popular alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes, both among smokers and those who have never smoked. In spite of the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the proposed detrimental cardiac and atherosclerotic effects of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on these systems are not known. In this study, we investigated the cardiovascular and cardiac effects of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. We developed an e-cigarette exposure model that delivers nicotine in a manner similar to that of human e-cigarettes users. Using commercially available e-cigarettes, bluCig PLUS, ApoE−/− mice were exposed to saline, e-cigarette without nicotine [e-cigarette (0%)], and e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)] aerosol for 12 wk. Echocardiographic data show that mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%) had decreased left ventricular fractional shortening and ejection fraction compared with e-cigarette (0%) and saline. Ventricular transcriptomic analysis revealed changes in genes associated with metabolism, circadian rhythm, and inflammation in e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated ApoE−/− mice. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that cardiomyocytes of mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%) exhibited ultrastructural abnormalities indicative of cardiomyopathy. Additionally, we observed increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA mutations in mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%). ApoE−/− mice on e-cigarette (2.4%) had also increased atherosclerotic lesions compared with saline aerosol-treated mice. These results demonstrate adverse effects of e-cigarettes on cardiac function in mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study is the first to show that mice exposed to nicotine electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have decreased cardiac fractional shortening and ejection fraction in comparison with controls. RNA-seq analysis reveals a proinflammatory phenotype induced by e-cigarettes with nicotine. We also found increased atherosclerosis in the aortic root of mice treated with e-cigarettes with nicotine. Our results show that e-cigarettes with nicotine lead to detrimental effects on the heart that should serve as a warning to e-cigarette users and agencies that regulate them.
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Jacob, Peyton, Gideon St. Helen, Lisa Yu, Natalie Nardone, Christopher Havel, Polly Cheung i Neal L. Benowitz. "Biomarkers of Exposure for Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes: Nicotelline, NNAL, and Total Nicotine Equivalents". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, nr 7 (13.12.2019): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz235.
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Abstract Introduction Dual use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and combustible cigarettes is a major public health issue. It is generally accepted that exclusive e-cigarette use is less harmful than exclusive combustible cigarette use, but most e-cigarette users continue to smoke combustible cigarettes as well. To what extent the use of e-cigarettes reduces harm in people who continue to smoke combustible cigarettes has been debated. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of biomarkers as measures of dual use. Methods In two human studies of participants who used e-cigarettes only or both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, we measured urine concentrations of the metabolites of nicotine (total nicotine equivalents) as well as two biomarkers of tobacco exposure: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific carcinogen metabolite, and nicotelline, a tobacco alkaloid not found in significant concentrations in e-cigarette products. Results The presence of nicotine metabolites indicates either e-cigarette or combustible cigarette use. Nicotelline (half-life of 2–3 hours) indicates recent combustible cigarette use and NNAL (half-life of 10 days or more), indicates combustible cigarette use occurring within several weeks prior to sample collection. Conclusions Nicotelline and NNAL are useful biomarkers for combustible tobacco use in users e-cigarettes. The application of these biomarkers provides a tool to help assess whether, or to what extent, dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduces harm compared to sole use of combustible cigarettes. These biomarkers can also verify exclusive use of e-cigarettes over short (24 hour) or long (several week) time periods. Implications: To what extent dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduce harm compared to smoking combustible cigarettes only is of considerable public health interest. We show that the levels of the minor tobacco alkaloid nicotelline and the nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are extremely low in electronic cigarette fluids. The urine biomarkers nicotelline and the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are indicative of cigarette smoking and can be used to assess recent and past smoking in dual users.
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Brożek, Grzegorz Marek, Mateusz Jankowski, Joshua Allan Lawson, Andrei Shpakou, Michał Poznański, Tadeusz Maria Zielonka, Ludmila Klimatckaia i in. "The Prevalence of Cigarette and E-cigarette Smoking Among Students in Central and Eastern Europe—Results of the YUPESS Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 13 (28.06.2019): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132297.
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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are an alternative to traditional tobacco cigarette smoking. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use among university students from Central and Eastern Europe and to investigate personal characteristics associated with cigarette and e-cigarette smoking. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was performed between 2017–2018 among university students in five European countries: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia. The questionnaire included 46 questions related to the frequency and habits of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes use. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 14,352 students (8800 medical; aged 20.9 ± 2.4 years) with an overall response rate of 72.2%. Two-thirds of the respondents had smoked a traditional tobacco cigarette and 43.7% had used an e-cigarette. Overall current smoking status included 12.3% traditional cigarette smokers, 1.1% e-cigarette users, and 1.8% were dual users with the remainder being non-smokers. Smoking status differed between the research centres (p < 0.001). Females were less likely to try either cigarettes (OR = 0.83) or e-cigarettes (OR = 0.62) and were less likely to be current cigarette (OR = 0.64), e-cigarette (OR = 0.34), or dual users (OR = 0.33) than males. Perception of e-cigarettes significantly differed between smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.001). Among university students, cigarettes are more popular than e-cigarettes.
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Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Karma McKelvey, Boubakari Ibrahimou, Elisa M. Trucco i Ziyad Ben Taleb. "The Road to Vaping: E-cigarette Susceptibility and Curiosity Among U.S. Adolescents Susceptible and Nonsusceptible to Cigarette Smoking". Health Education & Behavior 47, nr 5 (22.07.2020): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120943166.
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Background. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most commonly used tobacco product among adolescents. We aimed to identify factors associated with e-cigarette susceptibility and curiosity among adolescents who are and are not susceptible to cigarette smoking. Method. Data were drawn from the 2018 U.S. National Youth Tobacco Survey. The study sample comprised 13,428 never cigarette or e-cigarette users. Four distinct weighted multivariable regression models were performed to assess associations between covariates and e-cigarette curiosity and susceptibility. Results. Among adolescents susceptible to smoking cigarettes, non-Hispanic (NH) Black participants were less likely to be susceptible to (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.26, 0.67]) and curious about (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.39, 0.95]) e-cigarettes than NH Whites. Among adolescents nonsusceptible to smoking cigarettes, Hispanics were more susceptible to (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.04, 1.71]) and curious about (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.02, 1.62]) e-cigarettes than NH Whites. Among adolescents (both susceptible and nonsusceptible to smoking cigarettes), being female, exposure to e-cigarette aerosol in public places, exposure to e-cigarette ads at point-of-sale, and having low perceived harm and addictiveness of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes were associated with having greater odds of susceptibility toward and curiosity about e-cigarette use. Conclusions. Future regulatory policies and tobacco control prevention campaigns should focus on increasing health awareness (e.g., potential harm and addictiveness) of e-cigarettes among adolescents and restrict marketing and the use of e-cigarettes in public places.
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Yadayna, Khofifatul. "Cigarette Rod Sorting System on Conveyors". Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 10, nr 1 (12.03.2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v10i1.160.
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Kretek cigarettes are a type of cigarette that is still in demand today. The manufacturing of kretek cigarettes in factories still has limitations, especially in the process weighing cigarettes per stick. From this problem, a tool is needed to separate cigarettes based on the weight of the cigarette that has been determined per stick. And the results of the cigarette weight sorter can be monitored via the website to reduce errors in the size of the clove cigarette. The method used in this study is to make a cigarette sorting tool using a conveyor with a DC servo motor component as a driving force for the conveyor to be 3 parts by weight, namely parts weigh <1.5 grams, parts weight> 1.5 grams and parts = 1.5. gram. Based on the results of the study, 1 pack of cigarettes where each pack contains 12 cigarettes shows that there are 2 cigarettes <1.5 grams, 7 cigarettes> 1.5 grams and 3 cigarettes corresponding to 1.5 grams. The results of the study indicate that the manufacture of a cigarette sorting system on the conveyor can help the cigarette weighing process to be more precise.
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Dowd, Ashley N., i Stephen T. Tiffany. "Comparison of Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Reward Value Measured During a Cue-Reactivity Task: An Extension of the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions Procedure". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, nr 10 (13.07.2018): 1394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty143.
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Abstract Introduction Up to 24% of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users are concurrent users of both tobacco and e-cigarettes (dual users). Dual users provide an opportunity to assess key motivational processes supporting e-cigarette use, such as the reward value of e-cigarettes. This study used the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions procedure to examine cue-specific reactions to tobacco and e-cigarettes with a primary focus on evaluating the relative reward value of both forms of cigarettes. Methods Fifty-four dual users were exposed to a lit tobacco cigarette, their own e-cigarette, or a cup of water across multiple trials. On each trial, participants rated their craving for both tobacco and e-cigarettes and indicated the amount of money they would spend to access the cue. Key measures included craving, amount of money spent to access the cue, latency to access the cue, spending choice time, and consumption. Results Participants reported significantly higher craving and spent significantly more money on tobacco and e-cigarette trials than on water trials. The magnitude of cue-specific craving was comparable across tobacco and e-cigarettes, but participants spent significantly more to access tobacco cigarettes than e-cigarettes. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate cue-specific reactivity to e-cigarettes utilizing a neutral comparison condition and to examine the reward value of e-cigarettes relative to tobacco cigarettes. Overall, the data suggest that e-cigarette puffs are less valued and generate less craving than tobacco cigarette puffs for dual users. The data provide clear support for the utility of Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions for examining a range of motivational processes supporting e-cigarette use. Implications The test procedure used in this research generates multiple indices of nicotine and tobacco motivation and allows for an explicit comparison of those variables in people who use both e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes.
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Romijnders, Kim, Liesbeth van Osch, Hein de Vries i Reinskje Talhout. "A Deliberate Choice? Exploring the Decision to Switch from Cigarettes to E-Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 4 (20.02.2019): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040624.
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E-cigarettes are increasingly popular among both cigarette smokers and non-users. Although smoking cessation yields the most individual and population health benefits, switching to exclusive e-cigarette use offers some individual health benefits for cigarette smokers. However, e-cigarette use is not harmless, and its use among non-cigarette smokers should be prevented. Our study aims to explore the decision-making process about e-cigarettes among an e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and non-users. We conducted 12 semi-structured focus group interviews with e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and non-users. We performed a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. First, knowledge reported by e-cigarette users was mainly based on other users’ experiences. Second, cigarette smokers and non-users were more negative towards e-cigarettes than e-cigarette users. Third, e-cigarette users considered switching from cigarette smoking to e-cigarette use by deliberating relevant information, and weighing up the benefits and disadvantages of e-cigarette use versus smoking. Additionally, important factors in the decision-making process were a perception of risks and benefits of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes, a supportive social environment about e-cigarette use, and trust in information offered about the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. Our findings provide insight into what we can learn from the conscious decision-making process of e-cigarette users who switched from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. This information can be considered to develop targeted communications strategies to stimulate a conscious decision-making process, these may highlight benefits of switching to e-cigarettes for cigarette smokers, discussing the risks of smoking, and correcting misperceptions about the perceived risks and benefits of e-cigarette use.
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Alcalá, Héctor E., i Sandhya V. Shimoga. "It Is About Trust: Trust in Sources of Tobacco Health Information, Perceptions of Harm, and Use of E-Cigarettes". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, nr 5 (26.01.2019): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz004.
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Abstract Introduction Recent research has highlighted disparities in people who perceive as trustworthy sources of e-cigarette health information. Research has yet to examine if trusting a particular source of information is associated with use of e-cigarettes or perceptions of e-cigarette harm. We use a nationally representative survey of American adults to address these gaps in knowledge. Methods This study used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (N = 3738). Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds of ever using e-cigarettes and perceived health harm of e-cigarettes. Trust in seven different sources of e-cigarette health information served as the independent variables. Models accounted for confounders. Results Trusting religious organizations “a lot” as sources of e-cigarette health information was associated with lower odds of ever using e-cigarettes and with lower odds of perceiving e-cigarettes as less harmful than conventional cigarettes. Trusting e-cigarette companies “a lot” as sources of e-cigarette health information was associated with lower odds of viewing e-cigarettes as harmful to health. Conclusion Trusting health information about e-cigarettes from sources in the medical or public health field was not associated with lower use of e-cigarettes or viewing e-cigarettes as more harmful. Trusting health information from e-cigarette companies yielded perceptions of e-cigarette harm that are consistent with messaging provided by these companies. Implications As use of e-cigarettes continues to climb, leveraging different modes of health communication will be critical to both discourage e-cigarette use among never-smokers and, potentially, to encourage use of e-cigarettes as an option to achieve smoking cessation or reduce the harm of tobacco products. Our findings suggest that religious organizations may be helpful in communicating anti-e-cigarette messages.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cigarettes"
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Ho, Shi-king. "Cigarette smuggling in Hong Kong". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1612117X.
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Batey, Jacqueline. "The safe cigarette : visual strategies of reassurance in American advertisements for cigarettes, 1945-1964". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-safe-cigarette(a1dd0e71-ce49-4441-aab6-297bdd958c1c).html.
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This Practice-Based Ph.D. thesis is in two sections, the written element presented as a sequence of eight Fascicles, and the practical element presented as an inter-related set of nine Artist’s Books and Multiples. This thesis presents a series of Artist’s Books and Multiples of graphic expressions of anxiety, each informed by a comparative study presented as a sequence of Fascicles of the visual strategies used to advertise cigarettes in America in mass-circulation magazines between 1945 and 1964. The thesis is presented as a boxed object containing the eight Fascicles (each containing a Gatefold Image) and the nine Artist’s Books and Multiples. The thesis identifies specific design and illustration solutions in cigarette advertising such as considerations of artwork, photography, layout, typography, characterisation, and diagrammatic representation of process. The conclusions are then used as the basis for 9 books and multiples in which I explore, within my own artwork, the dynamics of visual instruction, and the devices for reassuring the anxious consumer using irony and humour throughout. Each Fascicle has a Gatefold visual montage with juxtaposed imagery central to the theme. The thesis combines visual analysis and the making of imagery in equal measure. The vast proportion of original visual examples used in the Fascicles are reproduced for the first time in colour from a wide range of contemporary magazines. Particular emphasis is placed on the professional manuals generated by the advertising profession itself. A brief study of the cigarette market in the pre-1945 period identifies early anxieties about the product and how the tobacco industry and the advertising industry sought to address them. The thesis identifies the industries’ invention of the 'Safe Cigarette' and then explores the anxieties implicit in that concept, presenting visual means by which anxiety is depicted. Visual strategies of reassurance in the form of personifiers are compared - ranging from people in socially esteemed professions through to the use of animals (dogs) and visual fictions (Santa Claus). Two factors in particular have been identified to distract consumers from the gathering sense of unease in the safety of the product that culminated in the report of the American Surgeon General in 1964 - the appeal to the consumption of the cigarette in the outdoors and the corresponding success of menthol cigarettes, and the appeal to the reassurance that technology can impart - in the success of the Filter-Tip market. The twin polarities are reflected in the Artist’s books, 'Which Filter Works?' and 'Menthol Daze'. In the last Fascicle the techniques of persuasion after 1945 are compared with those used by the American Huckster of the early twentieth century and the thesis concludes with an assertion of the role that visual humour can play in exposing fallacious marketing.
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Ho, Shi-king, i 何仕景. "Cigarette smuggling in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977650.
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Klemperer, Elias Mushabac. "A Randomized Trial to Compare Switching to Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Versus Reducing Cigarettes Per Day". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/922.
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Smoking cigarettes is the most preventable cause of death in the US. Smokers are often unsuccessful at quitting because they are dependent. Reducing nicotine could be one way to reduce dependence. Currently, reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) is the most common strategy to reduce nicotine intake. However, some have proposed switching to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes to reduce nicotine and dependence. Both reducing CPD and switching to VLNC cigarettes aim to reduce nicotine but do so in different ways. I conducted a randomized trial to compare the degree to which switching to VLNC cigarettes vs reducing CPD 1) is more acceptable and 2) decreases dependence more among smokers not ready to quit.
Sixty-eight adult smokers of ≥ 10 cigarettes/day who were not ready to quit smoked full nicotine study cigarettes ad-lib for 1 week (week 0). I provided all participants with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches and instructions to gradually reduce over the next 4 weeks by either 1) switching to lower nicotine content VLNC cigarettes or 2) reducing the number of full nicotine CPD. I provided VLNC participants with their usual number of cigarettes throughout the study but cigarettes contained only 70% of their usual nicotine at week 1, 35% at week 2, 15% at week 3, and 3% at week 4. I provided CPD participants with full nicotine cigarettes throughout the study but only 70% of their usual number of cigarettes at week 1, 35% at week 2, 15% at week 3, and 3% at week 4. I instructed participants to attempt to smoke only study cigarettes and report use of all (study + non-study) cigarettes via nightly surveys. I used participants’ percent non-study cigarettes/day as a proxy for acceptability and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale as my primary measure of dependence. Participants completed self-report measures and provided breath and urine samples at weekly visits during the 5-week study period. I tested between-group differences, within-participant change over time, and group by time interactions using multi-level modeling.
Switching to VLNC cigarettes was more acceptable than reducing CPD (F=5.0 p<.05). Acceptability declined over time for CPD participants as they were instructed to reduce more nicotine (F=42.2, p<.001) but this was not true for VLNC participants (F=29.5, p<.001). Dependence declined over time for both VLNC (F=10.5, p<001) and CPD (F=5.0, p<.01) participants but declined more over time for VLNC than CPD participants (F=3.2, p<.05).
This is the first trial to directly compare switching to VLNC cigarettes vs reducing CPD. Large reductions were more acceptable and effective at decreasing dependence among participants who switched to VLNC cigarettes than those who reduced CPD when all were aided by NRT. My findings suggest that regulatory policy that promotes a gradual transition to VLNC cigarettes could be more acceptable and effective at decreasing dependence than the common strategy of reducing CPD. Furthermore, NRT-aided transitions to VLNC cigarettes could be a useful and acceptable component for clinical interventions to reduce nicotine dependence among smokers not ready to quit and thereby make it more likely for smokers to quit and succeed.
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Hon, Kam-yuen Dennis. "Economic analysis on cigarette market in China". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954649.
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Kim, Kilsun. "Investigations of Electronic Cigarette Chemistry: 1. Formation Pathways for Degradation Products Using Isotopic Labeling; and 2. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Nicotine and Flavor Related Chemicals in Electronic Cigarette Fluids". PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3944.
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Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly growing around the world. E-cigarettes are commonly used as an alternative nicotine delivery system, and have been advocated as generating lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. Cigarette smoke-like aerosols are generated when e-cigarettes heat e-liquids. The main components of e-cigarette liquids are propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL) in a varying ratio, plus nicotine and flavor chemicals. Both PG and GL are considered safe to ingest in foods and beverages, but the toxicity of these chemicals in aerosols is unknown. Current studies of e-cigarettes have mainly focused on dehydration and oxidation products of PG and GL. In this study, the other degradation products that can be generated during the vaping process are discussed. In addition, the gas/particle partitioning of chemicals in vaping aerosols is determined.
This work finds that the formation of benzene in electronic cigarettes depends on the wattage, types of coils, and devices. To simulate commerical e-cigarette liquids, mixtures containing equal parts of PG and GL by volume were made with the following added components: benzoic acid (BA), benzoic acid with nicotine (Nic), benzaldehyde (BZ), band enzaldehyde with nicotine. PG only, GL only, and PG and GL mixtures were also made for comparison. The data presented here demonstrate that more benzene is generated as the wattage of a device increases. The results also seem to support the importance of ventilation in the generation of benzene. More benzene is generated from the mixtures containing benzoic acid when using the EVOD device with a smaller vent. However, benzaldehyde yields more benzene when using the Subtank Nano device with a larger vent. Findings also indicate that more benzene is produced from GL rather than PG.
This thesis also addresses the chemical formation pathways of degradation compounds found in the aerosols formed from isotopically labeled e-cigarette liquids. Mixtures of both 13C-labeled and unlabeled PG as well as GL were made. The mixtures were vaped and gas-phase samples were collected to determine which chemicals were in the gas-phase portion of the aerosols. With the use of GC/MS methods, these isotopic labeling experiments provided evidence that the majority of the benzene, acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, toluene, xylene, acrolein, and furan found in e-cigarette aerosols originates from GL in the PG plus GL mixtures. It was also shown that the majority of propanal is derived from PG: while hydroxyacetone can be formed from both PG and GL. Possible mechanisms for the formation of acetaldehyde, benzene, 2,3-butanedione, toluene, and xylene formation are proposed.
Last, this study investigated the gas/particle partitioning of nicotine and flavor-related chemicals in e-cigarette fluids. The gas/particle partitioning behavior of chemicals in e-cigarettes fluids is highly dependent on the chemical volatility. A total of 37 compounds were examined. The target compounds were divided into 3 groups based on their vapor pressures: high, medium, and low. Headspace gas samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of a compound in equilibrium with the liquid phase. The gas and liquid concentrations were used to calculate the gas/particle partitioning constant (Kp) for each compound. In an e-cigarette aerosol, volatile compounds have smaller Kp values and tend to be found in greater proportion in the gas-phase, whereas the less volatile compounds are likely to stay in the particle phase. General agreement with theory was found for compounds with known activity coefficients in PG and GL, indicating that theory can be used to predict Kp values for other compounds.
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Wong, Pui Shan Patrica. "A study of the text-image relations of health warnings on cigarette packets and their effectiveness among universtiy student". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/950.
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Stephens, Raymond Peter, i rays@turningpoint org au. "Why alcohol and drug treatment workers smoke cigarettes". RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080521.122401.
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A grounded theory approach was used to explore the reasons why staff who work in alcohol and drug treatment services smoke cigarettes. Eleven in-depth interviews were conducted with staff in Victoria across a variety of service types and roles. Data gathered from the interviews were analysed and grouped into categories. From analysis of the interviews it appeared that cigarette smoking is given legitimacy in the alcohol and drug treatment field that reinforces its place in these services. Legitimacy was evident in three main ways - Permission, a Therapeutic Tool and Rewards. Permission to smoke was communicated by means which included the opportunity to smoke at work, the provision of smoking areas, the absence of no-smoking rules and policies, and an acceptance of smoking. Smoking was seen as a therapeutic tool that enhanced the treatment provided to clients. Some smokers saw cigarettes as a tool to convey empathy, develop rapport, promote a feeling of engagement and manage difficult clients. Smokers also received some rewards to reinforce their behaviour. There was a benefit of feeling an increased acceptance by other staff, increased socialising, work breaks, a reduction in perceived stress levels and the opportunity to readily satisfy cravings for nicotine that reinforced the smoking behaviour. Punishments, or negative rewards, for smoking were also described. These included being recipients of harassment or pressure from non-smoking staff and concerns about the impact of smoking on their health. These three categories of permission, therapeutic tool and rewards contribute to the legitimacy of smoking in this field and support the continued presence of this behaviour.
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Kolonen, Sakari. "Low-yield cigarettes : smoke exposure and puffing behaviour /". Kuopio : University of Kuopio : Kuopio University Library [jakaja], 1992. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23605.
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Kinouani, Shérazade. "La cigarette électronique chez les étudiants : trajectoires de consommation et profils d’usage". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0382.
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Introduction : L’usage chronique de tabac est une pratique nocive pour la santé, favorisée par l’installation d’une addiction. Les e-cigarettes sont des dispositifs électroniques pouvant délivrer de la nicotine destinée à être inhalée. Un récent essai clinique suggère qu’elles pourraient être plus efficaces que les traitements de substitution nicotinique pour obtenir l’arrêt du tabac chez les fumeurs adultes. L’absence de combustion en fait aussi une alternative dans la réduction des risques et des dommages liés au tabac. Ces bénéfices potentiels pour les fumeurs restent néanmoins à confirmer. Ils sont contrebalancés par l’absence de données sur les risques liés à leur usage prolongé et par la passerelle vers le tabagisme que constitue leur usage par les non-fumeurs adolescents ou jeunes adultes. Peu d’études se sont justement intéressées à l’usage d’e-cigarettes en population de jeunes adultes. Notre objectif était de décrire l’usage d’e-cigarettes (motivations, trajectoires, vécu, profils d’usagers) et son évolution en population étudiante. Méthodes : Entre Octobre 2014 et Novembre 2018, nous avons mené un projet de recherche par méthode mixte, associant une étude observationnelle de cohorte en ligne nichée dans le projet i-Share (suivi sur 12 mois), une revue systématique de littérature et une étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés auprès d’étudiants bordelais. Résultats : L’expérimentation d’e-cigarettes a été déclarée en 2016 par 36 % des étudiants interrogés dans i-Share. La prévalence de l’usage actuel (occasionnel ou quotidien) d’e-cigarettes était estimée à 7 %. Le vapotage était majoritairement une pratique d’anciens fumeurs et de fumeurs. Les raisons d’expérimenter comme de prolonger l’usage d’e-cigarettes étaient plurielles, combinant i) des raisons en lien avec l’usage de tabac/nicotine ; ii) d’autres en lien avec les propriétés fonctionnelles des e-cigarettes ou leur praticité et iii) des raisons sociales. La curiosité était cependant la raison la plus citée d’expérimentation, indépendamment du statut tabagique. Chez les fumeurs, la probabilité d’arrêt du tabac à l’issue d’un suivi sur 12 mois n’était statistiquement pas corrélée à l’usage d’e-cigarettes. Pourtant, certains étudiants réussissaient à arrêter de fumer via les e-cigarettes dans notre étude qualitative. Quatre trajectoires de l’usage d’e-cigarettes et de tabac ont pu être décrites chez des fumeurs ayant vapoté pendant au moins 2 mois consécutifs : l’arrêt du tabac sans transition par un usage dualiste ; l’arrêt planifié et acquis du tabac, après un usage dualiste transitoire ; l’arrêt planifié mais non acquis du tabac, avec un usage dualiste en cours ; l’usage dualiste sans arrêt planifié du tabac. Un processus d’apprentissages s’opérait chez les étudiants au cours du vapotage prolongé. L’apprentissage avait lieu à différents niveaux : dans la recherche des effets, dans le rapport avec le dispositif électronique, dans les interactions sociales et dans le mécanisme cognitif de rationalisation de la poursuite du vapotage. Ce processus d’apprentissages était décrit indépendamment du souhait d’arrêt du tabac. Conclusion : Notre analyse des données recueillies dans i-Share ne montrait pas d’association entre l’usage d’e-cigarettes et l’arrêt du tabac chez des étudiants fumeurs. Les hypothèses possibles sont i) qu’elles ne sont effectivement pas efficaces ou ii) que les jeunes adultes fumeurs qui vapotent ne ressentent pas tous le besoin d’arrêter de fumer et ne les utilisent donc pas dans cette perspective. Chez les fumeurs qui s’inscrivent dans un vapotage prolongé, les trajectoires d’usage d’e-cigarettes et de tabac paraissent influencées non seulement par leur projet initial d’arrêt du tabac (motivation au changement) mais aussi par leur vécu au cours de l’usage d’e-cigarettes. Cela aboutit dans certains cas à l’arrêt du tabacIntroduction: Chronic use of tobacco is a harmful practice for health, favored by the installation of an addiction. E-cigarettes are electronic devices that can provide nicotine to be inhaled. A recent clinical trial suggests that they may be more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in adult tobacco smokers. The absence of combustion also makes them an alternative in harm reduction related to tobacco. These potential benefits for smokers remain to be confirmed. And benefits are counteracted by the lack of data on the risk associated with their continued use and the gateway to tobacco if they are used by non-smokers, particularly among adolescents or young adults. Few studies have focused on the use of e-cigarettes in young adults. Our goal was to describe the use of e-cigarettes (reasons for use, trajectories, personal experience, user profiles) and its evolution in the student population. Methods: Between October 2014 and November 2018, we led a mixed-method research combining an observational online cohort study nested in the i-Share project (12-month follow-up), a systematic review and a qualitative study by semi-directed interviews among students in Bordeaux (France). Results: The e-cigarette experiment was declared in 2016 by 36% of students in i-Share project. The prevalence of current use (daily as non-daily) was estimated at 7%. Vaping was mostly a practice of former smokers and smokers. The reasons for experimenting and continuing the use of e-cigarettes were plural, combining: i) reasons related to tobacco / nicotine use; ii) others reasons related to the functional properties of e-cigarettes or their practicality and iii) social reasons. However, curiosity was the most cited reason for experimentation, regardless of smoking status. Among smokers, the probability of smoking cessation at 12-month was statistically uncorrelated with the use of e-cigarettes. Yet some students were able to quit tobacco smoking via e-cigarettes in our qualitative research. Four trajectories in the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco have been described in smokers who used e-cigarettes for at least 2 consecutive months: cessation of smoking without transition by dual use; planned and acquired cessation of tobacco, after a transitional dual use; a planned cessation of tobacco, with dual use in progress; dual use without a planned smoking cessation. A learning process was taking place in students during their continued use of e-cigarettes. Learning took place at different levels: search for effects, relation with their electronic device, social interactions and cognitive mechanism of justifications for pursuing e-cigarette use. This learning process was described independently of the desire to stop smoking. Conclusion: Our analysis of the data collected in i-Share project did not show an association between the use of e-cigarettes and smoking cessation among student smokers. The possible hypotheses are i) that e-cigarettes are in fact not effective or ii) that young adult smokers - not feeling the need to quit smoking- did not use them in this perspective. In smokers enrolled in a continued vaping, the trajectories of use of e-cigarettes and tobacco seem influenced by their initial project of stopping smoking (motivation to change) but also by their experience during the use of e-cigarettes. This can lead in some cases to smoking cessation
Książki na temat "Cigarettes"
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Mathews, Harry. Cigarettes. Normal, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 1998.
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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Cigarettes. Toronto: CBC Transcripts, 1987.
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Juned, Abdul Aziz bin Awang. Cigarettes & smoking. [Bandar Seri Begawan]: State Mufti's Office, Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam, 2007.
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Juned, Abdul Aziz bin Awang. Cigarettes & smoking. [Bandar Seri Begawan]: State Mufti's Office, Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam, 2007.
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Rozmeen, Tambe, i Key Note Publications, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note, 2002.
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Rozmeen, Tambe, i Key Note Publications, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note, 2003.
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Emma, Clarke, i Key Note Publications, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note, 2000.
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Zoe, Ratcliff, i Key Note Ltd, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note, 1997.
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Richard, Caines, i Key Note Publications, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note Ltd, 1998.
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Isla, Gower, i Key Note Publications, red. Cigarettes & tobacco. Hampton: Key Note, 2003.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Cigarettes"
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Goodstein, Zachary. "Electronic Cigarettes". W Ethical Ripples of Creativity and Innovation, 111–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137505545_13.
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Esparza, Javier. "Coffee and Cigarettes". W Carl Adam Petri: Ideas, Personality, Impact, 97–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96154-5_13.
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Schroeder, Kent. "Wrestling and Cigarettes". W Politics of Gross National Happiness, 75–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65388-4_5.
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Whidden, Margaret. "Fire-Safe Cigarettes". W Tobacco and Health, 985–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1907-2_228.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 1". W Cigarettes & Wine, 1–6. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_1.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 10". W Cigarettes & Wine, 55–58. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_10.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 11". W Cigarettes & Wine, 59–62. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_11.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 12". W Cigarettes & Wine, 63–66. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_12.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 13". W Cigarettes & Wine, 67–70. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_13.
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Sumerau, J. E. "Chapter 14". W Cigarettes & Wine, 71–73. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-929-4_14.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Cigarettes"
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Kurdi, Rana, Hanan Abdul Rahim, Ghadir Al-Jayyousi, Manar Yaseen, Aetefeh Ali i Naema Mosleh. "Harm Perception and Attitudes towards E-cigarette Use Among Qatar University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0145.
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Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming popular worldwide especially among youth. Research reported that university students have poor knowledge and misconceptions about the health risks of e-cigarettes, which may lead students to use them even in populations where prevalence of cigarette smoking is relatively low. At this age, the influence of peers is also significant. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of e-cigarette use among university students as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards e-cigarettes. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study among Qatar University students using a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive univariate analysis of all variables was conducted as well as a bivariate analysis to check the association of e-cigarette use with selected variables. A binary logistic regression was conducted to assess predictors of e-cigarette use. Results: The prevalence of e-cigarette use among students was found to be 14% where 32% of them were daily users. Approximately 42% of the participants agreed that ‘e-cigarettes are less harmful to health compared to traditional cigarettes, and 45.7% of them agreed that ‘e-cigarettes can prevent smoking traditional cigarettes. The prevalence of e-cigarettes use was 16.2% among males and 12.8% among females, which showed no significant difference between the two genders. Females were more likely to use e-cigarettes because they “don’t smell” (P-value=0.023). The study showed a significant association between e-cigarette use and knowledge items (P-value < 0.05) and having a smoker among siblings or friends. At the multivariate analysis level, only the friends’ effect remained significant after controlling for the other variables (OR= 7.3, P-value=0.000). Conclusion: Our research found that university students have inadequate knowledge and misconceptions in regards to e-cigarettes use, especially among users. Effective smoking prevention policy and educational interventions are needed to enhance awareness among university students about the health effects associated with e-cigarettes use.
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Mo, Yu-Hua, Chao Deng, Fei-Jie Huang, Qian Tan i Yuan-Kun Li. "Predicting New Cigarette Launch Strategy based on Synthetic Control Method". W 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.130704.
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In order to accurately predict the ef ect of new product cigarette marketing strategy.We take 18 months of cigarette sales data in city B of province A as the research sample, take new cigarette C as the researchobject, and use the random forest method to fix the errors and missing data. Then, we first use the mature cigarette brand's short-term historical sales and multiple labeling systems including the mature cigarette brand's historical sales data, retailer sales data, merchant circle crowd portrait data. Based on various machine learning method, we calculate the fitting weights of mature cigarettes to new cigarettes and thensimulate and predict the sales trend of new cigarettes. The application ef ect test found the accuracy of new cigarette sales prediction based on the traditional LSTM model was only 33.31%. In comparison, the prediction accuracy of the new model we constructed can reach 94.17%. We address the limitations encountered in new cigarette sales prediction, and fill the research gap in new cigarette launch models.
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Cunradi, Carol, Raul Caetano, William Ponicki i Harrison Alter. "Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis Use and Co-use in Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers: An Emergency Department Study". W 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.14.
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Background: Compared to the general household population, elevated rates of cannabis and cigarette smoking are found among adults seeking medical care at urban safety-net hospital Emergency Departments (ED). The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence and identify the demographic and psychosocial correlates of cannabis use with and without cigarette co-use in comparison to non-cannabis/tobacco users in an urban ED population. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on cross-sectional data collected in 2017 for a study on intimate partner violence, drinking and drug use among married/partnered adults ages 18-50 who were English or Spanish speakers seeking non-acute care at an urban ED (N=1,037; 53% female). Face-to-face survey interviews were conducted after obtaining informed consent from participants. We measured past 12-month cannabis use and past 30-day cigarette smoking. Data were collected on demographic (age, gender, level of education, race/ethnicity) and mental health factors (anxiety, depression, PTSD, past 12-month risky drinking [females/males drank 4+/5+ drinks]). Study participants were categorized as tobacco users without cannabis use (13.5%); cannabis users without tobacco use (13.8%); cannabis users with tobacco use (13.3%); and those who used neither substance (59.5%). We conducted chi-square analysis to examine the relationship between demographic and psychosocial factors and cannabis/tobacco co-use status, and multinomial logistic regression to estimate the factors associated with each type of cannabis/tobacco co-use category relative to non-users. Results: Approximately half of cannabis users smoked cigarettes. Compared to women, men had greater odds of smoking cigarettes without cannabis (aOR=3.26; 95% CI 2.12, 5.00), using cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=2.38; 95% CI 1.54, 3.69), or being a cannabis/tobacco co-user (aOR=3.72; 95% CI 2.30, 6.02). Latinx participants were less likely to smoke cigarettes without cannabis (aOR=0.24; 95% CI 0.10, 0.56), use cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=0.18; 95% CI 0.08, 0.42), or co-use cannabis/tobacco (aOR=0.05; 95% CI 0.02, 0.11) than white participants. Participant age was inversely associated with using cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=0.93; 95% CI 0.91, 0.96) and being a cannabis/tobacco co-user (aOR=0.95; 95% CI 0.93, 0.98). Regarding psychosocial factors, those who screened positively for anxiety had greater odds for using cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=1.93; 95% CI 1.20, 3.10) and being a cannabis/tobacco co-user (aOR=3.40; 95% CI 2.04, 5.66) compared to those who screened negatively. Those who screened positively for PTSD had elevated odds for using cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=1.65; 95% 1.00, 2.75) compared to those who screened negatively. Those who had engaged in risky drinking had greater odds of smoking cigarettes without cannabis (aOR=2.27; 95% CI 1.47, 3.48), using cannabis without cigarettes (aOR=2.54; 95% CI 1.61, 4.02), or being a cannabis/tobacco co-user (aOR=4.34; 95% CI 2.71, 6.97) compared to those who had not engaged in this behavior. Conclusions: Over one quarter of an urban ED sample used cannabis either with or without cigarettes. The results suggest that there are distinct demographic and mental health risk and protective factors associated with cannabis use and co-use in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Cannabis users who smoke cigarettes may be especially vulnerable to mental health problems.
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Filipovic, Ela, Nikolina Catlak i Natasa Zenic. "Sport participation should not be observed as protective against smoking and drinking in adolescence; cross-sectional cluster-based analysis in Croatian southern regions". W 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-26.
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Purpose: Sport participation in adolescence is frequently observed as being protective against consumption of psychoactive substances (e.g. cigarettes and alcohol), but limited number of studies directly examined this problem while simultaneously observing consump-tion of cigarettes and alcohol. The aim of this study was to evidence the possible associations which may exist between different factors explaining participation in sports, and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in adolescents from Croatia. Methods: The sample comprised 436 adolescents from coastal regions in Croatia (202 fe-males) aged 15–17 years who were tested by previously validated closed structured ques-tionnaire on sport factors (experience in sports [four point scale from “never participated” to “ > 5 years”], sport competitive achievement [four point scale ranging from “never competed” to “national/international competitive achievement”], number of sport training sessions per week [four point scale ranging from “didn’t participate” to “sometimes even twice a day”]), cigarette smoking (four point scale ranging from “never smoked” to “more than 10 cigarettes per day”), and alcohol consumption (measured by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – AUDIT). Cluster analysis calculated on the basis of cigarette smoking and AUDIT results was used to form homogenous groups (substance misuse clusters – SMC). The Kruskall Wallis analysis of variance (KWA) was calculated to identify the differences between SMC in studied sport factors. Results: Four SMC were formed indicating: (i) high alcohol + high cigarettes (SMC1: n=42), (ii) high alcohol + low cigarettes (SMC2: n=115), (iii) low alcohol + low cigarettes (SMC3: n=226), and (iv) low alcohol + high cigarettes consumption (SMC4: n=53). When calculat-ed for total sample of participants, the KWA revealed significant differences among SMC, with significant post-hoc differences between SMC1 and SMC3 in all sport-factors (H test: 9.5-to-17.5, p 80% of all SMC1 members). Gender-specific KWA did not reveal significant differences among SMC in studied sport factors. Conclusion: Study results do not support the theory of protective effects of sport participation against substance misuse in adolescence. Even more, there are some indices that sport par-ticipation may be observed risk factor for consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in this age group. Social acceptance of smoking and drinking in sport-society in the region is probable reason for relatively high rates of substance misuse in adolescents who are actively involved in sports.
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Costa, Fernando de Souza. "Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes". W ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47311.
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The smoldering of cigarettes without drawing is described by a simple analytical model. A burning cigarette is assumed to be divided in 4 zones: unburned tobacco, dry tobacco, char and ash, separated by infinitesimally thin fronts of drying, pyrolysis and char oxidation. Circumferential heat losses and the convective-diffusive processes in the boundary layer are considered. A set of non-linear algebraic equations is solved to determine smoldering rates, drying lengths and pyrolysis lengths and to obtain the profiles of temperature. The influence coefficients of several parameters on smolder characteristics are calculated. Theoretical burn rates have shown a good agreement to experiments.
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Hans, Hesketh, Mila Citrawati i Citra Ayu Aprilia. "The Effect of Electric Cigarette Nicotine Levels on Peak Expiratory Flow in Vape User Communities, South Jakarta". W The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.14.
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Background: Electronic Cigarette is one form of many nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that uses energy from battery to deliver nicotine in gas form and by World Health Organization (WHO) defined as Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS). This study aimed to investigated the effect of electronic cigarette’s nicotine dosage on the peak expiratory flow (PEF). Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at VH Community-South Jakarta from February to march 2018. A Sample of 72 vapers was selected by consecutive sampling. It was divided into 3 groups: vapers who used 3 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg nicotine dosage. The inclusion criteria were electric smokers healthy participants aged 19-24 years, normal body mass index, moderate physical activity, and only used e-cigarettes for more than 12 months. The exclusion criteria were the respondent had a history of respiratory disease. The dependent variable was peak expiratory flow (PEF). The independent variable was the nicotine dosage which obtained in electronic cigarette’s liquid. The research instrument used by Peak Flow Meter (PFM). The data was analyzed by Chi-square. Results: Chi-Square analysis showed the effect of electronic cigarette’s nicotine dosages to PEF (OR= 7.2; p< 0.001). Conclusion: The result showed that nicotine dosage which obtained in electronic cigarette’s liquid had effects with PEF. Therefore, each nicotine dosage has different effects to respiratory health. Because nicotine increases endothelial permeability, inhibits cell endothelial proliferation, and caused goblet cell metaplasia. Keyword: Electronic Cigarette, Nicotine, Peak Expiratory Flow Correspondence: Mila Citrawati. Departemen Fisiologi, FK UPN “Veteran” Jakarta. Jl. RS Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta 12450. E-mail: milacitrawati@upnvj.ac.id. Mobile: (021) 7656971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.14
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Zobena, Aija. "Student Tobacco Use Behaviours: A Qualitative Study of Alternative Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use in Young Adulthood". W 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.043.
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Non-combustible alternative tobacco products such as tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) marketed as less harmful alternatives to cigarettes as smoking cessation aids are becoming increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. This age group includes individuals still experimenting with and establishing tobacco use. The aim of the study is to investigate student tobacco use behaviours, particularly novel devices, and alternative products to understand how to decrease tobacco initiation and use among adolescents and young adults. In August 2020, two focus group discussions were organized to obtain information on young people's experience of alternative tobacco and nicotine product use. In each of them, high school students (aged over 18) and students took part. The participants of the focus group discussion were chosen by the “snowball” method. Cessation of smoking and replacing cigarettes with alternative tobacco and nicotine products reduce some of the harmful effects but are not harmless and nicotine addiction remains. By replacing cigarette smoking with the use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, or e-cigarettes, one form of nicotine use is being replaced by another. According to the study, young people have no understanding of nicotine addiction and the health risks of using alternative tobacco products. Today's adolescents and young adults often see consumption of tobacco and nicotine products as a mean to construct and project their unique identity.
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Lakshmi, N., C. D. K. Dasanayake i B. S. S. De Silva. "The Most Influencing Factors for Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review". W SLIIT International Conference on Advancements in Sciences and Humanities 2023. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/wrxq6558.
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Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem in the world, and smoking leads to diseases and disabilities and harms nearly every organ of the body. All forms of cigarettes are harmful, and there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco. Nicotine is one of the toxic chemicals found in tobacco and can cause carcinomas. A significant number of students experimented for the first time with cigarette smoking in adolescence. Cigarette smoking during adolescence causes significant health problems, such as an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, decreased physical fitness, and potential effects on lung growth and function. The participants who smoked had poor academic performance, drank alcohol, were sexually active, and were more likely to smoke with other adolescents. This study aims to identify the most influencing factors for cigarette smoking among adolescents. This systematic review included literature from 2017 to 2022 through databases such as PUBMED, CINHAL, and MEDLINE. The review includes six studies that revealed the influencing personal, environmental, and community factors for cigarette smoking among adolescents through multivariate logistic regression and path analyses in several countries. The probability of smoking was found to be higher among adolescents with male gender, high body mass index, social anxiety, high grades, sufficient pocket money, and positive attitudes toward smoking. Peer smoking, second hand smoking (SHS) exposure, smoker parents, free cigarettes from tobacco companies, the indigenous population, and parenting patterns were found as influencing factors to combat the threat of cigarette smoking among adolescents. To combat the threat of cigarette smoking among adolescents, gender- and culture-sensitive prevention programs are required.
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Sarkar, Abahan, Tamal Dutta i B. K. Roy. "Counting of cigarettes in cigarette packets using LabVIEW". W 2014 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2014.6950120.
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Liu, Jilong, Qiulin Yue, Chen Zhao, Baojun Li, Qun Su, Lin Zhao i Le Su. "Electronic cigarettes, traditional cigarettes, and oral health". W International Conference on Biomedical and Intelligent Systems (IC-BIS 2022), redaktor Ahmed El-Hashash. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2660521.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Cigarettes"
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Gallien, Max, Giovanni Occhiali i Hana Ross. An Overlooked Market: Loose Cigarettes, Informal Vendors, and Their Implications for Tobacco Taxation. Institute of Development Studies, luty 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.004.
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Recent years have seen the development of a substantial literature on tobacco taxation that has both noted its effectiveness as a tobacco control tool, and provided modelling of its implications. However, studies of tobacco taxation and tobacco consumption have largely ignored a crucial aspect of the market for cigarettes in many low- and middle-income countries – the prevalence of loose (single) cigarettes being sold, rather than cigarette packs. We argue that ignoring this market leaves room for unexpected dynamics and unintended policy effects. We develop this argument by establishing four aspects of the market for loose cigarettes. First, we show that it is sizeable and widespread. Second, we note that it has a consumer base that is on average poorer and younger than the overall population of smokers. Third, we show that the price dynamics for loose cigarettes are different to those for packs, that the price for a loose cigarette is typically higher than the equivalent per-cigarette price of a cigarette bought in a pack, and that the price of loose cigarettes and cigarette packs do not always move in parallel. Fourth, based on these dynamics, we show how the features of the loose cigarette market can affect the effectiveness of tobacco control policy, and in particular tobacco taxation. For example, we highlight that insufficient attention to the market for loose cigarettes might lead to a lower than anticipated effect of tax increases on demand, or might result in tax increases not being passed on to the consumers of loose cigarettes at all. Consequently, in order to ensure that tobacco tax increases immediately feed through to all consumers, policymakers in countries with markets for loose cigarettes should prioritise large rather than incremental tax increases.
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Kramarow, Ellen, i Nazik Elgaddal. Current Electronic Cigarette Use in Adults Aged 18 and Over: United States, 2021. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), lipiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:129966.
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This report uses 2021 National Health Interview Survey data to describe the percentage of adults aged 18 and over who currently use electronic cigarettes by selected socio-demographic characteristics and dual use cigarette smoking status.
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Saffer, Henry, Daniel Dench, Dhaval Dave i Michael Grossman. E-cigarettes and Adult Smoking. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24212.
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Ama Pokuaa, Fenny, Aba Obrumah Crentsil, Christian Kwaku Osei i Felix Ankomah Asante. Fiscal and Public Health Impact of a Change in Tobacco Excise Taxes in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.003.
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This working paper predicts the fiscal and public health outcomes from a change in the excise tax structure for cigarettes in Ghana. More than 5,000 people are killed by diseases caused by tobacco every year in Ghana (Tobacco Atlas 2018). Currently the country has a unitary tax administration approach, with a uniform ad valorem tax structure on all excisable products, including tobacco. However, the ECOWAS directive on tobacco control, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO 2003), recommends a simple tax structure – using a mixed excise system with a minimum specific tax floor to overcome the limitations of an ad valorem system on tobacco products, especially cigarettes. The study therefore simulates mixed tax policy interventions, and assesses their effect on government revenue and public health relative to the current ad valorem tax system. Primary data collection of tobacco prices in three geographical zones of the country was conducted in February 2020, across both rural and urban localities. This was supported with secondary data from national and international databases. Based on the assumption that Ghana adopts a mixed tax structure, the simulation shows that, if the government imposes a specific excise tax of GH₵4.00 (US$0.80) per pack in addition to the current ad valorem rate of 175 per cent of the CIF value, the average retail price of a cigarette pack would increase by 128 per cent, cigarette consumption decrease by 27 per cent, tobacco excise tax revenue increase by 627 per cent, and overall tobacco-related government tax revenue increase by 201 per cent.1 Additionally, there would be significant declines in smoking prevalence (3.3%), smoking intensity (1,448 cigarettes per year), and 3,526 premature smoking-related deaths would be avoided. The paper advocates for a strong tax administration and technical capacity, with continuous commitment by the government to adjust the tax rate in line with the rate of inflation and per capita income growth.
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Sarah Martner, Sarah Martner. Do Electronic Cigarettes Promote Smoking Cessation? Experiment, październik 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/3750.
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Decker, Sandra, i Amy Ellen Schwartz. Cigarettes and Alcohol: Substitutes or Complements? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luty 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7535.
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Ruegg, Rosalie T. Improving the fire safety of cigarettes :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1242.
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Poppendieck, Dustin, i Mengyan Gong. Measurement of airborne emissions from extinguished cigarettes:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, grudzień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8256.
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Gann, Richard G. Relative ignition propensity of test market cigarettes. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1436.
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Saffer, Henry, Daniel Dench, Michael Grossman i Dhaval Dave. E-Cigarettes and Adult Smoking: Evidence from Minnesota. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26589.
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