Artykuły w czasopismach: „Chromium-molybdenum steel”

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Nazari, Ali, i Shadi Riahi. "Failure analysis of heat treated HSLA wheel bolt steels". Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 6, nr 3 (24.09.2010): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15736101011080114.

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PurposeThe aims of this study is to analyze failure of two types of high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steels which are used in wheel bolts 10.9 grade, boron steel and chromium‐molybdenum steel, before and after heat treatment.Design/methodology/approachThe optimum heat treatment to obtain the best tensile behavior was determined and Charpy impact and Rockwell hardness tests were performed on the two steel types before and after the optimum heat treating.FindingsFractographic studies show a ductile fracture for heat‐treated boron steel while indicate a semi‐brittle fracture for heat‐treated chromium‐molybdenum steel. Formation of a small boron carbide amount during heat treating of boron steel results in increment the bolt's tensile strength while the ductility did not changed significantly. In the other hand, formation of chromium and molybdenum carbides during heat treating of chromium‐molybdenum steel increased the bolt's tensile strength with a considerable reduction in the final ductility.Originality/valueThis paper evaluates failure analysis of HSLA wheel bolt steels and compares their microstructure before and after the loading regime.

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Hejmej, S. W., i C. A. Brown. "Influence of Low Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment on Some Properties of High Alloy Tool Steels". Journal of Engineering for Industry 107, nr 2 (1.05.1985): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3185974.

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The modification of mechanical properties (maximum bending strength and deflection, hardness and impact strength) of tool steels whose primary alloying elements are either chromium, tungsten, tungsten and molybdenum, or chromium and molybdenum by low temperature thermomechanical treatment (LTTMT) by rolling with deformations up to 20 percent and extrusion with 60 percent deformation has been investigated. The high chromium tool demonstrated the greatest consistent improvements in strength (40 percent) and deflection (55 percent) for LTTMT over conventional heat treatment. The influence of the LTTMT process on the microstructure of the chromium and tungsten steels is investigated by fractography using a scanning electron microscope. The tungsten steel and the extrusion process yielded a finer distribution of hard particles in the ductile matrix than did the chromium steel and rolling.

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Ota, Hiroki, Tomohiro Ishii, Takashi Samukawa, Takumi Ujiro i Hideaki Yamashita. "High Corrosion Resistance 21%Cr-0.4%Cu Ferritic Stainless Steel Contributing to Resource Conservation". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 3435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3435.

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With prices for metal resources such as nickel and molybdenum soaring, there is a heightened sense of crisis concerning resource scarcity. While Type304, the most common stainless steel, offers excellent corrosion resistance, its price is affected significantly by the cost of nickel because of its 8% nickel content. The stainless steel that has the same corrosion resistance as that of Type304 and does not contain nickel and molybdenum has been required. JFE Steel Corporation has developed a new 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel, the world’s first ferritic stainless steel, which offers equivalent corrosion resistance to Type304 while containing absolutely no nickel or molybdenum, two rare metals. The newly developed steel contains 21% chromium with the addition of 0.4% copper. The development of the steel is based on a new discovery that the passive films of stainless steels could be strengthened by the synergy effect of high chromium content and copper addition. Copper addition enriches the chromium content in passive films after field exposure. Newly developed 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel is adopted for many applications as a substitution for Type304, including commercial kitchenware, building materials and industrial machinery. The steel is expected to be a new standard of a ferritic stainless steel as a substitution for Type304.

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Stoian, Elena Valentina, Maria Cristiana Enescu, Ivona Petre, Petre Cristian Fluieraru i Alexis Negrea. "Studies and Research on the Influence of Carbon and Chromium Content Aimed at Obtaining Superior Mechanical Characteristics of 16CD4 Steel Used in the Automobile Industry". Key Engineering Materials 750 (sierpień 2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.39.

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Long steel products type 16CD4 used in car industry must meet high quality conditions regarding chemical composition, surface quality, macro-structural, microstructural and mechanical characteristics. The paper presents the correlations between mechanical characteristics and the main alloying elements of 16CD4 steel; this will give varying characteristics Rm, A5 and KCU, in correlation with the various proportions of chrome, molybdenum and carbon contained by steel. This steel brand is part of the chosen alloy steels, presenting plastic deformation resistance in conditions of high temperature. See that it is not necessary maximum carbon content for the mechanical characteristics have maximum values. The material studied was 16CD4 steel (17MoCr11), developed in EBT and treated steel to LF. Mechanical properties dependent of the content of carbon, chromium and molybdenum have been analyzed in this paper, using a mathematical model. Model verification was conducted by test Fischer and the results indicate that there are strong correlations between the mechanical properties and the percentage of carbon, chromium and molybdenum.

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Nikitina, V. R., U. A. Pazilova i E. I. Khlusova. "Effect of vanadium and niobium on phase transformations in chromium-nickel-molybdenum shipbuilding steel." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, nr 2(114) (24.07.2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2023-114-2-15-26.

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The effect of microalloying with niobium and vanadium on phase transformations and the structure of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel during hardening, including after previous hot plastic deformation, has been studied. A low-carbon chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel with a different content of alloying and microalloying elements was chosen as the object of study. The performed studies made it possible to establish the regularities of the influence of microalloying additives, hot plastic deformation and grain size on phase transformations and structural features of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel. The results of the study could be used to improve known technologies or create some new types of production

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Deepa, M., G. Sahoo i S. K. Dhua. "Effect of molybdenum addition on hardenability of chromium-boron steels used for press hardening applications". Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, nr 3 (2018): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180427024d.

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Two laboratory heats of low-Carbon low-alloy steels, one with boron and chromium additions and other with boron, chromium and molybdenum additions were made and cast into pencil ingots. These ingots were hot-rolled to 2 mm sheets suitable for press hardening application in an experimental rolling mill. A detailed study was made on the effect of various alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of these steels. A significantly higher hardness (~496 VHN), yield strength (~1137 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (~1673 MPa) with comparable elongation (~6%) could be achieved in the as rolled and water-quenched Mo-Cr-B steel in comparison to Cr-B steel under similar processing condition. Moreover, a reduction of critical cooling rate by10?C/s was observed in this steel to obtain fully martensitic structure. The combined addition of boron, chromium and molybdenum was found to be more effective than that of boron and chromium in enhancing the microstructure and mechanical properties of boron-added steels. Additionally, a few hot compression tests were carried out to simulate the press hardening process of these experimental steels. It was found that one of the press hardening process parameters, viz., prior strain had a greater impact on the transformation behaviour of Cr-B and Mo-Cr-B steels during cooling.

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Bobyr, S. V., E. V. Parusov, T. M. Golubenko, O. E. Baranovska i I. M. Chuiko. "Study of the influence of cryogene processing on the characteristics of structure formation and fatigue resistance of 38KHN3MFA steel after preliminary thermal hardening". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-430-440.

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The purpose of the work is to study the influence of complex heat treatment on the peculiarities of the formation of the structure and properties of carbon steel alloyed with chromium, nickel, molybdenum and vanadium. Currently, carbon alloy steels (38CrNi3MoV, 65Cr3SiMoV, 80Cr3MoV) containing chromium, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and other expensive chemical elements are used for the production of various metallurgical and machine-building products (rolling rolls, rulers, piercing mandrels, parts of power equipment). However, the wear resistance of finished products made of specified steels in harsh operating conditions (significant cyclic loads and elevated temperatures) is insufficient in practice. One of the methods of effective influence on the improvement of the operational resistance of alloyed carbon steels may be the use of cryogenic treatment after preliminary thermal hardening. The results of studies of the effect and duration of cryogenic treatment on the features of structure formation, microhardness, hardness, and wear resistance of 38CrNi3MoV steel previously subjected to thermal hardening are presented. It was established that the duration of exposure of 38CrNi3MoV steel in liquid nitrogen should be at least 1.0 hours, which allows to achieve an increase in microhardness and wear resistance by 12 % and 17.4 %, respectively. The obtained results allow us to state that the use of cryogenic treatment at the final stage of thermal hardening will ensure an increase in the operational durability of products of special purpose, which are made of 38CrNi3MoV steel. The developed method can be recommended for the industrial implementation of the technology of complex heat treatment of carbon steels with increased wear resistance, which additionally contain chromium, nickel, molybdenum and vanadium.

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Schino, Andrea Di. "CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF AISI 460LI SUPER-FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 25, nr 4 (18.12.2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v25i4.1363.

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Following nickel and molybdenum significant price increase, nowadays the stainless steel market is moving toward an increasing use of ferritic stainless steel instead of austenitic stainless and therefore to the development of advanced ferritic stainless steels grades aimed to substitute the more expensive austenitic materials in all applications allowing it. Super-ferritic stainless steels are higher chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) steels with properties similar to those of standard ferritic alloys. Such elements increase high temperature and corrosion resistance in strong environment. This paper deal about the corrosion resistance of super-ferritic stainless steels with a Cr content ranging from 21% to 24%.

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Rajput, Deepak, Kathleen Lansford, Lino Costa i William Hofmeister. "Molybdenum-on-chromium dual coating on steel". Surface and Coatings Technology 203, nr 9 (styczeń 2009): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.10.029.

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Zaman, Hainol Akbar, Safian Sharif, Mohd Hasbullah Idris i Anisah Kamarudin. "Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Implant Applications: A Review". Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (luty 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.19.

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Stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are classified under the metallic biomaterials whereby various surgical implants, prosthesis and medical devices are manufactured to replace missing body parts which may be lost through accident, trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Among these materials, cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are the common cobalt base alloy used for orthopedic implants due their excellence properties which include high corrosion resistance, high strength, high hardness, high creep resistance, biocompatibility and greater wear resistance. This paper summarises the various aspects and characteristic of metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for medical applications especially for orthopedic implant. These include material properties, biocompatibility, advantages and limitations for medical implants applications.

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Glibenko, O. V., T. V. Vikhareva i A. V. Ilyin. "Studying changes of limit deformations and mechanical properties of steels of different structure under single and multiple explosive loading". Voprosy Materialovedeniya, nr 3(107) (4.12.2021): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-107-3-209-228.

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The ultimate deformation capacity of stainless high-alloyed austenitic nitrogen-containing steel and low-alloyed chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel up to the moment of failure under single and multiple blast loading in the air has been investigated. The paper presents data on the change in the mechanical properties and structure of these steels as a result of explosive loading to the limit and to the specified level of deformation.

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Kudashov, D. V., А. V. Ioffe, V. V. Naumenko, A. V. Muntin, K. A. Udod i S. V. Kovtunov. "Corrosion resistance of welded tubing of L80 strength group of different chemical composition". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, nr 3 (9.04.2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-3-200-208.

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In previous publications, it was shown that the use of low-carbon steels with bainite hardenability alloyed with chromium, molybdenum and other carbonitride-forming elements is promising for the production of cold-resistant and SCC (sulfide stress corrosion cracking)-resistant electricwelded tubing (tubing). Tubing is often operated in CO2-containing corrosive environments, therefore, determining the steel resistance to this type of corrosion is an urgent task. It is known that the addition of chromium to steel increases not only its hardenability, but also its resistance to CO2 corrosion. Influence of other alloying elements is not obvious. For the laboratory experiment, nine variants of the chemical composition of steels for the production of welded tubing were developed. The rolled test steels were investigated. Results of the studies of corrosion resistance of these steels are shown and compared. The authors made an assessment of influence of the main alloying elements on resistance to CO2 corrosion. The steels with different contents of Cr, Mo, V, Mn, Zr were studied for resistance CO2 corrosion at different temperatures. It has been established that the steel chemical composition and the test conditions determine the composition of CO2 corrosion products, affect the process of formation and growth of corrosion products, thereby affecting corrosion resistance. Decrease in the corrosion rate of chromium-alloyed steels can be associated with the protective properties of the corrosion products formed during testing. Laboratory corrosion tests for resistance to CO2 corrosion at an elevated temperature of 65 °C and subsequent studies of the formed corrosion products revealed a positive effect of chromium and molybdenum on the rate of general corrosion by mechanism of formation of dense corrosion products that perform a protective function.

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Buyanovskii, I. A., M. M. Khrushchov, V. D. Samusenko, M. V. Atamanov i Yu I. Shcherbakov. "Effect of diamond-like carbon coatings alloying with chromium and molybdenum on the lubricating properties of oils during friction in pair with steel". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2059, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2059/1/012004.

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Abstract The results have been presented of an experimental study of the tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLC) doped with chromium and molybdenum obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering. The effect of alloying with these metals on the tribological characteristics of boundary lubrication of a DLC coating/steel contact has been studied for the case of three model lubricants (inactive, surfactant, and chemically active). It has been shown that doping with chromium and molybdenum improves both the tribological characteristics of coatings under dry friction and the lubricating properties of the model oils, while alloying with molybdenum provides lower coefficients of friction and less wear at dry and boundary friction than alloying with chromium.

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Lutsenko, V. A., T. M. Golubenko i O. V. Lutsenko. "Energy-saving softening heat treatment of alloy steels". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-397-403.

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The purpose of the work was to research ways to reduce the duration of the intermediate heat treatment mode of alloy steels while ensuring the required level of properties and reducing energy costs. For further mechanical processing of alloy rolled metal, it is necessary to obtain the original rolled product with a structure that has high plasticity and low hardness. In order to achieve the required mechanical properties, a special softening heat treatment is carried out - annealing at subcritical temperatures (A1 - 25...40 °С) with a long exposure. Thanks to annealing, structural transformations take place and the resulting structure has a granular morphology. Research has established that in steels with a mixed structure during annealing, structural transformations begin with thermodynamically less stable structures. For medium-carbon steels alloyed with such elements as chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, increasing the cooling rate after hot rolling by ~1.5 times makes it possible to obtain a structure that is more susceptible to annealing. Thus, for chrome-molybdenum steel, the structure consists of at least 80% bainite, ~15% ferrite and 5% pearlite. For chromium molybdenum vanadium steel, the basis of the structure is bainite (~90%), martensite (~5%) and ferrite (up to 5%). In the resulting structures, upon subsequent annealing, structural transformations occur at reduced temperatures and require a shorter exposure time. The values of hardness and strength of the studied steels processed under the reduced regime decrease by 15-30%, and the plasticity indicators increase by ~50%. Obtaining such a structure after rolling makes it possible to speed up the intermediate thermal softening treatment, thereby reducing energy costs, and ensuring high plasticity of steel before mechanical processing (stamping, forging, etc.)

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Santos, Henrique, Joana Leal i Carlos Sá. "Nitrogen Effect in Microstructural Parameters of a Cast Duplex Stainless Steel". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (maj 2006): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.524.

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Duplex stainless steels (d2s) are intended to present a microstructure composed of similar volume fractions of austenite and ferrite; this is the phase composition leading to the best compromise of mechanical and corrosion properties. To stabilize the austenite phase, nitrogen is added as an alloying element in the so-called second generation d2s; nitrogen is a cheap element (compared to nickel, the most common austenite stabilizer) that simultaneously increases the strength by a solid solution hardening effect; usually nitrogen contents in the second generation d2s vary from 0.15 to 0.25 weight %. The effect of a 0.14 % nitrogen addition to a cast d2s with a nominal composition corresponding to EN 10283 has been studied to evaluate its austenite stabilizing effect and its influence on the partition intensity of the elements contributing to the pitting corrosion resistance (chromium and molybdenum) between the two phases composing the microstructure. Two cast d2s have been prepared for this study: one without any nitrogen addition and another with 0.14% nitrogen; both had the same nominal composition. Specimens of the two cast d2s have been heat treated in a range of temperatures from 1050 to 1400°C, every 50°C; after a 2 hour soaking the specimens have been cooled in water. It is known that increasing the solution temperature increases the volume fraction of ferrite in the cast d2s microstructure. Both the volume fraction of each constitutional phase (austenite and ferrite) and the respective chromium and molybdenum content have been measured. The results of the volume fraction measurements showed an intense austenite stabilizing effect of the nitrogen. The results of the microanalysis of chromium and molybdenum showed that both elements present an ability to concentrate in the ferrite, although the molybdenum partition is clearly more intense than the chromium partition.

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Abdullahi, Umma. "Effect of Tempering Treatment on the Post-Weld Properties and Chemical Compositions of Arc-Welded Alloy Steels". International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 7, nr 4 (25.10.2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.04.2022.01.

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The effect of heat treatment on welded joints using the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) on three different types of steel with different carbon ratios under constant conditions such as the welding current 120A, voltage 80V, Diameter 10 mm and angle 60 degree. Hardness tests chemical composition analysis were carried out and it was observed that, high carbon steel has the highest hardness of about 459 on maximum HV value, followed by the low carbon steel with the hardness of 316HV maximum and medium carbon experience the least value of 208HV. Hardness increases with low carbon content as shown in the experimental results which deduced that the low carbon steel used was confirmed to be the high-strength-low-alloy steel of grade 8620-HSLA-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum steel. The microstructure of the base metal was analysed before heating to support the results of chemical analysis. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083%. Molybdenum was just 0.030% which contributed in affecting the mechanical properties of the steel.

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Аudzeyey, S. V. "The development of production technology of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molibdenum steel grades with subsequent annealing spheroidization". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 1 (10.04.2019): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-78-82.

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The peculiarity of the rod of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, used in the production of fasteners and automotive components by cold forming, are the high requirements for the quality of the surface, microstructure and physical and mechanical properties.In the process of development of production technology were developed and implemented measures to minimize the identified design features of heat treatment furnaces, and developed methods for obtaining the most optimal primary hot-rolled metal microstructure for further spheroidizing annealingIn industrial conditions OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC» was mastered the most optimal regimes of heat treatment of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, which required the consumer a full range of physical and mechanical properties of wire rod from steel grades 38ХНГМ, 40XH2MA and 41Х1 used further in the manufacture of fasteners and automotive components by cold forging.

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Chandra-ambhorn, Somrerk, Shigenari Hayashi, Laurence Latu-Romain i Patthranit Wongpromrat. "CHAPTER 4 High Temperature Oxidation of Stainless Steels". Solid State Phenomena 300 (luty 2020): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.300.81.

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This chapter is dedicated to the description of high temperature oxidation of both chromia and alumina forming alloys. The defect structures of iron and chromium are firstly reviewed. The effects of elements on stainless steel oxidation behaviour are further addressed. For the chromia-forming stainless steel, the oxidation rate is reduced with the increased silicon content but not in a monotonic manner. Titanium and niobium can reduce breakaway oxidation of Fe–18Cr–10Ni austenitic stainless steel. Titanium can enhance the adhesion of scale to the Fe–18Cr by mechanical keying effect of TiO2 formed at the steel/scale interface. For the alumina-forming stainless steel, the formation of alumina and its transformation during oxidation are reviewed. Chromium can be added to reduce the critical aluminium content in the steels in order to form alumina at high temperatures. The addition of reactive elements with appropriate level can improve scale adhesion and reduce the steel oxidation rate. Refractory element like molybdenum can increase strength of material but also accelerate the oxidation rate of the steels containing reactive elements. The development of new alumina-forming austenitic alloy grades is finally described.

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Gervas'ev, Michail A., Valentina A. Sharapova i Aleksey A. Berdnikov. "Effect of Micro-Alloying with Boron and Niobium on Properties of Cr-Mn-Mo Steels". Materials Science Forum 946 (luty 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.3.

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Economically alloyed steels for critical details of drill pipes have been studied. Effect of microalloying on structure and properties has been investigated. The article shows that boron and niobium additives change the structure and properties of Cr-Mn-Mo steels after quenching and high tempering. Methods of optical and electron microscopy have been used. Basic mechanical properties and impact strength of investigated steels are determined. Optical and electronic fractography has been carried out. The quantitative content of the ductile component is determined in steel fracture. It is shown that steel microalloying leads to a substantial structure refinement. This is due to the influence of niobium on the austenite grain value. An increase in the amount of carbide particles leads to structure refinement with an increased molybdenum content. Boron microadditives allow obtaining the tempered martensite structure throughout the product section. This provides an increase in both the strength and ductile properties. Combined microalloying of chromium-manganese-molybdenum steel with additions of boron up to 0.005 % and niobium up to 0.05 % makes it possible to increase the strength and reduce the tendency to brittle fractures significantly. The nature of the fracture becomes completely ductile. Distinct cleavage fracture surface feature “river patterns” are observed in unmodified steels. Сleavage facetes are large enough, it proves the presence of large grains in the steel. Microalloying changes the destruction mechanism, it becomes a ductile “dimple rupture”. An increase in the molybdenum content to 0.6 % makes it possible to obtain strength above 1100 MPa in microalloyed steel.

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Papworth, A. J., i D. B. Williams. "Energy Loss Fine Structure Studies of Temper-Embrittled Lowalloy Steel". Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (sierpień 2001): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027574.

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Temper-embrittlement in low-alloy steel has been attributed to the segregation of elements to the prior austenite grain boundary (PAGB). Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) has shown that the embrittlement of the PAGB is due to phosphorus segregation. The problem with this type of analyses is that only the PAGBs that fracture can be analyzed. More recent X-ray studies in a field emission gun scanning transmission microscope have shown that molybdenum, nickel, chromium manganese and phosphorus all segregate to PAGBs, and that these elements can be classified into two segregation groups; those PAGBs that contain nickel, manganese and phosphorus and those PAGBs that contain molybdenum, chromium and phosphorus. AES cannot determine conclusively, which segregation group is responsible for the embrittled PAGBs. The measurement of how embrittled the low-alloy steel has become, requires the knowledge, which PAGBs are embrittled and the percentage of these boundaries within a given volume.

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Nikitinа, Evgeniya V., Eduard A. Karfidov, Konstantin E. Seliverstov, Alexandra V. Kuznetsova, Yuri P. Zaikov i Alexandra V. Biryukova. "CORROSION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN MOLTEN ALKALI METAL FLUORIDES". Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 2, nr 2/2023 (10.04.2023): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.2.033.

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Corrosion processes of candidate materials for MSR were investigated: nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys of the "Hastelloy" type: C-2000, CrNi65 and steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti, nickel-chromium (Ni80Cr20), nickel-titanium (NITINOL), nickel-copper (Monel 404) in a melt based on LiF–NaF–KF with compositions characteristic of MSR at a temperature of 550 °C. The weight and depth indicators of corrosion of materials are determined.

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Nykiel, Tadeusz, i Tadeusz Hryniewicz. "Effect of High-Temperature Heating on Chemical Changes in M₇C₃ Carbides of AISI D2 Tool Steel". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 36 (lipiec 2014): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.36.258.

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The paper presents the study results obtained on 16H12MF/NC11LV/D2 tool steel. The main purpose of the study was to establish the chemical composition of the coarse primary M7C3 carbides occurring in that steel after a standard soft annealing. The effect of high-temperature annealing in the air atmosphere was investigated. The study was limited to the decarburized layer, on the distance of about 0.4 mm from the surface, of hardened steel after annealing and austenitizing at 1150 °C in the air atmosphere for the periods of 30 and 90 minutes. It was found that the coarse primary M7C3 carbides of the annealed D2 tool steel differ significantly as to the contents of Cr, Mo, and V, and in the most degree to the contents of chromium and molybdenum. The average concentration of chromium rises successively with the growth of austenitizing time. On the other hand, the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium are lower after 30 minutes of austenitizing than their concentrations in the similar carbides of the annealed steel. Prolongation of the austenitizing time up to 90 minutes results in the increase of molybdenum and vanadium contents in the coarse carbides. It was found that austenitizing of AISI D2 tool steel at the temperature of 1150 °C in the air atmosphere leads to precipitation of the second phase, brighter in the BSE_Z pictures, in relation to the matrix of carbides, with the amount and magnitude being higher with the annealing time.

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Nykiel, Tadeusz, i Tadeusz Hryniewicz. "Effect of High-Temperature Heating on Chemical Changes in M7C3 Carbides of AISI D2 Tool Steel". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 36 (15.07.2014): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-6203wy.

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The paper presents the study results obtained on 16H12MF/NC11LV/D2 tool steel. The main purpose of the study was to establish the chemical composition of the coarse primary M7C3 carbides occurring in that steel after a standard soft annealing. The effect of high-temperature annealing in the air atmosphere was investigated. The study was limited to the decarburized layer, on the distance of about 0.4 mm from the surface, of hardened steel after annealing and austenitizing at 1150 °C in the air atmosphere for the periods of 30 and 90 minutes. It was found that the coarse primary M7C3 carbides of the annealed D2 tool steel differ significantly as to the contents of Cr, Mo, and V, and in the most degree to the contents of chromium and molybdenum. The average concentration of chromium rises successively with the growth of austenitizing time. On the other hand, the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium are lower after 30 minutes of austenitizing than their concentrations in the similar carbides of the annealed steel. Prolongation of the austenitizing time up to 90 minutes results in the increase of molybdenum and vanadium contents in the coarse carbides. It was found that austenitizing of AISI D2 tool steel at the temperature of 1150 °C in the air atmosphere leads to precipitation of the second phase, brighter in the BSE_Z pictures, in relation to the matrix of carbides, with the amount and magnitude being higher with the annealing time.

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Yu, Y. "Plasma nitriding of carbon-chromium-molybdenum steel processed differently". Metal Powder Report 57, nr 6 (czerwiec 2002): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(02)80299-5.

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Soriano, Carlos, Goretti Alberdi, Jon Lambarri, Ana Aranzabe i Armando Yáñez. "Laser surface tempering of hardened chromium-molybdenum alloyed steel". Procedia CIRP 74 (2018): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.140.

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Vorob'eva, E. P., M. A. Gervas'ev i V. G. Sorokin. "Economically alloyed chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel for large forgings". Metal Science and Heat Treatment 31, nr 7 (lipiec 1989): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802264.

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Josefsson, Bertil, Anders Kvist i Hans-Olof Andrén. "Microstructure of weld metal in a chromium-molybdenum steel". Ultramicroscopy 24, nr 1 (styczeń 1988): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(88)90343-9.

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Shiryaev, A. G., S. G. Chetverikov, S. G. Chikalov, I. Yu Pyshmintsev i P. V. Krylov. "Manufacturing technologies of steel seamless tubes for production of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons". Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, nr 11 (24.12.2018): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-11-866-875.

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The review contains main directions in the development of modern steelmaking, hot rolling technologies and heat treatment aimed to follow increased requirements to seamless tubes for production of oil and gas under severe conditions. New targets of PJSC “Gazprom” in development of new resources have determined new technical requirements to pipes for low temperature application, resistant to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide corrosion. Basic metal science approaches are given to develop new chemical compositions of high quality steels containing minimum of sulfur, phosphorous and solute gases. Corresponding heat treatment routes are determined for formation of martensitic microstructure in full wall section during quenching with subsequent high tempering for required combination of high strength and ductility. It was shown that optimal combination of high strength and toughness at 60 °C below zero can be achieved by alloying of chromium-molybdenum steel containing about 0.25 wt. % of carbon with strong carbon forming elements such as vanadium and niobium. Sustainability of these steels to stress sulfide cracking was achieved through grain refinement with microalloying by molybdenum in concentrations corresponding to strength grades that gives high hardenability and retards tempering of martensite. New compositions of corrosion resistant martensitic 13 % chromium steel were carried out that was resulted in required resistance to carbon dioxide environments with improved low temperature toughness and high strength. The authors present results of reconstruction of steel making and hot rolling production lines at JSC “Volzhskii Pipe Plant” providing the required quality of new products from continuously cast steel billets to finished tubes.

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Shaburova, N., Yu Shaburova i I. Pashkeev. "THE CHROMIUM AND MOLIBDENUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE DIFFUSION LAYER OF STEEL X35CrNi2-3 DURING THERMОDIFFUSION SATURATION". Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series ‘Metallurgy’ 22, nr 2 (2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/met220206.

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Known methods of chemical-thermal treatment of structural parts, such as carburizing, nitriding, diffusion metallization technologies, make it possible to obtain a unique combination of surface and core properties of the product. The positive experience of using methods of multi-element diffusion saturation opens up prospects for the development of methods for complex saturation. The article describes the technology of thermal diffusion saturation of steel X35CrNi2-3 with chromium and molybdenum at a temperature of 1000 °C. A technique for analyzing the obtained coating is presented, based on the possibilities of X-ray spectral microanalysis (XMS) of the diffusion layer on transverse microsections of the obtained samples. The elemental composition of the diffusion layer was monitored using a JEOL JSM-6460 LV universal scanning (scanning) electron microscope. The microstructure was studied on an optical metallographic microscope Axio Observer D1.m. X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer. The hardness measurement was carried out on an FM-800 microhardness tester at a load of 100 g. Data were obtained on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of chromium and molybdenum in the surface layer of steel. It is shown that the resulting thermal diffusion coating consists mainly of a substitutional solid solution based on Cr–Fe–Mo with a bcc lattice and chromium and molybdenum carbides. The depth of the outer coating on the sample was about 20 μm, the depth of the diffusion layer in the base metal was about 25 μm. The absence of a decarburized area in the surface layer of the base metal was noted. The average diffusion coefficients of chromium and molybdenum in the α-phase of chromium were determined DCr = 6.6·10–15 m2/s and DMo = 4.35·10–16 m2/s respectively; in the γ-phase of iron DCr = 2.95·10–15 m2/s, DMo = 2.48·10–16 m2/s respectively. The microhardness of the outer surface layer was 1400–1980 H, the diffusion layer in the base metal was 1000–600 HV, and the base metal was about 540–510 HV.

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Jiang, Hong Kui, Li Liu i Xian Chun Song. "Comparative Study on Dynamical Performance of Hybrid Ceramic and Steel Ball Screw Mechanism Based on Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation". Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (czerwiec 2012): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.229.

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Current ceramic is used as the material for high speed ball bearing for its low density and lubricant performance; however the most common material for the high speed ball screw is chromium-molybdenum steel rather than the ceramic. Following the hertz contact and raceway control theory of the ball screw and considering the centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment acting on the ball screw, the dynamic model of high-speed ball screw was set up. The effects of different types of working ceramic ball chains on the mechanical properties of the ball screw were studied and compared through multi-body dynamic simulation. The result has shown that these factors affect the dynamic characteristic of ball screw dramatically, and the dynamic characteristic of ball screw at high speed is greatly different from that of ball screw made by chromium-molybdenum steel.

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Xu, Liu Jie, Guo Shang Zhang, Ji Wen Li, Zhan Wu Dong i Shi Zhong Wei. "Research on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Boron Cast Steel". Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (luty 2011): 3968–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3968.

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In recent years, high chromium cast irons have been widely applied in many fields because they have high hardness and abrasion resistance. However, high chromium cast irons are also expensive because much alloying elements, such as chromium, molybdenum and nickel, are added into them. In order to resolve above question, a new abrasion-resistant steel with high boron content was developed in this paper. The new high boron steel, with 0.6%~0.8%B and 0.65% C, was prepared using sand casting method. The microstructure and mechanical properties were researched. The results show that the solidification microstructure of as-cast high boron steel consists of boride (FeB) and matrix composed of pearlite, ferrite, and bainite. And the borides distributes along grain boundary in the form of network. After quenching at 980°C and tempering at 250°C, the FeB transforms to Fe2B, and the matrix transforms lath martensite. The hardness of as-cast high boron steel is 43HRC, and its impact toughness is 5J/cm2. After heat treatment, they increase to 56 HRC and 7J/cm2, respectively, approximating that of high chromium cast irons. The new high boron cast steel have a potential in stead of high chromium cast irons

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Dhal, Jyoti Prakash, i Subash Chandra Mishra. "Effect of Niobium/Molybdenum Microalloying on SS316LN Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (październik 2011): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1259.

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In recent years SS316LN microalloyed stainless steel is preferred for use as jacket material for Nb3Sn superconductor strands/wires. In the present investigation, microalloyed SS316LN is prepared in a vacuum induction melting furnace; Niobium and Molybdenum in their ferroalloy stage are considered as alloying element. This microalloyed steels are cast in water cooled copper mould. The tensile strength and elongation are measured and the fracture surface is studied under scanning electron microscope. It is observed that, there is a reduction of tensile strength and decrease in hardness of the steels prepared with addition of either/both the alloying elements; however there is an increase in ductility, which is helpful for cold rolling operation. From the micrographs it is observed that nitride precipitates are formed along the grain boundary, but formation of chromium carbide precipitates is reduced.

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Sivaraman, Krishnan, i Abhishek Singh. "An Experimental Investigation on Welding of 5Cr- 0.5Mo Material for Heat Exchanger Application". SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 15, nr 01 (15.01.2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v15i01.02.

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Chromium-Molybdenum (Cr-Mo) steels are widely used in oil refineries, petrochemical industries and power plants forvarious applications, including heat exchangers, pressure vessels and piping. The main advantage of these steels are theimproved creep strength due to addition of Molybdenum and enhanced corrosion resistance imparted by chromium.5Cr-0.5Mo steels are extensively used in seamless tubing in petroleum industry because of their corrosion resistanceagainst oils and crude containing hydrogen sulphides and other corrosive agents. The main advantage of 5Cr-0.5Mo steelsis the improved oxidation resistance because of increased Chromium content. In modern refineries, a more recent andcommon application of this steel grade is in the fabrication of desulphurization plants used for the production of cleanlow Sulphur petrol and diesel fuels.In recent past, L&T heavy engineering received a challenging project for manufacturing of 2 nos.of high-pressure exchangersinvolving 5Cr-0.5Mo material having a wall thickness of 85 mm. The severe operating conditions also demanded a stainlesssteel347 weld overlay on inner surface of the vessel. Producing crack-free weldments in 5Cr-0.5Mo which are adequate fora given service would conventionally entail correct choice of filler metal, stringent welding conditions including preheat,proper welding technique and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). This paper describes about development of weldingprocedures for this material and our experience in successful fabrication of high pressure exchangers with 5Cr-0.5Mo asthe material of construction.

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Abdullahi, Umma. "Effects of Alloying Element and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels". International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 8, nr 3 (1.07.2023): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.08.03.2023.02.

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The effects of Cr and Ni on three different types of steel with different carbon ratios under constant conditions such as the welding current 120A, voltage 80V, Diameter 10 mm and angle 60 degree was observed. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083% contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel. Undissolved carbide particles refine the austenite grain size. In the presence of nickel, chromium carbide is less effective in austenite grain refinement than chromium carbide in absence of nickel at temperature below 975°C. Nickel does not produce any austenite grain refinement but presence of nickel promotes the formation of acicular ferrites. It was also found that Ni and Cr as chromium carbide also refines the ferrite grain size and morphology. Cr as chromium carbide is more effective in refining ferrite grain size than nickel. The microstructure of the base metal as a reference material was analysed before heating to support the results of chemical analysis. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083%. Molybdenum was 0.03% which contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel.Keyword: Alloy steel, Heat treatment, Chromium, Nickel, Grain size

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Klancnik, U., B. Kosec, P. Mrvar i J. Medved. "Non-equilibrium solidification and microsegregation in centrifugally cast high speed steel for rolls". Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, nr 1 (2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170109031k.

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When regarding as-cast microstructures of highly alloyed metals, microsegregation of alloying elements is a common feature resulting from non-equilibrium conditions during solidification. The aim of this work is to predict the occurrence and severity of microsegregation in highly alloyed, centrifugally cast high speed steel used for rolls. The prediction was performed using thermodynamic Scheil-Gulliver modelling with Thermo-Calc software. The modelled predictions were then compared with differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, light and electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, all performed on an as-cast roll shell. Results show that chromium, molybdenum and vanadium have the highest tendency to microsegregation. Vanadium tends to form negative microsegregation, while molybdenum and chromium form positive microsegregation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of complex eutectic carbides, confirming the Scheil-Gulliver non-equilibrium solidification path via two main successive eutectic reactions.

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Studnicki, A., M. Kondracki, J. Szajnar i T. Wróbel. "Crystallization of Low-alloyed Construction Cast Steel Modified with V and Ti". Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, nr 3 (1.09.2013): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0067.

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Abstract In this paper crystallization studies of low-alloyed construction cast steel were presented for different additions of chromium, nickel and molybdenum modified with vanadium and titanium. Studies were conducted using developed TDA stand, which additionally enabled evaluation of cooling rate influence on crystallization process of investigated alloys.

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Yoshikawa, Nobuo, Daiki Fuji i Kohichi Sugimoto. "Notch Fatigue Properties of TRIP-Aided Annealed Martensitic Steels". Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (październik 2010): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.437.

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Fatigue properties of TRIP-aided annealed martensitic steels with chemical composition of 0.2%C, 1.5%Si, 1.5%Mn, 0-1.0%Cr, 0-0.2%Mo, 0-0.05%Nb, 0-18ppmB was examined for application of automotive diesel engine common rail. The steels achieved extremely higher notch fatigue limits and lower notch-sensitivity than the conventional structural steels, especially in steel with boron or without chromium and molybdenum. This was associated with (i) the TRIP effect of a large amount of stable retained austenite and (ii) strain-induced transformed hard martensite which suppressed the crack initiation and growth due to plastic relaxation.

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Lutsenko, V. A., T. N. Golubenko, O. V. Lutsenko, A. S. Kozachek i N. A. Glazunova. "THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ALLOYED STEEL". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 1 (6.04.2018): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-120-123.

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Based on mathematical and physicochemical modeling a studied the effect of alloying elements (chromium, molybdenum, vanadium) in the formation of the mechanical properties of steel. The intervals of the content of alloying elements that ensure the fulfillment of the required norms are determined. Dependences of the change in the mechanical properties of doped rolled steel from the index of the structural state d are constructed.

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Golosienko, S. A., N. A. Minyakin, V. V. Ryabov, T. G. Semicheva i E. I. Khlusova. "The effect of microalloying on mechanical properties of low-carbon chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel". Voprosy Materialovedeniya, nr 1(97) (10.08.2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-97-1-07-14.

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The work covers the effect of niobium, as well as niobium and vanadium together, on mechanical properties of high-strength chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel after thermal improvement (heat treatment). The mechanical properties of steels are determined after applying various tempering temperatures (from 580 to 660°C), durations of tempering (from 1 to 16 hours), and also after quenching from rolling heat and furnace heat with subsequent tempering. It is shown that after quenching and tempering in the temperature range 580– 660°C, simultaneous microalloying by niobium and vanadium, compared to microalloying by niobium alone, increases the yield strength but in significantly decreases toughness and ductility. Quenching from rolling heat increases strength while maintaining high toughness and the increase in strength is most noticeable for steel microalloyed only by niobium.

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Lutsenko, V. A., E. V. Parusov, T. N. Golubenko, O. V. Lutsenko, O. V. Parusov, I. N. Chuiko, L. S. Sahura i A. I. Sivak. "The interrelation of the chemical composition and mechanical properties of constructional alloyed steels". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, nr 32 (2018): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-328-335.

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The aim of the work is to determine the content intervals of alloying elements in structural alloyed steels, which ensure the obtaining of mechanical properties and the conformity of rolled products to the requirements of European standards. The studies were conducted using a predictive model developed by the Iron and Steel Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, taking into account the full chemical composition of the steel. The regularities of changes in the interatomic interaction parameter on the number of alloying elements in the steel composition and its relationship with mechanical properties are revealed. The dependences of mechanical properties (tensile strength, relative elongation) on the chemical composition of steel are constructed through the physicochemical criterion – the average statistical distance between interacting atoms (structural parameter d). The interrelation between the chemical composition and mechanical properties of chrome-molybdenum structural steels has been established. It is shown that increasing the chromium content increases the tensile strength, and doping with molybdenum and vanadium increases the ductility of rolled products. It was determined that in order to guarantee compliance with the requirements of the ultimate strength (900-1100 MPa) and relative elongation (> 11%) for steel 31CrMoV9, the content of alloying elements should correspond to the following intervals: 2.42-2.62%Cr, 0.2-0, 23%Mo and 0.17-0.20%V. The results obtained make it possible to predict the mechanical properties of doped steel, depending on the actual chemical composition of the steel.

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Hisaaki NAKAI, Takekazu SAWA, Masahiro ANZAI, Shoji SASAKI i Ken-ichi KUDOH. "A Study of Dry Drilling Method on Chromium Molybdenum Steel". Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 83, nr 7 (2017): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.83.665.

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Papadatu, Carmen Penelopi, Andrei Victor Sandu, Marian Bordei i Ioan Gabriel Sandu. "Study on the Influence of the Treatment in Magnetic Field on the Nitrided Layer in Plasma". Revista de Chimie 68, nr 4 (15.05.2017): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.4.5528.

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These researches have been made in order to improve the mechanical properties of a Chromium�Molybdenum alloyed steel non-conventionally treated in a magnetic field. Through the thermo-magnetic treatments, applied before thermo-chemical treatment, the mechanical properties of this material have been improved, especially in the case of a great content of chromium. The hardness values of the superficial layers which have been obtained after a complex system of thermo-magnetic treatments followed by a thermo-chemical treatment, the superficial layers content and the behaviour of the steel at the wear through dry friction tests were used as criterion. The paper is a review of the researches from the last few years.

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Toshio, Yonezawa. "Stress Corrsion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Temperature Water and Alternative Stainless Steel". Nuclear Science and Technology 5, nr 3 (30.09.2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v5i3.194.

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In order to clarify the effect of SFE on SCC resistance of austenitic stainless steels and to develop the alternative material of Type 316LN stainless steel for BWR application, the effect of chemical composition and heat treatment on SFE value and SCCGR in oxygenated high temperature water were studied. The correlation factors between SFE values for 54 heats of materials and their chemical compositions for nickel, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, nitrogen, silicon and carbon were obtained. From these correlation factors, original formulae for SFE values calculation of austenitic stainless steels in the SHTWC, SHTFC and AGG conditions were established. The maximum crack length, average crack length and cracked area of the IGSCC for 33 heats were evaluated as IGSCC resistance in oxygenated high temperature water. The IGSCC resistance of strain hardened non-sensitized austenitic stainless steels in oxygenated high temperature water increases with increasing of nickel contents and SFE values. From this study, it is suggested that the SFE value is a key parameter for the IGSCC resistance of non-sensitized strain hardened austenitic stainless steels. As an alternative material of Type 316LN stainless steel, increased SFE value material, which is high nickel, high chromium, low silicon and low nitrogen material, is recommendable.

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Giguère, Nicolas, i Carl Blais. "Modeling of the Influence of Admixing and Prealloying on the Optimisation of Compressibility and Sinter-Hardenability of Steel Powders". Materials Science Forum 706-709 (styczeń 2012): 2107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2107.

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The automotive industry applies pressure on the PM industry to produce components with superior mechanical properties at minimum cost. In this regard, sinter-hardenable powders are particularly well suited since they allow direct quenching of components at the end of the sintering cycle, thus eliminating the extra steps required for heat treating. This paper presents the results of the modeling of the influence of admixing and/or prealloying on the optimization of compressibility and hardenability of sinter-hardenable steel powders. A first design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize the chemical composition and to study the interactions between prealloyed elements (Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum and Manganese) and admixed elements (Nickel, Chromium, Manganese and Copper) on hardenability and compressibility. A second DOE was generated based on the results obtained in the first series. Results show that among all of the examined alloying elements, only prealloyed nickel, chromium and molybdenum had a significant effect on compressibility and hardenability. Moreover, within the range of concentrations under study, the optimum sinter-hardenable powder had the following (prealloyed) chemistry: 1.5 wt-% Ni, 0.55 wt-% Cr and 1.25 wt-% Mo.

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Bobyr, Serhii, Pavlo Krot, Eduard Parusov, Tetiana Golubenko i Olena Baranovs’ka. "Increasing the Wear Resistance of Structural Alloy Steel 38CrNi3MoV Subjected to Isothermal Hardening and Deep Cryogenic Treatment". Applied Sciences 13, nr 16 (10.08.2023): 9143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13169143.

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In the production of critical parts for various machines and mechanisms, expensive structural steels are used alloyed with chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium. In practice, the wear resistance of parts, especially under severe operating conditions, may be insufficient due to uneven microstructure and the content of retained austenite. Therefore, increasing the operational stability of various products made of alloy steels is an important task. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of isothermal hardening from the intermediate (γ+α)-area and the duration of deep cryogenic treatment on the structure formation and frictional wear resistance of 38CrNi3MoV steel. The isothermal hardening promotes the formation of the required multiphase microstructure of 38CrNi3MoV steel. The influence of the duration of deep cryogenic treatment on the microhardness, amount of retained austenite, fine structure parameters, and friction wear of 38CrNi3MoV steel are established. Complex heat treatment of 38CrNi3MoV steel, according to the proposed mode, makes it possible to achieve a significant decomposition of retained austenite to martensite, which leads to an increase in frictional wear resistance of ~58%.

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Híreš, Ondrej, Peter Lipták i Igor Barényi. "Refining of the Steels Significantly Improve the Quality". Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (luty 2014): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1329.

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Steel alloyed by nickel, chromium and molybdenum reach according to normative standards (EN) yield point about 900 MPa and contraction about 25% after heat treatment. Authors of this paper noticeably increase the strength properties of that steel without changes in plastic properties with using of electroslug remelting refining technology (ESR). Subject of research are forgings of very large mass and dimensions. The forgings are used in special armament technology as (tank gun barrels). Very negative influence on mechanical properties of final product has content of nanodimensioned impurities.

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Hussain, Fida. "DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFT AT DIFFERENT ANGLE OF CRANK TURNS FOR THREE DIFFERENT MATERIALS". JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 16, nr 3 (26.03.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00007.

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For many years, engines have been one of the main power machinery of different kinds of applications, and the main part of power machinery is a crankshaft that converts the piston’s reciprocating displacement with four-link mechanisms into rotary motion. . The major limitation of the engine crankshaft is fatigue failure due to repeated load caused by bending and torsional load. In this paper, the comparative dynamics structural analysis was carried out for three different materials such as forged steel, cast iron, and chromium-molybdenum steel with different angles of turns of cranks from 0° to 720° and to predict the stresses, deformation, and fatigue life of crankshaft without compromising its weight, strength and reliability. The 3D CAD model was simulated with FEA software. The simulated results show that by applying bending load and torsional load for three materials, the maximum stresses produced in the fillet area of the main bearing journal and in the fillet area of the crankpin journal at a crank angle of 360° respectively. The deformation results revealed that maximum deformation occurs at the mid-surface of the crankpin. From fatigue life prediction it was observed that forged steel and chromium-molybdenum steel shows better fatigue life as compared to cast iron. Moreover, in the comparative study, it was concluded that chromium-molybdenum steel shows fewer stresses and better fatigue life. Therefore it is suggested that chromium-molybdenum steel would be the better option for manufacturing crankshaft.

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"Sandvik SANMAC 316L". Alloy Digest 44, nr 10 (1.10.1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ss0614.

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Abstract Sandvik SANMAC 316L is a molybdenum-alloyed austenitic chromium-nickel steel with improved machinability. As compared to ordinary 316L it also has a higher molybdenum content. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness, and deformation. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-614. Producer or source: Sandvik Steel Company.

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"AK STEEL 316". Alloy Digest 51, nr 10 (1.10.2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ss0865.

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Abstract AK Steel Type 316 has a 2.0-3.0% range of molybdenum that improves the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels and imparts hot-strength characteristics. Type 316 also has better resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion than the regular chromium-nickel stainless steels. Another valuable property is high creep strength at elevated temperatures. The alloy has extensive use in marine exterior trim, chemical- and food-process equipment, pharmaceutical and textile-finishing equipment, and in the pulp and paper industry. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-865. Producer or source: AK Steel Corporation.

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"GIBSON TUBE DUPLEX ALLOY 19D". Alloy Digest 51, nr 1 (1.01.2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ss0841.

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Abstract Alloy 19D (UNS S32001), Nitronic 19D, is a lean duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel developed by AK Steel. Compared to conventional duplex and super-duplex stainless steels, alloy 19D has a reduced chromium content, man-ganese is substituted for most of the nickel, and molybdenum is essentially eliminated. Gibson Tube conducted a development program to produce seam-welded 19D tubing. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance. Filing Code: SS-841. Producer or source: Gibson Tube.

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