Rozprawy doktorskie: „Christians in Soviet Union”

1

Porublëv, Nikolaĭ. "Introduction to world religions and cults for Christians in the Soviet Union". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.

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2

Gottlieb, Christian. "Dilemmas of reaction in Leninist Russia : the Christian response to the Revolution in the works of N.A. Berdyaev, 1917-1924 /". Odense : Portland, OR : University Press of Southern Denmark ; Distributed by International Specialized book Services, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy045/2004272580.html.

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3

Link, Sharon Kay. "Making the Transition from East to West: Evangelical Christian High School Students from the Former Soviet Union". PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5028.

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Soviet Evangelical high school students have experienced a slow and difficult transition to the American classroom. The students were often negatively characterized by their ESL teachers and other school personnel as "difficult" due to their classroom behaviors. Many times, these behaviors did not meet the ESL teacher's expectations, resulting in a culture clash between the teacher and the Soviet Evangelical students. The study found that Soviet Evangelical high school students came to the United States with high expectations of a new life, but little knowledge of the U.S. or the American classroom. Feelings of loneliness, homesickness and frustration quickly set in upon encountering the new language, new school routines and rules and regulations, some of which made no sense to the students. The educational and cultural values that form the Soviet Evangelical students' orientation toward learning and the classroom were found to play a strong role in the transition process and also helped to account for the behaviors ESL educators found so difficult to deal with. These factors. combined with the students' strong in-group identity as Soviet Evangelicals. all contributed to their slow and difficult transition to the American classroom. The study concludes with recommendations for ESL educators and other school personnel focusing on easing the transition for Soviet Evangelical students. Teaching new students the skills and background knowledge necessary for interacting in an American classroom is stressed, along with using the students' church as a resource in order to foster a trusting relationship with both students and their parents.

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4

Levant, Alex. "The Soviet Union in ruins". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48579.pdf.

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5

Janecek, Francis K. "The social and institutional origins and development of the Soviet officer corps in the 1930's and 1940's /". Online version via UMI:, 2000.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, History Department, 2000.
"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy in history in the Graduate School of Binghamton University, State University of New York." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 408-411).

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6

Tarleton, Robert E. "Bolsheviks of military affairs : Stalin's high commands, 1934-40 /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10348.

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7

Livschiz, Ann. "Growing up Soviet : childhood in the Soviet Union, 1918-1958 /". May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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8

Beltran, Thelma L. "Philippines-Soviet relations". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111184.

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This study traces the development of Philippine-USSR relations and examines the implications of such development for Philippine national security, in particular, and the regional security of Southeast Asia in general. At a glance, this is a problem for history and not for international relations. However, national and regional security problems in Southeast Asia are closely tied with the historical development of each nation's relations with external powers, particularly the United States and Soviet Union. Any assessment of different national threat perceptions and their policy implications for national or regional security can be misleading if not viewed within the perpective of historical developments. This is particularly true with respect to the Philippines. The country has never been isolated from regional events nor from the influence of international powers. Its security options reflect this relationship. First, it was closely allied with the United States (as it still is), being a US colony since the turn of this century up to 1946 when the country got its political independence. Second, while politically independent, the Philippines has been economically dependent. Third, as a result of this dependency, Philippine foreign policy up to 1968 was closely tied with the American foreign policy. Fourth, with worldwide economic recession, following the oil embargo of 1973, the country was forced to open trade and diplomatic relations with other countries, particularly with the socialist and communist bloc. And fifth, the Philippines established diplomatic ties with the USSR in 1976, apparently to ensure trade and commercial markets outside of the traditional US and Japan markets.

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9

Brine, Jennifer Jane. "Adult readers in the Soviet Union". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1986. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1398/.

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This thesis is a study of ordinary adult readers and their reading preferences in the USSR in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Chapter One provides background information on Soviet policies towards reading and on the changes in Soviet society which have influenced reading habits over the last 30 years. This is followed by a description of the reader surveys used for the research and a discussion of some methodological problems. Chapter Two is concerned with all aspects of political control over reading, as it affects the writer, the publishing process, the book trade, libraries and ultimately the reader. Chapters Three and Four consider problems of the supply of reading matter through the retail trade and through mass (public) libraries. Chapter Five is an analysis of how various sociodemographic factors affect reading, and of the effect of television on reading. Chapter Six considers the relative importance of books, newspapers and journals, and the balance between fiction and non-fiction in readers' preferences. Chapter Seven is concerned with the reading of non-fiction, whether in books, journals or newspapers, and Chapter Eight provides an analysis of readers' preferences in novels, poetry and plays. The thesis concludes that the many, often contradictory, stereotypes of reading in the USSR all have some foundation in reality.

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10

Ginat, Rami. "Soviet Union and Egypt, 1947-1955". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1145/.

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This research deals with the political history of the Middle East, with special reference to Egypt. It aims to explore, describe and analyse the events which led to the involvement of the Soviet Union in Egyptian affairs. Attention is given to the domestic and foreign developments in the U.S.S.R., Egypt and the Middle East in general, which created a favourable atmosphere for Soviet penetration into Egypt. It examines the change in the Soviet position towards the Arab-Israeli conflict after the partition resolution of 29 November 1947 was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. This study disproves the current belief that arms supplies from the Soviet bloc to Egypt started in September 1955; it shows that such supplies were reaching Egypt as early as 1948. Furthermore it shows that Soviet-Egyptian commercial relations increased steadily from 1948 until 1955. The dynamics of Soviet penetration into the area can only be understood by tracing the roots and motives of Soviet policy after the Second World War. The strengthening of Soviet influence and the improvement of their position in Egypt in the second half of 1955, was a result of a long process of gradual political and ideological developments in Egypt, beginning in the late 1940's. The pre-1955 agreements, so far neglected, are of vital importance in the establishment of Soviet hegemony over Egypt and other Arab countries. The study examines the interaction between political history and the history of ideas. It assumes that there was a gap between ideology and Realpolitik in the Soviet approach towards the Third World generally and the Arab World in particular. The research is based upon extensive use of British, American and Israeli official files, as well as Arabic and Soviet primary and secondary sources.

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11

Dibb, Paul. "The Soviet Union : the incomplete superpower". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145691.

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12

Davidson, Thelma. "Former Soviet Jews in Toronto, post-collapse of the Soviet Union". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57984.pdf.

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13

Hagenloh, Paul. "Police, crime, and public order in Stalin's Russia, 1930-1941 /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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14

Zrudlo, Laurie. "Soviet foreign policy responsiveness to the external environment : Soviet-Indian relations 1968-1985". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66111.

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15

Shternshis, Anna. "Kosher and Soviet : Jewish cultural identity in the Soviet Union, 1917-41". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367425.

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16

Glazov, Jamie. "Canadian policy toward Nikita Khrushchev's Soviet Union". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22890.pdf.

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17

Duke, David Freeland. "Unnatural union, Soviet environmental policies, 1950-1991". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/NQ39522.pdf.

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18

Copp, John W. "Egypt and the Soviet Union, 1953-1970". PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3797.

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The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze in detail the many aspects of the Soviet-Egyptian friendship as it developed from 1953 to 1970. The relationship between the two is extremely important because it provides insight into the roles of both Egypt and the Soviet Union in both the history of the Middle East and in world politics. The period from 1953 to 1970 is key in understanding the relationship between the two states because it is the period of the genesis of the relationship and a period in which both nations went through marked changes in both internal policy and their external relations.

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19

Nielsen, Finn Sivert. "Eye of the whirlwind Russian identity and Soviet nation-building. Quests for meaning in a Soviet metropolis /". Click here to access, 1987. http://www.anthrobase.com/Txt/N/Nielsen_F_S_03.htm.

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First publication of a revised edition of the author's M.A. Thesis (Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo, 1987).
Includes bibliographical references (p. 320-336). Also available in print.

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20

Sanchez, James Joseph. "Soviet Azerbaijan and comparative institutional development in the Soviet Southern Tier". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184404.

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Institutional development is a process that can be analyzed from the bibliometrics of its contingent generation of documentation in the same manner that can be analyzed by historical methods. As institutions grow in resources, the absolute volume of documentation produced rises. In the context of the Soviet Southern Tier, the Russian language documentation bibliometrics for the eight republics image their relative level of institutional development. Comparing the relative levels of documentation to socio-economic variables, the degree to which the documentation is a local product, or a product of All-Union intervention can be determined. Hence, the degree to which institutional development is dependent or autonomous can be gauged for each republic. The analysis of these relationships between the degree to which documentation production is a dependent process, and the relative level of documentation generation, provides an empirical basis for the ranking of regional institutional development. This ranking establishes the framework for a historical description of the relative position of the nationalities of the Southern Tier. This quantitative perspective on Soviet nationality policy parallels the historical process by which the nationalities have been integrated into the Soviet system. The two nationalities most constrained by the nationality policies are the Armenians, with their nationalism and irredentism based on well developed local institutions, and the Uzbeks, with their large population base and historical leadership role in Central Asia. The role of intensively Soviet developed nationalities (Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Karakalpak) in the multi-ethnic system is considered in terms of their moderating the potential for hegemony by the largest nationalities. Azerbaijan SSR emerges as the regional center of a system of measures taken to promote stability and to minimize the prospects of autonomous ethnic hegemony in the Soviet Southern Tier.

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21

Schull, Joseph. "Russian political culture and the revolutionary intelligentsia : the stateless ideal in the ideology of the populist movement". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65974.

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22

Ouimet, Matthew J. "All that custom has divided : national interest and the secret demise of the Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968-1981 /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10408.

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23

Janicki, Maciek. ""Incorrigible enemies of Soviet power" : Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, 1939-1942, in the light of Soviet documents and Polish witness' testimonies". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101883.

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Between February 1940 and June 1941, in four major deportations Soviet authorities moved Polish citizens to work-colonies in the Soviet interior and detained others in various prisons and camps. Based on war-time information, works on the deportations published in the West during the decades of communist rule in Eastern Europe and since reported figures of over 1.5 million deportees, of whom as many as half reportedly died in the USSR. These works held a prevailing view that Soviet intentions towards the deported Poles were genocidal. Recent work with Soviet archival materials has led Polish and Russian historians to revise the number of deportees to 320,000. This substantial reduction has received a mitigated response in the work of Western commentators. A review of published archival materials and of accounts left by witnesses demonstrates that both sets of sources are indispensable to an analysis of the deportations. It also shows that Soviet policies directed against the deportees were not genocidal in their intent and adds a dimension, that of the perpetrators, to the limited conceptualization afforded to the subject thus far. The study shows that under the control of the NKVD the deportations were economic and political components of internal Soviet policy in 1939-1942 and suggests that the Soviet infrastructure was incapable of supplying the resources necessary to fulfill plans set by Moscow. Moreover, the Soviet documentation offers a glimpse into the perpetrators' planning and execution of massive population displacement, thus taking the deportations outside of the realm of conjecture and placing them more firmly within the grasp of historical understanding.

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24

Puzynin, Andrei. "The tradition of the Gospel Christians : a study of their identity and theology during the Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet periods". Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683103.

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25

Swann, Peter William. "British attitudes towards the Soviet Union, 1951-1956". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1506/.

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The thesis is concerned with the British perception of Soviet foreign policy between 1951 and 1956. In particular it examines the understanding that British diplomats, politicians and civil servants had of the process of change which the death of Stalin stimulated in the Kremlin's relations with the outside world. The core of the study centres around 1955, as this was the pivotal point for the British. With the ascendancy of Khruschev there was perceived not only a new emphasis in Moscow on the necessity of avoiding global war between East and West, but also a new interest in economic competition. By 1956 Whitehall had concluded that there were a number of factors informing the Soviet re-evaluation of foreign policy. Among which were: the stabilisation of the Western alliance culminating with West German rearmament in 1955; the cost of defence expenditure both in armaments and in supporting the satellite regimes and China; the development of American and Soviet thermonuclear potentials. The latter was thought by the British to be the most profound in its implications on the Soviet approach to the future of international relations. The Soviet leadership certainly appeared eager to be friendly and particularly to communicate an awareness of the grotesque futility of a war employing the latest weaponry. To this end they agreed to the Geneva Summit of 1955. Anthony Eden and Harold Macmillan were convinced by this meeting that, in Macmillan's words, "there ain't gonna be no war". For a few brief, golden months, it seemed in London as if the Cold War might even be negotiated into history. However, by the end of 1955 it was apparent to the British that Geneva did not mean the Kremlin had given up aspirations to global supremacy, rather that the means to this end were now to be different.

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26

Dannreuther, Roland. "The Soviet Union and the Palestine resistance movement". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239276.

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27

Nirula. "India and the Soviet Union, 1917 to 1947 /". New-Delhi : A. P. H, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410009363.

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28

Gibson, Michelle. "Understanding Marriage and Family in the Soviet Union". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144353.

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29

Grant-Friedman, Andrea Rebeccah. "Soviet sociology, perestroika, and the politics of social inequality". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1750740711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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30

Burwitz, Wulf-Dieter. "Die sowjetische Politik für die nichtkommunistischen Länder Asiens, Afrikas, und Lateinamerikas in den Achtziger Jahren". München, 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=F81oAAAAMAAJ.

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31

Mukhopadhyay, Debkumar. "INDO- SOVIET TRADE RELATION : AN ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/575.

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32

Messina, Claire. "My address is the Soviet Union : Russian migration, nationalization and identity in the Russian, Soviet and post-soviet space". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0003.

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Cette thèse se propose d'éclairer les liens existant entre les mouvements migratoires des populations russes des républiques soviétiques et post-soviétiques et le processus de nationalisation dans ces républiques. On s'interroge tout particulièrement sur les raisons de l'inversion de tendance des mouvements migratoires russes, centrifuges au milieu du XVIe siècle jusqu'au milieu de la décennie 1970-1970, centripètes ensuite. Selon l'auteur, cette inversion s'explique par le fait que le processus de nationalisation des républiques, commencé dès le XIXe siècle, atteint un point de rupture dans le dernier tiers du XXe siècle. La réflexion sur l'identité des migrants russes développe l'idée que ces derniers n'ont pas une identité ethnique, russe, mais une identité supra-ethnique, soviétique, qui fait d'eux les prototypes de l'homme soviétique.

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33

Foisy, Cory A. "Soviet war-readiness and the road to war : 1937-41". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79938.

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This is a study of the foreign and domestic policies of the USSR as they pertain to its war-readiness, as well as the degree to which these policies presumably opened the door to the European conflagration and, in 1941, to the Nazi-Soviet war. Topics to be discussed include: (1) the crash industrialization of the Soviet Union and industrial war preparations from 1928--41; (2) the development of Soviet military doctrine before and after 12 June 1937; (3) a critical re-examination of the popularly accepted reasons for the devolution of the Soviet armed forces; and (4) Soviet foreign policy from 1937--41. The chronological end of the paper (1941) is followed by a brief epilogue discussing the evident success of the Soviet industrialization program by reference to Soviet industrial performance during the Nazi-Soviet war. Furthermore, the epilogue will challenge the popular depiction of the German invasion as an effortless, seamless advance into the Soviet heartland.

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34

Aka, Philip Chukwuma. "Soviet Cultural Diplomacy in the Middle East: a Case Study of USSR'S Cultural Relations with Egypt and Syria, 1955-1971". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500642/.

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This study examines the nature and patterns of Soviet cultural activities in Egypt and Syria, the motivations behind those activities, and the contribution of the Soviet cultural effort toward the attainment of overall Soviet Middle East policies. Chapter I provides background information on Soviet-Arab relations, and in Chapter II Soviet objectives in the Middle East are examined. Chapter III identifies the important components of the Soviet cultural instrument in Egypt and Syria. Chapter IV assesses the contribution made by the cultural tool toward the attainment of Soviet objectives in Egypt and Syria. Finally, Chapter V demonstrates that the Soviet cultural enterprise exerted little impact on overall Soviet policy in the Middle East.

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35

Girard, Françoise. "Labour incentive problems in Soviet agriculture : the small autonomous work group in the socialized and private sectors". Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61854.

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36

Al-Imam, Jamal D. "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Soviet Gas Pipeline to Western Europe". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663015/.

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This paper surveys U.S. foreign policy in the late 1970s and early 1980s as the American administration reacted to the Soviet Union's interventions in Afghanistan and Poland and to its planned gas pipeline to Western Europe. Chapter I outlines the origins of the pipeline project; Chapters II and III describe U.S. foreign policy toward the Soviets during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Chapter IV focuses on the economic sanctions imposed against the Soviet Union by the United States and their failure to block or delay the pipeline, and Chapter V stresses the inability of economic sanctions-- in this and other instances--to achieve political ends.

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37

McKee, Clifford Martin. "Understanding population health: lessons from the former Soviet Union". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485055.

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The USSR came to an end in 1991, after almost 75 years ofexistence. Over the preceding Ã‚Â• decade, it had become apparent that, in terms of health, the USSR had been a failure. Life expectancy was steadily declining, at a time when life expectancy in the west had been increasing rapidly. After the USSR broke apart, the decline in life expectancy accelerated rapidly. It continues to decline, except in the three Baltic republics that joined the European Union in 2004, where it is now improving. This thesis brings together a body ofwork that has sought to understand the low life expectancy in this region and the changes that have taken place since 1991. It begins by describing the evolving pattern ofmortality in this region, looking at changes over time. It continues by exploring how mortality is patterned by social factors, noting how those who are least advantaged have suffered most. The main part ofthe thesis examines some ofthe main risk factors: nutrition and physical activity; the environment; infectious disease; tobacco; and alcohol. The traditional Soviet diet is high in fat and low in micronutrients. The adoption ofhealthy diets is constrained by both prevalent beliefs about what a healthy diet is as well as high levels offood insecuri!y. Smoking rates among men are high and, unlike in the west, are not falling. Traditionally low rates among women are increasing rapidly in many countries, a change that has been accompanied by aggressive marketing by international tobacco companies. However alcohol emerges as the most important reason for the rapid decline in life expectancy in the 1990s, due largely to the pattern ofheavy episodic consumption, which drives deaths from injuries, cardiovascular disease, and alcohol poisoning. Finally, the legacy ofthe Soviet health system has prevented the delivery of health care that couId prevent many premature deaths.

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38

Moxham, K. I. "The Labour Party and the Soviet Union, 1945-51". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377235.

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39

Osmar, Christopher M. "Vanguard of Genocide: The Einsatzgruppen in the Soviet Union". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1281029869.

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40

Baker, Cathy Jo. "Smoking Behavior Among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union". The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1218638322.

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41

Morriss, Anthony Douglas. "Russia, the Soviet Union and Arms Control 1899-1987". W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625609.

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42

Lackey, Chad. "Topical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Diversity in American Sociological Sovietology". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935580/.

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Sociology has remained for years on the fringe of Sovietological pursuits, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Yet, few have made a serious effort to systematically examine sociological Sovietology. To partially compensate for such neglect, this study begins to explore the diversity of what sociology has studied and how it has gone about studying it. Of the fourteen topic areas pursued, only four inspired disagreement and variation. Most sociology has studied the Soviet Union non-comparatively. And the most common theoretical perspective used is the functional perspective. A large number of these functional analyses close upon elements of the political institution without taking full advantage of the various methods and approaches available, sociology's role in American Sovietology will likely remain limited.

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43

Ōgushi, Atsushi. "The disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4406/.

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This dissertation analyses the process of the disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which is central to the Soviet collapse. The disintegration process also provides a good opportunity to test existing theories of political regime change. In terms of source use, this dissertation makes extensive use of the party archives that became available after the Soviet collapse. This makes possible a very detailed analysis of work of the party apparat. The importance of the subject and a review of existing theories that offers some hypotheses are discussed in the first chapter. In the second chapter, the reason why the party reform was necessary is considered through analysing the situation within the party before the perestroika period. The analysis makes clear that the CPSU faced a dilemma between monolithic unity and monopolistic control before the perestroika period, which made party reforms necessary. The third chapter deals with party-state relations under Gorbachev’s reform in detail. This chapter discusses the fact that, as a result of the reorganisation of the party apparat that was intended to stop the party’s interfering in the state body, the party lost its traditional administrative functions. This, however, led to a ‘power vacuum’ because no other alternative power centre was established quickly, and complicated further reform attempts. Moreover, the party failed to find a new function as a ‘political party’, as considered in detail in the fourth chapter. Despite attempts at competitive party elections and the emergence of party platforms, Gorbachev failed to transform the CPSU into a ‘parliamentary’ rather than a ‘vanguard party’. Therefore, the CPSU lost its raison d’être, which accelerated a mass exodus of members. The rapid decline in party membership caused a financial crisis which is considered in the fifth chapter. The financial crisis and the soviets’ demands for the nationalisation of party property forced the CPSU to engage in commercial activity. Nonetheless, commercial activity unintentionally caused the fragmentation or dispersal of party property. On the other hand, the ‘power vacuum’ expanded so much that some emergency measures seemed necessary to some top state leaders. The August attempted coup is discussed in the sixth chapter in the context of party-military relations. When Russian president Yeltsin suspended its activity, the CPSU had lost its raison d’être and its property had been fragmented or dispersed. Thus, the CPSU had no choice but to accept the reality that it was ‘dead’ de facto. The final chapter gives an overview of this pattern of developments, and compares it with the experiences of other communist parties’ reforms in East Europe. The theoretical implications are also considered in the final chapter, which argues that existing theories of political regime change are not sufficient and that a further effort of conceptualisation based on the realities considered in the thesis is necessary.

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44

Burghart, Daniel L. "Technology transfer, export control, and economic restructuring in the Soviet Union : the case of Soviet computers". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290412.

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45

Andy, Joshua Charles. "Politics and the Soviet Army : civil-military relations in Soviet Union the Khrushchev Era, 1953-1964". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2929/.

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Structure, organisation, an idea of esprit de corps, and hierarchy characterised the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Throughout the history of the Soviet Union only the Soviet Armed Forces had the potential to rival the CPSU in those qualities and were able to be an organised locus for potential opposition. A sense of professionalism was instilled in the Soviet Armed Forces, not only from those ‘Red Commanders’ of the Revolution and Civil War, but also from those junior, noncommissioned officers who were holdovers from the tsarist regime. The primary focus of this study is on the immediate post-Stalinist era while Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU. Bridled by Stalin’s hold over strategic and armed forces policy, after his death, the Soviet Armed Forces became an institution that illustrated a strong sense of military professionalism, while at the same time serving the Soviet regime. With a focus on five case studies that occurred during the Khrushchev era 1953-1964, this thesis argues that the military attempted to remain apolitical throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Previous studies of Soviet civil-military relations have focused on the levels of cooperation or competition between the CPSU and the Soviet armed forces. This study argues however, that the ebb and flow of that relationship can be explained by the selection of personalities, or agents, by Khrushchev to posts of military command. Officers were promoted based on several factors. However, Khrushchev increasingly promoted officers to positions of command who he deemed were more personally loyal to him and were willing to put that loyalty above their duty to the Soviet armed forces. Khrushchev chose personal loyalty over an officer’s military professionalism and expertise when appointing them to posts at the Ministry of Defence, the Soviet General Staff, and to the command posts in the branches of the Soviet military and key military districts around the Soviet Union.

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46

Nadkarni, Vidya. "Soviet perceptions of the correlation of forces". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27469.

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This thesis examines evolving Soviet perspectives on the "correlation of forces" between the socialist world and the capitalist countries in general and the Soviet Union and the United States in particular. The focus is on the Khrushchev and Brezhnev phases of Soviet history. The term "correlation of forces" is primarily an analytic concept used by Soviet leaders and scholars to understand and interpret the pace of what they view as the inevitable historical development in favor of socialism. A rough Soviet equivalent of the Western concept of the "balance of power," "correlation of forces" as it is used by Soviet spokesmen encompasses economic, political, and military-security dimensions. The methodology employed in the thesis in charting the chronological evolution of Soviet thinking regarding the correlation of forces consists of a careful and discriminating textual analysis of terminological variations in Soviet scholarly and official use of the concept over time, with due regard to contextual fluctuations in the domestic and international realms. For its source material, this study relied heavily on the speeches and writing of Soviet leaders as well as utilizing analyses of international developments published in Soviet scholarly journals. The differing stress on each of the three aspects of the correlation of forces—economic, political, and military—between the Khrushchev and Brezhnev periods allowed us to trace the change and evolution of the Soviet world view from a primary stress on economic factors of the distribution of power under Khrushchev, to an emphasis on the military dimension of the balance under Brezhnev. By monitoring terminological variations in the concept, we were able to identify periods of optimism and pessimism during both the Khrushchev and Brezhnev phases. We also noted the important role played by the divergent personalities of Khrushchev and Brezhnev on Soviet portrayal of the correlation of forces. Whereas the exuberant Soviet optimism in the military area lacked any basis in fact under Khrushchev, the depiction of the military correlation, while more muted under Brezhnev, was solidly based. These and other such differences, we argued, were a function of the stamp superimposed on Soviet politics by the respective leaders of the time. This study will, by clarifying the context within which the Soviet leadership makes its choices, contribute to an enhanced understanding of the general foreign policy trends of the USSR.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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47

Lohuaru, Peter. "Estonia in the crucible of Soviet political reform". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42015.

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Estonia's rise to prominence on the leading edge of the Soviet reform process is a consequence of the republic's dual position as an economic role model for other republics and a Soviet exception in terms of lifestyle and cultural orientation. While Estonia's open acceptance of perestroika is clearly a boost for Soviet reformers, the Estonian vision of reform is distinctly different from the direction intended by Moscow. In its capacity as reform leader and radical pioneer, Estonia is a microcosm of the Soviet political economy and the elements that plague attempts to reform the system. An examination of Estonia's role within the Soviet reform movement provides a view of the potentially explosive cultural processes that have now surfaced not only in the Baltic but throughout the Soviet Union. Chapter One presents a descriptive chronological overview of the events that preceded Estonia's Declaration of Sovereignty in November 1988. Chapter Two is analytical in nature and provides a cultural context and background with which to assess Estonian developments. The methodological framework is adapted from Archie Brown's "Political Culture and Communist Studies" and gives a qualitative description of the intensity and psychological power of the cultural factor in Estonian politics. Chapter Three presents Moscow's reaction to Baltic initiatives and describes Gorbachev's attempt to forge a new nationalities policy in the face of deep-rooted conservative opposition. Estonia is a prime example of the seemingly insoluble nationality problems associated with Soviet political reform. In terms of quantitative indicators, Estonia is the most economically successful republic within the Soviet political experiment, and yet it is also the most vociferous in voicing rejection of fundamental Soviet political values. Although the Soviet future remains unpredictable, there are strong indicators that Estonia and the Baltic republics will continue to expand the perimeters of reform at a pace and in a manner that can now only be curtailed by armed force. However, the potential consequences of Baltic initiatives will not remain confined only to Soviet domestic politics. Whether the Soviet Union becomes a benign Commonwealth or Confederacy, or rapidly decays or disintegrates, or regresses into authoritarianism and civil war, the result will have profound consequences for Europe and the rest of the world. Therefore, the importance of Estonia and the other Baltic republics in the process of Soviet decline cannot be underestimated; the Baltic States, although insignificant by global standards, have set an example for other Soviet republics and national groups to follow and will for the near term remain political barometers of the Soviet future.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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48

Bruyneel, Stephen Alan. "The future of Soviet domestic reform : an analysis of three sovietologists' views". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28587.

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This thesis had two related purposes: to compare, contrast and critique three scholars' views of the Soviet domestic reform process, and to use these analyses as the means by which to examine the emerging Soviet domestic reform program. The arguments of Stephen F. Cohen, Timothy J. Colton and Richard Pipes served as the primary subject matter of this thesis, with their individual views determined by a critical analysis of the writing which each has recently done on this subject. Investigated in particular was each individuals' interpretation of the reform process, its component parts and the kind of change that was expected to be involved in any new domestic reforms. The final chapter dealing with the contemporary Soviet situation relied upon as much primary source material as possible in an attempt to provide an accurate picture of the state of affairs within the country at this time. The results of my analysis indicate that Richard Pipes' interpretations and conclusions do not receive much support from either Soviet history or the contemporary situation within the country. His one dimensional view of Soviet elite interests and his "crisis/reform" theory of Soviet reform were found to be generally unsubstantiated. Stephen Cohen's arguments, on the other hand, received a good deal of support, especially with regards to his emphasis on the probability of moderate change and the existence of reformist and conservative constituencies within the Soviet Union, constituencies which do appear to have been involved in the domestic reform process. At the same time, however, the terminology which he employed to describe the reform process was found to be somewhat problematic. Timothy Colton's arguments, finally, were also found to have a good deal of efficacy, especially with respect to his view of the country's new generation of political leadership and the role that it would play in the reform process. In conclusion, the new domestic reform program itself was found to be indicative of generally moderate economic and political change, change that was embraced for the moat part by a good segment of the new leadership, but which had found significant resistance at the lower levels of the bureaucracy and among the working class.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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49

Felton, Gregory. "Perestroika : a new stage in Soviet reform". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28044.

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Perestroika, unlike previous attempts at economic reform, represents the beginning of a new era in post-war Soviet politics. If one were to categorize the major Soviet leaders since Stalin it would be more accurate to term Khrushchev a liberal Stalinist, Brezhnev a conservative Stalinist, and Gorbachev, may be properly classified as an anti-Stalinist. Gorbachev's accession to power represents the beginning of what might be termed post-post-Stalin reform. To illustrate the uniqueness of perestroika, this thesis is structured around a comparison of Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms with those of Nikita Khrushchev. A contrast with Khrushchev is necessary because it is impossible to determine the uniqueness of perestroika and to draw informed conclusions about Gorbachev unless the record of the first-post Stalin reformer is examined. Because Gorbachev and Khrushchev are both reformers, it is to be expected that they should share certain common objectives. But the similarities are far less significant than the differences. The differences between Gorbachev's and Khrushchev's approaches to reform are a function both of substantive policy differences and historical circumstance. Historical Context Khrushchev came to power at a time when the Soviet Union was weak relative to the United States. Externally, the most pressing need was for the Soviet Union to achieve military parity with the United States. Internally, Khrushchev's first years were ones of struggle for absolute leadership with other Politburo figures who had differing notions of reform. The world that Brezhnev and his successors bequeathed to Gorbachev bore little resemblance to the one which Stalin left to Khrushchev. By the time of Gorbachev's accession to power, the Soviet Union had become the military equal of the United States. Political Reform Khrushchev's main objective was to weaken the power of the bureaucracy largely in order to enhance his own personal power. Gorbachev's focus is less Stalin than it is the Stalinist system. The lack of subordination of political and economic reform to the pursuit of personal one-man rule marks perestzoika as a distinct improvement over de-Stalinization. Economic Reform In economic policy, Khrushchev followed Stalin's practice of meeting economic problems with administrative measures. Although Khrushchev made his reputation by denouncing Stalin's leadership, he did nothing to address the root of the Soviet Union's troubles—the Stalinist economic system. Perestroika is theoretically superior to de-Stalinization because Gorbachev eschews administrative tinkering in favour of economic change. Gorbachev has rediscovered the co-operative socialism and limited tolerance for free-enterprise of the 1920s. The implication of this return to 'Leninism' is an admission that the Stalinist system is a failure. CONCLUSION The essence of Khrushchev's reforms, and their subsequent failure, can be traced to his fixation with appearance over substance. For all of his 'liberal' reforms, Khrushchev is essentially a 'Stalinist' politician. Perestzoika is superior to de-Stalinization both because of historical circumstance and substantive philosophical differences. Gorbachev's return to Leninist principles effectively ends the period of reformed Stalinism. But the objective need for reform does imply its necessary success. There are many obstacles to effecting deep change in the Soviet Union, obstacles which cannot be surmounted soon. It cannot be expected that a people will cast off the habits of a lifetime. Nonetheless, Gorbachev's reforms are rigorous and potentially longlasting, as opposed to Khrushchev's 'administrative' changes which did not really address the flaws of the Soviet system.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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50

Smith, Mark Adrian. "Soviet perspectives on Latin America 1959-1987". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329206.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Christians in Soviet Union”

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