Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Christian life”

John Bunyan was longing for Religion. Author makes the use of Allegory as a literary device which gives him more space to explore his Didactic aims. This religious fiction has given as an autobiographical element. Christian is protagonist. Knowledge is gained through travel by portraying Christian and his companions learning from their mistakes. Whenever Christian puts up with problems and difficult, he prays God Christian carries load on his back. He goes the place where is fenced on both side with wall which is called ‘Salvation’. Christian’s Wife Christiana also struggles in the second part. Not only Christian in his life struggles to attain salvation, but also his wife comes across problems like her husband. She thinks that Christian goes over the river. Christiana tells to her four children about her father and his struggle. Children fall into tears. Christiana prepares to follow her husband. The life of Christian and his struggle is to attain salvation. Though he comes across many problem, he is stubborn his religious goal. He comes across many struggles. It powerfully expresses the truth that the present life is a kind of Pilgrimage. Jesus Christ liberates a sinner from the power of sin when a man shows life time faith and devotion to him. The path of the Christian life is riddled with many problems hurdles and Obstacles. Christian fights against evil powers and gets victory.

The implementation of sharia in Aceh has have given a complex impacts to several aspects of life of the Christian, economically, culturally, politically and any other aspects of social life. Unlike other Indonesian Christian in different parts of archipelago, the Christian women in Aceh are experiencing the life that regulated by the sharia. Based on the experience in Langsa, some of them (especially teachers, employee, and students) were appealed to wear headscarf (hijab) in their appearance in Islamic public sphere. Those who reside in Aceh Singkil experienced difficulties in establishing church, beyond any difficulties that experienced by Christians in other part of Indonesian region. However, in Southeast Aceh, the Christian live the life of religious harmony among the Muslim majority who implement the Islamic sharia. This article shows that strong encouragement among the Muslim circle to implementing Islamic sharia through political approach could generate difficulties to certain Christians, while to some others it doesn't give any significant negative impact. This article aims to highlight some issues that experienced by Christians who live amid the Muslim majority who implement Islamic sharia. Data were collected during ethnographical studies conducted in the year 2013-2015 in Langsa, Aceh Singkil and Southeast Aceh. Finally, this article proposes significant policy options for managing Muslim-Christian relations in Aceh, Indonesia. Education is crucial for promoting interreligious harmony, religious freedom, and respect for people of different traditions and religion.

GOD, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CHRISTIAN LIFE by Tony Reinke. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2022. 320 pages. Paperback; $21.99. ISBN: 9781433578274. *The ASA has long opposed the myth that science and Christian faith are incompatible. Nevertheless, ASA members differ on all sorts of issues. With little consensus on biblical eschatology, the greatest differences may be on issues related to the future. If so, then Tony Reinke's God, Technology, and the Christian Life is sure to be thought provoking, for its focus is the ongoing explosion in scientific knowledge and its applications. *Reinke, a journalist and author of several books, is associated with John Piper and his Desiring God ministry. He adheres to Piper's Reformed theology and trademark "Christian hedonism," which holds that our chief end is to "glorify God by enjoying him forever." So Reinke is not only a Christian hedonist, but also a tech hedonist. Today's gadgets delight him, and he looks forward to more wonders in the future. Even so, Reinke's hopes are well placed; he is "optimistic--not optimistic in man, but in the God who governs every square inch of Silicon Valley" (p. 30), a statement that summarizes the entire book. *A concluding section explains the book's origins (pp. 303-4). To write an introduction for 12 Ways Your Phone Is Changing You, published in 2017, Reinke found it necessary to "catalog" his "meta convictions about human innovation." He went on to develop his convictions, revise and extend his catalog, do more research, and present his findings to several audiences, both in person and online. Finally, he assembled his lectures to produce this text. Unfortunately, it seems that this process left serious style problems. Individual chapters have a stand-alone quality, to the point they seem disconnected from the rest. Chapter-end summaries belabor the book's main points. Overall, the book's repetitive style obscures its connecting logic. *So what does the book argue? *In the Reformed tradition, Reinke seeks to develop a "biblical theology of technology" (p. 30). He begins with God's sovereignty in creation, and continues with God raising up image-bearers to explore nature and invent tools. Finally, Reinke argues that God stands over those that "wield" technology, for both good or evil; even their worst acts (e.g., the crucifixion of Christ) are "hacked" by God to achieve our redemption, which was planned "before the foundation of the world." Technology is a feature of history, but it does not drive it. Instead, history always unfolds in accordance with the divine will. *The book is organized around nine people, nine primary Bible passages, and twelve common myths about technology (pp. 25-29). Some subjects are predictable (e.g., Babel), but others are not, giving some depth to Reinke's analysis. Six chapters broadly address key questions: "What Is Technology?," "What Is God's Relationship to Technology?," "Where Do Our Technologies Come From?," "What Can Technology Never Accomplish?," "When Do Our Technologies End?," and "How Should We Use Technology Today?" In Reinke's repetitive style, chapters conclude with numbered lists of "Takeaways" that summarize, and sometimes extend, main points. *So, does Reinke succeed? Is his "biblical theology of technology" sound? Depending on their theological presuppositions, readers will judge differently. *Reformed readers, like me, will appreciate Reinke's emphasis on God's sovereignty. In this view, nature testifies to God's existence and wonderful character, and so does technology, its wonders rooted in the divine attributes, and produced by image bearers that reflect them. Tech demonstrates God's creation of both nature and human innovators, and it plays important roles in the plan of redemption, all to the glory of God. *Readers from other traditions will differ to the extent they look to human agency to shape history and the future. Surely, mature Christians understand salvation is based in God's grace, but then what? Christians should live out their faith, but to what extent do their choices matter? Ultimately, are God's promises fulfilled by him alone, or are they realized somehow through human action, including work in science and technology? In Alfred North Whitehead's process theology or Philip Hefner's created co-creator ideas, humanity achieves, to some degree, what God has promised in the eschaton. Indeed, such thinking is common among self-identified Christian transhumanists. *In Reinke's Reformed view, such hopes distract from life's purpose, our chief end: the glorification of God. Instead, dreams of human self-sufficiency tend toward idolatry. God, jealous for his own glory, has placed that goal beyond our reach, and in our rebellion against God, its relentless pursuit only displays our depravity. *Yes, but even this view calls for boundaries. Where does our misguided quest for self-sufficiency end, and where do warranted good works begin? Does not scripture authorize the development and use of technology to reduce suffering and to love our neighbors? To what extent can we delight in inventions without making them idols? *Unfortunately, Reinke does not answer these questions; quite the opposite. He criticizes Christians wrestling with such issues for using descriptive labels (e.g., scientism) because, in his view, they limit "thoughtful conversations on technology" (p. 29), yet he is unequivocal in opposing proclamation of a "Gospel of Technology" (pp. 163-73). But again, how should Christians find our limits under God's rule? This question seems less important to Reinke than simply believing God will make the most of whatever happens. *Yes, the final chapter highlights the necessity of wisdom in using technology, wisdom that is available from God alone. But does not God give insight to all people? May we reasonably view science and technology as evidence of common grace, but deny that common grace could affect how society organizes and operates? Reinke praises the Amish for making deliberate decisions regarding technology, suggesting that all Christians would do well to do the same, but what criteria should we choose? *Ultimately, Reinke leaves all the big questions to God. Confident in him, Christians should just do the best they can, and then be content with the results. They are, after all, ordained by God. Surely this is true to some extent, but this leaves Reinke's "biblical theology of technology" open to the classic criticism of Reformed thought: under its banner, Christians are not fully responsible for the results of their actions. *On this point, deep differences appear between Reinke and other Christian observers of technology development. For example, in A Christian Field Guide to Technology for Engineers and Designers, Ethan J. Brue, Derek C. Schuurman, and Steven H. VanderLeest argue that, compared with others, Christian innovators bear a greater responsibility than others. Informed by biblical ethics and wisdom, they must go beyond minimal success measures. Engineering leadership means faithful conformance to rules, and then some; supererogation is the requirement. But in the end, the message is the same: follow the rules--expressed in either policy or scripture--and the results will surely be good. Well, history reveals limits to that idea. And again, judgement is required. We must not only recognize that moral choices shape technology and its use, but also avoid an empty and uninformed tech moralism. *We might want clear lines separating good from evil in technology, but neither Reinke nor other Christian authors can supply them. But to be fair, to what extent do people note and observe the clear lines God gave us in the Ten Commandments, the Sermon on the Mount, and many other passages? Until we leave this troubled world, clearly, we must walk by faith, not sight. So, as we walk through our technoscience-saturated world, Reinke and other Christians with biblical views of technology serve the church well. Surely, many ASA members, from diverse theological traditions, will find God, Technology, and the Christian Life interesting--either stimulating or frustrating--as well as contributing to further explorations of technology in the light of scripture. *Reviewed by David C. Winyard Sr., Department of Engineering, Grace College & Seminary, Winona Lake, IN 46590.

The importance of Morality for Christian life. In this article, the author talks about how to be a Christian with good morals, love others, and of course have an impact on the lives of the surrounding community. In this case, the author invites Christians not only to care about the people around them but how Christians care, embrace marginalized people who have nothing. Apart from that, as Christians, we must play an important role in the sense that we are to be examples for our neighbors. This study of Deuteronomy discusses how a Christian can love his fellow human beings. In this article, the author also uses the legal interpretation method. The research result of this article is a Christian who loves others and obeys God. Which of course is reflected in the life of these Christians. For this reason, every Christian must obey and follow the commands that God has given to His people. Because God sees the obedience of each person in maintaining his covenant with God.

This essay proposes that the Reformed theology of ordinary life has promising principles that can be applied to the recent challenges of the digital age. It first examines how contemporary scholars have grappled with the challenges posed by virtual life, highlighting their Advantages and disadvantages. Then, it suggests that the Reformed attitude for sanctifying ordinary life leads Christians inevitably to embrace discipline in their use of technology. The author recommends digital resistance and digital intentionality as judicious parameters for Christian engagement in a digital age. KEYWORDS: Theology of common life, Christian vocation, technology, digital technologies, Christian life, Reformed worldview

The Lisu people of southwest China have reimagined Christian discipleship to emphasize various shared practices. Lisu Christian practices, such as singing hymns together, attending Christian festivals, abstaining from smoking and drinking alcohol, interceding for one another in prayer, and greeting one another with the traditional salutation and handshake, are less personal and more communal, less inward and more outward, less emotional and more embodied. Embedded in every practice are meaning, significance, and worldview; the practices are not empty. This article shows how Lisu Christians have transformed their faith into a life rhythm of practice–oriented discipleship appropriate for the agrarian context of this communal people.

This article evaluates Origen's criticism of Christian participation in the Roman army in relation to two prominent themes in his writings: the moral progress of the Christian and the role of demons in God's providence. I argue that, for Origen, to be a Christian is to be a soldier, albeit one whose adversaries are not human combatants, but the Devil and his angels. The battle is won when Christians refrain from sinning, attaining moral perfection through their study of the scriptures, and adoption of ascetic practices. By avoiding the physical battlefield, Christians remain unsullied by the passions that inflame the soldier, enabling them to fight demons more effectively. But this spiritual combat is not without risks to the physical body. As Origen's Exhortation to Martyrdom attests, execution could be the providentially ordered outcome of a Christian's combat against demons. Origen presents the violent persecution of Christians as consistent with divine providence and martyrdom as a gift of God to the church. His opposition to Christian military participation is rooted neither in a wholesale rejection of warfare nor a deep respect for embodied life, but in his concern for human moral progress—progress that could be advanced by providentially sanctioned violence.

AbstractAquinas and Barth both describe the Christian life in light of who God is and how God acts, rather than with a primary concern for morality or apologetics. They differ in that Aquinas describes a single, essentially monastic, and normative form of discipleship that, because it cannot be taken up by most Christians, issues in practice in a two-tier conception of the Christian life. By contrast, Barth's account of vocation individualises the call to each Christian so that it is possible for everyone to lead the Christian life equally well yet in very diverse ways. For this reason, and because our true relation to God is hidden, even to ourselves, we may conclude that it is dangerous to make negative judgement as to anyone's standing before God – and therefore their relative standing in the church, too – based upon a view of the normative form of the Christian life.

This article examines the role of the Christian, or liturgical, year as one of the simplest yet most powerful ways of spiritually forming people, both individually and corporately, to become more like Jesus. Many Christians and churches are subtly shaped more by the time structures of the average work week or cultural holidays than the life of Christ or the church. The tendency to address individual spiritual formation focuses largely on cognitivist approaches to change or individual formative practices. However, the author explores several ways in which the Christian year offers a wholistic approach to life formation through the steady, time-bound patterns of the Christian year. Engaging both the conscious and unconscious self in cognitive practices and steady habits, both the individual Christian and local congregations are trained toward Christlikeness.

Thesis (M. Div.)--St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, 1992.
Includes "The Seven letters of St. Anthony the Great," translated by Derwas J. Chitty, 1975. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Central Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005.
Computer printout. At time of cataloging, Dr. Coats is Dean of Men at Northland Baptist Bible College. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-158).

According to James 2:17,18, “faith without works is dead”; in other words, biblical theory without practice consistent with it is useless to God. For this reason, a religious organization that calls itself Christian, but that does not practice its own teachings in full, is not truly Christian. This does not mean being perfect, 100% correct in everything, because all Christians are imperfect and sinners, which is why we all make mistakes, we sin, whether in words or in actions. . But the continuous effort to maintain an unblemished conduct inside and outside religion, honest, ethical, moral and spiritually approved by God, is a fundamental Christian duty. That said, this work has the general objective of presenting the theocratic practices and procedures of Jehovah's Witnesses around the world. To this end, a bibliographical and narrative documentary review is carried out, under the Giftedean neoperspectivist paradigm, reasoning according to the hypothetical-deductive method. It concludes that for Christian religious teachings and practices to become an acceptable conduct, an acceptable way of life, approved by the Creator God Jehovah, and healthy psychically, spiritually and socially speaking, it is necessary to learn to live at the intersection between biblical knowledge and knowledge scientific. Because failing to follow the first in favor of the second leads to lacisism or atheism, and failing to follow the second in favor of the first leads to religious fanaticism, as is present among Jehovah's Witnesses today.

This article addresses the issue of conflict between religious communities that cause enmity amid society. Hostilities must be overcome and resolved in accordance with the call of Christianity to live in love and peace. The study used the qualitative paradigm as the method of the research and the descriptive-analyses as the writing method by describing the research problems based on data collected from related publications.One of the powerful messages of Jesus's teaching is "Love your enemies." It’s one of the greatest challenges in life. Jesus Christ gave an important doctrine about loving the enemy because love is more powerful than evil, hurtful deeds. Loving the enemy means canceling hostilities and violence, but instead, it promises acceptance of each other. The title of this study is "love your enemies": A Christian Response to Embrace Others. As the title of this study is "love your enemies," the reason for the selection of this article is because the author sees that "loving the enemy is a commandment from God that must be obeyed. This research question emphasizes how to realize "loving the enemy" amid hostility. This paper argues that Jesus's command to love the enemy is a proper Christian lifestyle choice in the midst of hostility. We use CS Song thoughts, which elaborated with other scholars' views on theology, loving, and embracing others. The purpose of the research was to gain understanding and build a theological reflection on Jesus' commandment to love the enemy. In this article, we first briefly discuss the portrait of life among religious people in Indonesia. Secondly, we discuss the conflict between religious people in Indonesia. Finally, we apply the command of Jesus to love our enemy as a Christian lifestyle in the midst of hostility to construct harmony amid hostility. We propose the command of Jesus to ‘love your enemy’ as a response to establishing sustainable peace by embrace others. Finally, the Christians must become a loving community because God so loved us, and we also ought to love and embrace others.

Крайняя малочисленность связанных с христианством находок и их неравномерное распределение во времени создает значительные трудности при восстановлении истории Фанагорийской христианской общины. Восполнить лакуны до некоторой степени помогают имеющиеся сведения об истории христианства в других центрах Северо-Восточного Причерноморья, неотъемлемой частью которого являлась Фанагория. Несомненно, новая религия проникает в Фанагорию, как и в другие центры Боспорского царства, в последней четверти 3 в. из Малой Азии, откуда готы, возвращаясь из своих пиратских набегов, привозили пленных христиан. Именно к периоду после морских походов варваров относятся первые зафиксированные на Боспоре признаки христианства: различные вещи с христианскими символами, христианские участки на некрополе в Керчи. Незначительное количество раннехристианских памятников говорит о том, что в этот период распространение религии в регионе происходило, главным образом, благодаря деятельности миссионеров, и число приверженцев христианства было невелико. С включением Боспора в сферу влияния Византийской империи церковь и государство предпринимают совместные усилия по христианизации региона: скорее всего, именно в это время по обе стороны Керченского пролива строятся церкви, в Фанагории учреждается епископская кафедра и строится христианский храм, внутреннему убранству которого, скорее всего, принадлежали два мраморных резервуара для воды, сигмовидный стол и рельеф с изображением Орфея, найденные при раскопках на «Нижнем городе». Форма и материал, из которого изготовлен один из найденных резервуаров, позво ляет интерпретировать его как крещальную купель. Причем небольшая глубина найден ной емкости не означает, что в ней крестили только детей, поскольку в большинстве случаев крещение совершалось без полного погружения: стоявшего в купели крещаемого просто обливали водой. Однако уже с 4 в. при крещении начали использовать стоячую воду, а наполнять купель предписывалось вручную. Поэтому объяснить назначение двух отверстий в фанагорийском резервуаре в случае его использования в качестве купели трудно. Лучше объясняет наличие двух отверстий другой возможный вариант использования резервуара: в качестве реликвария, в котором хранились мощи, их частицы или какие-то другие реликвии. Через верхнее отверстие в реликварий на хранящиеся в нем мощи наливали масло, которое выливалось через отверстие в нижней части. Что касается чаши с ручками-выступами вдоль края, то подобные емкости, как правило, определяют либо как купели для крещения детей, либо, чаще, как чаши для освященной воды, которую в раннехристианское время использовали для ритуального омовения рук перед входом в храм. Известные автору точные аналогии фанагорийскому сосуду происходят исключительно с территории провинций Мезия Секунда и Фракия. Не исключено, что именно оттуда фанагорийская емкость была привезена войсками, присланными на Боспор Юстинианом для подавления восстания против ставленника Византии Грода. Мраморный сигмовидной стол с арочной каймой также мог входить в состав инвентаря христианского храма. В церковном обиходе использование таких столов было вторичным, взятым из светской жизни и идет от раннехристианской традиции совместных поминальных трапез, совершавшихся над могилами мучеников. Позже их использовали в храмах в качестве престолов и столов для приношений, а также в трапезных монастырей. Несмотря на то, что сигмовидные столы, в частности столы с арочной каймой, использовали как в светском, так и христианском обиходе, их находки вне контекста обычно связывают с христианскими храмами. Однако в подобных случаях нельзя исключать возможность их использования и в качестве обычного обеденного стола. Наконец, с христианством может быть связана мраморная плитка с изображением Орфея, образ которого перешел в христианскую иконографию из языческого искусства. Незначительные размеры и сильная потертость фанагорийского фрагмента, к сожалению, не позволяют уверенно определить религиозный статус изображения, который, как правило устанавливают по составу «слушателей» и контексту. Строго говоря, из перечисленных находок только одну, мраморную чашу с вырезанным крестом, можно отнести к предметам интерьера христианского храмового комплекса безусловно. Сигмовидный стол могли использовать и в христианском культе, и по его прямому назначению – в качестве обеденного стола. Образ Орфея одинаково использовался как язычниками, так и христианами. Разным целям мог служить и мраморный резервуар. Но среди аргументов за и против их использования в христианском культе, все же превалируют первые. Кроме того, обнаружение всех предметов на довольно небольшом участке «Нижнего города» позволяет надеяться на то, что в ходе будущих раскопок здесь будет открыт христианский храм, и таким образом подтвердится предложенная интерпретация найденных предметов. Храм, к которому, возможно, относились перечисленные находки, по-видимому, был разрушен в середине 6 в. Тогда же, скорее всего, прекратила существование и Фанагорийская епархия. Какие-либо сведения о фанагорийских христианах более позднего времени полностью отсутствуют, но, судя по информации о христианских общинах, имевшихся в других центрах региона, а также в городах Хазарского каганата, были они и в Фанагории, которая в этот период, скорее всего, входила в состав Зихийской епархии. У нас нет сви детельств о притеснениях христиан в городах Хазарского каганата. Наоборот, согласно сведениям, содержащимся в письменных источниках, жизнь христиан там протекала до вольно спокойно. О благосклонном отношении хазарской элиты к христианству говорят и браки с византийским императорским домом, в частности брак Юстиниана II и сестры кагана Феодоры, после заключения которого он «уехал в Фанагорию и жил там с Феодорой» (Theoph. Chron. 704–705; пер. И.С. Чичурова). 2 Что же касается археологических свидетельств, то число связанных с христианством находок 8–10 вв. чрезвычайно мало, и их невозможно связать непосредственно с христианским населением Фанагории. Extremely low amounts of finds related to Christianity and their uneven distribution over time presents difficulties in reconstructing the history of the Phanagorian Christian community. The information on the history of Christianity in other centres of the North-Eastern Black Sea, a region where Phanagoria played a crucial part, can help fill the blanks to a certain extent. Without any doubt, the new religion arrived to Phanagoria, as well as to the other centres of the Bosporan kingdom, in the last quarter of the third century AD from Asia Minor, when the Goths brought Christians as captives from their pirate raids. The first recorded signs of Christianity in the Bosporos belong to the period after the sea campaigns of the “barbarians”. These include personal possessions with Christian symbols and Christian burial plots in the necropolis in Kerch. A small number of early Christian monuments points to the fact that during this period the spread of Christianity in the region heavily relied on the activities of missionaries, while the number of christians was still small. Later, after the inclusion of the Bosporos in the sphere of influence of the Byzantine Empire, the church and the state were making joint efforts to Christianize the region: most likely, it was at this time that Christian churches were built on both sides of the Kerch Strait, an episcopal chair was established in Phanagoria and a Christian church was built, decorated with two marble water tanks, a sigmoid table and a relief depicting Orpheus. All this was found during the excavations in the “Lower City” trench. 2 Чичуров 1980, 62. Христианство в Фанагории. Археологические свидетельства 71 The shape and material from which one of the found tanks is made allows for its interpreta tion as a baptistery. The small depth of the found container does not necessarily mean that only children were baptised in it, since in most cases baptism was performed without complete immersion. The baptised stood in the font and water was poured over him. However, from the fourth century AD stagnant water was used for baptism, and the font had to be filled manually. It is, therefore, difficult to explain the purpose of the two holes in the Phanagorean reservoir if it was used as a font. Their presence is better explained by another possible use of the tank – as a reliquary. Oil was poured into the reliquary through the upper opening to cover the relics stored in it, and then came out through the opening in the lower part. Regarding the bowls with protruding handles along the edge, such vessels are considered to serve either as fonts for child baptism, or, more often, as bowls for consecrated water, which, during the early Christian times, were used to wash hands before entering the temple. Their exact analogies, known to the author, come exclusively from the provinces of Moesia Secunda and Thrace. It is possible that it was from there that the Phanagorian container was brought by the troops, which were sent to the Bosporos by Justinian to suppress the uprising against the Byzantine ruler named Grod. A marble sigmoid table with an arched border could also be part of the inventory of a Christian church. In church life, the use of such tables was secondary. It comes from secular life, from the early Christian tradition of communal meals served on the graves of martyrs. Later they were used in temples and monasteries as thrones and tables for offerings. Despite the fact that sigmoid tables, particularly those with an arched border, were used both in secular and Christian everyday life, they are usually associated with Christian churches when found out of context. However, one cannot exclude the possibility of them being used as a regular dining table. Finally, a marble tile with the image of Orpheus, which came to the Christian iconography from pagan art, can also be associated with Christianity. Unfortunately, due to its insignificant size and severe damage, this fragment does not allow us to determine the religious status of the image with any degree of certainty. Usually such assumptions can be made based on the amount of depicted listeners and the find’s context. Strictly speaking, only one of the listed finds, a marble bowl with a carved cross, can be attributed to the items from the interior of the Christian temple. The sigmoid table could be used both in the Christian cult and for its original purpose, as a dining table. The image of Orpheus was used by both pagans and Christians. A marble tank could possibly also serve different purposes. However, between the arguments “for” and “against” its use in a Christian context, the former prevail. In addition, the discovery of all the objects together in a rather small area of the “Lower City” excavation site allows us to hope that, during future excavations, a Christian church will be discovered here, confirming our interpretations. The temple to which the finds may have belonged was apparently destroyed in the middle of the sixth century AD. At the same time, most likely, the Phanagorian diocese also ceased to exist. There is no information on Phanagorian Christians during later periods, but, judging by the information about the Christian communities that existed in other centres of the region, as well as in the cities of the Khazar Khaganate, Christians were present in Phanagoria, which, during this period was likely a part of the Zikhia diocese. So far, we have no evidence of the oppression of Christians in the cities of the Khazar Khaganate. On the contrary, according to the information from written sources, the life of Christians there was a rather calm one. The favourable attitude of the Khazar elite towards Christianity is also evidenced by marriages with the Byzantine imperial family. Of particular interest is the marriage of Justinian II and the sister of the Khagan, Theodora, after which he “left for Phanagoria and lived there with Theodora”. As for archaeological evidence, the number of finds associated with Christianity from the 8th to 10th centuries AD is extremely low, and it is impossible to connect them directly with the Christian population of Phanagoria.

The paper approaches Maximus the Greek’s polemical work both from the text-critical and functional perspectives. The text-critical case study reveals a new, refi ned and most complete attribution of biblical and patristic quotations and their thematic division. Restructuring quotations so that they form the “Salvation Ladder” demonstrates presence of the main imperative of Christian culture in the text.

The article notes that with the beginning of Russia's military aggression and its insidious attack on Ukraine on February 24, 2022, we have new accents in our approaches to understanding the phenomenon of happiness. Ukrainian churches and religious organizations have given a proper assessment of the war waged by Russia against Ukraine. At the same time, solving the problem of happiness is not relevant and, in general, characteristic of the Christian tradition, in which the category of holiness is analogous to the perception of the happy way of life of the individual. In this article, the author compares the concepts of happiness and holiness through the phenomena of holiday, sin. The author considers new theological approaches to understanding "social" and "collective" sin. Understanding holiness as the ability to overcome suffering, to affect, allows us to distinguish two types, ascetic and corporeal. Holiness as a life-affirming principle (ability to live) is reflected in the phenomenon of the folk type of holiness, the origin of which is attributed to the seventeenth - nineteenth centuries, associated with the active process of desacralization of all spheres of life. Modern theologians speak of the need for a positive, optimistic perception of the surrounding reality in order to fulfill the individual mission of Orthodox believers, linking the implementation of this mission with the acquisition of a special state of holiness. There is a "theology of earthly realities" that overcomes the gap between the sacred and the secular, postulates the need for a conscious faith that loves the world and makes people happy. Key words: holiness, holiday, folly, sin, happiness

Orpheus is one of the greatest historical contributions of the Thracians in European culture. He is much more than a talented poet and singer. He is a religious reformer, a priest, a teacher. This study aims to present his life and influence on later philosophers as Pythagoras and Plato, and analyze some Orphic tablets of eschatological nature. The roots of Orphic teachings are so deep, that missionaries of the new Christian faith were forced to use the image of Orpheus in their desire to baptize the local population in Thrace and even Rome. Orpheus comes to walk the most difficult path – spreading the doctrine of salvation of the human soul, which remains one of the highest achievements of European culture and hope for its humane future.

Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) of Hangzhou, was used to be a place of communion established for secular life by Christian organization in Hangzhou. The original buildings of YMCA of Hangzhou are nowadays protected and maintained as historic buildings. This article has analyzed the historical background, the original function, the social impact of YMCA of Hangzhou, as well as the architectural style of the buildings. Three impacts that the buildings had affected urban and social modernization of Hangzhou are concluded as follows: 1.The buildings had promoted the spread of Christian culture, so that Christianity were cognized and accepted in Hangzhou; 2.The buildings had promoted the development of social activities, especially the continuous expansion of impact from non-profit social organizations; 3.The buildings had been a record of integration process of foreign culture and Chinese local culture during the period of modernization of Hangzhou, which had represented its period features and local characteristics

The article considers the history, thematic range of expression and a number of authors and publicists of the newspaper «Christian Voice» (with the frequency of a fortnightly). It has been published in Munich by nationally conscious groups of migrants since 1949 as a part of the «Ukrainian Christian Publishing House». The significance of this Ukrainian newspaper in post-Nazi Germany is only partly comprehended in the works of a number of diaspora press’s researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to supplement the scientific information about the «Christian Voice» in the postwar period, in particular, the yearbook for 1957 was chosen as the principal subject of analysis. In the process of writing the article, we used such methods: analysis, synthesis, content analysis, generalization and others. Thus, the results of our study became the socio-political and religious context in which the «Christian Voice» was founded. The article is also a concise overview of the titles of Ukrainian magazines in post-Nazi Germany in the 1940s and 1950s. The thematic analysis of publications of 1957 showed the main trends of journalistic texts in the newspaper and the journalistic skills of it’s iconic authors and publicists (D. Buchynsky, M. Bradovych, S. Shah, etc.). The thematic range of the newspaper after 1959 was somewhat narrowed due to the change in the status of the «Christian Voice» when it became the official newspaper of the UGCC in Germany. It has been distinguished two main thematic blocks of the newspaper ‒ social and religious. Historians will find interesting factual material from the newspaper publications about the life of Ukrainians in the diaspora. Historians of journalism can supplement the bibliographic apparatus in the journalistic and publicistic works of the authors in the postwar period of the newspaper and in subsequent years of publishing. Based upon the publications of the «Christian Voice» in different years, not only since 1957, journalists can study the contents and a form of different genres, linguistic peculiarities in the newspaper articles, and so on.

In Latin America, clientelism pervades civil services; bureaucrats entrusted with critical areas of national life are often hired more for their political value than professional competence. This issue of IDEA was prepared by Steven Ambrus and Rita Funaro, and is based largely on research conducted at the IDB on governance issues. The articles presented in this newsletter are based on the research of Paulo Bastos, Paolo Buonanno, María Franco Chuaire, Daniel Gingerich, Enrique Kawamura, Sebastián Miller, Virginia Oliveros, Sebastián Saiegh, Carlos Scartascini, Christian Schuster, Jorge Streb, and Juan Fernando Vargas.

The article deals with the leading issues in the children's literature of the Ukrainian Diaspora writers. Among the key themes are the following such as historical, patriotic, religious and Christian topics, which are considered through the image of “The Self”. This concept includes the image of the Motherland, historically native land, prominent figures (Taras Shevchenko, hetmans of Ukraine), the family line, national symbols (the flag, the trident) and religious and Christian symbols (the church, the blessing). The idea of preserving the cultural identity and the national identity of Ukrainians is prevalent through the concept of “The Self”.

This paper reflects on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious life in Bulgaria, especially in the Orthodox Church, and on the sphere of academic teaching. The picture that emerges against the background of the moderate COVID-19 measures and the non-closure of churches is rather disturbing, given the aggressive attacks by non-believers against ecclesial practice. It testifies to widespread superstition and deep theological ignorance even among those who designate themselves as ‘Orthodox Christians’. The compromise of university education during the COVID-19 panic and the radical changes to the social way of thinking go—as a basis of the perplexity of the social mind—hand in hand with the destruction of the democratic world order by Russia’s war against Ukraine.

“Life is not fair, get used to it” – A quote often attributed to Bill Gates, but originally by Charles J. Sykes, which we believe should be challenged. Life should not be about getting used to unfairness, but about how we can create an environment that provides a fairer experience for everyone. The motivation for this is not only about being good and decent humans, but also about the negative impact unfair treatment has on individuals, organisations and projects. This study, conducted by Christine Unterhitzenberger and Kate Lawrence (both University of Leeds), explores what individuals perceive as fair or unfair treatment in projects, which factors influence their perceptions and subsequent behaviours and how these impact individuals, organisations and projects.

This paper aims to identify the most famous Yazidi heritage industries in the town of Bashiqa, in Nineveh governorate. It explores the economic, social and cultural reality of three non-material industries (the manufacture of al-rashi, olive oil and soap) in the town of Bashiqa by comparing how they were manufactured in the past with how they are manufactured in the present, and assessing the impact of ISIS gangs on these industries. Finally, the paper puts forward proposals for how these industries can be developed to maintain their heritage and sustainability. The research also aims to invoke the cultural and scientific heritage of the local community to draw inspiration from their sources of strength to plan how local production of the traditional heritage industries can be revitalised after the destruction caused by ISIS. The paper also explores the attachment of the Yazidi community in Bashiqa to the traditional industrial crafts and the extent of their influence on social and economic life, especially given that the city of Mosul is famous for its craft activity, in addition to the cultural and religious differences among the local population of Bashiqa, which comprises several components of Iraqi society (Yazidi, Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and the Muslim Shabak – Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish) and thus affect the community’s view of the traditional crafts.

Introduction: Advancements and increase in access to healthcare have increased the life expectancy in India from 32 years in 1947 to almost 70 years currently. Due to robust vaccination and basic health programs, most of the communicable diseases are kept under control. The disease burden is now skewed towards non-communicable diseases. It is an established fact that body mass index (BMI) is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early prediction can decrease the disease load and enable early preventative measures. A more novel approach of connecting it with blood groups would yield profound results in predictability and subsequent management. This study was done to see correlation between BMI and known blood groups in order to predict the potential incidence of CVDs in medical students. Material and Method - A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Bhaskar Medical College from September 2022 - November 2022. The sample population included 150- 1st year medical students chosen by Randomized sampling method. BMI was calculated based as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). Discussion - Many studies conducted on the association of Blood groups with BMI yielded mixed and inconclusive results. On analysis of the data obtained from this study, O- positive blood group showed the highest inclination towards obesity i.e. 30 of the total participants. A-positive and B- positive blood groups were shown to have a lesser association with obesity i.e. 11 participants of the 150. These results were in accordance with a study done among female students by Shireen Javad et.al, nding blood group O to be the most prone to obesity.8 Incompatible to our results, a study conducted by Samuel Smith Isaac Okai et.al. found no signicant association between blood groups and BMI.10 Another study conducted by Christina Ravillo et.al. found that blood group O had the highest and blood group AB with lowest prevalence of obesity9. These ndings were similar to the results obtained in our study. To study the correlation of BMI with ABO blood group and Cardiovascula AIMS and OBJECTIVES Aim: - r risk among medical students. 1. Calculate and segregate the participants according to BM Objectives: - I using the standard formula provided by the WHO. 1. Determine Blood group using antisera 2. Evaluation of Lipid prole in obese individuals