Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Christ Church (Nottingham, Eng.)”

EARLY CHRISTIAN READINGS OF GENESIS ONE: Patristic Exegesis and Literal Interpretation by Craig D. Allert. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2018. 329 pages. Paperback; $38.00. ISBN: 9780830852017. *This volume is part of the Biologos Books on Science and Christianity series. Craig Allert is an associate professor of religious studies at Trinity Western University in Langley, BC, Canada. He holds a PhD in historical theology from the University of Nottingham, and has authored a number of books and articles on the topics of inspiration, canon, and the authority of scripture. *Allert notes that the aim of this book is "to give a window into the strange new world of the church fathers and how they understood creation themes in Genesis 1" (p. 3). Allert's purpose arises from what he sees as an irresponsible approach by some creation science advocates who proof-text and decontextualize the words of the church fathers to further their own theological agendas. For example, Duncan and Hall insist that the church fathers were consistent in seeing the days of Genesis 1 as six sequential (literal) twenty-four-hour days and that any other view is a relatively modern invention. Yet, a select reading of the fathers shows that there is some ambiguity in how a number of them understood the length of the days. Further, these church fathers generally approached the text from a nonliteral rather than a literal point of view. *While Allert mentions a number of church figures in his book, he places a particular emphasis on the person of Basil the Great. This is in response to creation science proponents who cite Basil as a literalist standing against those who use allegorical interpretive methods. By doing so, these scholars automatically support their own position while invalidating the witness of any church father whose interpretive method is different. But Allert pushes back on this view of Basil by asking two questions: "Is Basil actually an opponent of allegory?" and "Is the literal approach of the church fathers identical to the present interpretive method of the same label?" *Before engaging in the above questions, Allert begins by defining the church fathers and highlighting their relevance for present day Christianity. Then, in his second chapter, he surveys what he considers misinterpretations of some church fathers by several adherents of creation science. His following chapter outlines the historical nature of present literal interpretive methods and contrasts this with Jesus's and Paul's lack of concern for human authorial intent in their methods. This gives license for the church fathers' frequent use of spiritual or allegorical readings. It is in this chapter that Allert deconstructs the repeated assumption that there was a conflict between literal and allegorical schools of thought among the church fathers. *Chapter four brings us to Basil the Great and the questions concerning whether he was a literalist (as understood today) and whether he was truly against allegory. Allert shows that Basil's anti-allegorical language was likely used in his Hexameron because his hearers were unable to discern error in heretical allegorical interpretations. Further, Allert shows that outside the Hexameron, Basil often used spiritual or allegorical methods of interpretation. Even in the Hexameron, Basil used methods that cannot be easily categorized as "literal." For instance, the unstable, changeable nature of human beings was symbolized by the creation of the moon which is a body that is not always visible. *Chapters five through seven examine how some of the church fathers understood specific themes in the opening chapter of Genesis. Allert notes that creatio ex nihilo (creation out of nothing) arose as an interpretation of Genesis 1 because the church fathers saw creation from unformed matter as impinging on God's "providence, sovereignty, and eternality" (p. 228). Allert next explains that the church fathers treated the days in Genesis 1 in a variety of ways. For example, Theophilus saw the stars on the fourth day as reflecting those who kept the law of God: bright stars were those imitating the prophets, secondary stars represented the righteous, and the planets and stars that "pass over" were those who wandered from God. On the topic of "In the beginning," Allert delves into Augustine's distinction between time and eternity. For Augustine, time was evasive and likely didn't truly exist since it was always slipping away into the past. *Allert works hard to peel away the literalist label from Basil because such a description arises from a superficial reading of Basil's method and a mistaken idea of what "literal" meant to the church fathers. Further, he objects to the use of Basil (and other church fathers) as mere "ammunition" in the creation/evolution wars (p. 14). For this reason, Allert focuses his final chapter ("On Being like Moses") on Basil's understanding of humanity made in the image of God. Allert begins by explaining that Basil wanted the hearers of Genesis 1 to understand that its author (Moses) saw God face to face and that they should understand the text not in human ways (i.e., by literal interpretation) but by the Spirit (i.e., via spiritual and allegorical interpretation). Basil understood that the image of God referred to the inner self, the soul which could not be comprehended through the senses. That which could be understood through the senses, the body, was the mechanism by which the soul expressed itself. So, when the text referred to human beings ruling over the fish, it meant that human beings must use reason to control the passions of the flesh (i.e., body). In a similar, nonliteral, fashion, Basil understood image and likeness as different aspects of humanity. While image was connected to reason, "likeness" was built by the human choice to reign in those passions and (essentially) to "put on Christ" (p. 310). Similarly, Basil understood the commands to "multiply and grow" as the growth of both the body and the soul. Thus, Allert gives examples of Basil's nonliteral interpretation and puts into question the whole idea that Basil was a literalist. *This is an academic book. It is mostly geared to students and scholars with some familiarity with the church fathers and historic methods of interpretation. The argumentation is thoughtful and flows well, including how Allert describes the early church fathers, recounts the misuse of the fathers by some creation-science adherents, and unpacks their interpretive methods, particularly as they saw Genesis 1. The book is quite effective in leading the reader into the world of the fathers and unfolding both their contexts and their wider thoughts on interpreting scripture. For those unfamiliar with the church fathers, Allert's definition of who they were, the time frame in which they operated, and the criteria by which they were considered church fathers is all helpful. But even for those familiar with the fathers, Allert's portrayal of them as people playing a critical role (alongside scripture) in the survival and maintenance of the orthodox faith might be surprising and convincing. He also cites their texts extensively in his effort to give context to their words. He admits that the choice of church fathers is selective due to the constraints of space. *The book provides an excellent assessment of the importance of the church fathers and an evaluation of their interpretive methods. It also calls into question the assumption that the modern category of literal interpretation parallels the literal analysis of the church fathers. As a side accomplishment, the book casts doubt on the often-mentioned conflict between literal and allegorical interpretive camps. Most of all, it puts a serious dent in the argument that the church fathers interpreted scripture (and especially Genesis 1) in the same way as many proponents of creation science. The interpretation of Genesis 1 has become a litmus test of orthodoxy in a number of Christian circles; since the witness of the church fathers says something about what were normative or acceptable beliefs, any lack of care in using them in the creation/evolution debate will entrench positions on a topic that is already divisive. *Reviewed by Gordon C. Harris, Academic Director of CTF School of Ministry, Toronto, ON M9W 6M3.

Three cinquecento polychrome wood-carved altars have been preserved on the island of Lopud near Dubrovnik, the most monumental of which is situated in the parish church of Our Lady of Šunj. Its retable was constructed to resemble a classical aedicule, with an intricately carved frame and a central figural depiction of the Assumption of the Virgin, complemented by a complex iconographic programme in the symmetrically arranged adjoining scenes. Filling the small cassettes of the predella are reliefs of the Annunciation and Christ as the Man of Sorrows, together with perspectively rendered narrative scenes of the Last Supper and the Washing of the Feet, while in the pediment is a frontal depiction of the Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity. In the narrow side wings between the columns and pilasters are four bas-reliefs of local patron saints depicted half-turned towards the central image, and thus achieving an overall plastic harmony for a demanding content. In terms of space, the main scene is well-developed through a pronounced sculptural modelling of the figures of the eleven apostles in the round, the most prominent of which is that of St Peter, placed in the foreground and turned to face the nave of the church, while the others are consumed by the miraculous assumption of the Virgin into heaven. She is followed high up by a pair of small angels and several tiny symbolical cherubim heads, all of which helps to achieve an extremely convincing religious scene. Its attractiveness is significantly heightened by the all’antica realism and pedantic Roman-inspired modelling which highlight the skill of a highly trained and talented master wood carver, which leaves no doubt that this is a special work of art, and indeed, the most beautiful carved wood retable in the east Adriatic which has survived to date. In this first complete study of the altar, the author traces historical records in which it is mentioned without the exact year of its creation, origin or carver being cited. He dispels the tradition that the altar was brought from England, supposedly from the Chapel of Henry VIII, and explains this tradition as having been based on the discovery of an alabaster altar, a typical product of late Gothic workshops at Nottingham, several examples of which exist in Dalmatia. From the seventeenth-century records, on the other hand, we learn that the altar in the church of the „Madonna del Sugni” (a vernacular Italo-Croatian transformation of the word Assunta) was dedicated in 1572. An examination of comparative material establishes that the altar’s compositional scheme draws upon altarpieces painted by Alvise Vivarini around 1480, while its morphological features find their closest parallel in the activities and mannerisms of the Venetian workshop of Paolo Campsa, who worked from the 1490s to the early 1550s, and who sold his works in the wide area under the government of La Serenissima. The Republic of Venice profited a great deal from this export, while its urban centre’s innumerable wooden altars disappeared following subsequent changes of fashion. A group of securely attributed works shows that Paolo Campsa frequently borrowed formulas and idioms from Venetian painters of the older generation; analogies with two of Vivarini’s altar paintings confirm that he repeated this technique on the Lopud altar, even though altars as complex as this are not found in the surviving oeuvre of this artist. An overview of the extremely numerous works attributed to this fecund wood carver has not led to a secure attribution of this scenically developed altar to his hand. However, an analytical observation points to significant similarities with individual figures considered by scholars of Renaissance wooden sculpture to be products of his workshop - more a factory, in fact - or of his circle which, without a doubt, Paolo stamped with his mark. Apart from the assumption that there are master wood carvers who have not been identified, or formally and clearly differentiated, who followed his teachings and mannerisms, this paper opens the possibility of locating more exactly the place of the altar’s creation. Since Campsa’s workshop was active even after his death, it can be assumed that the altar was made in the 1560s or 1570s, and that it was transported and assembled on the island of Lopud for its dedication of 1572. Furthermore, the author observes the meaning of the subsequent addition of the background, which was painted once the altar reached its destination; it shows a summarized depiction of the scenery of Lopud and a tiny settlement with a precisely and proportionately drawn sailing ship docked at the island’s bay. The background reveals that the nature of the work was votive and, by identifying the layers of local historical circumstance and by combining them with the relevant written sources, it can be connected to the activities of the distinguished ship owner Miho Pracat, the richest citizen of the Republic of Dubrovnik during the cinquecento. Two more wooden sculptures can be added to Miho Pracat’s donation to his home island: the figures of St Catherine and St Roch which were also made in Venice and which had originally belonged to a small altar of his family in the local church of St Francis, known from archival records. This altar was composed of an older polychrome triptych, now unfortunately lost, and which, together with a pair of side statues, formed a piece resembling a number of altarpieces from Paolo Campsa’s workshop. Thus, the analysis of these works of art reveals key components of visual culture, and a peculiar mosaic of sixteenth-century artistic production in a peripheral community of the small island of Lopud under the government of the Republic of Dubrovnik.

This paper is an exploration of the elements for developing a program of liturgical formation according to the principles and themes indicated in Pope John Paul II’s Dilecti Amici. It is in line with the celebration of the 2019 Year of the Youth, as it endeavors to get to know the youth better in view of ministering to them more effectively. Indicated in the paper is a general overview of the current situation of the youth, highlighting such features as those pertinent to their interests and capacity for liturgical participation. By learning the proper exercise of their ministry and being imbued with the true spirit of the liturgy, they will be able to bring themselves and the people whom they serve to a more devout and fruitful participation in liturgical celebrations. The paper offered an exposition of Pope John Paul II’s Apostolic Letter Dilecti Amici to bring to clearer light his vision for young people in and for the Church and cues that are pertinent and relevant for the liturgical formation of the youth today. Moreover, the paper articulates some considerations and indications for forming young people in and for the liturgy to help them grow spiritually in their formative years and thus equip them with the needed skills and values to make a positive impact on the Church and on the society both now and in their future. References Bacani, T., A Spirituality for Ministry, Manila 2006. Bauerschmidt, F.- Buckley, J., Catholic Theology: An Introduction, Oxford 2017. Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines-Episcopal Commission on Youth (CBCP-ECY) and the Catholic Educational of Association of the Philippines (CEAP), "The National Filipino Catholic Youth Study", Manila 2015. Chupungco, A., "Active Participation," in Pastoral Liturgy: Shepherding God's Flock, ed. G. Diwa, Manila 2013, 29-61. Chupungco, A., "A Definition of Liturgy," in Handbook for Liturgical Studies 1: Introduction to the Liturgy, A.J. Chupungco, Collegeville 2000, p. 3-10. Chupungco, A., "Lay Liturgical Ministries," in Liturgy for the Filipino Church, ed. J. Manabat, Manila 2004, 199-208. Clemens, J., "The Church's Commitment to the Young: From John Paul II to Pope Francis," presented at the International Meeting on World Youth Day (Rio 2013-Krakow 2016) on 10-13 April 2014 at Sassone di Ciampino, Rome, p. 1-17. in <http://www.laici.va/content/dam/laici/documenti/clemens/english/Clemens%20%20the%20Church's%20commitment%20to%20the%20young.pdf.> Episcopal Commission on Catechism and Catholic Education of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, Catechism for Filipino Catholics (CFC), Manila 1997. Episcopal Commission on Catechism and Catholic Education of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippine, Catechism of the Catholic Church, (CCC), Manila 1994. John Paul II, Address to young people: "After his first Angelus at the end of the solemn liturgy that inaugurated his pontificate, 22 October 1978", International Meeting on WYD, Rio 2013 - Krakow 2016, The Church commitment to the young: from John Paul II to Pope Francis, (12 April 2014.) John Paul II, Catechesi tradendae, on Catechesis in our Time (16 October 1979) in Vatican Council II. More Post Conciliar Documents 2, ed. A. Flannery, Pasay City 1996, 762-814. John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Christifideles laici on the Vocation and the Mission of the Lay Faithful in the Church and in the World (30 December 1988), Pasay City 2014. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Dilecti Amici, (31 March 1984) to the Youth of the World on the Occasion of the International Youth Year. 1984. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Ecclesia de Eucharistia on the Eucharist in its Relationship to the Church (April 17, 2003). John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Vicesimus Quintus Annus on the 25th Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Conciliar Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the Sacred Liturgy (4 December 1988). L’Osservatore Romano (23-24 October 1978), p. 2. Mazza, E., Mystagogy, A Theology of Liturgy in the Patristic Age, New York 1989. Paul VI, "Apostolic Letter Ministeria Quaedam on the First Tonsure, Minor Orders, and Subdiaconate (15 August 1972)," in Vatican Council II. The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents, Vol. 1 ed. A. Flannery, New York 1996, 427-432. Pontifical Committee on International Eucharistic Congress, "Christ in You our Hope of glory", The Eucharist: source and goal of the Church's mission, Theological and pastoral reflections in preparation for the 51st International Congress, Cebu, Philippines 2016. Pontifical Council for the Laity, A Dicastery of the Roman Curia at the Service of the Laity (21 January 2014) Feast of St. Agnes, 2., Pope Francis message for the 29th World Youth Day. Pope Francis to the young people in celebration of Apostolic Journey to Rio de Janeiro on the occasion of the 28th World Youth Day, presented during the prayer vigil with the young people on 27 July 2013 at Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro. in <http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/july/documents/papafrancesco_20130727_gmg-veglia-giovani.html> Raas, B., "Ministries," in Liturgy, Ministries and the Bible, Manila 1992, 77-131. Second Vatican Council, Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the Sacred Liturgy (4 December 1963): AAS 56 (1964) 97-138. Eng. tr.: Vatican Council II. The Conciliar and Post-Conciliar Documents, ed. Flannery, 1-36. Second Vatican Council, “Declaration Gravissimum Educationis on Christian Education (28 October 1965),” AAS 58 (1966) 728-739. Eng. tr.: Vatican Council II, ed. Flannery, 725-737. Second Vatican Council, "Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium on the Church (21 November 1964)," in Vatican Council II. The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents, Vol. 1, ed. A. Flannery, New York 1996, 350-426. Second Vatican Council, "Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes on the Church in the Modern World: AAS (1965). Eng. tr.: Vatican Council II, ed. Flannery, 903-1014.

Abstract The succession of new endowments which the University received in the late eighteenth century to support medical teaching-posts were the first such benefactions for over a century, and offered the hope that Oxford might reemerge as a major centre of medical education.’ As an immediate result, the number of medical graduates increased threefold in the last two decades of the eighteenth century. By the will of Dr Matthew Lee, who died in 1755, Christ Church received a benefaction to establish an anatomy lectureship. The first lecturer was appointed in 1767 and an anatomy school was opened in Christ Church in the following year. In 1770 the Radcliffe Infirmary was opened and, by a bequest of the Chancellor of the University, Lord Lichfield, who died in 1772, a clinical professorship was established. The establishment of facilities for clinical teaching provided the foundation for later developments and represented an early example of the practice of clinical teaching of medical students in hospital wards. And finally, the will of Dr George Aldrich, a graduate of Merton and practitioner in Nottingham, who died in 1797, endowed professorships in anatomy and physiology, the practice of medicine, and chemistry.

Abstract THE history of British higher education from Victorian times is one of evolving hierarchy. It is briefly traced here as a developing relation between Oxford and the system of higher education for reasons bluntly expressed by Edward Shils in 1955. ‘If a young man, talking to an educated stranger, refers to his university studies, he is asked “Oxford or Cambridge?”. And if he says Aberystwyth or Nottingham, there is disappointment on the one side and embarrassment on the other. It has always been that way’ (Shils 1955: So). Whether in the pages of eternity twentieth-century Oxford was a ‘good thing’ is an open question; the cultural fact of its superior image is a closed one. Not only was it a famous university but frequently the symbol of all universities. And it was more than a university. It was an integral part of an ancient establishment along with the crown and the aristocracy. So members of Hebdomadal Council (the elected central committee of the university) would refer to each other as the Warden (of All Souls) or the Dean (of Christ Church) with the same ceremonious attribution of dignified office as was used in the House of Lords. University College, London was seen as ‘provincial’ while University College, Oxford was metropolitan. Of course, ‘wherever two or three are gathered together’ there also shall be a sociological commonplace: invidious comparisons will emerge.