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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Guo, Haifeng, Robert Brooks i Hung-Gay Fung. "Underpricing of Chinese Initial Public Offerings". Chinese Economy 44, nr 5 (wrzesień 2011): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ces1097-1475440504.

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Chi, Jing, Chunping Wang i Martin Young. "Long-Run Outperformance of Chinese Initial Public Offerings". Chinese Economy 43, nr 5 (wrzesień 2010): 62–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ces1097-1475430505.

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Su, Chen, Kenbata Bangassa i David Brookfield. "Long-Run Performance of Chinese Initial Public Offerings: Further Evidence*". Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies 40, nr 2 (kwiecień 2011): 285–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6156.2011.01039.x.

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Luo, Yan, Xiaolin Qian i Jinjuan Ren. "Initial public offerings and air pollution: evidence from China". Journal of Asia Business Studies 9, nr 1 (5.01.2015): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-08-2014-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of firms’ financing activities on the environment. Faced with a deteriorating global environment, both corporations and regulatory bodies have become more responsive to environmental conservation problems. However, existing literature has not adequately addressed the question of whether and how firms’ business activities influence the environment. Design/methodology/approach – Using the daily air pollution indices of 120 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2012, this study found that air pollution is alleviated after firms’ initial public offerings (IPOs). This paper proposes that firms’ IPOs influence the ambient air pollution through three channels: production scale, technical reform and corporate governance effects. Findings – The authors of this study found that the proceeds acquired in IPOs result in enlarged production scales that increase pollution, while the investment of these proceeds in social responsibility-related technical reform and enhanced corporate governance reduce pollution. Moreover, the authors discover that firms with a higher state ownership emit fewer pollutants, thus supporting the positive monitoring role of the Chinese government. Originality/value – Although this study investigates the impact of IPOs on air quality in China, the proposed analytical framework also applies to studies of other financing activities in global markets. This study has important policy implications for government regulations in environmental controls.
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Chen, Chao, Wenbin Chen i Jing Chi. "Underpricing and Operating Performance of Chinese B-Share Initial Public Offerings". Chinese Economy 39, nr 5 (październik 2006): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ces1097-1475390503.

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Chen, Su-Jane, i Ming-Hsiang Chen. "The Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings in the Chinese Tourism Industry". Tourism Economics 16, nr 3 (wrzesień 2010): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000010792278293.

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Low, Chee Keong. "Initial Public Offerings and Interest Income in Hong Kong". European Business Law Review 18, Issue 3 (1.05.2007): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2007024.

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While the literature encompasses many aspects of initial public offerings around the world, it has largely ignored the issue of interest income generated by placing the application moneys in overnight money market accounts as companies prepare to allot shares to the subscribers. The confluence of highly favourable conditions namely, rising interest rates coupled with euphoria over the listing of Mainland Chinese companies is estimated to result in HK$1.8 billion, or about US$230 million, in gross interest income accruing to the companies that listed on the Main Board of Stock Exchange of Hong Kong during 2006. Using data from the 53 initial public offerings in Hong Kong for the year, this paper highlights some shortcomings of the existing system and puts forth recommendations for their rectification which principal objective is a more equitable application of this ‘windfall’.
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Cheng, C. S. Agnes, Jing Wang i Steven X. Wei. "State Ownership and Earnings Management around Initial Public Offerings: Evidence from China". Journal of International Accounting Research 14, nr 2 (1.06.2015): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51193.

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ABSTRACT This study investigates earnings management by firms around their initial public offerings (IPOs) in domestic Chinese equity markets. Using a sample of 437 IPO firms, we find that Chinese firms tend to inflate earnings around their IPOs. We also show that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) manage earnings to a lesser degree than non-state-owned enterprises (NSOEs) do around IPOs. Furthermore, using path analysis, we find that two incentive factors, CEO shareholding and accessibility to bank loans, explain 48 percent of the correlation between state ownership and earnings management for IPO firms. In particular, accessibility to bank loans is a more important incentive factor that leads to less earnings management for SOEs than NSOEs.
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Khurshed, Arif, Yan Tong i Mingzhu Wang. "Split-share structure reform and the underpricing of Chinese initial public offerings". European Journal of Finance 24, nr 16 (22.11.2015): 1485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351847x.2015.1107603.

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Chi, Jing, i Carol Padgett. "Operating Performance and Its Relationship to Market Performance of Chinese Initial Public Offerings". Chinese Economy 39, nr 5 (październik 2006): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ces1097-1475390502.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Yuan, Jie. "Alternative explanations of under-pricing of Chinese initial public offerings". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10820/.

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The thesis contains an empirical study designed to reveal why initial public offerings (IPO) of common stocks (A-share) in China are on average under-priced from alternative angles as opposed to more established theories, using a dataset of 880 IPOs from January 1996 to December 2003. A much higher degree of under-pricing compared to developed markets and even other emerging markets is a distinct feature of China’s A-share IPOs. Previous literatures based on classical hypotheses have not been able to fully explain such high level of under-pricing. Hence, alternative explanations have been put forward by academics as well as practitioner. It is said that the Chinese government has big influences in China’s primary market through tightly controlled issuing system and opaque regulatory constraints. People speculate that such influences have been both intentionally and unintentionally exerted, causing IPO under-pricing. A major contribution of the thesis is to test some new hypotheses based on three untested statements in China’s IPO literatures i.e. speculation effect, “Western Region Development” policy effect and government protection effect, which are all associated with government direct or indirect influences. More specifically, speculation effect hypotheses assume that the government constraints and regulator drawbacks have caused high level of speculation, which in turn drives the IPO under-pricing. “Western Region Development” policy effect hypotheses claim that government intentionally uses IPO under-pricing to lure investments into less developed and thus less favourable western region companies. Government protection effect hypotheses conjecture that IPO under-pricing is a compensation for investors’ concern of potential government interference in the government-protected firms. The thesis finds that speculation effect hypothesis is largely supported by empirical data while the other two are not. The thesis has also re-tested hypotheses advanced in previous literatures including classical information asymmetry hypotheses, ex ante uncertainty hypotheses, investors’ behaviour hypotheses as well as existing China-specific hypothesis such as listing time lag hypothesis. Proxies such as government retention rate that have emerged in privatisation IPO literatures are also borrowed by Chinese researchers looking into China-specific institutional settings such as dominant government control. The thesis finds that information asymmetry hypotheses in general show more strength in explaining China’s IPO under-pricing while empirical evidence for other hypotheses are either mixed or weak. In the end, the thesis finds that alternative angles emerging from the tests of the three statements combined with some classical hypotheses supported by empirical data have a greater power to explain China’s high IPO under-pricing. The so-called “floatation game” hypothesis has been put forward by researchers such as Tian (2003) who claims that the Chinese government makes use of IPOs with different lengths of IPO listing time lag i.e. the time lag between IPO announcement date and actual listing date to adjust the equity market cycle. In other words, the government let go public the IPOs with longer listing time lag thus more likely higher initial returns in the bear market and vice versa. The thesis does not find support to the “floatation game” hypothesis, although the thesis does find that the market cycle is closely related to the IPO under-pricing and the number of IPOs issued.
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Chi, Jing. "The performance and characteristics of the Chinese IPO market". Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288749.

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Li, Dairui. "The life cycle of initial public offering companies : a panel analysis of Chinese listed companies". Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26773/.

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Many prior studies have been devoted to the performance of Chinese listed companies over the last 20 years, however they have largely neglected what influence the transition of the post-IPO companies. This thesis reports on one of the first empirical attempts to investigate what factors influence the post-issue transition of Chinese initial public offering (IPO) companies into one of the post-IPO states over the life cycle of the company. These can be represented by either healthy state, get acquired, or delisting outright. Also, a company has strong (S-M&A) or weak performance (W-M&A) prior becoming acquisition target. Using panel data from 1998 to 2008, this research constructs measures for a large number of factors for all publicly listed companies on the Chinese stock market, particularly examines the impact of agency costs, board characteristics and ultimate ownership. With logistic regressions, this research shows that the probability of the W-M&A and delisting states goes up as agency costs increase, which indicates that agency costs are responsible for non-healthy post-IPO status. Of the board characteristics variables, higher board independence exists in healthy companies compared to acquired and delisted companies. This suggests that board independence is associated with the incidence of transition to healthy post-IPO state. CEO duality and board size do not appear to be significant determinants. Furthermore, state ultimate-controlled companies are more likely to get into both M&A states, implying that the state ownership has become one of the most important factor in determining the M&A transactions. However the state ultimate ownership deters companies from delisting. The results display significant evidence that the ultimate ownership is important for transition to the post-IPO states. Besides, this research points out that high-technology, great pre-IPO operating performance, large IPO offering size and low IPO initial returns are accountable for survival in the after-market.
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Li, Qiang, i n/a. "The Measurement of Short- and Long- Term Returns of Chinese Initial Public Offerings and the Identification of Corporate Governance Variables That May Explain These Returns". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061017.155437.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the aftermarket performance of Chinese initial public offerings (IPOs) and corporate governance for firms that listed during the years 1999 to 2001. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the significance of corporate governance variables as explanations of IPOs aftermarket performance. By doing so, a set of hypotheses dealing with the relationships between IPO aftermarket performance and three categories of independent variables: corporate governance variables; issue variables; and control variables, were examined. The descriptive analysis indicates that IPOs in China continue to provide significant short-term returns to investors, although the level of underpricing has declined from that found in earlier studies. This finding suggests a growing level of maturity and sophistication in the Chinese IPO market. The analysis of long-term performance indicates negative returns to investors which is consistent with international evidence but challenges the bulk of prior Chinese studies. It is found that there is no significant relationship between corporate governance variables and IPO returns in the short-term with the exception of board composition, while IPO underpricing is primarily explained by the imbalance between supply and demand and the inefficient capital market in China. The significance of board composition can be explained by the launch of the new corporate governance code on board structures in 2001. Overall the empirical evidence shows that the Information Asymmetry Hypothesis is an appropriate explanation of the underpricing of Chinese IPOs. In the long-term, it is found that corporate governance variables do have explanatory power for the market performance of Chinese IPOs, in particular state ownership and the separation of Chairman and CEO, supporting the notion that corporate governance appears to be important to IPO investors in the long-term. It also confirms the view that investors are willing to pay a premium for the shares of what they consider to be well-governed firms in the long-term. Besides corporate governance variables, both issue variables and control variables are also found to have explanatory power in IPO aftermarket performance. In particular firm size, IPO offer price, IPO lottery rate and industry are significantly related to IPO short-term performance in China, while growth in earning per share, firm size and industry are related to the long-term market performance.
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Jiao, Jian, i Xuan Guo. "Do Chinese underwriters grandstand to attract more firms when they are ready to go public?" Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34920.

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The concept of grandstanding comes from Gompers (1996), in his article, he defined “to grandstand” as “to act or conduct oneself with a view to impressing onlookers”. The idea of grandstanding does not only apply solely to venture capital but also could apply to underwriters of IPOs industry as well.

IPOs activities provide huge revenues for underwriters, so underwriters compete with each other for IPO business. China’s stock market grows explosively after 2006, and it has the highest underpricing, as well as more and more underwriters have emerged recently, so our paper is constrained under Chinese stock market environment. We empirically examine whether inexperienced underwriters grandstand when they conduct IPOs in order to achieve more market shares, for example by deliberate underpricing or charging lower fee rates.

This study is conducted from the underwriter’s perspective. We use two kinds of reputation measurement methods to define “inexperienced” and “prestigious underwriters” and employ a quantitative approach to analyze the data. Evidence from a sample of 392 IPOs from June 19, 2006 to March 24, 2010 suggests that inexperienced underwriters do not have incentives to grandstand. The number of IPOs that underwriters have conducted and recent IPO performance do not always contribute to a gain of market share directly. Therefore, inexperienced underwriters do not provide more underpriced IPOs nor do they charge lower fee rates. Evidence also marginally supports that underwriters do not intend to conduct small offer sized IPOs.

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Schöber, Thomas. "Buyout-Backed Initial Public Offerings". kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3479.

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Imtiaz, Talat. "Initial public offerings in Pakistam". Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399022.

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Tastan, M. "Essays on initial public offerings". Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8339/.

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The present dissertation includes three essays on initial public offerings (IPO). The first chapter investigates the impact of venture capital (VC) syndicate size and diversity on the IPO and post-IPO performances of investee companies. We provide evidence that firms backed by larger and more diverse VC syndicates experience greater underpricing and lower post-IPO profitability. We suggest that this might be the consequence of coordination problems and conflicts of interests within large and heterogeneous VC syndicates which ultimately results in poorer added value for the investee companies. We also provide some evidence that the negative impact of VC syndicate size and diversity on IPO underpricing can be mitigated by the existence of alternative monitoring mechanisms such as bank loans. In the second essay, using text sentiment analysis, we investigate the relationship between tone, length and information content of prospectuses and underpricing in a sample of UK IPOs between 2004 and 2012. The peculiar feature of the UK IPO market is the wide use of fixed-priced offerings to go public, which, contrary to bookbuilding, does not allow any price discovery. Our results show that, for fixed-priced IPOs, the length of the admission document is positively correlated to the offer price and negatively correlated to underpricing and to ex-post volatility, whereas different tone and information content in the document seem to matter less. We further show that admission documents have become substantially longer for all types of IPOs since the recent financial crisis but that their impact on IPO pricing appears to be significant only during the pre-crisis period. The last chapter, the third essay, investigates how the market for European IPOs has changed, if at all, since the recent financial crisis. For this purpose we have constructed a comprehensive dataset of European IPOs between 2000 and 2012. Our research focuses on whether and how the costs, both direct and indirect, of going public have changed in the wake of the recent financial crisis. Our results suggest that both underpricing and underwriting fees have decreased since 2007. A closer look at the underwriting markets also shows that, since the financial crisis, underwriters have tended to syndicate more, and that there are some newcomers among the top ten underwriters. Additionally, we shed some light on the determinants of going public during post-crisis period, and we find that traditional models are of very little use in explaining IPO decisions during the recent recession.
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Reese, William Arthur Jr 1956. "Essays concerning initial public offerings". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288831.

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This dissertation uses samples of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) to examine the separate effects that a capital gains tax and investor interest have on trading volume and returns. Chapter one looks at how different tax rates for long-term and short-term capital gains and losses affect trading in IPOs. Prior to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA '86), long-term capital gains were taxed at a lower rate than short-term gains, presenting investors with an opportunity to increase their after-tax return by delaying the sale of appreciated assets until after they qualified for long-term status and selling depreciated assets prior to long-term qualification. Using a sample of Initial Public Offering, I find that stocks that appreciated prior to long-term qualification exhibit increased trading volume and decreased returns just after their qualification date, while stocks that depreciated prior to long-term qualification exhibit these effects just prior to their qualification date. Chapter two explores how the previously undefined variable "investor interest" affects an IPO's trading activity. The level of investor interest in an IPO prior to its issue influences its offer price, its initial return and its initial trading volume. After issue, this interest level impacts the stock's long-term trading volume, leading to a positive relationship between an IPO's initial return and its trading volume for more than three years after issuance. Using newspaper references as a proxy for the level of interest in a firm, I find that investor interest is positively related to initial return, initial trading volume and long-term trading volume.
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Yu, Lei, i 于雷. "Two essays on initial public offerings". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4129063X.

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Książki na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Ibbotson, Roger G. Initial public offerings. [New Haven, CT]: Yale School of Organization and Management, 1993.

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Wall, David K. Underpricing of initial public offerings. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1993.

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Aggarwal, Reena. Ownership structure and initial public offerings. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Jovanovic, Boyan. Interest rates and initial public offerings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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1956-, Gregoriou Greg N., red. Initial public offerings: An international perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.

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Keloharju, Matti. Three essays on initial public offerings. Helsinki: Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 1992.

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Zattoni, Alessandro, i William Judge, red. Corporate Governance and Initial Public Offerings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139061513.

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Anderson, Seth C., T. Randolph Beard i Jeffery A. Born. Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2295-9.

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Randolph, Beard T., i Born Jeffery A, red. Initial public offerings: Findings and theories. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

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Shiller, Robert J. Initial public offerings: Investor behavior and underpricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.

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Części książek na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Allen, Franklin, Darien Huang, Jun ‘QJ’ Qian i Mengxin Zhao. "The Initial Public Offering of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)". W The Chinese Economy, 199–228. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137034298_10.

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Ising, Peter. "Initial Public Offerings". W Earnings Accruals and Real Activities Management around Initial Public Offerings, 5–10. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03794-9_2.

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Derrien, Francois. "Initial Public Offerings". W Behavioral Finance, 475–90. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118258415.ch25.

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Anderson, Seth C., T. Randolph Beard i Jeffery A. Born. "Initial Public Offerings: An Introduction". W Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories, 1–4. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2295-9_1.

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Torrence, Phillip D. "Legal Considerations in Initial Public Offerings". W Private Equity, Second Edition, 85–109. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119203391.ch5.

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Wirtz, Bernd W., i Eva Salzer. "Das Management von Initial Public Offerings". W IPO-Management, 3–14. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-92966-2_1.

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Dimovski, Bill. "Initial Public Offerings of Energy Companies". W Energy Economics and Financial Markets, 235–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30601-3_13.

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Megginson, William L., i Kathleen A. Weiss. "Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings". W Venture Capital, 371–95. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315235110-22.

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Anderson, Seth C., T. Randolph Beard i Jeffery A. Born. "History, Regulation, and Process". W Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories, 5–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2295-9_2.

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Anderson, Seth C., T. Randolph Beard i Jeffery A. Born. "Empirical Findings". W Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories, 13–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2295-9_3.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Meng, Dan. "A Neural Network Model to Predict Initial Return of Chinese SMEs Stock Market Initial Public Offerings". W 2008 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2008.4525247.

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Hai-feng, Guo. "An empirical study on the initial public offering effect of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprise board". W 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2013.6586473.

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Hruška, Domagoj, Hruška Milković i Maja Daraboš Longin. "INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CROATIA". W 14th Economics & Finance Conference, Lisbon. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2020.014.006.

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Cao, Lantao, Yidan Hu, Jiachen Liu i Yuwei Mao. "Media Coverage Influence on Initial Public Offerings (IPO)". W 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.148.

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Cheng, Jao-Hong, Huei-Ping Chen i Sun-Far Chang. "A Research on Information Spillover Effects in Initial Public Offerings". W Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2007.130.

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Pu, Danlin, i ShanPing Wang. "Empirical research on the underpricing of initial public offerings in China". W EM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2009.5344622.

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Hruška, Domagoj, Dražen Milković i Maja Daraboš Longin. "ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND UNDERPRICING OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS: EVIDENCE FROM CROATIA". W 14th Economics & Finance Conference, Lisbon. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2020.014.007.

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Chang-chun, Lv, Sun Jing-chun i Wang Jian-wei. "Governance Structure and Operating Performance of Initial Public Offerings in China: A New Explanation". W 2006 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2006.314005.

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Mishra, Abhishek, i Yogendra Sisodia. "Roberta Goes for IPO: Prospectus Analysis with Language Models for Indian Initial Public Offerings". W 9th International Conference on Foundations of Computer Science & Technology (CST 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121905.

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With the advent of large-scale language models in natural language processing (NLP), extracting valuable information from financial documents has gained popularity among researchers, and deep learning has boosted the development of effective text mining models. Prospectus text mining is very important for the investor community to identify major risk factors and evaluate the usage of the amount to be raised during an IPO. In this paper, we investigate how the recently introduced pre-trained language model Roberta can be adapted for this task. We also introduced prospectus-specific sentence transformers for semantic textual similarity along with a dataset to verify the efficacy of our work.
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Guanyu, Ye, i Lou Silu. "Notice of Retraction: The performances of smallcap initial public offerings evidence in New Zealand". W 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5881424.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Chinese initial public offerings"

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Jovanovic, Boyan, i Peter Rousseau. Interest Rates and Initial Public Offerings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luty 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10298.

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Shiller, Robert. Initial Public Offerings: Investor Behavior and Underpricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2806.

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Gale, Ian, i Joseph Stiglitz. The Informational Content of Initial Public Offerings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luty 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3259.

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Aggarwal, Reena, Nagpurnanand Prabhala i Manju Puri. Institutional Allocation In Initial Public Offerings: Empirical Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, lipiec 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9070.

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Gompers, Paul, i Josh Lerner. The Really Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings: The Pre-NASDAQ Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, październik 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8505.

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