Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / China trade porcelain – netherlands

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „China trade porcelain – netherlands”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "China trade porcelain – netherlands"

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Nilsson Schönborg, Göte. "Kinesiskt porslin, ostindiehandel och arkeologi i Göteborg". In Situ Archaeologica 3 (31.12.2002): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58323/insi.v3.13594.

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”Chinese porcelain, oriental trade and archaeology in Gothenburg. Pieces of porcelain tells about 17th and 18th century trade with China”: In this overview the oriental trade between China and Europe and the Swedish trade company SOIC in the seventeenth century is treated. It is also a discussion of urban archaeology in the city of Göteborg and the Chinese porcelain and potsherds from an archaeological point of view.
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Ke, Jin, i Chen Yanli. "A study on the transformation of imagery and the history of exports of Chinese Guangcai porcelain during the Qing Dynasty". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, nr 11-1 (1.11.2023): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202310statyi63.

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Guangcai porcelain with its distinct export patterns is an important component of porcelain trade between China and the West. Studying the history of transformation within images used for decorating Qing Guangcai, the authors consider the historical model of visual imagery that fuses Chinese and Western culture, research the history of transformation of porcelain exports and the changes in Guangcai decoration, thus connecting porcelain aesthetics, its cultural and artistic value, and the history of foreign trade.
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Ping, TANG. "The “China House” Metaphors in Ben Jonson’s Comedy Epicene, or The Silent Woman". Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, nr 4 (30.12.2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2022.0204.014.p.

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In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Britain’s strong desire for luxury goods such as Chinese porcelain triggered an active participation in the early global trade. Ben Jonson was one of the English Renaissance playwrights who highly mentioned China and Chinese porcelain in his works. In his London comedy Epicene, or The Silent Woman, the “China House” where Chinese porcelain is displayed and sold, has taken on multiple metaphorical connotations, and become essential to understand the urban life of London in the Jacobean era. With a focus on “China House” as three metaphors, such as the booming commercial trade, a famous fashion center as well as the social Vanity Fair, this paper aims to reveal Jonson’s ambivalent attitudes towards London’s commercialism in the context of the early global trade.
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Clark, Leah R. "The peregrinations of porcelain". Journal of the History of Collections 32, nr 2 (19.02.2019): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy063.

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Abstract The Medici of Florence have long been acknowledged as possessing the largest collection of Chinese porcelain in the fifteenth century, but this article reveals that in fact Eleonora d’Aragona, Duchess of Ferrara had the largest such collection in Italy at this time. In fifteenth-century Europe, porcelain came not directly from China but rather through trade and diplomacy with foreign courts, so that its peregrinations gave rise to entangled histories and reception. Taking porcelain as a case-study, it is argued here that examining collecting through the lens of trade and diplomacy provides new interpretations of – and demands new approaches to – the history of collecting.
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Tai, Yew Seng. "Ming Gap and the Revival of Commercial Production of Blue and White Porcelain in China". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31 (26.05.2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v31i0.9437.

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This paper lists the blue and white porcelains excavated with date inscriptions or from datable tombs in China and shows that there was a ‘Ming Gap’ of blue and white porcelain in China too. Previously, Ming Gap was thought to be restricted to Southeast Asia. This author argues that no blue and white porcelain was allowed to produce in commercial kilns in early Ming Dynasty. But, when the needed raw material, cobalt--which relied on trade in the time of Ming Ban--could be produced locally, the commercial production of blue and white porcelain restarted.
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Guo, Mo. "Christian Iconography on Ming and Qing Chinese Porcelain: Religious Influence and Artistic Hybridization". Religions 15, nr 4 (11.04.2024): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15040472.

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Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in China through maritime trade networks, missionary activities have been changing from the 16th century to the 18th century. Christian missionaries faced numerous challenges stemming from cultural context and religious policies in China. Throughout history, various religious strategies have been employed to address these challenges. The use of Chinese porcelain to depict Christian imagery holds significant importance. The present study is focused on four representative Chinese porcelains dating from the Ming to Qing dynasties, each associated with specific phases of Christianity in China. Examining the connections between the Christian mission in China and Christian iconography on Chinese porcelain leads to the conclusion that the visual culture associated with the Christian mission in China is influenced by and reflects intercultural or interreligious dialogue with mutual understanding. In the meantime, it signifies an intricate process of interaction, appropriation, hybridization, and adaptation, through which Christian iconography gained new significance on Chinese porcelain.
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Kenzhaev, Sardor N. "FROM THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR AND THE CHINESE (MIN) EMPIRE". JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, nr 10 (30.10.2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-10-8.

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This article discusses trade relations with China during the reign of Amir Temur, a blow to the northern trade route bypassing the people of the Chigatay ulus and the wider participation of southern cities in world trade and economic relations between the state of Amir Temur and the Chinese (Minsk) dynasty, relations were carried out in mainly through East Turkestan, the trade routes passing through this region and the characteristics of the roads were analyzed. Also, a comparative analysis of historical literature data highlights the main trade products related to the value of silk, tea, porcelain in the state of Amir Temur's horses in China
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Den Butter, Frank, i Raphie Hayat. "Trade between China and The Netherlands: a case study of trade in tasks". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 6, nr 3 (30.09.2013): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-03-2012-0004.

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Liang, Ding. "The Influence of the Grassland Silk Road on the Porcelain Styles of the Yuan Dynasty during the Mongol-Yuan Period". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, nr 3 (10.06.2022): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-3-47-51.

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Mongol-Yuan period was a special time in Chinese history, with a vast territory and prosperous trade and culture. On the basis of inheriting the nomadic culture of all dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty created a larger range of cultural exchange and dissemination. Among China's Silk Roads, the Grassland Silk Road started the earliest, has the longest history, spans the longest and covers the widest area. The Grassland Silk Road has not only spread Chinese culture to the world, but also an important way to introduced foreign culture, especially the Islamic civilization through this way introduced into China The multi-cultural and multi-ethnic integration and unprecedented prosperity of trade during the Mongol-Yuan period brought the development of the Grassland Silk Road into its heyday. The culture, technology, materials, and craftsmen of the Western Regions spread along this trade route had more influence on the decorative modeling of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty. The egg-white glaze, blue glaze, and blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty have all become typical representatives of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, and have become great treasures that have been passed down to future generations. The porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty was inclusive and open, and innovative, not only absorbing the culture of the Western Regions, grassland culture, and the culture of the Central Plains but also integrating and developing multiple cultures, forming unique decorative modeling characteristics, which contributed to the vigorous development of the porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty.
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Kašťáková, Elena, Anabela Luptáková i Barbora Družbacká. "EU — China trade cooperation in the context of the BRI: Analysis and perspectives on different examples of the EU countries". St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 38, nr 1 (2022): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2022.101.

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This paper aims to examine the EU’s foreign trade relations with China following the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess trade intensity developments and identify the export potential of China’s largest trading partners in the EU. We established two hypotheses:1) in the context of the BRI, the intensity of Chinese trade to the EU was higher than the intensity of EU trade to China during the period considered; 2) the export potential of the EU’s most important partners to China in 2019 focused on higher value-added commodities in the context of the BRI. We used the trade intensity index to confirm hypothese 1. In the case of hypothese 2, the export potential indicator was used to identify products that have good prospects for further export. The EU is China’s largest trading partner with a growing trend in mutual trade. An examination of trade intensity has shown that trade flows between countries have been lower than expected given the position of economies in the world economy. German exporters recorded the highest activity, but the Netherlands recorded the highest intensity of Chinese exports to the EU. Coetaneous, we can say that Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands had the untapped export potential to China, which mainly concerned motor vehicles and parts, machinery, and pharmaceutical components. The BRI can be seen as a slightly positive impact on the development of trade and investment cooperation between the EU and China
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "China trade porcelain – netherlands"

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Balard, Nancy. "La destinée de Jingdezhen, capitale de la porcelaine". Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805675.

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Jingdezhen, bourg de la province reculée du Jiangxi, a révolutionné l'histoire de la céramique en proposant au monde dès la dynastie des Song une porcelaine par nulle autre égalée. Développant une industrie porcelainière organisée à tous les points de vue, elle en est arrivée à devenir la capitale de la porcelaine. La place qui fut accordée à la porcelaine de Jingdezhen dans les régions importatrices -- Asie, Proche et Moyen-Orient, Afrique orientale, Europe et Amériques --témoigne de l'estime qu'elle gagna. Cet objet, entre art et artisanat, s'immisça dans divers aspects de la vie des populations concernées et influença ces dernières de manière plus ou moins évidente. Après un brillant passé, Jingdezhen dut faire face à une période de crise à partir de la fin de l'empire. Pour tous, sa gloire fait partie de l'Histoire. Pourtant, face à de nouveaux défis, la ville s'inscrit encore de nos jours dans sa destinée de capitale de la porcelaine.
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"市場變遷中的瓷器生產: 澳門開埠前期(1553年-1600年)中葡貿易瓷器研究". 2015. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6116480.

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本文以早期中葡貿易瓷器為主要研究對象，具體時期為澳門開埠前期，即大約1553年至1600年之間。根據文獻記載，葡萄牙人於1514年首次到達中國，此後由於中葡關係一度交惡，未得官方許可的葡商遊走於中國海域的各個離島，與沿海商人暗中進行走私貿易。直到1553年（葡文獻記載為1557年），葡萄牙人佔據澳門，並逐漸將其發展成為葡萄牙對中及亞洲貿易的主要據點，中葡貿易的規模才迅速增長，並趨穩定，保持了隨後近一個世紀的繁盛。
澳門開埠，標誌著中葡貿易進入一個新的階段，這一變化亦清晰地反映在作為商品的瓷器之上，除數量的激增外，為了滿足歐洲市場的需要，一批具有全新風格及功能的外銷瓷器被生產出來，這類瓷器即是本文研究和討論的重點。以往由於實物資料的缺乏，以及對克拉克瓷研究的單一關注，學界對澳門開埠前期貿易瓷器面貌的認識長期不足。因此，本文將集中對此時期的貿易瓷器進行系統的整理和分析。
學界通常認為，十六、十七世紀之交流行的克拉克瓷器（Kraak Porcelain），是外銷青花瓷器專為歐洲市場創造的全新風格，然而筆者通過近年來對澳門及葡萄牙本土遺址出土瓷器材料的研究與考察，認為這種風格的創新，在澳門開埠不久（即十六世紀中期）已見端倪。因此，本文將選取葡萄牙內陸科英布拉市一處修道院遺址出土的中國瓷器，作為澳門開埠前期貿易瓷器的代表材料，與此前暢銷於東南亞及中東市場的中國瓷器、中葡貿易離島時期所交易的瓷器進行比對，由類型、紋樣及尺寸等方面入手，論證貿易瓷器品貌的巨大轉變發生在澳門開埠前期（1553-1600年）。並在此基礎上，結合文獻檔案及實物資料，進一步論證瓷器面貌發生轉變的原因，是對於歐洲市場審美與功能需要的契合，得出專供歐洲市場的中國外銷瓷產生於澳門開埠前期的結論，挑戰對於克拉克瓷器的傳統認知。
最後，本文對貿易瓷器生產的不同階段及其紋樣及類型的發展趨勢進行考證，與後期出現的克拉克瓷器進行比對，理解貿易瓷器的生產革新對於克拉克瓷的先導作用。研究結果亦可釐清十六世紀中後期外銷瓷器的類型與紋樣特徵，完善我們對明代瓷器風貌的認識。
This thesis mainly focuses on the research of Sino-Portuguese trade porcelain during the early days of Macau’s colonization (between 1553 to 1600 AD). According to historical texts, the Portuguese first arrived in China in 1514 AD. However, because of poor diplomatic relations, the Portuguese resorted to smuggling along the Chinese coasts and neighbouring islands, since they were forbidden to trade near the mainland. It wasn’t until 1553 AD (1557 AD in Portuguese historical texts), the Portuguese occupied Macau and gradually developed it into a main stronghold of Sino-Portuguese maritime trade. Since then, the Sino-Portuguese trade rapidly grew and transitioned into a stable, prosperous business, which lasted almost a century.
Macau’s colonization signified a new stage in Sino-Portuguese trade, which was clearly reflected on porcelain goods. In addition to the increase of quantity, export porcelain with new styles and functions were produced to meet the European market’s demand. These products are the focus of this thesis. In the past, academic research on porcelain during the early period of Macau’s colonization was inadequate due to the lack of first-hand material and the sole focus of Kraak Porcelain. Therefore, this thesis will systematically analyze and categorize the export porcelain during this time period.
Academics generally believed that Kraak Porcelain between the 16th and 17th Centuries was a new trend for the European market. However, through the research and investigations of porcelains unearthed in Macau and Portuguese sites, the writer believes the trend already existed during the early period of Macau’s colonization (mid-16th Century). Therefore, this thesis will use the porcelains unearthed in a monastery site at Coimbra, Portugal as typical research materials, and compare them with the porcelains traded in the Southeast Asian and Middle Eastern markets, along with the early trade porcelains between Chinese and Portuguese merchants (before 1553). Thereby proving the transition and time period of the emergence of export porcelain through types, decoration and dimension. On this basis, combined with historical information and factual evidence, further discuss the change of export porcelain, and its correlation with the aesthetic and functional requirements of the European market.
Last but not least, this thesis will attempt to make the reader understand the transition and innovation of export porcelains may play a leading role to the development of Kraak Porcelain. This will be achieved through comparing the investigation of the different developmental stages of the types and decoration of export porcelains, with Kraak Porcelain, which appeared at a later time period. The research results can also clarify the characteristics of types and decorations of export porcelains during the mid and late 16th Century, which provides a holistic understanding of Ming Dynasty porcelain traits.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
王冠宇.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-270).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Wang Guanyu.
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Miller, Aaron. "The Far East in the northeast : an analysis of the Chinese export porcelain excavated at Ferryland, Newfoundland /". 2005.

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"克拉克瓷研究". Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075275.

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Due to limited sources available, Chinese scholars so far are slightly behind the Western scholars in the study of Chinese export porcelain. It is sincerely hope that the current in-depth analysis of Kraak porcelain will contribute to portray a more comprehensive picture of Chinese export porcelain.
Kraak porcelain is a type of Chinese export porcelain with unique features which was produced in the second half of the sixteenth century for European market. It was the earliest type of export porcelain of some scale and had distinct characteristics. In this attempt to understand the rich cultural significance of Kraak porcelain, interdisciplinary research methodologies have been integrated. They include documentary and textual studies (history), calculations and statistics (economics), archaeological typology and stylistic analysis (art history and archaeology).
The aim of the thesis is to carry out a detailed study of Kraak porcelain, in particular specimen from datable contexts and archaeological material, so as to better understand the provenance of Kraak porcelain, its period of production and changes at different stages. Based on the results of the above examinations, a preliminary study of the sale and distribution of Kraak porcelain has been carried out---an area which has been neglected. Related issues such as order placing, different requirements of patrons and export routes are also discussed.
范夢園.
Adviser: Harold Kar-Leung Mok.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-267).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Fan Mengyuan.
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Shao, Leigh-Lin Ning. "Evaluation and critical analysis of the Chinese porcelains in the Whitwell collection Tatham Art Gallery: Pietermaritzburg". Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3734.

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The first chapter is a broad review of the recent history of Chinese porcelain from the Ming period to the present day. It includes remarks on the ceramics town of Jingdezhen and on aspects of materials, construction techniques, glazing and enamelling as well as a brief summary of the types of wares. The second chapter is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the formation of the Tatham Art Gallery and the Whitwell Collection. The second part focuses, firstly, on the blue and white porcelain, secondly, on the enamelled porcelain. The pieces are individually physically examined and catalogued under these headings: General description, rim, foot ring, construction, iconography and motifs, glazes, marks and date. The last chapter compares the blue and white pieces, the enamelled pieces and both pieces. This chapter suggests the qualities and special attributes of the wares such as brush marks.
Thesis (M.A.F.A)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Książki na temat "China trade porcelain – netherlands"

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Coleman, Brawer Catherine, Wu Geri i Katonah Gallery, red. Trade winds: The lure of the China trade, 16th-19th centuries. Katonah, N.Y: Katonah Gallery, 1985.

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Jörg, C. J. A. The Geldermalsen: History and porcelain. Groningen: Kemper Publishers, 1986.

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Hyde, J. A. Lloyd. Chinese porcelain for the European market. Lisbon: Fundac̜ão Ricardo do Espírito Santo Silva, 1994.

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Ganse, Shirley H. Zhongguo wai xiao ci =: Chinese porcelain : an export to the world. Wyd. 8. Xianggang: San lian shu dian (Xianggang) you xian gong si, 2008.

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He, Hong. Yu wai Zhe ci =: Zhejiang porcelain abroad. Wyd. 8. Nanchang: Jiangxi mei shu chu ban she, 2009.

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Ströber, Eva. Ming: Porcelain for a globalised trade. Stuttgart: Arnoldsche Art Publishers, 2013.

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Ganse, Shirley H. Zhongguo wai xiao ci =: Chinese porcelain : an export to the world. Wyd. 8. Xianggang: San lian shu dian (Xianggang) you xian gong si, 2008.

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Gyllensvärd, Bo. Porslinet från Kina: En tusenårig exportvara : ur Kulturens samlingar. Västerås: Ica bokförlag, 1990.

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Yu, Chunming. Zhongguo ming pian: Ming Qing wai xiao ci tan yuan yu shou cang. Wyd. 8. Beijing Shi: Sheng huo, du shu, xin zhi san lian shu dian, 2011.

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Zeng, Lingling. Ci hua Zhongguo: Zou xiang shi jie de Zhongguo wai xiao ci. Wyd. 8. Beijing: Shang wu yin shu guan, 2014.

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Części książek na temat "China trade porcelain – netherlands"

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Edwards, Howell G. M. "The Birth of the Porcelain Trade with China". W Welsh Armorial Porcelain, 1–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97439-8_1.

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Zhang, Chrystal, i Kareem Yarde. "China, the Netherlands, and the UK". W China’s Trade Policy on International Air Transport, 126–58. Title: China’s trade policy on international air transport: policy goals, driving forces and impact / Chrystal Zhang and Kareem Yarde. Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315549279-5.

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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. "Conclusions". W Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 171–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_5.

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Abstract The Spanish and Qing empires were connected through the agency of merchants, the trade networks they created, and the circulation of goods which fostered local demand. Trade routes, mainly the maritime economic arteries such as the Manila galleons, connected and integrated Western markets and polities, in this case the Spanish empire with the Middle Kingdom. The constant inflow of American silver into China and the outflow of highly prized Chinese goods (i.e. silk, tea, porcelain) into European and American markets were the main features for such market integration between the Bourbon (French) Spanish empire and the Qing (Manchu, non-Han) dynasty. This surpassed the realm of official institutions of both empires along with their concomitant weak state capacity.
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Hancock, James F. "The Spanish build their empire." W Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 235–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0018.

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Abstract The chapter summarizes the Spanish conquests and navigation. It also provides a brief summary of how Ferdinand Magellan found another route to the Pacific and the Moluccas, which led to the signing of Treaty of Tordesillas. This divided any newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal along a Meridian west of the Cape Verde Islands, but no line of demarcation had been set on the other side of the world. This meant that both countries could lay claim to the Spice Islands, as long as Portugal travelled there from the east and Spain from the west. After Magellan's conquest, the Spanish explore the Pacific, which gave them control over the Pacific countries including the Philippines. The chapter also discusses how the charting of 'Urdaneta's Route' made possible a trans-Pacific galleon trade and the profitable colonization of the Philippines and other Latin American countries. Soon ships were travelling regularly from Manila to New Spain. A complex trade network evolved that was truly global in nature. Into Manila would flow spices from the Moluccas and silk and porcelain from China. These would be shipped across the Pacific by the Spanish to Acapulco, a journey of four to six months. The silver came from Potosí, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of enslaved Incan lives were sacrificed by the Spanish to extract that silver from the bowels of the earth. The mines became the centre of Spanish wealth and were the reason Spain remained powerful during the colonial period. From 1556 to 1783, they extracted some 45,000 tons of silver from these mines. Aside from these, is the silk production as New Spain had a native mulberry tree called the Morera criolla. The Spanish finished their conquest by 1521 and by 1523, the first silkworm eggs had been exported to Mexico. Finally, the chapter closes how England, by means of American privateers, fought off Portugal and Spain.
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Cox, Thomas H. "‘Money, Credit, and Strong Friends’". W The Private Side of the Canton Trade, 1700-1840. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390939.003.0009.

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Warren Delano represents a typical trader who needed more than moral integrity to keep him away from the opium trade. Arriving in Canton for the first time in 1834, Delano was lured to China by a commercial culture that unofficially tolerated opium smuggling. The openness of Canton in carrying out trade also proved to be its weakness, because before 1836, it was relatively easy to become involved in contraband. With substantial profits to be made and little risk of getting caught, employees of Russell and Company, as well as numerous others, had no reservations about participating in the trade. The change in Chinese and American attitudes toward the opium trade during the First Opium War forced Delano both to transform the ways in which he did business and to relocate his enterprises to Macao in the early 1840s. He also learned over time to pursue a career that combined ambition with personal connections and the ability to navigate amongst informal kinship- and friendship-based networks. Delano returned to the United States to live in 1846, but after years of financial success, was ruined by the Panic of 1857. He returned to China in 1860 and amassed a new fortune through trading tea, porcelain, and, at times, opium. In 1866, having made a second fortune, he returned permanently to the United States.
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Peters, Margaret E. "Immigration Policy in Small Countries: The Cases of Singapore and the Netherlands". W Trading Barriers. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174488.003.0006.

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This chapter examines whether increases in trade openness, firm mobility, and productivity lead to immigration restrictions, and not the other way around, by tracing the evolution of immigration policy in two small economies after World War II: Singapore and the Netherlands. In addition to addressing the reverse causality problem, the chapter considers how other states' actions affect the ability of Singaporean and Dutch firms to compete in the export markets. It shows that firms in Singapore and the Netherlands have been affected by changes that policymakers have had little control over, such as the rise of China and the entrance of Eastern European states into the European Union. These changes have led to decreasing support for open immigration.
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Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Spanish Manila". W Oceanic Archives, Indigenous Epistemologies, and Transpacific American Studies, 49–61. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888455775.003.0003.

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This essay depicts the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the Asia-Pacific in the mid-sixteenth century (Ming dynasty), when Spaniard Miguel de Legazpi from Mexico in the Americas colonized the Philippines and established Manila as an extension of Spain’s American colony of New Spain. Sustaining this trans-Pacific relationship for 250 year was the Manila Galleon Trade between Acapulco, Mexico and Manila, trading American silver for Chinese silk, porcelain and other fine goods. The large community (twenty to thirty thousand) of Hokkien-speaking migrants from South Fujian (Minnan) which quickly arose and confined to ethnic neighbourhood outside the Manila city wall, became indispensable to the galleon trade by transporting from China all the luxury goods for the galleons, while resident artisans and labourers provided all the everyday consumer items, food, and services to the small Spanish population in Manila city. This first American “Chinatown” was the first large and permanent overseas Chinese community of Southeast Asia/Nanyang, which launched the worldwide Chinese diasporic movement that continues to this day, stretching all over the Americas, Europe and Africa.
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"All in all, the CISG has met with resounding acceptance around the globe. Today, the CISG counts 67 Contracting States among its members, covering more than 70 per cent of global trade and production of goods; of the 50 leading exporters and importers in world merchandise, over 60 per cent are Contracting States to the CISG. Of those large industrial nations that are not yet Contracting States to the CISG, notably the UK, Japan and Korea, both internal and external pressure to ratify is rising. Currently, approximately 1,300 court and arbitral decisions decided under the CISG have been handed down from 32 judicial instances, and more than 6,500 academic publica-tions exist in 24 languages. This is in addition to the numerous conferences and other forms of academic discourse dealing with the Convention, most notably the CISG Advisory Council, a global body of CISG and international sales law experts that meets on a regular basis to discuss the significant developments in the field of international sales law and aims at promoting the uniform interpretation of the CISG. Perhaps the most tangible success of the CISG can be seen in the number of domestic sales laws that have used it as a model. Notably, many Scandinavian countries have used the CISG as the background for the modification of their domestic sales laws, as did Germany in its 2002 Schuldrechtsreform (Revision of the Law of Obligations) and The Netherlands in drafting the Law of Obligations in the Wetboek (Civil Code). Furthermore, many of the former Socialist states in Eastern Europe, including Estonia, the Czech Republic and Croatia, are also basing the re-development of their private and domestic sales and com-mercial laws on CISG concepts. Completing the CISG’s global impact is the reform of the Chinese private law. The New Code of Obligations of China has adopted many legal concepts and institutions promulgated in the CISG and the drafters have confirmed using the CISG as a source of inspiration in this regard. In addition, not only domestic sales laws, but also, increasingly, regional and inter-national principles are availing themselves of CISG principles to guide their drafting. The general approach of the Principles for International Commercial Contracts drafted by UNIDROIT (the UNIDROIT Principles) and the Principles of European Contract Law, which are intended to pave the way for a European or an international law of contract, can be traced back to the CISG. The same is true of the European Directive on Consumer Sales, which mirrors the concepts of conformity and non-conformity set out in the CISG. Furthermore, the OHADA, a union of 16 African states, has adopted a common sales law, which follows the CISG almost to the letter. Efforts at unification of the law are often met with the criticism that the unique peculiarities and historical variety of local laws are thereby ‘bulldozed’ by an all-consuming ‘international’ law. This is not the intention of the CISG. It certainly aims to provide a certain, uniform and consistent basis for defining the scope and obligations of international sales contracts for those states that have declared their intention to be bound by it. Moreover, the CISG serves as a stimulus for the development, revision and interpretation of domestic laws, under consideration and in awareness of genuine international concepts, which can only be of benefit to the states concerned." W International Sales Law, 62–63. Routledge-Cavendish, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203945445-29.

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