Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Chilean Public opinion”

ResumenEl sistema chileno de ejecución de penas contempla penas sustitutivas destinadas a benefciar a quienes se encuentren privados de libertad, a efectos de contribuir a su reinserción social. La ley 20.603 vino a reformar el régimen general con el objetivo de disminuir el nivel de hacinamiento, en particular después de la traumática experiencia sufrida en el incendio de la Cárcel de San Miguel en diciembre de 2010. El artículo reconstruye el debate legislativo a efectos de comprender las diferentes posturas manifestadas en él, al mismo tiempo que se presentan y explican las fuentes comparadas que inspiraron la reforma. La evaluación de la misma por la opinión pública y ciudadana emerge como una preocupación latente que pondrá a prueba la efcacia del sistema.Palabras clave: funciones de la pena, medidas alternativas, reinserción social, sistema penitenciario.ResumoO sistema chileno de execução de penas contempla medidas alternativas destinadas a benefciar aqueles que se encontram privados de sua liberdade, a fm de contribuir na sua reinserção social. A Lei 20.603 veio para reformar o regime geral, a fim de reduzir o nível de superlotação, especialmente após a experiência traumática sofrida no incêndio na prisão de San Miguel, em Dezembro de 2010, sem deixar de outorgar proteçãopara as vítimas. O artigo reconstrói o debate legislativo, a fim de compreender as diferentes posições expressas no mesmo, ao mesmo tempo em que se apresentam e explicam as fontes comparadas que inspiraram a reforma. A avaliação da mesma pela opinião pública e cidadã, emerge como uma preocupação latente que vai colocar a prova a efcácia do sistema.Palavras-chave: funções da pena, medidas alternativas, reinserção social, sistema penitenciário. AbstractThe Chilean system of penalties execution contemplates alternative measures intended to beneft those deprived of their liberty, in order to contribute to their social reintegration. Law 20.603 came to reform the general regime in order to reduce the level of overcrowding, particularly after the traumatic experience of the San Miguel’s Prison fre in December of 2010, maintaining the protection granted to the victims. This paper reconstructs the legislative debate in order to understand the different positions expressed in it, while presenting and explaining the comparativesources that inspired the reform. The evaluation of the reform by public and citizen opinion emerges as a latent concern that will test the effciency of the system.Keywords: functions of penalties, alternative measures, social reintegration, penitentiary system

Resumen. A juicio de múltiples autores la evaluación es una herramienta fundamental para que el profesor logre sus propósitos en el proceso de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje (E-A), ya que le permite constatar los avances del proceso. Pero además, la evaluación permite al maestro establecer un vínculo con el actor fundamental del proceso educativo: “el alumnado”. Los objetivos del estudio son: a- analizar la percepción del alumnado sobre las competencias adquiridas y si varia por la aplicación de un sistema de evaluación formativa y compartida en una asignatura de formación del profesorado de educación física (FIPEF) de una universidad pública chilena. b- conocer la valoración del alumnado sobre dicho sistema de evaluación. Para ello se aplicaron cuestionarios antes y después de haber utilizado un sistema de evaluación formativa y compartida (EFyC) en una asignatura de formación inicial del profesorado en educación física de una universidad pública chilena. El estudio se llevó a cabo bajo diseño pretest-postest con la totalidad del alumnado que cursaba la asignatura, en una muestra de 25 alumnos y alumnas (Edad 23±1.9). Los principales resultados muestran una valoración positiva hacia el sistema de EFyC, con medias muy altas en los ítems que hacen referencia a las “ventajas” del mismo, mientras que la mayoría de los posibles “inconvenientes” tienen valoraciones bajas o muy bajas. Sólo algunas de estas características (asistencia continua, comprensión previa, continuidad del sistema de evaluación, esfuerzo que exige, trabajo que se puede acumular al final y desproporción trabajo/créditos) son apreciadas como posibles inconvenientes por algunos estudiantes. Además, el sistema de EFyC parece influir positivamente en la percepción de mejora en competencias “transversales”; “docentes generales” y “específicas docentes de educación física”. Abstract. In the opinion of many authors, assessment is a fundamental tool for teachers to achieve their purposes in the Teaching-Learning process, since it allows them to verify the progress of the process. In addition, evaluation allows teachers to establish a link with the fundamental actor of the educational process: "The Student". The objectives of the study are: a- to analyze students' perception of the competencies acquired and whether it varies with the application of a formative and shared evaluation system in a physical education teacher training course (FIPEF) in a Chilean public university. b- to gain knowledge on the assessment of student body with such evaluation system. To do that, questionnaires were applied before and after using a system of formative and shared assessment (F&SA) in one subject of the Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) program at a Chilean public university. The study was carried out using a pre-post design with all the students enrolled in the course, a sample of 25 individuals (Age 23±1.9). The main results show a positive appreciation of the F&SA system, with very high means in the items that refer to the “advantages” of the system, while most of the possible "disadvantages" show low or very low ratings; only some of these characteristics (continuous assistance, prior understanding, continuity of the evaluation system, effort required, work that can be accumulated at the end, and disproportion of work / credits) are experienced as possible disadvantages by some students. In addition, the F&SA system seems to positively influence the perception of improvement in the competences "Transversal"; "general teachers" and "specific physical education teachers".

Purpose – The purpose of this paper are to determine: how disasters are used as a theme in advertising; how the public evaluates different ways of using disasters in advertising; what dimensions directly affect these evaluations; and what aspects should be taken into account by an organization that wants or need to develop a campaign after a disaster. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents two studies examining the relationship between catastrophes and advertising in the context of the February 2010 earthquake in Chile. The first study scrutinizes the characteristics of print ads that used this event as their main theme. The second study evaluates the reactions of consumers to different types of post-catastrophe ads. This issue was explored in a survey on the attitudes toward and credibility of these ads and in a qualitative examination, which explored the reasons for the interviewees’ evaluation. Findings – The first study identified nine types of advertisements as the most used by advertisers. The second study showed that the most common ad types had the worst evaluations by the public. In addition, the evaluation of the ads was directly related to three dimensions: opinion with regard to the advertised brand, evaluation of the ad’s performance, and perception of commercial intent. Research limitations/implications – It is important to consider some limitations of this study: this paper used only print advertising, and the sample was selected from Chilean internet users (50 percent of the population). Practical implications – This paper provides recommendations for for-profit and non-profit organizations that need or want to effectively develop campaigns in the context of a disaster. Originality/value – Within the context of a few studies on the development of campaigns in the context of a catastrophe, this paper seeks to test and expand upon the scarce findings in this field.

ResumenLa prensa sudamericana, en particular la de Buenos Aires, tuvo un amplio y heterogéneo desarrollo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, resultado y expresión de diversas orientaciones políticas, caracterizándose por ser una prensa de opinión, doctrinaria, de trinchera y cada vez más informativa en virtud de los acontecimientos que marcaron el desarrollo de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Uno de esos eventos trascendentales a nivel regional fue la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883) que enfrentó a Chile contra la alianza de Perú y Bolivia. Este conflicto adquirió una importante dimensión internacional y generó un permanente interés informativo en la prensa argentina. Por consiguiente, el artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la actitud discursiva que adoptó parte de la prensa de Buenos Aires al momento de analizar y juzgar la conducta de Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico. Planteamos la existencia de un “negativo imaginario internacional” que sematerializó en la formulación de un discurso periodístico que asignó a Chile y a los chilenos una conducta bélica “agresiva, expansionista y opuestaa los principios de la civilización”, la cual amenazaría potencialmente losintereses nacionales argentinos en el contexto de las disputas limítrofes entre ambos países.Palabras clave: Guerra del Pacífico; Argentina; Prensa; Opinión Pública“The american Prussia”: Argentinian press and international imaginary in Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879-1881)AbstractThe South American press, particularly in Buenos Aires, had a large and heterogeneous development in the second half of the Nineteenth Century, as a result and expression of different political persuasions, characterized by being a press of opinion, doctrinaire, of trench and increasingly informative under the events that marked the development of Latin American societies. One of those transcendent events at the regional level was the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) where Chile fought against Peru and Bolivia alliance. That conflict acquired an important international dimension and created a permanent information interest in Argentina press. Therefore, the article aims to characterize the discursive attitude adopted by part of the press of Buenos Aires at the time to analyze and judge the Chilean performance during the War of the Pacific. We propose the existence of an “international negative imaginary”, materialized in the formulation of a journalistic discourse that assigned to Chile and Chileans a war conduct that was “aggressive, expansionistand opposed to the principles of civilization”, which potentially threaten the national Argentine interests in the context of border disputes betweenthe two countries.Keywords: Pacific War; Argentina; press; public opinion“A Prussia americana”: imprensa argentina e imaginário internacional do Chile durante a Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1881)ResumoA imprensa sul-americana, particularmente Buenos Aires, teve um amplo e heterogêneo desenvolvimento na segunda meta de do século XIX, resultado e expressão das diversas orientações políticas, com a característica de ser uma imprensa de opinião, doutrinária e de trincheira, cada vez mais informativa em virtude dos acontecimentos que marcaram o desenvolvimento das sociedades latino-americanas. Um desses acontecimentos importantes a nível regional foi a Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1883) que enfrentou a Chile contra a aliança de Peru e Bolívia. Este conflito adquiriu uma dimensão internacional importante e gerou um permanente interesse informativo na imprensa argentina. Portanto, o artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar a atitude discursiva adotada pela imprensa de Buenos Aires ao momento de analisar e julgar aconduta do Chile durante a Guerra do Pacífico. Propomos a existência de um “negativo imaginário internacional” que se materializou na formulação de um discurso jornalístico que atribuiu ao Chile e aos chilenos uma conduta bélica “agressivo, expansionista e oposta aos princípios da civilização”, aqual poderia ameaçar os interesses nacionais argentinos no contexto das disputas fronteiriças entre os dois países.Palavras-chave: Guerra do Pacífico; Argentina; Imprensa; Opinião Pública

ResumenEl recurrente debate que genera en la opinión pública y el mundo político la existencia de la libertad condicional invita a reflexionar sobre la naturaleza y efcacia de esta institución penitenciaria. En ese contexto el presente trabajo busca exponer cómo la libertad condicional opera como mecanismo de prevención del delito y la reinserción social de las personas privadas de libertad, dando cuenta de algunos problemas de esta institución en el sistema penitenciario chileno, a saber, la ausencia de valoración del nivel de riesgo de reincidencia de los candidatos en los informes que fundan su concesión, la falta de mecanismos de acompañamiento activo de los egresados, y la progresiva limitación del acceso de los condenados a la libertad condicional. En base a ello se realizan algunas propuestas de modifcación normativa para mejorar la efcacia de la libertad condicional en Chile, vinculadas a la necesidad de dar cuenta del riesgo de reincidencia del candidato en el informe emitido al comité de libertad condicional, de establecer mecanismos de reclamo sobre estos informes, de establecer obligaciones activas de seguimiento, apoyo e intervención respecto de los benefciarios de la libertad condicional, y morigerar algunas limitaciones legales en orden a aumentar el número de usuarios anuales de este benefcio.Palabras clave: funciones de la pena, libertad condicional, reinserción social, decreto ley 321.ResumoO debate recorrente que gera na opinião pública e no mundo político a existência da liberdade condicional convida à reflexão sobre a natureza e efcácia da instituição penitenciaria. Neste contexto, o presente artigo procura expor o como à liberdade condicional opera como um mecanismo para a prevenção do crime e a reinserção social das pessoas privadas de liberdade, dando conta de alguns problemas desta instituição no sistemapenitenciário chileno; alguns deles são: a ausência de valorização do nível do risco da recorrência dos candidatos nos relatórios onde fundam sua concessão, a falta de mecanismos de acompanhamento ativo dos egressados e a progressiva limitação do acesso dos condenados a liberdade condicional. Nesta base realizam-se algumas propostas de modifcação normativa para melhorar a efcácia da liberdade condicional no Chile, ligadas à necessidade de dar conta do risco de reincidência do candidato no relatório emitido para o conselho de liberdade condicional, para estabelecer mecanismos de reclamação desses relatórios, estabelecer obrigações de vigilância ativa, apoio e intervenção sobre os benefciários da liberdade condicional, e moderar algumas limitações legais, a fm de aumentar o número de usuários anuais deste benefício.Palavras-chave: funções da pena, liberdade condicional, reinserção social, Decreto-Lei 321.AbstractThe recurring debate generated by the existence of parole in criminal law affects public opinion and politics. It is also an opportunity to evaluate its nature and effciency. This paper aims to present how parole works as a mechanism of criminal prevention and social reintegration of inmates, giving an account some problems of this institution in the Chilean penitentiary system in three areas: the lack of assessment of the level of risk of recidivism of the candidates as a criterion in the reports that found the decision of the beneft, the lack of active supervision mechanisms for the program benefciaries, and the increasing limitation of access to the program. The paper offers also some legal proposals for increasing the effcacy of the program in Chile, with emphasis in the three areas aforementioned, and the legal impugnation of the reports when they are detrimental to the inmates or inaccurate. Keywords: functions of penalties, parole, social reintegration, executive order 321.

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the perceptions of pig farm and abattoir workers as well as lay citizens regarding (1) sentience and (2) positive (intelligent and friendly) and negative (gluttonous, stubborn and dirty) attributes of pigs. We also aimed to investigate the (3) knowledge and perceptions of pig farm and abattoir workers on tail lesion, ear lesion and lameness in pigs and (4) the opinion of lay citizens regarding the likelihood of tail lesions, ear lesions, and lameness causing suffering in pigs and affecting meat quality. Chilean pig farm workers (n = 116), pig abattoir workers (n = 95), and lay citizens (n = 708) were invited on farm, at the abattoir and in public places, respectively, to participate in a survey. Answers were indicated using a 5-point Likert scale (0 = totally disagree; 4 = totally agree). Data were analysed using generalized linear models, including recruitment place and socio-demographic data as predictor variables. Female and lay citizens attributed pigs a higher capacity to experience feelings than male participants and pig farm and abattoir workers (p < 0.05). Lay citizens and workers recruited on farm described pigs as being more intelligent and friendly than those workers recruited at the abattoir (p < 0.001); recruitment place and sex were not associated with participants’ perception regarding negative attributes of pigs (p > 0.05). Most lay citizens considered that tail lesions, ear lesions and lameness are likely to cause suffering in pigs and older participants had higher odds of agreeing that tail and ear lesions are likely to affect meat quality (p < 0.05). Finally, the risk factors for tail lesion, ear lesions and lameness pointed out by pig farm and abattoir workers is in line with what has been suggested by experts. Our findings contribute to understand the perception and values of all stakeholders regarding animal welfare, as it is crucial to improve the sustainability of animal production systems.

Abstract Over the past half century, Chile has fluctuated wildly in terms of economic prosperity and democratic health. Using 78 surveys archived at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, we document the evolution of Chileans’ perceptions of their personal, family, and national economic conditions during major political and economic changes. The data show that prior to the Pinochet dictatorship, despite a growing economic crisis, Chileans’ perceptions of their family’s economic situation—particularly among the lower socio-economic class—improved, suggesting that Allende’s social and economic policies may have had their intended effect. In contrast, through the democratic transition and the contemporary period, economic evaluations typically tracked objective economic conditions. We conclude by discussing how these patterns can inform public opinion research in Latin America and beyond.

Abstract Chile has promoted the development of managerial/pedagogical leadership. Consequently, it has introduced support and guidance instruments such as the Marco para la Buena Dirección y el Liderazgo Escolar [Framework for Good Leadership and School Leadership] (MBDLE). Opinions of directors from public institutions in the Maule region (Chile) were analyzed within the context of personal resources in their daily practices are arranged in this guiding axis. This is a qualitative exploratory study. The results agree that most of the directors use practices that coincide with these resources, steering their attention from more conventional management issues to the dimensions proposed in the framework, observing the need to improve some components of it.

RESUMEN:En este artículo se describen las representaciones sociales que subyacen en las opiniones, anhelos y críticas con respecto a la participación ciudadana en educación pública que permitan comprender el sentido social e imaginario expresado en los discurso de los diferentes actores sociales. A partir del método Análisis Estructural, se proponen la construcción un modelo actancial que permite la organización y combinación de las representaciones sobre la participación de la ciudadanía en democracia y en la elaboración de políticas educativas. Se concluye que para los diversos actores educativos la participación ciudadana es una pieza clave para diseño de una política pertinente e inclusiva que permita encaminar la educación chilena en el inicio de este nuevo siglo.Palabras clave: ciudadanía, representación social, democracia, educación pública.Citizen participation in the design of educational policy: a look at the construction of citizenship in ordiary speechABSTRACTSocial representations are described in this article which underlie in the opinions, desires, and critics with respect to the citizen participation in public education, that allow understanding the social and imaginary sense expressed in the different social actors speech. From the Structural Analysis Method, the construction of an actantial model is proposed, which allows the organization and combination of the representations about the citizenship participation in democracy and the elaboration of educative policies.The citizen participation is a key piece in laws to design a pertinent and inclusion policy that allows directing the Chilean education at the beginning of this new century.Key words: citizenship, social representation, democracy, public education.

Scholars have long debated public involvement in constitution-making and will continue to do so. Yet, despite the multitude of opinions, we are no closer to resolving some of the most fundamental questions regarding the role of the public in constitution-making processes than decades ago when these discussions first started. The recent participatory Chilean constitution-making process, the growing wave of authoritarian constitution-making, and the plethora of new empirical evidence present another occasion to revisit this topic. In contrast to earlier literature, this article approaches this topic by addressing both the normative and the sociological dimensions of public participation in constitution-making. It first argues that public participation in constitution-making should only be considered a sociological necessity, not a normative one. Second, using a bottom-up approach, it provides a list of guiding principles to ensure that public participation in constitution-making, when conducted, allows for a net positive for both the constitution and the society it governs.

It has always been in the public interest to know the reading habits of readers of various ages and levels of schooling, as well as their opinions with regard to the consumption of reading materials. Lately, researchers have given increased attention to digital texts. Although progress on these topics has been made as reported in published research, there is yet incomplete information regarding readers’ habits and opinions at university and professional levels. This study describes the self-reported habits of university students belonging to two disciplinary domains (Human Sciences and Economic and Business Sciences) regarding reading on paper or on digital media for three purposes: academic, entertainment, and information seeking. The results reveal that the readers’ preferences vary according to the three purposes. These readers reported using different media but had a clear preference for paper; they also reported distinguishing between cognitive processes (memory, comprehension, and learning), with the discipline to which they belonged having no radical effect on their preferences. All of this leads us to conclude that currently there exists a generation in transition, a ‘Gutenberg-Google’ generation, which still recognizes the relevance of paper, in particular for academic purposes. Conocer los hábitos de lectura de sujetos de diversas edades y niveles de escolarización, así como su opinión respecto del consumo de materiales de lectura, ha estado siempre en el interés público. En los últimos tiempos, mayor énfasis se ha puesto en los textos digitales. Si bien se ha avanzado en la investigación en estas áreas, aun es parcial la información a nivel universitario y profesional. En este estudio se describen los hábitos declarados por estudiantes universitarios de dos áreas disciplinares (ciencias humanas y ciencias económicas y administrativas) respecto de lectura en formato papel y en digital en virtud de tres propósitos: académico, entretenimiento y búsqueda de información. Para ello, se diseñó y aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 894 estudiantes en dos universidades chilenas y en cinco carreras. Los resultados revelan que los lectores muestran variación en sus preferencias de lectura según los tres propósitos. En otras palabras, estos lectores declaran emplear soportes diferentes, pero con una clara tendencia a preferir mayoritariamente el sustrato papel, y distinguir procesos cognitivos diversos (memoria, comprensión y aprendizaje), sin que el área disciplinar de procedencia incida de modo radical en sus preferencias. Todo ello, en general, nos lleva a concluir que en la actualidad existe una generación en transición «Gutenberg-Google», la cual aún reconoce y otorga alta relevancia al soporte papel, en particular frente a propósitos académicos.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the political and economic objectives sought by the government of Chile to understand the characteristics of the reconstruction process for housing damaged by the earthquake and tsunami of 27 February 2010, contrasted with the opinions of the target communities, the instruments that were utilized and the generation of new vulnerabilities. Design/methodology/approach – The governmental objectives have been compiled from speeches publicized by the press and obtained from interviews with players from the public and community sectors. The areas of reconstruction in the city of Constitución have been represented in a geographical information system. The opinions of the community have been gathered through a survey conducted amongst the new residents. Findings – Case analysis shows that the political and economic efforts during the reconstruction process were focused on proving the success of the methods used: public-private alliances and consultation with the communities to precede reconstruction of housing and urban infrastructure. However, the results of the reconstruction process do neither reveal good governance nor functionality of the reconstructed areas. Research limitations/implications – The results cannot be applied to other localities devastated by the 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile, nor to other institutional or economic contexts. It is also necessary to observe the process of adaptation of the communities over a longer time period to verify the increase in vulnerability. Practical implications – The paper constitutes a complete evaluation of the reconstruction process that prompts institutional changes. Social implications – A contrast is offered between the objectives and actions of the diverse social and political actors, and the contradictions in their speeches and actions are shown. Originality/value – An unprecedented process is analysed in which a developing country uses its own resources to undertake a reconstruction under a political rhetoric that is not necessarily shared by the local society that must finally assume the additional costs.

Introduction. Mental disorders represent one of the main causes of disease burden in the adult population. Negative public attitudes and behaviors toward people with mental disorders negatively affect the treatment, recovery, and social inclusion of those affected. Chile laks surveys on workers that address this issue. Objective. To describe the perceptions of devaluation and discrimination towards people with mental disorders in a sample of Chilean workers. Method. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1 516 workers in the formal sector of four regions of Chile (Metropolitan Region [RM], Bío Bio [VIII], Valparaíso [V] and Coquimbo [IV]). The perception of discrimination and devaluation was explored through a modified version of the The perceived Devaluation-Discrimination Scale (PDD) comprising 15 questions. The relationship of each question with sociodemographic variables (age, sex, years of study, and region) and type of economic activity was assessed. Results. The study found a high percentage of perceptions of devaluation and discrimination in most aspects considered, particularly those related to hiring a person who has been hospitalized due to a mental illness (85%), feeling sorry for people with severe mental illnesses (80%), and the unwillingness to marry a person with a mental illness (78%). Significant differences were observed in the opinions by sociodemographic variables and region of residence. Discussion and conclusion. The perception of Chilean workers has high levels of stigma towards people living with mental disorders. It is necessary and urgent to develop effective anti-stigma public policies to promote a more inclusive, tolerant society.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to a prompt implementation of remote care, especially in mental health care. The evidence supporting this modality of care is still emerging, with few qualitative studies describing its implementation in Latin American countries. This study aims to understand the perspectives of therapists and patients regarding the use of telehealth in a child and adolescent mental health unit of a Chilean public service. Methods This is a qualitative study. Two focus groups were defined with 14 professionals, and 16 in-depth interviews were conducted with users of an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry unit. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory model. Results In the group of therapists, four main categories emerged: background of mental telehealth, implementation, mental telehealth from the therapist's position, and projections. Three main categories emerged in the patient's group: implementation, evaluation of mental telehealth users, and projections. Conclusions There are elements in common between the opinions of patients and therapists. Something to note within the patient's group is that, despite accepting remote care and recognizing its positive aspects, aside from the pandemic context, they prefer face-to-face or mixed care.

This study exposes the opinions of a group of former directors of public schools in Chile who were selected by the system of high public management, and who had to leave their posts before the end of their appointment period. The responses evidence the fragility of the local organization of public education, in terms of the interference of the local political authority in the early dismissal of school leaders and identify the various pressures the leaders received from the higher authorities in the exercise of their position. The main problems they faced were the lack of support during the installation phases as well as a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their performance, which are widespread among Latin American countries, given the trends. This paper examines the selection process for High Public Management, the background on the subject, the answers of the interviewees, and an analysis of the interviews. It concludes with some proposals to improve the selection system.

This study aims to determine the development of scientific publications, mapping the scope and theme of publications related to obesity in early childhood published in Scopus-indexed journals from 2013-2023. This study uses the Scopus database which is retrieved using the publish or perish application. From the results of data extraction, 200 articles were obtained with keywords in the article titled Childhood Obesity. This research uses keyword co-occurrence analysis to identify and explore the main fields and topics that appear in publications. The application used to analyze the data is Vos Viewer. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 clusters were obtained. This study provides information to researchers, especially researchers in Indonesia about publication trends related to Childhood obesity. It is hoped that this research can be a foundation for further research, scientific development, and implementation in the fields of early childhood, health, and physical education. 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Introduction: Assisted suicide and euthanasia are controversial issues today and have been throughout the history of humanity, mainly because there are individuals for and against them. Currently, the legalization of these practices is being discussed in Chile, and the perception of physicians regarding this issue is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess physicians’ perception of Chile’s euthanasia and assisted suicide. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Chile. A questionnaire of physicians’ attitudes and opinions on assisted suicide and euthanasia was used. The population was the doctors who work in Chile, and the sample was convenient with a sample calculation of 384 physicians. About 20 variables were considered and included in a form created through the Google forms option, which was distributed through social networks: LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. To guarantee the anonymity of the participants, the option to request and remember the participant’s email was deactivated. A generated database allowed the quantitative analysis of the variables and their expression through frequencies, percentages, and graphs. The European University of the Atlantic’s research ethics committee approved this study as stated in the document CE-55 of March 2021. Results: A total of 410 physicians were surveyed. 50.7% (n = 208) of the participants identified themselves as men, and 69.8% (n = 286) were Chilean. The city of Santiago was the area of residence of 72.9% (n = 299) of the participants. About 34.6% (n = 142) of participants were general practitioners, and 39.3% (n = 161) of the physicians had more than 20 years of experience. About 68.7% had favorable attitudes toward euthanasia and 54.4% toward assisted suicide; However, although the majority favored legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide, approximately 48.8% stated that they would not participate in an assisted suicide procedure. Conclusions: There was evidence of support for the implementation and legalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide by physicians in Chile. However, there are still professionals who have not yet decided on a definitive position on these practices.

This research was conducted to collect information that may be used in arguing for the continuance of creative writing programmes in Chilean public schools, namely for grades seven through twelve. When attempting to improve the current educational system, it is essential to consider the views held by educators since these convictions influence how they evaluate the content of the classes they teach. As a consequence of this, the conceptual frameworks that teachers subscribe to have an impact on the way that they perceive the curriculum. Consequently, we arrived at the realisation that it would be beneficial to conduct research on the connections between the current implementation of the national curriculum by language teachers and their perceptions of the five accessible instructional paradigms for language learning. This led us to conclude that conducting this research would be beneficial. Even though it is very likely that attitudes regarding the instruction of writing are derived from concepts about the more general subject of language learning, we did consider this more general category. The results of our investigation, including its parts, are now accessible to the public after 182 teachers from around Chile responded to our questionnaire (response rate: 47 per cent).
 Although the instructors indicated that four of the other curricular paradigms had exceptionally high levels of adherence in terms of practices and beliefs, the communicative paradigm, the fifth curricular paradigm, showed a low degree of adherence. This is even though the communicative paradigm is the fifth curricular paradigm. This was the situation regardless of the communicative paradigm being the sixth curricular paradigm. This particular paradigm is meant when people talk about the "curriculum paradigm." The sixth iteration of the curricular paradigm, known as the communicative paradigm, ultimately turned out to be quite similar to the previous iterations. It would appear that the instructors' perspectives on writing and other, more general issues were related to how successfully they could implement their instructional strategies for writing education in the classes they were responsible for instructing. This was the case because the instructors' ability to do so directly impacted the students' learning experiences. This was the case for several other, more fundamental features and their various perspectives on the process of writing. Based on the findings, public authorities should concentrate on enhancing the instructors' perspectives on writing instruction, particularly communicative writing instruction, and on the linkages between the five paradigms to improve writing education. This was found to be the case in order to improve writing education. In order to enhance instruction about writing. This is because the study indicates that these are the spheres in which the general people should concentrate most of their efforts. We think that efforts to improve education need to be concentrated on years 9–12 rather than grades 7-8 as a matter of public policy and the suggestions we offer to those in charge of making decisions. Regarding this matter, we have quite staunch opinions.

El acceso a la educación universitaria de las mujeres se garantizó en Chile recién en 1877. Entre las producciones intelectuales que defendieron este derecho se encuentra el periódico La Mujer (1877), cuya relevancia nos era desconocida hasta la publicación en diciembre de 2018 de su colección completa en formato libro. Esta edición corresponde a uno de los últimos rescates culturales y estudios académicos sobre la cultura impresa y la historia de la mujer chilena, el que ha sido posible gracias a los descendientes de su creadora -Lucrecia Undurraga Solar de Somarriva- que conservaron la colección original, al Centro de Estudios del Patrimonio de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez y a Editorial Cuarto Propio, y especialmente a Verónica Ramírez y Carla Ulloa. Estas académicas llevaron a cabo el hallazgo, transcripción y estudio del célebre semanario femenino en esta publicación, poniendo en valor el legado de Undurraga en el contexto social de la década de 1870. 
 Ellas, mientras llevaban a cabo la investigación para su Antología crítica de mujeres en la prensa chilena del siglo XIX (2017) junto a Manuel Romo, obra que contiene colaboraciones de autoras en 66 periódicos chilenos desde 1840 a 1900, constataron el enorme valor del semanario La Mujer: Historia, Política, Literatura, Artes y Localidad. El propósito explícito de esta publicación periódica, según consta en el prospecto[1], fue “reunir todos los elementos dispersos que signifiquen adhesión y simpatía por la gran causa del porvenir --regeneración y mejoramiento social de la mujer--.”, entendiendo que su labor como “periódico literario y político” pasaba por emancipar a la mujer de su “eterno yugo --la ignorancia--” para que no permaneciera “indiferente a la suerte de la patria” (Ramírez y Ulloa, 2018: 41-42). 
 Esta afirmación cobra extraordinaria importancia en relación al contexto de producción de La Mujer, pues representó un claro y tangible espaldarazo al Decreto Amunátegui promulgado en febrero de 1877 por el recientemente elegido Ministro de Justicia, Culto e Instrucción Pública, Miguel Luis Amunátegui. Este permitió a las mujeres rendir los exámenes para ser admitidas en la Universidad de Chile, pero además apoyar “todas las iniciativas educativas conducentes al progreso intelectual de las chilenas” (Ramírez y Ulloa, 2018: 15). Por eso es que puede clasificarse como un “órgano de propaganda y difusión de la defensa de los derechos de las mujeres, en especial el derecho a la educación y plena participación intelectual, en momentos en que la capacidad racional de la mujer era impugnada” (Ramírez et al., 2017: 56). 
 Lucrecia Undurraga Solar (Illapel, 1841- Santiago, 1901) hizo suya esta tarea. Su compromiso con la ilustración de la mujer y con la provincia se manifestó públicamente en sus palabras de adhesión al periódico La Brisa de Chile (San Felipe, 1875-1876)[2], “creación débil del periodismo, que ve la luz en condiciones tan desfavorables”, pero que fue “la primera en levantar la brillante enseña del porvenir: Ilustrar a la mujer” (Montero, 2018: 55). Al año siguiente, como artífice y Redactora de La Mujer: Historia, Política, Literatura, Artes y Localidad, Undurraga se visibilizó como una reconocida ensayista que además aglutinó en su proyecto a numerosas colaboradoras que escribieron para este periódico semanal desde Santiago, Valparaíso, San Felipe, La Serena, Talca, Curicó, Chillán, Rengo, Copiapó y Talcahuano, lo que nos habla de un fenómeno que obedece a un proceso de transformación social extendido por diferentes provincias del país. Así es como Cecilia García-Huidobro Mac-Auliffe y Paula Escobar Chavarría, en Una historia de las revistas chilenas (2012), no dudaron en considerar a Undurraga como “precursora del movimiento feminista” (García-Huidobro y Escobar, 2012: 63).
 El libro de Ramírez y Ulloa consta de un notable Prólogo escrito por García-Huidobro quien, con la autoridad de su destacada experiencia periodística, literaria, editorial y académica, no duda en resaltar el valor de este semanario como empresa periodística independiente que buscaba autofinanciarse mediante el avisaje, pues revela “una total coincidencia de la lucha de La Mujer por tener autonomía económica que le permitiera circular libremente, con la situación de las mujeres en la sociedad de la época que precisamente carecían de tal autonomía por su falta acceso al mundo de la educación, al mundo del trabajo y por no estar capacitadas de acuerdo a la legislación a administrar sus bienes” (García-Huidobro y Escobar, 2012: 10). 
 Luego, en la Introducción, Ramírez y Ulloa narran la historia del afortunado hallazgo del periódico entre los descendientes de Undurraga. Gracias a ellos, estas académicas lo pudieron sacar del olvido en que se encontró por más de un siglo al haber permanecido marginado de los archivos públicos. A continuación, las académicas analizan el estado de la cuestión, arrojando luz sobre las numerosas confusiones que han existido en torno al referido periódico La Mujer publicado en Santiago en 1877, y al homónimo La Mujer fundado en Curicó en 1897 por Leonor Urzúa Cruzat, así como también sobre cuál sería la publicación femenina pionera en Chile. 
 Antes de dar paso al corpus transcrito de La Mujer, Errázuriz y Ulloa entregan un cuidadoso análisis que identifica las principales temáticas del periódico presentes en sus distintas secciones, siendo las principales: “Revista Semanal” y “Variedades”, que reportan temas locales y de actualidad; “Literatura”, donde se publica poesía y narrativa; “Revista de Modas”, que informa las tendencias en cuanto al vestuario y sus usos; “Editorial” y “Estudios Sociales”, ambos espacios focalizados en la cuestión de la educación de la mujer en Chile y en el extranjero, con un marcado tono político. Luego, las autoras incluyen una biografía de Lucrecia Undurraga que nos permite medir la talla de esta ensayista, periodista y editora a nivel chileno y latinoamericano, bajo el prisma de reconocidos intelectuales de su tiempo que destacan sus méritos. Esta biografía es complementada con los datos biográficos de alrededor de una treintena de las colaboradoras identificadas de este periódico, sección muy útil para visibilizar los aportes de quienes, de otro modo, quedarían en el anonimato o en la nebulosa del seudónimo. 
 En lo medular, este volumen incluye los veinticinco números que se imprimieron de La Mujer, publicados entre mayo y noviembre de 1877, año clave en la historia social chilena desde el punto de vista de los derechos de la mujer y del movimiento que defendió un acceso igualitario a la educación y a la profesionalización. En este sentido, Chile fue un país pionero, y este periódico en particular, como señaló Pedro Pablo Figueroa, cumplió un rol clave en la difusión de la cultura intelectual femenina, promoviendo “un movimiento social y literario verdaderamente trascendental en esa época” (Figueroa, 1901: 338-339). 
 El título del trabajo de Ramírez y Ulloa, La Mujer (1877). El primer periódico de mujeres en Chile, es desafiante a todas luces. Primero, porque contraviene la tesis tradicional que señalaba que el logro de ser el primer periódico de mujeres del país le correspondía al Eco de las señoras de Santiago, de 1865. Ya en su anterior obra, estas investigadoras, junto a Manuel Romo Sánchez, afirmaban que El eco de las señoras de Santiago “fue un proyecto totalmente masculino, redactado y difundido por hombres, en un contexto específico de debate parlamentario entre liberales y conservadores” (Ramírez et al., 2017: 23), basándose en las pistas entregadas por los críticos del siglo XIX Rómulo Mandiola, Manuel Blanco Cuartín y José Toribio Medina, que indican que fue una estrategia para la defensa del conservadurismo en contra de los vientos de cambio. De esta manera, a través del título de su libro, Ramírez y Ulloa reivindican la triunfal corona de La Mujer como “la primera empresa editorial plenamente femenina y la más extensa e importante del siglo XIX en nuestro país” (Ramírez y Ulloa, 2018: 15), por haber sido el primer periódico chileno en ser dirigido, editado y redactado por mujeres, dedicado a mujeres, y administrado por mujeres. 
 Hay que señalar además que La Mujer (1877). El primer periódico de mujeres en Chile, es una obra que pone en valor un corpus que tocó hondamente las sensibilidades políticas en su contexto de producción, porque la acalorada lucha ideológica de ese momento no era sólo entre liberales y conservadores, sino que también entre laicistas y clericalistas, y entre protestantes o disidentes y ultramontanos, que discutían quién debiese finalmente tener la preeminencia en el orden social de un nuevo Chile: si la Iglesia Católica, a través de la extensión del ejercicio del patronato regio, o un Estado laico y modernizador que dejara atrás el orden colonial español mirando a los modelos ilustrados. El paulatino empoderamiento femenino que se hizo notar tan emblemáticamente en la década de 1870 mediante el Decreto Amunátegui, también debió asumir estas tensiones, particularmente por el ineludible rol transformador que debería asumir las mujeres más privilegiadas de la sociedad chilena, tradicionalmente vinculadas a la domesticidad, a la vida familiar y a la educación, pero, a la vez, a los cambios profundos en las generaciones venideras. 
 El periódico que podemos leer ahora gracias a Ramírez y Ulloa cumplió con esa tarea, representando el nacimiento de un evidente movimiento social que comenzó dentro del liberalismo reivindicando los derechos de la mujer en cuanto a un acceso igualitario a la educación y a la profesionalización, pero que siguió adelante haciendo valer sus ideas en la opinión pública al abrirse el siglo XX, hasta conseguir el derecho a voto para asegurar su voz política, el acceso al mundo laboral, la independencia económica y el cuestionamiento de los estereotipos femeninos y masculinos patriarcales. Todo lo cual, sin duda, le entrega gran valor y una singular vigencia a este texto -por los tiempos que corren y atendiendo a las demandas actuales- en el campo de las ciencias sociales y de las humanidades, particularmente en lo referente a los estudios de género.

La producción de conocimiento a través de la investigación académica está siendo cada vez más exigida y cuestionada, en un entorno de crisis socio-económica e institucional generalizada de la Universidad. Por su parte, la investigación académica se ve exigida para dar respuesta a las presiones y necesidades del entorno, concretamente a las prioridades de las organizaciones productivas y del mercado. Al mismo tiempo, la investigación en gestión, contabilidad y finanzas es cuestionada por conseguir un impacto muy modesto, en términos de relevancia y difusión de sus hallazgos a un público más amplio, que trascienda el contexto de los mismos investigadores. Estas exigencias y cuestionamientos reclaman una reflexión detenida por parte de los académicos; por ello, en este editorial queremos aportar algunos breves elementos para el debate.Boaventura de Sousa santos, uno de los más influyentes pensadores sociales contemporáneos, ha senalado que actualmente la Universidad vivencia una crisis de hegemonía, una crisis de legitimidad y una crisis institucional (De Sousa, 2007).Hoy en día, el conocimiento autorizado ya no se genera solo en la Universidad, lo que tiene implicaciones profundas en su centralidad-hegemonía y en la forma en que la sociedad misma ve a esta institución. En la sociedad del conocimiento, las empresas y otras entidades privadas parecen preocuparse por la creación del conocimiento, tanto o más que la Universidad y el propio Estado. La presión por la innovación atraviesa todo el tejido societal y no se entiende por fuera de la generación de nuevo conocimiento, con capacidad de ser usado y asimilado colectivamente. Allí, la tensión entre conocimiento e interés toma un realce particular, puesto que los fines altruistas y los mecanismos que acompañaron los procesos de producción de conocimiento en la "academia" se ven desplazados y/o transformados en un escenario de nuevas prioridades económicas (Habermas, 1982).La crisis de legitimidad de la Universidad surge en el marco de las contradicciones sociales y de las funciones y valores que la misma Universidad asumió en la modernidad (De sousa, 2007). El proyecto de educación de masas, bajo el amparo de los valores de la ilustración, implicaba el aumento de la cobertura de la educación superior como un camino hacia la construcción de una sociedad más democrática e incluyente. Pero las relaciones complejas entre educación para el ascenso social, reproducción de los valores dominantes y de la alta cultura y la prioridad en las necesidades económicas (mano de obra para el trabajo) han llevado a que, sobre todo en los países industrializados, la educación superior no logre colmar todas las expectativas de retornos económicos y/o de desarrollo democrático de tales sociedades.Finalmente, la crisis institucional de la Universidad deviene de la contradicción de sus valores, entre ellos la autonomía necesaria para la búsqueda del conocimiento comprometido solo con el bien común y la verdad, y las exigencias crecientes de eficiencia y de gestión bajo los parámetros de las entidades empresariales. La transformación paulatina de las prioridades y valores de las clases dominantes llevó a que la Universidad lentamente perdiera el compromiso estatal de su financiación, teniendo que desplegar procesos de gestión de sus ingresos y costos. La búsqueda de ingresos hace que sus actividades misionales se adapten al mercado, por ejemplo, con impactos profundos en la creación de conocimiento desinteresado, en la formación para la ciudadanía o en el cultivo de la estética y las artes liberales (Nussbaum, 2010).De esta manera, la conjunción de estas crisis conduce a la situación social, institucional y económica que hoy viven las universidades, no solo en Colombia, sino en gran parte del mundo industrializado, que podemos catalogar francamente como "crítica". Es en tal contexto en el que la presión por desarrollar agendas de investigación más "aplicadas" o cercanas a las necesidades de las organizaciones y del mercado se torna prioritaria en las instituciones universitarias. Es también en este contexto donde la relevancia es entendida como la consecución de aplicaciones concretas de los resultados de investigación a problemas organizacionales, con retornos económico-financieros positivos conseguidos en el mercado (p.e. patentes, contratos de [&D, etc.).Es innegable que en el ámbito de las ciencias de gestión, de la contabilidad y de las finanzas, la naturaleza de tales conocimientos reclama un vínculo muy profundo con el mundo organizacional. No obstante, debemos diferenciar con cuidado la búsqueda del conocimiento y la verdad, de la generación de publicidad o de la producción de relatos que pretenden legitimidad. La investigación aplicada se torna más relevante y confiable para conocer el mundo empresarial, cuando está soportada en marcos conceptuales y estructuras teóricas robustas, que son propias de la investigación básica y que permiten entregar sentido explicativo y comprensivo a los eventos empíricos; todo ello implica que no solo la aplicación es válida para la investigación en nuestras disciplinas. Pero al mismo tiempo, la investigación aplicada puede poner a prueba los referentes teóricos traídos de otras latitudes y ser germen para la construcción de un conocimiento endógeno de nuestra realidad tropical (Mora-Osejo y Fals-Borda, 2004).De esta manera, el vínculo entre Universidad, por una parte, y entorno empresarial y mercado, por otra, requiere ser permanente repensado y reconstruido. Debemos comprender que los tiempos de la generación del conocimiento no necesariamente siguen los ritmos de la producción empresarial, expuesta a las presiones para la subsistencia económica en la lucha del mercado. Pero también debemos entender que la comprensión, intervención y transformación de nuestra realidad reclama un proceso disciplinado y comprometido con la entrega de resultados tangibles, que repercutan en sugerencias y estrategias de acción para el mediano y largo plazo.La relevancia de los resultados de investigación y la efectividad de su difusión vienen siendo también discutidas. Una evaluación de las diferentes posturas no puede perder de vista el contexto de crisis que la Universidad afronta. En el fondo, la relevancia de la investigación universitaria es cuestionada dadas las crisis financiera y de legitimidad que esta institución enfrenta. El debate por el sentido de la publicación universitaria y académica debe ser abordado, sin perder de vista los matices sociológicos que están inmersos en la producción del conocimiento. De ello se desprende la conveniencia de admitir que los académicos son individuos que actúan en estructuras sociales y con ciertos grados de agencia-autonomía; por tanto, también pueden ser más o menos altruistas, utilitaristas, interesados u oportunistas.Si bien la difusión de los resultados de investigación primero requiere del lente experto de los académicos, para garantizar el carácter científico de los hallazgos y la autorregulación responsable, no es menos cierto que la investigación debe trascender el reducido espacio de los claustros, impactando a los actores con capacidad de decisión política y económica y a la opinión pública. No obstante, no solo la Universidad está en crisis. La sociedad enfrenta una crisis de iniquidad y valores democráticos que tiene pocos precedentes. En un escenario como estos, la verdad puede ser incómoda, no solo para el poder económico (que hoy se funde con el poder político) sino para los propios ciudadanos. El riesgo sería confundir relevancia y pertinencia, solo con conocimiento interesado y retórica de legitimación sobre el statu quo en el mundo organizacional y en el mercado global.Por estas razones, entre otras, desde esta tribuna que es [NNOVAR, invitamos a los académicos iberoamericanos de las ciencias de gestión (así como de otras ciencias sociales), para plantear debates y reflexiones que permitan aumentar nuestra comprensión de la realidad organizacional de la región. Estamos comprometidos con el conocimiento científico para el bienestar social y para la construcción de procesos organizacionales más sostenibles. Trabajaremos en conseguir que la revista no solo sea un medio de difusión dirigido a académicos, sino en que la base de profesionales, empresarios y tomadores de decisiones públicas que acceden a nuestra publicación sea cada vez mayor.En este número presentamos diez (10) artículos de investigación, agrupados en tres (3) de nuestras tradicionales secciones: Estrategia y organizaciones, Contabilidad y finanzas, y Educación y empleo.En la primera sección, Estrategia y organizaciones, recogemos cuatro (4) artículos.Desde Uruguay, el profesor Luis silva-Domingo aporta su investigación bajo el título "Management Control: Unsolved Problems and Research Opportunities". En este trabajo el autor identifica un conjunto de conceptos centrales para el control de gestión, llamando la atención sobre la importancia del consenso entre los académicos e investigadores para fortalecer este campo de conocimientos. Los tres conceptos clave que requieren mayores acuerdos son: el problema del control de gestión; la definición y caracterización de los mecanismos del control de gestión; y, finalmente, el alcance de los sistemas de control de gestión.En una colaboración hispano-chilena, los profesores Patricia Huerta, Paloma Almodóvar, Liliana Pedraja, José Navas y Sergio Contreras nos presentan el artículo "Factores que impactan sobre los resultados empresariales: un estudio comparativo entre empresas chilenas y españolas". El trabajo realiza una importante revisión de la literatura sobre los factores que definen el resultado empresarial. Al mismo tiempo, lleva a cabo una muy juiciosa contrastación en empresas de los dos países estudiados, entregando evidencia empírica sobre los factores que influyen decisivamente en los resultados empresariales.Las profesoras españolas Natalia Vila e [Nés Kúster contribuyen a este número con el trabajo titulado "¿Conduce la internacionalización al éxito de una empresa familiar?: aplicación al sector textil". Esta investigación buscó contrastar en las empresas del sector textil espanol, un sector altamente competitivo, la manera en que la internacionalización promovió el éxito empresarial. Para ello, asumió como variables definitorias del éxito empresarial: los resultados empresariales (volumen de ventas, nivel de beneficios, etc.) y los indicadores de desempeño (satisfacción de los clientes, reputación percibida, calidad, etc.). La investigación se basó en encuestas realizadas a 154 gerentes de empresas textiles de España.Para cerrar esta sección, se presenta en la revista el artículo titulado "Project Management in Development Cooperation. Non Governmental Organizations", de autoría de los profesores Maricela Montes-Guerra, Aida De-Miguel, Amaya Pérez-Ezcurdia, Faustino Gimena y Mauricio Díez-silva, fruto de una colaboración colombo-espanola. En esta investigación, los autores llaman la atención sobre la relevancia de la gestión de proyectos para las iniciativas de apoyo y cooperación internacional al desarrollo. En particular, el trabajo permite concluir que la gestión de proyectos puede mejorar la eficiencia y la rendición de cuentas de tales proyectos.Nuestra sección de Contabilidad y finanzas está constituida, igualmente, por cuatro (4) artículos científicos.El primer artículo de esta sección es de autoría del profesor colombiano Javier Humberto Ospina Holguín, y se titula "Medidas dinámicas de predictibilidad en el índice S&P 500 y sus determinantes". Esta investigación buscó medir la predictibilidad del índice Standard and Poor's 500. Para ello construyó un algoritmo basado en medidas dinámicas de predictibilidad. La investigación concluye que el mercado no es estáticamente predecible, sino que la predictibilidad evoluciona dinámicamente, lo que corrobora la hipótesis teórica de la tendencia adaptativa del mercado.Los profesores españoles Fernando Azcárate Llanes, Manuel Fernández Chulián y Francisco Carrasco Fenech aportan el trabajo "Memorias de sostenibilidad e indicadores integrados: análisis exploratorio sobre características definitorias. Una reflexión crítica". Esta investigación buscó caracterizar las empresas que publican memorias de sostenibilidad (informes de desarrollo sostenible, siguiendo la guía No. 3 del Global Reporting [niciative-GR[ G3-) y que contienen indicadores integrados. A partir de la realización de un análisis clúster, el trabajo permitió agrupar a las empresas que producen los informes (memorias) de mayor calidad. Se concluye que las memorias muestran deficiencias, pese al alto reconocimiento que, en materia de Responsabilidad social, tienen las empresas que las emiten.Bajo el título "El empleo de la Webmetría para el análisis de los indicadores de desempeño y posición financiera de la empresa: un análisis exploratorio en diversos sectores económicos de los Estados Unidos", presentamos la colaboración de los profesores Esteban Romero Frías, Liwen Vaughan y Lázaro Rodríguez Ariza, de universidades de España y Canadá. Esta investigación busca identificar si existe relación entre las variables financieras y los enlaces recibidos por empresas de diversos sectores económicos. El trabajo buscó extender los hallazgos previos de la literatura, más allá de empresas del sector de tecnología, particularmente en el contexto estadounidense. Los resultados muestran que existe un vínculo entre el número de enlaces que reciben las páginas web de las empresas y su dimensión económica (posición y desempeño financiero).Cierra esta sección con la investigación de los profesores espanoles Belén Vallejo-Alonso, José Domingo García-Merino y Gerardo Arregui-Ayastuy, artículo titulado "Motives for Financial Valuation of Intangibles and Business Performance in SMEs". Este trabajo buscó analizar la relación existente entre los motivos que llevan a la valoración de los intangibles y el desempeño de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes). La investigación empírica implicó entrevistar telefónicamente a 369 gerentes financieros de Pymes españolas y la vinculación de sus respuestas con el análisis de la información financiera de tales empresas. Los resultados muestran que las Pymes consideran que la valoración financiera de sus intangibles permite un mejor desempeño.En la sección de Educación y empleo, para este número, publicamos dos (2) resultados de investigación.El primer trabajo se denomina "¿Es posible potenciar la capacidad de liderazgo en la universidad?", fruto de la colaboración de los profesores Carmen Delia Dávila Quintana, José-Ginés Mora, Pedro Pérez Vázquez y Luis Eduardo Vila, quienes están vinculados con universidades de España y el Reino Unido. El trabajo analizó la importancia de la educación superior en el comportamiento de los egresados en el puesto de trabajo, particularmente en las dimensiones del liderazgo orientado a las tareas, las relaciones y al cambio. A partir de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, los resultados muestran que el comportamiento de los egresados como líderes depende crucialmente de determinadas competencias clave.El segundo artículo, fruto del trabajo de las investigadoras colombianas Silvia Morales Gualdrón y Astrid Giraldo Gómez, se titula "Análisis de una innovación social: el Comité Universidad Empresa Estado del Departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) y su funcionamiento como mecanismo de interacción". La investigación buscó caracterizar el Comité Universidad Empresa Estado (CUEE) del Departamento de Antioquia, desde la teoría de redes y la teoría de la comunicación funcional. La metodología observada fue cualitativa y se basó en entrevistas a profundidad y en la triangulación de documentos, tales como las actas del CUEE. El trabajo concluye que el CUEE opera como una red de conocimiento en el que la comunicación, la deliberación, la confianza y la negociación se construyen por medio del consenso.Como siempre, estamos seguros de que nuestros lectores encontrarán valiosos estos trabajos. También, partimos de reconocer que nuestros colaboradores continúan aportando a la comprensión de la dinámica organizacional y socioeconómica, en un ambiente complejo y retador como el que enfrenta hoy la Universidad internacional e iberoamericana.

This paper explores editorials and opinion columns published in four Chilean mainstream newspapers and analyzes how China is represented within the context of Chinese economic advances in the region and the contextual narratives surrounding bilateral relations. Through a content analysis of editorials and opinion pieces of elite media between 2018 and 2021, this study allows an understanding of how China and its growing influence are perceived locally. Ultimately, despite an overall alignment with China’s public diplomacy centered around an economic-commercial dimension, there are still nuances in how China is represented in Chilean op-eds.

The 1973 military coup in Chile was one of the most violent in Latin America. In an environment of high political polarization and poor economic indicators, the Chilean Armed Forces overthrew President Salvador Allende. There is extensive literature discussing the political and institutional causes of the military coup without much reference to the characteristics of public opinion. Based on surveys conducted in 1972 and 1973, we evaluated support for a military government and the Armed Forces’ image in a context of high political upheaval. We found that months before the military coup, about 25% supported a military government and the Armed Forces also had broad popular support, being perceived as reliable and politically neutral actors. Although there is some consensus on the insurrectionary character of the Armed Forces before the military coup, we conclude that this image was far from being reflected in public opinion.

Abstract Background This study aims to assess preferences and values for priority setting in healthcare in Chile through an original and innovative survey method. Based on the answers from a previous survey that look into the barriers the Chilean population face, this study considers the preferences of the communities overcoming those barriers. As a result six programs were identified: (1) new infrastructure, (2) better healthcare coverage, (3) increasing physicians/specialists, (4) new informatics systems, (5) new awareness healthcare programs, and (6) improving availability of drugs. Methods We applied an innovative survey method developed for this study to sample subjects to prioritize these programs by their opinion and by allocating resources. The survey also asked people’s preferences for a distributive justice principle for healthcare to guide priority setting of services in Chile. The survey was conducted with a sample of 1142 individuals. Results More than half of the interviewees (56.4%) indicated a single program as their first priority, while 20.1% selected two of them as their first priority. To increase the number of doctors/specialists and improve patient-doctor communication was the program that obtained the highest priority. The second and third priorities correspond to improving and investing in infrastructure and expanding the coverage of healthcare insurances. Additionally, the results showed that equal access for equal healthcare is the principle selected by the majority to guide distributive justice for the Chilean health system. Conclusions This study shows how a large population sample can participate in major decision making of national health policies, including making a choice of a distributive justice principle. Despite the complexity of the questions asked, this study demonstrated that with an innovative method and adequate guidance, average population is capable of engaging in expressing their preferences and values. Results of this study provide policy-makers useful community generated information for prioritizing policies to improve healthcare access.

ABSTRACT In the last two decades, competition agencies around the world have increasingly directed their attention to enforcement against cartels. With the encouragement of the antitrust authorities of the United States, and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, various countries have introduced leniency programs, and sanctions for individuals found guilty of colluding. Critics are concerned, however, that these measures are not backed by broad public support, which could jeopardize their enforcement. This paper explores public attitudes toward cartels in Chile, an emerging economy that introduced a leniency program in 2009 and criminal sanctions in 2016, by presenting the results of a public opinion survey conducted in this country in August–September 2019. The results of the survey show high awareness of cartels and the harm they cause, and high public disapproval of cartel conduct among the Chilean respondents. In particular, up to 70 percent of the respondents support prison sentences against individuals found guilty of colluding. Such strong public support for anti-cartel measures could be considered positive from the perspective of enforcement. The results also emphasize the importance of continued competition advocacy directed at the society to explain and gain public support for the anti-cartel agenda.

Purpose Late in 2019, massive protest demonstrations rocked both Chile and Colombia. They were an expression of discontent with the economic model and social policies implemented in both countries in recent decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Chilean and Colombian news websites framed these social protests and what aspects of the social movements promoted these media to public opinion. Design/methodology/approach The methodology of this research is empirical; the authors use quantitative and discourse analysis techniques to study the news published by the top three most visited main news websites in each country and deduce the main frameworks emerging from them. After analyzing the framing of reality by media in 4,252 news items, the authors suggest that the main news portals in these Latin American countries not only portrayed the collective actions but also promoted interpretations that did not necessarily reflect the demands of the demonstrations. Findings The findings were that in the 2019 protests in Chile and Colombia, the media approach to collective action was not necessarily positive for the activists. This was mainly because framing in the Chilean and Colombian websites had to do with negative aspects of the movements, such as violence or economic costs. Originality/value The originality and value of this research is that despite the fact that there are abundant case studies on the relationship between social movements and media framing in the literature, this study adds to the current knowledge because it compares two Latin American countries and focuses on Web news portals.

Abstract In contexts of institutional crisis, conflicts arise in which different pressure groups try to maximize their influence, seeking to adjust a political reality in line with their own interest. This article analyzes the changes in the attitudes of economic elites regarding the process of drafting of a new Constitution in Chile. Based on the literature on the political culture of entrepreneurs, the research hypothesis posed in this study suggests the existence of a widespread conservative attitude within this social group regarding a change in institutional rules. This mainly relates to the perception that a new Constitution in Chile could threaten its predominant place in the distribution of economic and political power. The results obtained after analyzing in-depth interviews with presidents or vice presidents of the main business organizations in the country show changing positions throughout the different stages of the constituent process. Even though some attitudinal changes towards an adaptation become visible, what ultimately prevails is an unmitigated rejection of the constituent process. These findings clearly suggest a return to the initial stances of most entrepreneurs, something that also happened in the elite examined as well as in the rest of Chilean society. Thus, one can speak about a sort of “boomerang effect”: the attitudes of rejection have once again dominated the space of discursive expression where the pressure exerted by public opinion seemed to pave the way for a certain reformism or a transforming reaction. This evidence confirms a disconnection found in the literature which reveals the dynamic nature of short-term attitudes linked to each specific situation, albeit with more stable values and positions specific to the political culture which exist on a more persistent basis.

Abstract In this article, we argue that the 2022 Chilean draft Constitution helps to articulate the distinction between a transformative constitutional project and a utopian one. Whereas a transformative project lays down markers for social change that will take time to achieve, a utopian project sets out goals that are unlikely to be achieved within any reasonable timeframe. Utopianism is a product of two relationships. The first is the internal relationship between the transformative goals laid out in a constitution and the institutional pathways through which changes will occur. The second is the external relationship between the goals in the text and the views and support of key groups. In Chile, both relationships were problematic. First, the Convention adopted a draft that was heavy on ambitious programmatic content but lacked a clear vision of how to implement it. Second, the Convention produced a draft that was supported by the ephemeral civil society groups galvanized by the 2019 protests but divorced from the vision of Chile’s parties and public opinion. Some of this was a product of the peculiar electoral context in which the Convention acted, which has already been corrected. But some of it reflects deeper tensions within transformative constitutionalism.

Use of pharmacogenetics (PGx) testing to guide clinical decisions is growing in developed countries. Published guidelines for gene–drug pair analysis are available for prescriptions in psychiatry, but information on their utilization, barriers, and health outcomes in Latin America is limited. As a result, this work aimed at exploring current use, opinions, and perceived obstacles on PGx testing among psychiatrists in Chile, via an online, anonymous survey. Among 123 respondents (5.9% of registered psychiatrists in the country), 16.3% reported ever requesting a PGx test. The vast majority (95%) of tests were ordered by clinicians practicing in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. Having more than 20 years in practice was positively associated with prior use of PGx (p 0.02, OR 3.74 (1.19–11.80)), while working in the public health system was negatively associated (OR 0.30 (0.10–0.83)). Perceived barriers to local implementation included insufficient evidence of clinical utility, limited clinicians’ knowledge on PGx and on test availability, and health systems’ issues, such as costs and reimbursement. Despite the recognition of these barriers, 80% of respondents asserted that it is likely that they will incorporate PGx tests in their practice in the next five years. Given these results, we propose next steps to facilitate implementation such as further research in health outcomes and clinical utility of known and novel clinically actionable variants, growth in local sequencing capabilities, education of clinicians, incorporation of clinical decision support tools, and economic evaluations, all in local context.

AbstractWe analyze 6 months of Twitter conversations related to the Chilean Covid-19 vaccination process, in order to understand the online forces that argue for or against it and suggest effective digital communication strategies. Using AI, we classify accounts into four categories that emerge from the data as a result of the type of language used. This classification naturally distinguishes pro- and anti-vaccine activists from moderates that promote or inhibit vaccination in discussions, which also play a key role that should be addressed by public policies. We find that all categories display relatively constant opinions, but that the number of tweeting accounts grows in each category during controversial periods. We also find that accounts disfavoring vaccination tend to appear in the periphery of the interaction network, which is consistent with Chile’s high immunization levels. However, these are more active in addressing those favoring vaccination than vice-versa, revealing a potential communication problem even in a society where the antivaccine movement has no central role. Our results highlight the importance of social network analysis to understand public discussions and suggest online interventions that can help achieve successful immunization campaigns.

In several countries where immigration influxes have changed or increased, citizenship education policies have been strengthened as a way to build social cohesion. In this paper, I took the case of Chile to explore citizenship education policies throughout their references towards immigration. Methodologically, I use the Foucauldian notion of dispositive as an analytical tool to explore the knowledge-power network that shapes citizenship education. I took samples of public opinions, educational documents and reports, and legal documents as part of the heterogeneity that shape the dispositive. These samples come from Chilean magazines, newspapers, and documents released by educational institutions as well as laws. Findings indicate that, if viewed from how it references immigration, the dispositive of citizen education in Chile works as a managerial dispositive of cultural differences; one that places immigrants themselves as commodities. In current neoliberal times, where capitalism multiplies differences and produces cultural commodities, citizenship education works as a technique of governing at a distance to administrate such differences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered prejudices, systemic inequities and critical feelings about governmental institutions around the globe. Since the start of the pandemic, the 12 nations that make up South America have had more than 67 million cases and 1.3 million fatalities. Public trust in and willingness to speak out about government responses to COVID-19 in each nation have differed vastly. Using spiral of silence, this study ( n = 1248) explored support for governmental COVID-19 response and willingness to speak out about that response in four South American nations: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru. Results revealed Chileans are more likely to speak out on government response to COVID-19 than other South American participants. In addition, climate of opinion and support for government response positively predict willingness to speak. These results further our international and cross-cultural understanding of spiral of silence.

Summary Health Promoting Universities (HPUs) are more likely to perform actions intended to change habits and increase personal empowerment, than they are to develop community actions. The objective of this research is to create an asset map to visualize collective actions in a Chilean HPU. A qualitative study, based on the ABCD model was conducted. There were 149 people, distributed into 48 semi-structured interviews and 14 focus groups, who participated in this study (students, employees, ex-students and retirees). An asset map was elaborated, identifying the contributions of residents, associations and organizations, local institutions, physical resources, economic assets and local culture and with a new category, ‘connecting assets’. These categories show the range of resources in a university. According to the participants, the questions on asset identification were a tool for reflection, and by giving their opinions and discovering or drawing attention to new resources, they gained a better understanding of the assets in the university. Several participants stated that these talks could generate a positive emotional environment, which boosted their wellbeing. There were gender- and group-based differences in how the assets were valued. Students stressed assets related to services and benefits from the institution, green areas, and collective spaces. Employees, retirees and ex-students emphasized assets related to belonging, identity and traditions. Men appreciated openness and privacy in physical spaces. Women highlighted assets related to the institution. The resulting map, displays a range of resources that can help the university develop new possibilities for comprehensive and collective actions that would revitalize the HPU strategy.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare academic achievement, cognitive performance, playtime, bullying, and discrimination in adolescents according to traditional uniforms (TUs) and sports uniforms (SUs) worn at school, while simultaneously exploring the influence of the school vulnerability index.MethodsA total of 988 Chilean adolescents (52.6% boys) aged 10–14 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Academic achievement was evaluated by the average grade in maths, language, and science grades, while cognitive performance was assessed through eight cognitive tasks. TUs affecting physical activity, playtime, bullying, and discrimination were queried. Mixed model analyses were performed.ResultsNo differences were observed in academic achievement (TU: 5.4 ± 0.1 vs. SU: 5.5 ± 0.2, p = 0.785) or in cognitive performance (TU: 99.6 ± 0.8 vs. SU: 98.9 ± 1.8, p= 0.754) according to the school uniformtype. Moreover, 64.1 % of participants declared that wearing TU affects their physical activity (traditional uniforms: + 8 min and sports uniforms: + 20 min), and those who believed so spent more time playing than those who answered negatively (14.5 min, p = 0.012). Finally, adolescents wearing SU displayed a lower feeling of bullying and discrimination; this finding depended mainly on the school's vulnerability.ConclusionIt is concluded that wearing TU does not show an educational advantage at an academic and cognitive level that justifies its obligation. In addition, it could be suggested that schools consider adolescents' opinions in adopting a more comfortable uniform, such as the SU. This feasible and low-cost measure would help to increase adolescents' physical activity during the school day, and, contrary to belief, it would not be related to increased feelings of bullying and discrimination.

Abstract Background A sustained period of social, economic, and political unrest took place during October of 2019 in Chile. As an institutional solution, the “Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution” was signed. In this document, most political parties committed to reestablishing peace and public order in Chile, agreeing on the initiation of a constitutional process. To promote participation of civil society actors, the “Popular Initiative for Norms” was enabled. This was a platform where civilians could submit proposals for constitutional norms to be discussed by the Constitutional Convention. We aimed to analyze proposals related to migrants and migrant health. Methods We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of the proposals. Sixteen of them were related to migrants, and we analyzed their association to health. We also evaluated their link to the Health Goals 2030 set out by the Chilean Ministry of Health and the Global Action Plan 2019–2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. Results Four main thematic categories were identified: 1) Humans rights of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers; 2) Nationality and regularization of migrants and refugees; 3) Political participation and cultural integration of migrants and refugees; and 4) Specific regulations on slavery and human trafficking. These resonated with broader frameworks established in the Health Goals 2030 (Chile) and the Global Action Plan 2019–2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. Conclusions The ‘Popular Initiative for Norms’ was a non-binding participatory mechanism. Although the proposals sent through were not guaranteed to be included in the constitutional draft—and despite the final draft being rejected last September 2022—the platform allowed to gain insights into civilian opinions. Our findings showed that there is an incipient yet weak recognition of the rights and situation of migrants in Chile. There was no direct mention of health nor an explicit contemplation of social determinants of health. Despite there being an urgent need to define strategies for migrants’ health in Chile, this study demonstrated that civil awareness and interest are still insufficient.