Artykuły w czasopismach: „Children in Scotland”

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Gunner, Annie. "The Children (Scotland) Bill". Children & Society 9, nr 1 (18.12.2007): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1995.tb00444.x.

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McGhee, Janice, i Joe Francis. "Protecting children in Scotland: examining the impact of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995". Child & Family Social Work 8, nr 2 (10.04.2003): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.2003.00275.x.

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Mitchell, Ann. "CHILDREN AND DIVORCE IN SCOTLAND". Family Court Review 26, nr 2 (15.03.2005): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1988.tb01036.x.

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Plumtree, Alexandra. "The Children (Scotland) Act 1995". Adoption & Fostering 19, nr 3 (październik 1995): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599501900308.

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The Children (Scotland) Act received the Royal Assent on 19 July 1995. Alexandra Plumtree worked closely on all aspects of this new Act, not expected to come into force until at least October 1996. Here she summarises some of its key provisions.

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Tisdall, E. Kay M., i Alexandra Plumtree. "The Children Act 1989 and the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 a Comparative Look". Adoption & Fostering 21, nr 3 (październik 1997): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599702100304.

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Over a period of six years, children's legislation has been revised across the UK. The Children Act, which largely applies to England and Wales, was enacted in 1989 and implemented in 1991. Northern Ireland and Scotland had to wait several years for their parallel legislation; it was not until 1995 that the Children (Northern Ireland) Order and the Children (Scotland) Act were passed by Parliament. Much can be learnt from comparing the different legislation and, more importantly, their implementation. Writing from a Scottish perspective, E. Kay M. Tisdall and Alexandra Plumtree compare the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 with the Children Act 1989. They begin with a brief introduction to the two Acts, outlining some of the major conceptual changes, and go on to concentrate on two areas: children in need and inter-agency co-operation. The article concludes by reflecting on the lessons that can be learnt from the English and Welsh experience.

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Ben-Amos, Ilana Krausman. "Children and Youth in Premodern Scotland". Social History 41, nr 3 (13.06.2016): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2016.1175124.

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Gibson, B. E. S., O. B. Eden, A. Barrett, C. A. Stiller i G. J. Draper. "LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG CHILDREN IN SCOTLAND". Lancet 332, nr 8611 (wrzesień 1988): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90668-x.

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Bonino, Stefano. "A New Muslim Community: Children of Islam and Scotland †,‡". Religions 10, nr 3 (10.03.2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10030175.

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The experience of being a Muslim in Scotland today is shaped by the global and national post-9/11 shift in public attitudes towards Muslims, and is infused by the particular social, cultural, and political Scottish ways of dealing with minorities, diversity, and integration. The paper explores the development of Muslim communities in Scotland, highlighting the ongoing changes in their structure and the move towards a Scottish experience of being Muslim. This experience combines a sense of civic and social belonging to Scotland with a religious and ideological commitment to Islam.

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Bugler, Kate E., Mark S. Gaston i James E. Robb. "Distribution and motor ability of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland: a registry analysis". Scottish Medical Journal 64, nr 1 (18.10.2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933018805897.

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Background and aims Cerebral palsy is the commonest long-term physical disability in children with a prevalence of between 1.77 and 2.11/1000 live births. In 2013, the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland (CPIPS) surveillance programme was introduced in all 14 Health Boards in Scotland and provides a standardised musculoskeletal examination of the spine and lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence, subtypes, motor classification and motor ability of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland. Methods and results The family/carer’s postal address, the child’s neurological classification, motor subtypes, Gross Motor Functional Classification (GMFCS) Level and Functional Mobility Scale of 1972 children at first registration in CPIPS 2013–2018 were analysed. Their mean age at first assessment was 7.6 years. There was an overall prevalence of cerebral palsy in Scotland of 2.02/1000. GMFCS levels and Functional Mobility Scale data and prevalence were reported by Health Board and were comparable to that reported elsewhere. Conclusion For the first time, data are available on the motor abilities of the total population of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland. This information will be highly relevant to resource management of current and future motor needs of these children.

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Kane, Jean, Sheila Riddell, Pauline Banks, Anne Baynes, Alan Dyson, Alan Millward i Alastair Wilson. "Special Educational Needs and Individualised Education Programmes: Issues of Parent and Pupil Participation". Scottish Educational Review 35, nr 1 (27.03.2003): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-03501005.

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Recent statute in Scotland (Children (Scotland) Act, 1996; Standards in Scotland’s Schools, etc. Act (Scotland), 2000; Disability Discrimination Act, 1995, as amended) has lent force to attempts to increase the participation of pupils and parents in educational processes, particularly in decision-making. These attempts are apparent in policy recommendations (SOED,1994; SOEID, 1998) and are further evidenced in the field of special educational needs (SEN) in the response to recent proposals for consultation (SEED, 2002) and in the drafting of new legislation with regard to additional support needs. While there is a consensus that such participation is desirable, education professionals are not in agreement about what constitutes participation, nor have schools found easy the development of more participative ways of working with pupils and their parents. This article discusses these issues in relation to the findings of a recent Scottish Executive funded research project Raising the Attainment of Pupils with Special Educational Needs (Banks, et al., 2001)

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Paterson, Lindsay. "Catholic schools and the Education (Scotland) Act, 1918". Innes Review 71, nr 1 (maj 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2020.0246.

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The Education (Scotland) Act, 1918, has been widely interpreted as reflecting the diverse and inclusive nature of Scotland, integrating Catholic children into the national system. Although not entirely wrong, this view is inaccurate. As the founding moment of Scotland's twentieth-century education, its over-riding purpose was secular: it was not really about Catholics or any other specific group in society, but about fostering individual liberal opportunity through expanding secondary education. The Act was also the first clear articulation in policy of the idea that educational opportunity ought not to be constrained by pupils’ economic circumstances. The Act established a principle which, by the late-1930s, had become secondary education for all. After the 1960s, it became comprehensive education for all, and from the 1980s it was deepened into a common course for all.

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Haughney, John, Iain Small, Hilary Davison i Harpreet S. Kohli. "Standards for children with asthma in Scotland". Primary Care Respiratory Journal 16, nr 4 (8.08.2007): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3132/pcrj.2007.00057.

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Moore, Hannah C., Nicholas de Klerk, Christopher C. Blyth, Ruth Gilbert, Parveen Fathima, Ania Zylbersztejn, Maximiliane Verfürden i Pia Hardelid. "Temporal trends and socioeconomic differences in acute respiratory infection hospitalisations in children: an intercountry comparison of birth cohort studies in Western Australia, England and Scotland". BMJ Open 9, nr 5 (maj 2019): e028710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028710.

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ObjectivesAcute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a global cause of childhood morbidity. We compared temporal trends and socioeconomic disparities for ARI hospitalisations in young children across Western Australia, England and Scotland.DesignRetrospective population-based cohort studies using linked birth, death and hospitalisation data.Setting and participantsPopulation birth cohorts spanning 2000–2012 (Western Australia and Scotland) and 2003–2012 (England).Outcome measuresARI hospitalisations in infants (<12 months) and children (1–4 years) were identified through International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition diagnosis codes. We calculated admission rates per 1000 child-years by diagnosis and jurisdiction-specific socioeconomic deprivation and used negative binomial regression to assess temporal trends.ResultsThe overall infant ARI admission rate was 44.3/1000 child-years in Western Australia, 40.7/1000 in Scotland and 40.1/1000 in England. Equivalent rates in children aged 1–4 years were 9.0, 7.6 and 7.6. Bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis. Compared with the least socioeconomically deprived, those most deprived had higher ARI hospitalisation risk (incidence rate ratio 3.9 (95% CI 3.5 to 4.2) for Western Australia; 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) for England; 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) for Scotland. ARI admissions in infants were stable in Western Australia but increased annually in England (5%) and Scotland (3%) after adjusting for non-ARI admissions, sex and deprivation.ConclusionsAdmissions for ARI were higher in Western Australia and displayed greater socioeconomic disparities than England and Scotland, where ARI rates are increasing. Prevention programmes focusing on disadvantaged populations in all three countries are likely to translate into real improvements in the burden of ARI in children.

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Smith, Connie. "Preventing Unsuitable Individuals from Working with Children: Vetting and Barring Policy and Devolution". Social Policy and Society 13, nr 1 (13.05.2013): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746413000171.

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Arrangements for protecting children in organisations, such as using criminal records, in staff recruitment (vetting), and barring certain individuals from certain posts, have undergone significant expansion in the United Kingdom since the turn of the millennium. This has happened concurrently with the devolving of political powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The purpose of this article is to explore aspects of the possibilities of, and limits to, devolution by refracting it through the lens of vetting and barring policy in England and Scotland from 1997 to 2010. The conclusion is that devolution has enabled differences to emerge within aspects of these policies between Scotland and England, but has had negligible impact on the overall policy agenda of risk management and preventive governance.

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Reilly, John J., Smita Dick, Geraldine McNeill i Mark S. Tremblay. "Results from Scotland’s 2013 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, s1 (styczeń 2014): S93—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0183.

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Background:The Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Card aims to consolidate existing evidence, facilitate international comparisons, encourage more evidence-informed physical activity and health policy, and improve surveillance of physical activity.Methods:Application of the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card process and methodology to Scotland, adapted to Scottish circumstances and availability of data.Results:The Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Card 2013 consists of indicators of 7 Health Behaviors and Outcomes and 3 Influences on Health Behaviors and Outcomes. Grades of F were assigned to Overall Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior (recreational screen time), and Obesity Prevalence. A C was assigned to Active Transportation and a D- was assigned to Diet. Two indicators, Active and Outdoor Play and Organized Sport Participation, could not be graded. Among the Influences, Family Influence received a D, while Perceived Safety, Access, and Availability of Spaces for Physical Activity and the National Policy Environment graded more favorably with a B.Conclusions:The Active Healthy Kids Canada process and methodology was readily generalizable to Scotland. The report card illustrated low habitual physical activity and extremely high levels of screen-based sedentary behavior, and highlighted several opportunities for improved physical activity surveillance and promotion strategies.

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Whitelaw, Ruby. "Does Group Size of Provision Matter for Children Who Experience Residential Group Care in Scotland?" Youth 3, nr 4 (4.12.2023): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth3040087.

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It is widely recognised that trauma-informed care is fundamental to meeting the needs of children who experience residential care. Service design is central to this, and the aim of this article is to illustrate the experiences of 13 young people who have lived within group care settings, to highlight how a service’s capacity can impact on children’s needs being met. Using findings from a PhD thesis engaging 18–29-year-olds in Scotland, the research used a mixed methodological approach of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to elicit young people’s retrospective care experiences. The findings show that the number of children within a setting can adversely affect the feeling of being emotionally and practically supported, resulting in some children feeling that their needs were not fully met. This will offer insight to practitioners, managers and decision makers who are engaged in the delivery and development of children’s services. Background: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) articles 3, 9 and 20 and Scotland’s Independent Care Review state what children should expect from authorities and services responsible for providing alternative care. The ambition for Scotland’s children is that they “grow up loved, safe, and respected so that (they) realise their full potential”. For those who spend a period of their childhood growing up in residential care, they should experience a relational, trauma-informed and caring approach from staff.

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Pollock, KGJ, TJ Beattie, B. Reynolds, A. Stewart i JM Cowden. "Clinical Management of Children with Suspected or Confirmed E. coli O157 Infection". Scottish Medical Journal 52, nr 3 (sierpień 2007): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmsmj.52.3.5.

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Scotland continues to report higher rates of infection with Escherichia coli O157 than elsewhere in the UK. Infection with E. coli O157 usually manifests as acute, afebrile, painful, bloody diarrhoea and is the commonest cause of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS), an important cause of childhood renal failure. In 1996 an outbreak of E. coli O157 infection in Central Scotland, resulted in over 500 cases and 17 deaths. Ten years on, high-profile outbreaks of E. coli O157 infection in Scotland still result in cases of HUS and fatalities. We sought to identify outcomes and describe pre-hospital clinical management strategies using prospective, national surveillance of paediatric HUS cases, from 2003 to 2006 inclusive. We recommend that children who present with acute, afebrile, and painful bloody diarrhoea be referred to hospital as early as possible for appropriate clinical management.

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Midwinter, Arthur. "Local Education Spending in Scotland and England: Problems of Comparison in the Lace Study". Scottish Educational Review 29, nr 2 (13.03.1997): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-02902006.

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This paper discusses the findings of the LACE report on comparable education expenditure in Scotland, England and Wales, which was commissioned by the Secretary of State for Scotland. This shows that Scottish expenditure was 23% higher than in England but that a large part of this excess arose from the higher incidence of local authority-educated children in Scotland. The article goes on to argue that the LACE report is better at accounting than analysis and that it excluded a number of important variables that can further explain the higher levels of expenditure in Scotland. The article concludes that variations can be further explained by consideration of differences in Government policy, such as provision of teachers in small rural schools and in deprived areas in Scotland.

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Johnson, Paul. "Catherine Heymans: Astronomer Royal for Scotland". Astronomy & Geophysics 62, nr 4 (1.08.2021): 4.43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atab083.

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Reid, Alice, Ros Davies, Eilidh Garrett i Andrew Blaikie. "Vulnerability among illegitimate children in nineteenth century Scotland". Annales de démographie historique 111, nr 1 (2006): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/adh.111.0089.

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Harder, Sirko. "Domicile of Children: the New Law in Scotland". Edinburgh Law Review 10, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2006.10.3.386.

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Mason, Rebecca. "Book Review: Children and Youth in Premodern Scotland". Journal of Family History 43, nr 1 (27.09.2017): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199017732279.

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Connelly, Graham, i Mono Chakrabarti. "Can Scotland Achieve More for Looked after Children?" Adoption & Fostering 31, nr 1 (kwiecień 2007): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857590703100112.

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McKee, R. F., P. A. M. Raine i A. F. Azmy. "Sunburn in children in the West of Scotland". Burns 14, nr 1 (luty 1988): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(98)90046-8.

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Closs, A., J. Stead, R. Arshad i C. Norris. "School peer relationships of ‘minority’ children in Scotland". Child: Care, Health and Development 27, nr 2 (marzec 2001): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2001.00194.x.

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Laverty, Anthony A., Thomas Hone, Eszter P. Vamos, Philip E. Anyanwu, David Taylor-Robinson, Frank de Vocht, Christopher Millett i Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Impact of banning smoking in cars with children on exposure to second-hand smoke: a natural experiment in England and Scotland". Thorax 75, nr 4 (27.01.2020): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213998.

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England banned smoking in cars carrying children in 2015 and Scotland in 2016. We used survey data from 3 years for both countries (NEngland=3483–6920, NScotland=232–319) to assess effects of the English ban using logistic regression within a difference-in-differences framework. Among children aged 13–15 years, self-reported levels of regular exposure to smoke in cars for Scotland were 3.4% in 2012, 2.2% in 2014 and 1.3% in 2016 and for England 6.3%, 5.9% and 1.6%. The ban in England was associated with a −4.1% (95% CI −4.9% to −3.3%) absolute reduction (72% relative reduction) in exposure to tobacco smoke among children.

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Perchard, Andrew. "“Broken Men” and “Thatcher's Children”: Memory and Legacy in Scotland's Coalfields". International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000252.

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AbstractThis article explores the legacy of the demise of the deep coal mining industry in Scotland. It places particular emphasis on the cultural scars of this process as witnessed through miners' and managers' memories, positioning these within the context of occupational socialization, conflict, and alienation. The piece explores the enduring importance of these cultural scars in shaping broader collective narratives of decline in Scotland, and how responses were manifest in shifting political outlooks and the emergence (at both a local and national level) of a resurgent nationalism from the early 1960s onward. Drawing on the notion of the “cultural circuit,” the article examines how and why personal experience of the loss of the coal industry informed and conformed to the politics of the miners' union in Scotland, the National Union of Mineworkers Scottish Area (NUMSA). As the article makes clear, the program of closures in the industry has left profound psychological scars in coalfield communities—ones that, like the closure of other major industrial sites, shape a powerful national narrative.

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Kudesia, G., i E. A. C. Follett. "Hepatitis A in Scotland — Is it a Continuing Problem?" Scottish Medical Journal 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 1988): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308803300203.

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The prevalence of anti-HAV in blood donors in West Scotland and in children admitted to a Glasgow hospital was determined. By the age of five years, 16% of the children had antibody and at 15 years, 30%. In adults, prevalence continued to rise with age, with 78% of those over 40 years showing evidence of past infection. Cases of acute hepatitis A in West Scotland have declined since 1983. At present the peak age group for infection is 25–34 years whereas in the early 80s the peak group was five to 14 years.

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Shepherd, R. C., G. P. Sinha, C. L. Reed i F. E. Russell. "Cryptosporidiosis in the West of Scotland". Scottish Medical Journal 33, nr 6 (grudzień 1988): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308803300606.

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During the two years 1986 and 1987 83 cases of cryptosporidiosis were identified by the finding of oocysts in the faecal samples submitted to a single microbiology laboratory. There were 58 children and 25 adults. Cryptosporidiosis was the commonest cause of gastrointestinal infection identified in children and the third commonest overall. Spring and autumn peaks were identified. The main symptoms were diarrhoea (median 10 days), vomiting (median seven days), abdominal pain (median seven days) and fever (median three days). A variety of other less common symptoms were noted including reactive arthritis. Three cases occurred during late pregnancy and the puerperium. Contact tracing supported both person-to-person transmission and an animal origin for cases within the group. Cryptosporidiosis is shown to be an important cause of traveller's diarrhoea. The incubation period was from two to 11 days.

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Singh, Satnam. "Assessing Asian Families in Scotland a Discussion". Adoption & Fostering 21, nr 3 (październik 1997): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599702100306.

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As a project worker with Barnardo's Family Placement Services, Satnam Singh has lead responsiblity for the Khandan Initiative, which aims to develop same-race placements as placements of choice for all children referred to the project for substitute care. It is within this context that his paper discusses the complexities of assessing Asian families as substitute carers for children. The paper proposes a framework within which the assessment can take place, in a way that is both relevant to the experiences of Asian families and that focuses on their particular strengths.

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Masson, Lindsey F., Alison Blackburn, Christine Sheehy, Leone C. A. Craig, Jennie I. Macdiarmid, Bridget A. Holmes i Geraldine McNeill. "Sugar intake and dental decay: results from a national survey of children in Scotland". British Journal of Nutrition 104, nr 10 (19.07.2010): 1555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002473.

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The aim of this analysis was to investigate the strength of the association between sugar intake and treatment for dental decay in children in Scotland, and the impact of tooth brushing frequency on this association. The Survey of Sugar Intake among Children in Scotland was carried out in 2006 in those aged 3–17 years. Diet was assessed using the Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ, and interviews were carried out by trained fieldworkers who asked about dental health. A total of 1700 interviews were carried out, and 1512 FFQ were returned. Of the children, 56 % had received treatment for decay (fillings or teeth removed due to decay). Intake of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), but not total sugar, increased the risk of having had treatment for decay: adjusted OR 1·84 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·64) for the highest ( ≥ 20·0 % food energy) v. lowest ( ≤ 14·8 % food energy) tertile of NMES intake. This raised risk remained in children who reported brushing their teeth at least twice a day. Compared with children who reported brushing their teeth at least twice a day and were in the lowest tertile of NMES intake, children who reported brushing their teeth once a day or less and were in the highest tertile of NMES intake were over three times more likely to have received treatment for decay (adjusted OR 3·39, 95 % CI 1·97, 5·82). In order to improve dental health in children in Scotland, dental health strategies must continue to stress the importance of both reduced NMES intake and good oral hygiene.

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Jarvis, M. J., D. P. Strachan i C. Feyerabend. "Determinants of passive smoking in children in Edinburgh, Scotland." American Journal of Public Health 82, nr 9 (wrzesień 1992): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.82.9.1225.

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Inglis, Sheila M. C. "Some issues in implementing the children (Scotland) Act 1995". Child Care in Practice 2, sup001 (czerwiec 1996): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13575279608410889.

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Riddell, Sheila. "The rights of children from Gypsy/Traveller and Roma backgrounds in Scotland". Hungarian Educational Research Journal 12, nr 1 (24.03.2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/063.2021.00088.

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Abstract The Scottish Government has a strong commitment to strengthening children’s human rights, with the aim of making Scotland ‘the best place to grow up and bring up children’. The Education (Scotland) Act 2016 introduced a raft of measures to boost the rights of children with additional support needs (ASN). The programme for government in Scotland, published in September 2020, included a commitment to incorporate the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child into Scottish domestic legislation. In order to examine the extent to which the rights of Gypsy/Traveller children are being respected in practice, this paper draws on an analysis of official statistics conducted as part of an ESRC funded project entitled Autonomy, Rights and Children with Special Needs: A New Paradigm? (ES/P002641/1), which ran from 2018 to 2020. In addition, the paper uses findings from an Independent Children’s Rights Impact Assessment which was carried out in summer 2020 with a view to investigating the impact of the emergency measures implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic. Under the terms of the Coronavirus Act 2020, schools across the UK were closed, with widespread implications for children and young people, particularly those with additional support needs. The central aim of this paper is to explore the impact of the emergency measures on the recently enhanced rights of children with ASN, with a particular focus on the rights of children from Gypsy/Traveller backgrounds. I conclude that people living itinerant lives experience long-standing exclusion from mainstream schooling and wider society, and their marginal status has been reinforced during the recent pandemic when children’s human rights have been side-lined.

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McCarey, D. W., E. Buchanan, M. Gregory, B. J. Clark i L. T. Weaver. "Home Enteral Feeding of Children in the West of Scotland". Scottish Medical Journal 41, nr 5 (październik 1996): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309604100506.

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Home enteral feeding (HEF) is increasingly used to achieve positive energy and nitrogen balance in children with chrpnic disease outside hospital. It should be considered when oral feeding cannot or should not be used, and when nutritional support is the sole reason for hospitalisation. In the West of Scotland 156 children (80 male, 76 female) cared for by the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow received HEF between 1st September 1994 and 1995. They ranged in age from 0 months to 23 years. Indications for HEF were cystic fibrosis (21), cerebral palsy (17), other neurological disease (29), congenital/metabolic abnormalities (23), chronic renal failure (17), neoplastic disease (17), gastrointestinal/hepatic disease (12), failure-to-thrive (10), and cardiorespiratory disease (10). Most children received feeds by nasogastric tube (59%) or gastrostomy (41%). One child had a jejunostomy. Feeding regimens were continuous infusion (52%), bolus feeding alone (26%), and a combination of bolus and infusion (22%). 73% of patients had infusion pumps. Duration of HEF ranged from one month to 12 years. 78% of children received standard infant or enteralfeeds, some receiving energy supplements. The remainder received ‘disease-specific’ or other special feeds. There was a 23% increase in the number of children receiving HEF during the year of the study. HEF represents an effective way of improving the nutritional status of children with chronic disease at home. It frees hospital beds and nursing resources, is well accepted by children and their families and is growing rapidly as an alternative to hospitalisation.

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Roberts, Elly. "Having fun with learning". Early Years Educator 24, nr 2 (2.09.2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2023.24.2.42.

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Barlow, K. M., S. Milne, K. Aitken i R. A. Minns. "A Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis of Non-Accidental Head Injury in Children in Scotland over a 15 Year Period". Scottish Medical Journal 43, nr 4 (sierpień 1998): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309804300407.

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A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of non-accidental head injury (NAHI) in children in Scotland over the last fifteen years from 1981 until March 1996 was performed. The information was provided by the Information and Statistics Division of the Scottish Health Service. The average incidence of NAHI calculated over this period was 0.04 cases per year per 1000 children under 5 years. Fifty-five per cent of all cases occurred in those children who were less than a year old. 41% of cases were inflicted by a parent but in 47% the perpetrator could not be identified. The mortality rate was found to be 2%. Non-accidental head injury cases identified using the ICD-9 coding classification system gives a surprisingly low incidence. This number is probably an underestimate and the reasons for this are discussed. A prospective epidemiological analysis of NAHI in children in Scotland is being undertaken to determine the true incidence.

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Hughes-McCormack, Laura Anne, Ewelina Rydzewska, Sally-Ann Cooper, Michael Fleming, Daniel Mackay, Kirsty Dunn, Laura Ward i in. "Rates, causes and predictors of all-cause and avoidable mortality in 163 686 children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities: a record linkage national cohort study". BMJ Open 12, nr 9 (wrzesień 2022): e061636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061636.

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ObjectivesTo investigate mortality rates and associated factors, and avoidable mortality in children/young people with intellectual disabilities.DesignRetrospective cohort; individual record-linked data between Scotland’s 2011 Census and 9.5 years of National Records for Scotland death certification data.SettingGeneral community.ParticipantsChildren and young people with intellectual disabilities living in Scotland aged 5–24 years, and an age-matched comparison group.Main outcome measuresDeaths up to 2020: age of death, age-standardised mortality ratios (age-SMRs); causes of death including cause-specific age-SMRs/sex-SMRs; and avoidable deaths.ResultsDeath occurred in 260/7247 (3.6%) children/young people with intellectual disabilities (crude mortality rate=388/100 000 person-years) and 528/156 439 (0.3%) children/young people without intellectual disabilities (crude mortality rate=36/100 000 person-years). SMRs for children/young people with versus those without intellectual disabilities were 10.7 for all causes (95% CI 9.47 to 12.1), 5.17 for avoidable death (95% CI 4.19 to 6.37), 2.3 for preventable death (95% CI 1.6 to 3.2) and 16.1 for treatable death (95% CI 12.5 to 20.8). SMRs were highest for children (27.4, 95% CI 20.6 to 36.3) aged 5–9 years, and lowest for young people (6.6, 95% CI 5.1 to 8.6) aged 20–24 years. SMRs were higher in more affluent neighbourhoods. Crude mortality incidences were higher for the children/young people with intellectual disabilities for most International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision chapters. The most common underlying avoidable causes of mortality for children/young people with intellectual disabilities were epilepsy, aspiration/reflux/choking and respiratory infection, and for children/young people without intellectual disabilities were suicide, accidental drug-related deaths and car accidents.ConclusionChildren with intellectual disabilities had significantly higher rates of all-cause, avoidable, treatable and preventable mortality than their peers. The largest differences were for treatable mortality, particularly at ages 5–9 years. Interventions to improve healthcare to reduce treatable mortality should be a priority for children/young people with intellectual disabilities. Examples include improved epilepsy management and risk assessments, and coordinated multidisciplinary actions to reduce aspiration/reflux/choking and respiratory infection. This is necessary across all neighbourhoods.

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Stewart, Ryan, John J. Reilly, Adrienne Hughes, Louise A. Kelly, David I. Conway, David Young i Andrea Sherriff. "Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old children, 2011–2018: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 11, nr 3 (marzec 2021): e042023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042023.

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ObjectiveTo explore trends in prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.DesignA population-based, repeated cross-sectional study.SettingLocal authority primary schools in Scotland.Participants373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.MethodologyTrends in prevalence and inequalities in underweight and obesity were examined across seven school years (2011/2012–2017/2018) for 373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland. Body mass index SD scores were calculated, and epidemiological cut-offs relative to the UK 1990 references categorised underweight and obesity. Slope/relative indices of inequality (SII/RII) were calculated for underweight and obesity by school year using the area-based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity rose slightly overall during the study period (9.8% in 2011/2012; 10.1% in 2017/2018). However, this masked a widening of inequalities, with children from the most deprived areas experiencing a greater risk of obesity in 2017/2018 than in 2011/2012 (risk ratio=1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25) compared with an unchanged risk in children from the least deprived areas (risk ratio=0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11). SII and RII indicate widening inequalities for obesity, with RII rising from 1.95 (95% CI 1.71 to 2.22) in 2011/2012 to 2.22 (95% CI 1.93 to 2.56) in 2017/2018. The prevalence of underweight was consistently low (compared with the UK 1990 references) and remained unchanged over the study period (1.2% in 2011/2012; 1.1% in 2017/2018), with no consistent evidence of social patterning over time.ConclusionsInequalities in obesity in schoolchildren in Scotland are large and have widened from 2011, despite only a slight rise in overall prevalence. In contrast there has been little change in underweight prevalence or inequalities during the study period. Extra resources for policy implementation and measures which do not widen inequalities and focus on reaching the most deprived children are required to tackle the high prevalence and growing inequalities in childhood obesity in Scotland.

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Tookey, P. "Rubella in England, Scotland and Wales". Eurosurveillance 9, nr 4 (1.04.2004): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00464-en.

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Rubella vaccine was offered to schoolgirls in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1970, with antenatal testing and postpartum vaccination for susceptible women introduced during the 1970s. Mass vaccination with MMR of children aged 12-15 months was introduced in 1988; schoolgirl vaccination was discontinued in 1996 and replaced by a second dose of MMR for pre-school children; postpartum vaccination of susceptible women identified through antenatal testing continues. Rubella was made a notifiable disease in 1988, and is monitored through clinical and laboratory reports; data are available on rubella associated terminations and congenital rubella syndrome(CRS) births, rubella susceptibility in population subgroups, and vaccine uptake. Reported cases of CRS declined from about 50 a year 1971-75 to just over 20 a year 1986-90, and rubella associated terminations from an average of 750 to 50 a year. About 40 infants with CRS have been reported since 1991; about a third of their mothers were infected abroad, most in their country of origin (imported infections), a third were born abroad but acquired infection in the UK, and a third were UK-born. Women living in the UK who were born abroad have much higher rubella susceptibility rates than UK-born women. Although there is currently very little rubella infection circulating, uptake of MMR has dropped by over 10% since 1995. If rubella starts to circulate again, immigrant women will be at increased risk of acquiring infection in pregnancy.

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Bugler, K. E., M. S. Gaston i J. E. Robb. "Hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy in Scotland: a total population study". Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 12, nr 6 (grudzień 2018): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.12.180106.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to report the number of children from a total population of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Scotland who had a displaced or dislocated hip at first registration in a national surveillance programme. Methods Migration percentage (MP), laterality, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, CP subtype, distribution of CP and age were analyzed in 1171 children. Relative risk was calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Hip displacement and dislocation were defined as a MP of 40 to 99 and > 100 respectively. Results Radiographs were available from the first assessment of 1171 children out of 1933 children registered on the system. In all, 2.5% of children had either one or both hips dislocated (29/1171) and dislocation only occurred in children of GMFCS levels IV and V. A total of 10% of children had a MP 40 to 99 in one or both hips (117/1171). An increasing GMFCS level was strongly associated with an abnormal MP. Hip dislocation was unusual in patients under the age of seven years. A MP of 40 to 99 was not seen in children with isolated dystonia. Displacement was more frequent in children with bilateral involvement and dislocation was only seen in spastic and mixed tone groups. Conclusion This data gives an overview of the number of CP children who have hip displacement/dislocation in Scotland and who will possibly require surgery. Level of Evidence I

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Rawstrone, Annette. "We've explored…: music outdoors". Nursery World 2024, nr 4 (2.04.2024): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2024.4.28.

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Moir, Isobel L., Caroline J. Chrystall, A. W. L. Joss i H. Williams. "Further investigations of a hydatid focus in North-West Scotland". Journal of Hygiene 96, nr 1 (luty 1986): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062604.

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SUMMARYA serological survey carried out on 1379 school-children from Skye and Mallaig in the N.W. of Scotland failed to show evidence of subclinical cases of hydatidosis. There appeared to be a relatively low level of exposure to the parasite, as judged by ELISA and IHA tests. Thirty-one children reacted positively in the ELISA; only one child had a transient positive result in the IHA test. Surveillance of these children will be continued for the present but the duration required is uncertain. The local population appeared to be well aware of the mode of spread of the parasite and the methods for its control.

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Ayling, Joe. "In focus: DO erasure a gloomy moment for colorimetry". Optician 2018, nr 3 (marzec 2018): 171505–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/opti.2018.3.171505.

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A dispensing optician in Scotland has been erased from the General Optical Council register after the regulator found misconduct relating to his recommendations of tinted lenses to children. Joe Ayling reports

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Saha, V., T. Eden, C. A. Stiller, R. J. Brown i G. Mackinlay. "An Audit of the Activities of the Paediatric Oncology Unit in Edinburgh, 1982–1991". Scottish Medical Journal 38, nr 3 (czerwiec 1993): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309303800305.

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The activities of the paediatric oncology unit at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh during 1982–1991 were audited. There were 254 new patients of whom 240 had a malignancy, seven had Langerhans cell histiocytosis and seven had non malignant tumours. of the 254, 131 (52%), 78 (31%), 14 (65), were normally resident within the Lothian, Fife and Borders regions respectively. Therefore, although the unit is a part of the Lothian Health Board, it is in practice, the referral centre for S.E. Scotland. A majority (92%) of patients were treated according to national or international protocols during the last five years and of the 240 children diagnosed to have cancer, 158 (66%) are at present in clinical remission. These figures compare favourably with national averages for protocol compliance and survival. During these ten years, an additional 69 children with cancer from S.E. Scotland were treated at other centres. Therefore, while the unit justifies its existence it has yet to realise its full potential.

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Bhattacharya, Aveek. "School Choice in Scotland and England: Divergent Paths and Different Destinations". FORUM 65, nr 1 (15.03.2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/forum.2023.65.1.08.

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Increasing school choice has been an active objective of policy in England but not in Scotland. Whereas in England all families are expected to list a rank ordering of schools, in Scotland the vast majority of children attend their catchment school by default. This article reviews the differences in approach, family experience and outcomes between the two countries. It argues that choice in England has delivered at best modest educational gains, exacerbated school segregation and generated unnecessary stress and anxiety for the families that undergo the process.

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Scullion, Adrienne. "The Citizenship Debate and Theatre for Young People in Contemporary Scotland". New Theatre Quarterly 24, nr 4 (listopad 2008): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x08000511.

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In this article Adrienne Scullion reviews the citizenship debate in education policy within contemporary – and specifically post-devolution – Scotland. She identifies something of the impact that this debate has had on theatre-making for children and young people, with a particular focus on projects that are participatory in nature. Her key examples are drawn from TAG Theatre Company's ‘Making the Nation’ project, a major three-year initiative that sought to engage children and young people throughout Scotland in ideas around democracy, politics, and government. Revisiting a classic cultural policy stand-off between instrumental and aesthetic outcomes, she asks whether a policy-sanctioned emphasis on process, transferable skills, and capacity building limits the potential for theatre projects to develop other kinds of theatre skills, such as critical reading and/or spectatorship. With its emphasis on participatory projects rather than plays for children and young people, the article complements her earlier essay, ‘“And So This Is What Happened”: War Stories in New Drama for Children’, in NTQ 84 (November 2005). Adrienne Scullion teaches in the Department of Theatre, Film, and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow.

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Macfarlane, Lesley-Anne Barnes. ""Adapt or Perish": The uncertain fate of childhood contributory negligence in Scotland". De Jure 56, nr 1 (7.02.2023): 588–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2023/v56a35.

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The field of Delict (Tort) is a noteworthy exception to widespread, evolving child rights-based norms across Scottish Law, for there has been little change in the treatment of children in Delict in Scotland in over a century. This article argues that childhood contributory negligence, in its current form, cannot survive imminent, and full, statutory incorporation of the CRC in Scotland. The framework and operation of the law governing childhood contributory negligence is critically reviewed, drawing on Scottish, and relevant UK-wide, case law. Widespread inconsistencies in judicial reasoning about children in contributory negligence determinations are highlighted. Thereafter, consideration is given to what CRC compliance might involve in the field of Delict. Two core rights, article 3 (best interests) and article 6 (child's right to life, survival and development), are then discussed with reference to new Scottish Criminal Sentencing guideline requiring courts to consider the evolving capacity of young people up until the age of 25 years. The article concludes with a call for conceptual and practical reform so that the largely punitive regime of childhood contributory negligence in Scotland must now - in the words of H.G. Wells - either "adapt or perish".

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Chambers, Stephanie, Karen L. Barton, Viviana Albani, Annie S. Anderson i Wendy L. Wrieden. "Identifying dietary differences between Scotland and England: a rapid review of the literature". Public Health Nutrition 20, nr 14 (20.07.2017): 2459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001380.

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AbstractObjectiveRates of premature mortality have been higher in Scotland than in England since the 1970s. Given the known association of diet with chronic disease, the study objective was to identify and synthesise evidence on current and historical differences in food and nutrient intakes in Scotland and England.DesignA rapid review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature was carried out. After an initial scoping search, Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Relevant grey literature was also included. Inclusion criteria were: any date; measures of dietary intake; representative populations; cross-sectional or observational cohort studies; and English-language publications. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. A narrative synthesis of extracted information was conducted.ResultsFifty publications and reports were included in the review. Results indicated that children and adults in Scotland had lower intakes of vegetables and vitamins compared with those living in England. Higher intakes of salt in Scotland were also identified. Data were limited by small Scottish samples, difficulty in finding England-level data, lack of statistical testing and adjustment for key confounders.ConclusionsFurther investigation of adequately powered and analysed surveys is required to examine more fully dietary differences between Scotland and England. This would provide greater insight into potential causes of excess mortality in Scotland compared with England and suitable policy recommendations to address these inequalities.

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Barclay, Katie. "LOVE, CARE AND THE ILLEGITIMATE CHILD IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SCOTLAND". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29 (1.11.2019): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440119000057.

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ABSTRACTThis article uses a combination of court and Kirk (Church of Scotland) session records, and several sets of letters written by the mothers of illegitimate children to explore how such children were loved and cared for in eighteenth-century Scotland. It argues that legitimacy, as well as class and gender, mattered in the love and care that children received. Illegitimacy also had an impact on who mothered, fracturing the bond between the biological mother and child, for a mothering given by other mothers, including wet-nurses, grandparents and, later, employers. Its conclusion is that how a child was mothered, the love and care they received, were products of a child's positioning – gender, class, legitimacy, parentage – in the world. Love was a social product, framed and shaped by and through the social, economic and legal networks in which the child was positioned. Whilst the legitimate child, both in law and social practice, might have expected its care to be framed primarily through the nuclear family, the bastard child belonged, as the law suggested, to the community, requiring its mothering to be dispersed.

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