Artykuły w czasopismach: „Childhood smoking”

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HipoLito, Junior, J. J. Jorge, Almeida de, C. Scully i J. Bowden. "Childhood tobacco smoking". British Dental Journal 171, nr 7 (październik 1991): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807658.

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Landau, Louis I. "Smoking and childhood asthma". Medical Journal of Australia 154, nr 11 (czerwiec 1991): 715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121304.x.

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LANDAU, L. "Passive smoking in childhood". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 24, nr 5 (październik 1988): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1988.tb01359.x.

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Di Benedetto, G. "Passive Smoking in Childhood". Journal of the Royal Society of Health 115, nr 1 (luty 1995): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642409511500105.

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Rosenberg, Karen. "Childhood and Adolescent Smoking Linked to Adult Smoking". AJN, American Journal of Nursing 120, nr 8 (sierpień 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000694576.07706.ec.

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Taryaka, Apriyani, i Evi Afifah Hurriyati. "Mengapa Late Childhood Merokok?" Humaniora 2, nr 1 (30.04.2011): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i1.3050.

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This research is set to determine the cause of late childhood smoking and whether the factor behind late child hood smoking is the same with teenagers. The background of this research are the findings of Tobacco Control Support Center that 3 out of 10 students are found to be smoking before reaching the age of 10. This research uses qualitative case study research through observation and in-depth direct interview towards 3 male subjects aged 11 who smokes every day. Results show that the 3 subjects smoke due to personal factor, friends, family and cigarette advertisements. Most of the factor behind the smoking behavior are found to be in the sociogenic motive category. Therefore, it could be concluded that the smoking behavior of the 3 subjects is not purely from the personal factor, but more of the environmental factor having big part in creating smoking behavior in the 3 subjects. Factors behind smoking behavior of the three late childhood subjects and teenagers have a lot in common. Friend factor is the first driving factor of smoking behavior on both late childhood and teenager.

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Whatling, Jill. "Childhood asthma and passive smoking". Nursing Standard 8, nr 46 (10.08.1994): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.8.46.25.s44.

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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Maternal Smoking and Childhood Hyperactivity". Pediatric Neurology Briefs 17, nr 7 (1.07.2003): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-17-7-11.

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Weitzman, Michael, Steven Gortmaker, Deborah Klein Walker i Arthur Sobol. "Maternal Smoking and Childhood Asthma". Pediatrics 85, nr 4 (1.04.1990): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.85.4.505.

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According to a substantial literature, passive smoking by children is associated with an increased incidence of lower respiratory illness and diminished pulmonary function. The relationship between passive smoking and childhood asthma, however, is not clear. Data from the Child Health Supplement to the 1981 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed with information about 4331 children aged 0 to 5 years to study the relationship between maternal smoking and (1) the prevalence of childhood asthma, (1) the likelihood of taking asthma medication, (3) the age of onset of children's asthma, and (4) the number of hospitalizations among children with and without asthma. An odds ratio for asthma of 2.1 was shown by multivariate logistic regressions among children whose mothers smoke 0.5 packs of cigarettes or more per day compared with children of nonsmokers (P = .001). In similar analyses maternal smoking of 0.5 packs per day was identified as an independent risk for children's use of asthma medications (odds ratio 4.6, P = .0006) and for asthma developing in the first year of life (odds ratio 2.6, P = .0006). Maternal smoking is also associated with increased numbers of hospitalizations by its association with an increased risk of asthma as well as by contributing to hospitalizations independently of a child having asthma. Among children with asthma, however, maternal smoking is not associated with increased numbers of hospitalizations. It was concluded that maternal smoking is associated with higher rates of asthma, an increased likelihood of using asthma medications, and an earlier onset of the disease. These findings have implications for renewed efforts to discourage smoking in families, especially during pregnancy and the first 5 years of children's lives.

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Willers, S., E. Svenonius i G. Skarping. "Passive smoking and childhood asthma." Allergy 46, nr 5 (lipiec 1991): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00595.x.

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Carlsen, Kai-H??kon, i Karin C. L??drup Carlsen. "Parental Smoking and Childhood Asthma". Treatments in Respiratory Medicine 4, nr 5 (2005): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00151829-200504050-00005.

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Infante-Rivard, C., D. Gautrin, J. L. Malo i S. Suissa. "Maternal Smoking and Childhood Asthma". American Journal of Epidemiology 150, nr 5 (1.09.1999): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010042.

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Saw, S.-M. "Childhood myopia and parental smoking". British Journal of Ophthalmology 88, nr 7 (1.07.2004): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.033175.

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Beeber, Sandra Jill. "Parental smoking and childhood asthama". Journal of Pediatric Health Care 10, nr 2 (marzec 1996): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(96)90028-0.

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Reynolds, M. W. "Smoking and Adverse Childhood Experiences". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, nr 15 (19.04.2000): 1958–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.1958.

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Not Available, Not Available. "Adverse childhood experiences and smoking". European Journal of Pediatrics 159, nr 7 (9.06.2000): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051333.

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Sunday, Salome, i Zubair Kabir. "Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 15 (2.08.2019): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152759.

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Childhood obesity is a growing concern worldwide. The association between childhood obesity and maternal smoking and/or paternal smoking has been reported. However, few studies have explored the association between childhood obesity and exposure to carers’ smoking status. This study aimed to assess the impact of carers’ smoking status on childhood obesity in a cohort of children enrolled in the Growing up in Ireland (GUI) study. Participants from the GUI infant cohort were categorized into four groups based on their exposure status: Neither caregiver smoked (60.4%), only primary caregiver smoked (13.4%), both caregivers smoked (10.9%). Exposure to primary carers’ smoking (98% are biological mothers) was found to be significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity at age three (Odds Ratio: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17–1.46) and at age five (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16–1.49). Exposure to both carers’ smoking status was significantly associated with increased odds of childhood overweight/obesity across both waves. These findings emphasize the health burden of childhood obesity that may be attributable to maternal smoking postnatally and through early childhood in Ireland.

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Liu, Ruiling, Luoping Zhang, Cliona M. McHale i S. Katharine Hammond. "Paternal Smoking and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Oncology 2011 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/854584.

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Objective. To investigate the association between paternal smoking and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Method. We identified 18 published epidemiologic studies that reported data on both paternal smoking and childhood ALL risk. We performed a meta-analysis and analyzed dose-response relationships on ALL risk for smoking during preconception, during pregnancy, after birth, and ever smoking.Results. The summary odds ratio (OR) of childhood ALL associated with paternal smoking was 1.11 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.05–1.18,I2=18%) during any time period, 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08–1.46,I2=53%) preconception; 1.24 (95% CI: 1.07–1.43,I2=54%) during pregnancy, and 1.24 (95% CI: 0.96–1.60,I2=64%) after birth, with a dose-response relationship between childhood ALL and paternal smoking preconception or after birth.Conclusion. The evidence supports a positive association between childhood ALL and paternal ever smoking and at each exposure time period examined. Future epidemiologic studies should assess paternal smoking during well-defined exposure windows and should include biomarkers to assess smoking exposure and toxicological mechanisms.

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Treur, Jorien L., Karin J. H. Verweij, Abdel Abdellaoui, Iryna O. Fedko, Eveline L. de Zeeuw, Erik A. Ehli, Gareth E. Davies i in. "Testing Familial Transmission of Smoking With Two Different Research Designs". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 20, nr 7 (1.06.2017): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx121.

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Abstract Introduction Classical twin studies show that smoking is heritable. To determine if shared family environment plays a role in addition to genetic factors, and if they interact (G×E), we use a children-of-twins design. In a second sample, we measure genetic influence with polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental influence with a question on exposure to smoking during childhood. Methods Data on smoking initiation were available for 723 children of 712 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register (64.9% female, median birth year 1985). Children were grouped in ascending order of risk, based on smoking status and zygosity of their twin-parent and his/her co-twin: never smoking twin-parent with a never smoking co-twin; never smoking twin-parent with a smoking dizygotic co-twin; never smoking twin-parent with a smoking monozygotic co-twin; and smoking twin-parent with a smoking or never smoking co-twin. For 4072 participants from the Netherlands Twin Register (67.3% female, median birth year 1973), PRS for smoking were computed and smoking initiation, smoking heaviness, and exposure to smoking during childhood were available. Results Patterns of smoking initiation in the four group children-of-twins design suggested shared familial influences in addition to genetic factors. PRS for ever smoking were associated with smoking initiation in all individuals. PRS for smoking heaviness were associated with smoking heaviness in individuals exposed to smoking during childhood, but not in non-exposed individuals. Conclusions Shared family environment influences smoking, over and above genetic factors. Genetic risk of smoking heaviness was only important for individuals exposed to smoking during childhood, versus those not exposed (G×E). Implications This study adds to the very few existing children-of-twins (CoT) studies on smoking and combines a CoT design with a second research design that utilizes polygenic risk scores and data on exposure to smoking during childhood. The results show that shared family environment affects smoking behavior over and above genetic factors. There was also evidence for gene–environment interaction (G×E) such that genetic risk of heavy versus light smoking was only important for individuals who were also exposed to (second-hand) smoking during childhood. Together, these findings give additional incentive to recommending parents not to expose their children to cigarette smoking.

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Lindström, Martin, i Maria Rosvall. "Parental separation/divorce in childhood and tobacco smoking in adulthood: A population-based study". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, nr 6 (9.05.2019): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819846724.

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Aims: The aim was to investigate associations between the experience of parental separation/divorce in childhood and tobacco smoking in adulthood, adjusting for economic stress in childhood and adulthood and psychological health (General Health Questionnaire GHQ12). Methods: The 2012 public-health survey in Skåne, southern Sweden, is a cross-sectional postal questionnaire population-based study with 28,029 participants aged 18–80 (51.7% response rate). Associations between parental separation/divorce in childhood and tobacco smoking were investigated in multiple logistic regression models, with adjustments for economic stress in childhood and adulthood and psychological health. Results: A 17.6% weighted prevalence of men and 17.1% of women reported tobacco smoking. Significantly higher odds ratios of tobacco smoking were observed for men who had experienced parental separation/divorce in childhood at ages 0–4, 5–9 and 15–18 years and for women with this experience in childhood at ages 0–4, 5–9, 10–14 and 15–18 years, even after inclusion of economic stress in childhood in the final multiple models. No effect modification was observed for parental separation and psychological health and for parental separation and economic stress in childhood with regard to smoking. Conclusions: Experience of parental separation/divorce in childhood was significantly associated with tobacco smoking in adulthood for both sexes. There seems to be no specific critical period.

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Bolinger, Carol. "Smoking Prevention in Childhood Cancer Survivors". Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 11, nr 4 (styczeń 1994): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104345429401100409.

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Ronchetti, Roberto, Enea Bonci i Fernando D. Martinez. "Passive smoking in childhood—Tobacco smoke". Lung 168, S1 (grudzień 1990): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02718147.

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Palmieri, M., G. Longobardi, G. Napolitano i D. M. L. Simonetti. "Parental smoking and asthma in childhood". European Journal of Pediatrics 149, nr 10 (lipiec 1990): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01959535.

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HOLMES, GRACE E. "Cigarette Smoking Among Childhood Cancer Survivors". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 142, nr 2 (1.02.1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150020017008.

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HOLMES, FREDERICK F. "Cigarette Smoking Among Childhood Cancer Survivors". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 142, nr 2 (1.02.1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150020017009.

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Pawlak, Rebecca, i James DeFronzo. "Social Bonds, Early Trauma and Smoking: Evidence of the Group Specific Relevance of Control Theory". Journal of Drug Education 23, nr 2 (czerwiec 1993): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cfu6-bxbg-hq4m-20t8.

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This study analyzes data from a national sample of 595 adults to simultaneously evaluate the potential effects of social bonds and childhood trauma on tobacco smoking. Although both control factors and childhood experiences were found to affect smoking, religious belief and belief in the importance of conforming to moral and social norms had more important and robust negative relationships to smoking than commitment, attachment, or involvement social bonds. But, whereas childhood trauma appeared to promote smoking among both college educated and less educated persons, control factors significantly inhibited smoking only among the less educated. Implications for future drug research as well as anti-smoking campaigns and other anti-drug programs are discussed.

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Emmons, Karen, Frederick P. Li, John Whitton, Ann C. Mertens, Raymond Hutchinson, Lisa Diller i Leslie L. Robison. "Predictors of Smoking Initiation and Cessation Among Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study". Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, nr 6 (15.03.2002): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.20.6.1608.

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PURPOSE: To examine the determinants of smoking behavior among participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivors Study (CCSS). METHODS: This retrospective cohort survey study was conducted among 9,709 childhood cancer survivors. Main outcomes included smoking initiation and cessation. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent of patients reported ever smoking and 17% reported being current smokers. Standardized to United States population rates, the observed to expected (O/E) ratios and corresponding 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of cigarette smoking were 0.72 (95% CL, 0.69, 0.75) among all survivors and 0.71 (95% CL, 0.68 to 0.74) and 0.81 (95% CL, 0.70, 0.93) among whites and nonwhites, respectively. Significantly lower O/E ratios were present among both males (O/E, 0.73) and females (O/E, 0.70). Factors independently associated with a statistically significant relative risk of smoking initiation included older age at cancer diagnosis, lower household income, less education, not having had pulmonary-related cancer treatment, and not having had brain radiation. Blacks were less likely to start smoking. Survivors who smoked were significantly more likely to quit (O/E, 1.22; 95% CL, 1.15, 1.30). Among ever-smokers, factors associated with the likelihood of being a current smoker included age less than 13 years at smoking initiation, less education, and having had brain radiation; those age less than 3 years at cancer diagnosis were significantly more likely to be ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Although survivors in the CCSS cohort seem to be smoking at rates below the general population, interventions are needed to prevent smoking initiation and promote cessation in this distinct population.

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Muraro, Ana Paula, Regina Maria Veras Gonçalves-Silva, Márcia Gonçalves Ferreira, Gulnar Azevedo e. Silva i Rosely Sichieri. "Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence". Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005423.

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OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence. METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence. RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.

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Chang, J. S., P. A. Buffler, J. L. Wiemels, C. Metayer i J. K. Wiencke. "403-S: Maternal Smoking, Passive Smoking, Genetic Polymorphisms, and Childhood Leukemia". American Journal of Epidemiology 161, Supplement_1 (czerwiec 2005): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s101b.

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Nguyen, Yann, Carine Salliot, Amandine Gelot, Xavier Mariette, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault i Raphaele Seror. "Passive smoking in childhood and adulthood and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women: results from the French E3N cohort study". RMD Open 8, nr 1 (luty 2022): e001980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001980.

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ObjectiveThe association between passive smoking exposure in childhood or in adulthood, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been incompletely investigated. We aimed to assess the relationship between exposure to passive smoking and the risk of incident RA in a French prospective cohort of healthy women.MethodsThe E3N Study (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle générale de l’Education Nationale) is a French prospective cohort of women included in 1990. Exposures to passive smoking were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. RA cases were self-reported and subsequently validated. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age and for potential confounders were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for incident RA.ResultsAmong 79 806 women, 698 incident cases of RA were identified; 10 810 (13.5%) women were exposed to passive smoking in childhood, and 42 807 (53.6%) in adulthood. Median age at inclusion was 47.8 years. Passive smoking in childhood and in adulthood was associated with RA risk in all models (HRs (95% CIs) 1.24 (1.01 to 1.51) and 1.19 (1.02 to 1.40), respectively). The absolute risk of RA among never smokers with exposure to passive smoking in childhood and/or adulthood (47.6/100 000 person-years) was close to the risk of ever smokers with no passive smoking exposure (47.2/100 000 person-years), while it was highest in ever smokers also exposed to passive smoking (53.7/100 000 person-years).ConclusionExposure to passive smoking in childhood and/or adulthood increases the risk of RA by the same order than active smoking. Such exposure should be suppressed, especially in individuals at risk of RA.

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Fergusson, David M., L. John Horwood i Michael T. Lynskey. "Maternal Smoking Before and After Pregnancy: Effects on Behavioral Outcomes in Middle Childhood". Pediatrics 92, nr 6 (1.12.1993): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.6.815.

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Objective. The aim of this research was to examine the extent to which maternal smoking before and after pregnancy was associated with childhood disruptive behaviors when due allowance was made for potentially confounding factors which may have been associated with both maternal smoking habits and childhood problem behaviors. Methods. During the course of a 15-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children, the following measures were obtained: (1) measures of daily cigarette intake during pregnancy and after pregnancy; (2) measures of childhood disruptive behaviors including conduct problems and attention deficit behaviors based on both maternal and teacher report data; and (3) measures of a series of potentially confounding family, social, parental, and related factors. Results. Before adjustment for confounding, maternal smoking both before and after pregnancy was found to be associated with significant increases in rates of childhood problem behaviors: children whose mothers smoked in excess of 20 cigarettes per day had mean problem behavior scores that were between 0.16 and 0.56 standard deviations higher than those of children whose mothers were nonsomkers. The results were then adjusted using regression methods to take account of (1) correlations between pregnancy and postpregnancy smoking and (2) potentially confounding factors. The results of regression adjustment suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with small but statistically detectable increases in rates of childhood problem behaviors, with children whose mothers smoked in excess of 20 cigarettes per day having mean scores that were 0.10 to 0.36 standard deviations higher than those of the offspring of nonsmokers, even after adjustment for a series of confounding factors. However, smoking after pregnancy was not significantly associated with increased rates of childhood problem behavior after adjustment for sources of confounding. Conclusion. The results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that smoking during pregnancy may be associated with small but detectable increases in the risks of problem behaviors in childhood. This suggests that possible adverse effects on childhood behavioral adjustment should be added to the growing list of adverse consequences of parental smoking for childhood health and well-being.

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Salin, Kasper, Anna Kankaanpää, Mirja Hirvensalo, Irinja Lounassalo, Xiaolin Yang, Costan Magnussen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen i in. "Smoking and Physical Activity Trajectories from Childhood to Midlife". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 6 (18.03.2019): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060974.

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Introduction: Despite substantial interest in the development of health behaviors, there is limited research that has examined the longitudinal relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking trajectories from youth to adulthood in a Finnish population. This study aimed to identify trajectories of smoking and PA for males and females, and study the relationship between these trajectories from youth to adulthood. Methods: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify trajectories of smoking and PA separately for males and females among 3355 Finnish adults (52.1% females). Participants’ smoking and PA were assessed five to eight times over a 31-year period (3–18 years old at the baseline, 34–49 years at last follow-up). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the trajectories of smoking and PA. Results: Five smoking trajectories and four to five PA trajectories were identified for males and females. Of the PA trajectory groups, the persistently active group were least likely to follow the trajectories of regular smoking and the inactive and low active groups were least likely to follow non-smoking trajectory group. Likewise, inactive (women only) and low active groups were less likely to belong to the non-smokers group. Conclusions: The study suggests that those who are persistently active or increasingly active have substantially reduced probabilities of being in the highest-risk smoking categories.

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von Kries, R. "Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity". American Journal of Epidemiology 156, nr 10 (15.11.2002): 954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf128.

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Nichols, H. B. "Childhood abuse and risk of smoking onset". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 58, nr 5 (1.05.2004): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008870.

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Klebanoff, M. A., J. D. Clemens i J. S. Read. "Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology 144, nr 11 (1.12.1996): 1028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008874.

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Gonzalez-Barcala, Francisco-Javier, Sonia Pertega, Manuel Sampedro, Juan Sanchez Lastres, Miguel Angel San Jose Gonzalez, Luis Bamonde, Luciano Garnelo i in. "Impact of parental smoking on childhood asthma". Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 89, nr 3 (maj 2013): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.11.009.

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Gonzalez-Barcala, Francisco-Javier, Sonia Pertega, Manuel Sampedro, Juan Sanchez Lastres, Miguel Angel San Jose Gonzalez, Luis Bamonde, Luciano Garnelo i in. "Impact of parental smoking on childhood asthma". Jornal de Pediatria 89, nr 3 (maj 2013): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2012.11.001.

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JANCIN, BRUCE. "Smoking During Pregnancy Tied to Childhood Obesity". Internal Medicine News 39, nr 2 (styczeń 2006): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)72682-8.

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von Kries, Rüdigger, André Michael Toschke, Berthold Koletzko i William Slikker. "Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 58, nr 5 (maj 2003): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-200305000-00005.

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Stone, R. A. "Associations between Childhood Refraction and Parental Smoking". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 47, nr 10 (1.10.2006): 4277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-1625.

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WASSERMAN, ABBY L. "Cigarette Smoking Among Childhood Cancer Survivors-Reply". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 142, nr 2 (1.02.1988): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150020017010.

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Maughan, Barbara, Alan Taylor, Avshalom Caspi i Terrie E. Moffitt. "Prenatal Smoking and Early Childhood Conduct Problems". Archives of General Psychiatry 61, nr 8 (1.08.2004): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.836.

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Hughes, Karen, Mark A. Bellis, Dinesh Sethi, Rachel Andrew, Yongjie Yon, Sara Wood, Kat Ford i in. "Adverse childhood experiences, childhood relationships and associated substance use and mental health in young Europeans". European Journal of Public Health 29, nr 4 (20.03.2019): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz037.

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Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can increase risks of health-harming behaviours and poor health throughout life. While increases in risk may be affected by resilience resources such as supportive childhood relationships, to date few studies have explored these effects. Methods We combined data from cross-sectional ACE studies among young adults (n = 14 661) in educational institutions in 10 European countries. Nine ACE types, childhood relationships and six health outcomes (early alcohol initiation, problem alcohol use, smoking, drug use, therapy, suicide attempt) were explored. Multivariate modelling estimated relationships between ACE counts, supportive childhood relationships and health outcomes. Results Almost half (46.2%) of participants reported ≥1 ACE and 5.6% reported ≥4 ACEs. Risks of all outcomes increased with ACE count. In individuals with ≥4 ACEs (vs. 0 ACEs), adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.01 (95% CIs: 1.70–2.38) for smoking to 17.68 (95% CIs: 12.93–24.17) for suicide attempt. Supportive childhood relationships were independently associated with moderating risks of smoking, problem alcohol use, therapy and suicide attempt. In those with ≥4 ACEs, adjusted proportions reporting suicide attempt reduced from 23% with low supportive childhood relationships to 13% with higher support. Equivalent reductions were 25% to 20% for therapy, 23% to 17% for problem drinking and 34% to 32% for smoking. Conclusions ACEs are strongly associated with substance use and mental illness. Harmful relationships are moderated by resilience factors such as supportive childhood relationships. Whilst ACEs continue to affect many children, better prevention measures and interventions that enhance resilience to the life-long impacts of toxic childhood stress are required.

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Rovio, Suvi P., Jukka Pihlman, Katja Pahkala, Markus Juonala, Costan G. Magnussen, Niina Pitkänen, Ari Ahola-Olli i in. "Childhood Exposure to Parental Smoking and Midlife Cognitive Function". American Journal of Epidemiology 189, nr 11 (3.04.2020): 1280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa052.

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Abstract We studied whether exposure to parental smoking in childhood/adolescence is associated with midlife cognitive function, leveraging data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. A population-based cohort of 3,596 children/adolescents aged 3–18 years was followed between 1980 and 2011. In 2011, cognitive testing was performed on 2,026 participants aged 34–49 years using computerized testing. Measures of secondhand smoke exposure in childhood/adolescence consisted of parental self-reports of smoking and participants’ serum cotinine levels. Participants were classified into 3 exposure groups: 1) no exposure (nonsmoking parents, cotinine <1.0 ng/mL); 2) hygienic parental smoking (1–2 smoking parents, cotinine <1.0 ng/mL); and 3) nonhygienic parental smoking (1–2 smoking parents, cotinine ≥1.0 ng/mL). Analyses adjusted for sex, age, family socioeconomic status, polygenic risk score for cognitive function, adolescent/adult smoking, blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol level. Compared with the nonexposed, participants exposed to nonhygienic parental smoking were at higher risk of poor (lowest quartile) midlife episodic memory and associative learning (relative risk (RR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.75), and a weak association was found for short-term and spatial working memory (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.58). Associations for those exposed to hygienic parental smoking were nonsignificant (episodic memory and associative learning: RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.54; short-term and spatial working memory: RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.34). We conclude that avoiding childhood/adolescence secondhand smoke exposure promotes adulthood cognitive function.

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Radic, Snezana, Zorica Zivkovic, Nada Erdeljan, Sofija Cerovic i Jasmina Jocic-Stojanovic. "Influence of environmental tobacco smoke on characteristics of childhood asthma". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, nr 3-4 (2009): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0904152r.

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Introduction. We compared characteristics of asthma in children from smoking and non-smoking families. Objective. To examine if there was any difference in asthma in children exposed and not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Methods. We examined 231 asthmatic children and their parents. According to the questionnaire and carbon monoxide (CO) values in exhaled air measured by Smokerlyzer, we divided the children in two groups: children from smoking and children from non-smoking families. We compared birth weight, birth length, the occurrence of the first broncho-obstruction, the number of respiratory infections and exacerbations per year, asthma severity, the number of hospitalizations, total IgE, Skin prick test and allergic manifestations. We examined the influence of parental educational level on smoking behavior and how much money a smoking family spent on cigarettes. Results. The children's average age was 10.6 years, there were 49% of boys and 51% of girls. We had 77% of smoking families, 45.9% of active smoking mothers and 51% of active smoking fathers. Smoking was more common among lower educated parents. A smoking family spent 7.3% of the family budget on cigarettes. The children from smoking families had more allergic manifestations. The children of smoking mothers had more respiratory infections (without a statistic difference in the second and third year) and more asthmatic exacerbations with a statistic difference after the third year. With parents who smoked, children had more severe asthma. There was no statistical difference in the following: birth weight, birth length, Skin prick test, total IgE, the first wheezing episode and the number of hospitalizations. However, in the group of 26 children with exhaled CO values higher than 6ppm, birth weight was lower (3250 g vs. 3550 g), the first wheezing episode occurred earlier (2 years vs. 3.7 years) and total IgE was higher (702 IU/ml vs. 563 IU/ml) by more than two normal ranges (60 IU/ml). Conclusion. It is necessary to protect children with asthma from ETS because it has a negative impact on their illness.

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Park, Sunhee. "Smoking Behavior and Predictors of Smoking Initiation in Childhood and Early Adolescence". Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 39, nr 3 (2009): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.376.

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OSLER, MERETE, JESPER CLAUSEN, KARSTEN KAAS IBSEN i GORM JENSEN. "Maternal Smoking during Childhood and Increased Risk of Smoking in Young Adulthood". International Journal of Epidemiology 24, nr 4 (1995): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.4.710.

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Li, Li, Ya Qi, Wei Shi, Yuan Wang, Wen Liu i Man Hu. "A Meta-Analysis for Association of Maternal Smoking with Childhood Refractive Error and Amblyopia". Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8263832.

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Background. We aimed to evaluate the association between maternal smoking and the occurrence of childhood refractive error and amblyopia.Methods. Relevant articles were identified from PubMed and EMBASE up to May 2015. Combined odds ratio (OR) corresponding with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to evaluate the influence of maternal smoking on childhood refractive error and amblyopia. The heterogeneity was evaluated with the Chi-square-basedQstatistic and theI2test. Potential publication bias was finally examined by Egger’s test.Results. A total of 9 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR showed that there was no significant association between maternal smoking and childhood refractive error. However, children whose mother smoked during pregnancy were 1.47 (95% CI: 1.12–1.93) times and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.23-1.66) times more likely to suffer from amblyopia and hyperopia, respectively, compared with children whose mother did not smoke, and the difference was significant. Significant heterogeneity was only found among studies involving the influence of maternal smoking on children’s refractive error (P<0.05;I2=69.9%). No potential publication bias was detected by Egger’s test.Conclusion. The meta-analysis suggests that maternal smoking is a risk factor for childhood hyperopia and amblyopia.

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Tacyildiz, Nurdan, Adil Güzel, Filiz Bakar Ateş, Derya Özyörük, Emel Cabi Unal i Handan Dincaslan. "Evaluation of the relationship between antenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and childhood cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2021): e22011-e22011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e22011.

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e22011 Background: The incidence of childhood cancers increased by 1 % per year over the last three decades. Life style changes and increased variety of environmental exposures are accused of this trend. One of these environmental factors is cigarette smoking and parental smoking is the main source of tobacco smoke exposure of children. There are strong reasons for considering parental smoking behaviour as a risk factor for childhood cancers. Many tobacco related compounds are detected in fetal tissues, breast milk and tissues of children of smoking parents. However, it is hard to make causal relationship between parental smoking and childhood cancers. One of the reasons is the difficulty to detect tobacco smoke exposure. Questionnaires, commonly used method to detect tobacco smoke exposure, are prone to biases. Cotinine is the main metabolite of nicotine which is the abundant organic compound in tobacco and a good biomarker to detect tobacco smoke exposure. Methods: 104 newly diagnosed, 0-18 years aged pediatric cancer patients from two pediatric oncology centers ( Ankara University Children’s Hospital and Ankara City Hospital) and 99 healthy children aged 0-18 applied to the Ankara University Children’s Hospital participated our study. Parental smoking behaviours (preconceptional, during pregnancy and current smoking) and environmental tobacco smoke exposures (ETS) of children were compared between two groups. ETS exposures of cancer patients and healthy children were evaluated by hair cotinine ELISA analysis and questionnaire. For hair cotinine analysis, 30 mg of hair samples were taken from occipital part of scalp by a stainless scissors. Samples were processed according to manufacturer's instructions. Parents of two groups were surveyed about their smoking behaviours and ETS exposures of their children. Results: We found no differences between two groups by means of maternal preconceptional smoking, smoking during pregnancy and current smoking behaviours. Paternal preconceptional smoking and smoking during pregnancy rates were significantly low in cancer patients (p < 0,05) according to questionnaire. Environmental tobacco smoke exposures were found statistically low in cancer patients according to questionnaire (p < 0,05). However, quantitative exposure assessment by hair cotinine analysis revealed that cancer patients are exposed to tobacco smoke more than healthy children (p < 0,001). Conclusions: Our findings support that smoking could be a risk factor for childhood cancers. This study also revealed that questionnaires could cause biases. We thought, social desirability bias of father of cancer patients could be a reason of their low smoking rates according to questionnaire. We suggest that cotinine analysis along with validated questionnaires can be used to prevent biases in studies of tobacco smoke in the etiology of childhood cancers.

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Gravel, J., B. Potter i L. Dubois. "Parental smoking and childhood obesity: Is maternal smoking during pregnancy the critical exposure?" Canadian Journal of Diabetes 35, nr 2 (styczeń 2011): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-2671(11)52039-8.

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