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Curr, H. "Childhood physical abuse and delusional content". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444593/.
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This review will consider the literature regarding the prevalence and impact of childhood physical abuse, and the potential link to the formation of delusions later in life. Childhood physical abuse is linked to a number of psychological difficulties both within childhood and later in the life cycle. As psychological models have increasingly been applied to psychosis (and delusional beliefs in particular) the role of early experience has increasingly been considered central. Given the high prevalence of past abusive experiences in individuals with psychosis, and the potentially far reaching effects of this abuse and resulting posttraumatic stress symptoms, further research is recommended to consider the role of abuse in order to improve clinical practice with these individuals.
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Lim, Lena Hui Xiang. "Neural correlates of physical abuse in childhood". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/neural-correlates-of-physical-abuse-in-childhood(f38953f6-9849-459c-a8f7-a7c15fc97f51).html.
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Childhood maltreatment is associated with impaired inhibition, attention, emotion processing and hypersensitivity to mistakes. This thesis includes a metaanalysis of published whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies in childhood maltreatment to elucidate the most robust volumetric grey matter (GM) abnormalities and an fMRI study that examined the association between childhood (physical) abuse and brain functionality in the domains of inhibition, attention, error and emotion processing. The participants were medication naïve, drug-free young people and psychiatric comorbidities were controlled for by including a psychiatric control group. Anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping was used to conduct the meta-analysis. For the fMRI study, brain activation was compared between 23 ageand gender-matched young people who had experienced childhood (physical) abuse, 20 psychiatric controls matched for psychiatric diagnoses with the participants exposed to abuse and 27 healthy controls while they performed a tracking stop-signal task designed to elicit 50% inhibition failures, a parametrically modulated vigilance task and an emotion processing task. The meta-analysis showed that the most consistent GM abnormalities in childhood maltreatment were in relatively late-developing ventrolateral prefrontallimbic- temporal regions. The participants who had experienced abuse showed hyperactivation in typical error processing regions of the dorsomedial frontal cortex which was abuse-specific relative to healthy and psychiatric controls. No group differences in activation were observed for successful inhibition. The participants with a history of abuse exhibited reduced activation in typical dorsal and ventral frontostriato- thalamo-cerebellar sustained attention regions relative to healthy controls during the most challenging attention condition only, and showed an abuse-specific linear trend of decreasing activation with increasing attention loads in these regions. They also demonstrated abuse-specific hyperactivation of classical fear processing regions of ventromedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices to fearful faces and in fronto-striato-temporo-limbic regions to neutral faces relative to non-maltreated controls. The findings suggest an environmentally triggered disturbance in the normal development of these cognitive and affect networks as a consequence of childhood abuse.
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Chesney, Anna Rose. "Exposure to Childhood Physical Abuse and Later Parenting Outcomes". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1395.
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Data from a prospective, longitudinal study of a birth cohort of over 1000 New Zealanders was used to examine the relationships between the level of childhood physical abuse a young person is exposed to during childhood (birth to 16 years), and a range of later parenting outcomes in young adulthood. To address this issue, three questions were considered. First, the study examined risk factors that contribute to an early transition to parenthood. Second, this study investigated the current family circumstances of contemporary young parents and their families. And finally, the association between childhood physical abuse and later parenting outcomes was examined. All members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) who had become parents by age 25 (112 women and 55 men) were included in the study. To be eligible for inclusion cohort members had to be either biological parents or actively involved in the parenting of non-biological children on a regular basis. Exposure to childhood physical abuse (CPA) was measured at ages 18 and 21 based on cohort member's retrospective reports. At age 25, a parenting interview was conducted which included the following measures of parenting: the Conflict-Tactics Scale (CTS-PC; Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998), Dunn scales of positivity and negativity (Dunn, Deater-Deckard, Pickering, & Golding, 1999), the Parenting Practices Questionnaire (PPQ; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 1995), HOME ratings of responsivity and avoidance of punishment (Caldwell & Bradley, 1979), and interviewer ratings of parental warmth, sensitivity, and child management (Quinton, Rutter, & Liddle, 1984). Findings showed that parents who experienced higher levels of punishment whilst growing up were more negative and less positive towards their own children, were more accepting of the use of physical discipline, and scored lower on warmth, sensitivity and child management compared to those with lower levels of exposure to childhood physical abuse. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of childhood physical abuse on later parenting outcomes.
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Papafratzeskakou, Eirini. "Childhood Emotional Abuse, Effects, and Protective Factors: Comparison of Protective Factors between Emotional and Physical Abuse". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37804.
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Although emotional maltreatment is clearly a very important issue that impedes youthsâ development, it has only recently begun to receive the attention it deserves. The present study hypothesized that for adolescents with high self-worth, high religiosity, high parent and peer support, high family cohesion, and low family conflict the negative effects of emotional abuse on internalizing symptomatology would attenuate. Additionally, the same protective factors were hypothesized to moderate the relationship between emotional and physical abuse and adolescent internalizing symptomatology. Two samples were used in order to test the aforementioned hypotheses: 1) a whole sample that consisted of adolescents with no or any emotional and physical abuse (N = 220) and 2) a no physical abuse sample that consisted of adolescents with no or any emotional abuse (N = 118). In order to assess the study variables the following measures were used: Conflict Tactics Scale-PC, Self-Perception Profile, Youth Religiosity Scale, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Family Environment Scale, and Youth Self Report. None of the studyâ s hypotheses were supported by the current data. It is assumed that this might be due to the sampleâ s nature and it is suggested that future studies utilize a sample with different age groups and with higher reports (means) of emotional and physical abuse. However, the findings suggested that emotional abuse had a stronger effect on internalizing symptomatology than physical abuse, and the significant main effects of self-worth, parent support, peer support, and family cohesion indicated the importance of their presence in adolescentsâ psychological adjustment.Ph. D.
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Matyja, Anna. "The impact of childhood physical and psychological abuse on emotion regulation and psychological distress /". Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456295221&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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LeBaron, Carly D. "Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse and Their Effects on Adult Romantic Relationship Quality: Gender Differences and Clinical Implications". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2189.
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This study examined the relationship between self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse, relationship quality, possible gender differences, and clinical implications. Three hundred thirty eight women and 296 men who sought services at a university mental health clinic in the northeast region of the United States completed a 30-minute self-report assessment questionnaire before their first therapy session. Among the items in the questionnaire were measures of childhood physical abuse and sexual abuse, relationship stability, problems areas in the relationship, and other demographic information. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that childhood physical abuse influenced relationship quality for both men and women while childhood sexual abuse did not have a significant impact on relationship quality for either gender. The results of the study indicate that there may be more gender similarities than differences in experiences of childhood abuse and relationship quality than previous research suggests. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Rion, Jacqueline Nicole. "Child Sexual and Physical Abuse as Precursors for Homelessness in Adolescence". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/110.
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Introduction: Homelessness is a living condition associated with a number of adverse health outcomes. Unaccompanied homeless youth are at risk for many of the same health outcomes as other homeless persons, but these youth are especially vulnerable because they are young and without the protection or support of an adult caregiver. Aim: The purpose of this capstone project is to present a basic overview of the topic as well as to highlight what more needs to be done to address this issue. Methods: This project involved a review of the literature related to homeless youth, child sexual or physical abuse, and mental health issues associated abused and/or homeless youth, focusing on United States information, for the years 1995 to present. Discussion: to discuss current prevention and intervention efforts, and to discuss needs for future research and intervention
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Sanchez, Sixto E., Omar Pineda, Diana Z. Chaves, Qiu-Yue Zhong, Bizu Gelaye, Gregory E. Simon, Marta B. Rondón i Michelle A. Williams. "Childhood physical and sexual abuse experiences associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among pregnant women". Elsevier B.V, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622334.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.Purpose We sought to evaluate the extent to which childhood physical and/or sexual abuse history is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during early pregnancy and to explore the extent to which the childhood abuse-PTSD association is mediated through, or modified by, adult experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods In-person interviews collected information regarding history of childhood abuse and IPV from 2,928 women aged 18-49 years old prior to 16 weeks of gestation. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Compared to women with no childhood abuse, the odds of PTSD were increased 4.31-fold for those who reported physical abuse only (95% CI, 2.18–8.49), 5.33-fold for sexual abuse only (95% CI, 2.38–11.98), and 8.03-fold for those who reported physical and sexual abuse (95% CI, 4.10–15.74). Mediation analysis showed 13% of the childhood abuse-PTSD association was mediated by IPV. Furthermore, high odds of PTSD were noted among women with histories of childhood abuse and IPV compared with women who were not exposed to either (OR = 20.20; 95% CI, 8.18–49.85). Conclusions Childhood abuse is associated with increased odds of PTSD during early pregnancy. The odds of PTSD were particularly elevated among women with a history of childhood abuse and IPV. Efforts should be made to prevent childhood abuse and mitigate its effects on women's mental health.
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Lawrence, Daysha Rai M. A. "Childhood Victimization and Adolescent Delinquency: An Application of Differential Association Theory". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1247840105.
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Obure, Renice, Malendie Gaines, Megan A. Quinn i Jill D. Stinson. "Prevalence and Severity of Childhood Emotional and Physical Abuse Among College-Age Adults: A Descriptive Study". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7964.
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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) including experiences of neglect and abuse have been shown to negatively impact the victims’ health outcomes. While the ACE score methodology has been widely accepted as the method for measuring childhood trauma, the severity of the abuse has not been accounted for through research. The aim of this research was to assess the duration and frequency of childhood emotional and physical abuse in addition to prevalence among college aged adults, to bridge this gap in the literature. A modified ACE and health behavior questionnaire was administered online at one university beginning July through December of 2014. A sample of 965 participants aged ≥ 18 were included in this study. Two ACE questions, “did a parent or other adult in the household often or very often swear at you, insult you, put you down, or humiliate you? Or, act in any way that made you afraid that you might be physically hurt?” and “did a parent or other adult in the household often or very often push, grab, slap, or throw something at you? Or ever hit you so hard that you had marks or were injured?” were asked to measure the prevalence of emotional and physical abuse, respectively. Descriptive statistics were completed in SAS for age, race, gender, emotional abuse and physical abuse. Frequencies, proportions and corresponding p-values were reported. The sample distribution included: female (69%), age average 20 years (M = 20.21, SD = 4.07), and white (84.9%). In total 29.01% of the sample reported exposure to childhood emotional or physical abuse and 37.5% reported both experiences. Females reported a higher proportion of emotional abuse and less proportion of physical abuse (27.59% and 12.29%) compared to males (24.50% and 15.44%). However, gender differences were not significant, X2 = 1.01, p>0.05 and X2 = 1.77, p>0.05. Of those reporting abuse, about two thirds of emotional abuse and one third of physical abuse occurred frequently defined as occurring either ‘daily’, ‘at least once a week’ or ‘at least once a month’. Modal frequency was ‘at least once a week’ for both female (30.74%) and male (20.31%). More than half of the abusive experiences (60.3% emotional and 53.9% physical) happened for more than two years. Experiences of childhood emotional and physical abuse are common among this sample of college age adults and the occurrence of one type of abuse is most often accompanied by the occurrence of another. This result is consistent with national research that has been done on adult populations. In cases where abuse occurred for this sample, the experiences were frequent and for an extended period of time. An understanding of the prevalence of childhood physical and emotional abuse among college aged adults and the discussion of its implications should be included in college health and counseling programs. Knowledge of the frequency and duration of abuse is critical in identifying the high risk population and developing personalized and targeted programs addressing their specific needs.
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McGoron, Kathleen. "An Examination of a Process Model of Physical Child Abuse: Considering Direct, Indirect, and Interactive Effects of Cumulative Socio-Contextual Risk on Markers of Physical Child Abuse in Mothers of Young Children". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1573.
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Understanding pathways to physical child abuse may aid in creating and implementing abuse prevention services. Yet studying child abuse in community samples of parents is fraught with challenges. One solution to these challenges is to examine markers of physical child abuse, rather than asking about abuse directly. The goal of the current investigation is to test a theoretical model of processes that increase the presence of four proximal risk factors, or markers, which have been linked to increased risk for physical child abuse in mothers of young children. The four markers of physical child abuse include: child abuse potential, over-reactive discipline, spanking acceptance, and mothers’ negative child perceptions. Positive associations between an accumulation socio-contextual risk and markers of physical abuse are hypothesized. An accumulation of socio-contextual risk is expected to indirectly predict markers of physical abuse by reducing parenting locus of control, or parents’ perceptions of control in the parent-child relationship. Furthermore, social support and children’s externalizing behavior problems are expected to diminish or intensify this mediated process, respectively. Participants included 85 mothers of young children (ages 1½ to 5 years) from diverse backgrounds. Of the four markers of abuse, cumulative risk and parenting locus of control were correlated only with mothers’ child abuse potential and no statistical association between cumulative risk and parenting locus of control was found. Limited support for moderation hypotheses emerged. Theoretical implications are discussed.
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Metcalf, Haley. "Correlates Between Childhood Trauma and Reproductive Health Behaviors Among Women in Appalachia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3548.
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The lasting effects of childhood trauma into adulthood have been well corroborated by research from a variety of sources. Previous research has found a vast number of psychological, behavioral, and health related outcomes that are negatively affected by victimization in childhood. This piece strives to assess the correlates between childhood trauma and adult reproductive behavior and well-being for women living in Appalachia. The NCIPC has found that residents of Appalachia are at higher risks for both experiencing childhood traumas and poor health outcomes (2017). To create long-term positive reproductive health behaviors among Appalachian women, it is essential to examine how experiences with childhood trauma have affected these behaviors and how victims are likely to behave in adulthood in regards to their reproductive health. The results have implications for showcasing the unique difficulties experienced by women who were victims of childhood trauma which can impact the way healthcare providers and organizations can better assist the unique needs of this population.
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Healey, Louise. "An exploration of the experience of people with a history of childhood physical abuse and mental health problems". Thesis, University of East London, 2008. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3772/.
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Associations have been reported between childhood physical abuse (CPA) and symptoms associated with psychotic experiences, such as delusions (e.g. Mundy, Robertson, Roberston and Greenblatt, 1990). Little attention has been given by the research literature to the subjective experience of CPA and mental health problems such as delusional beliefs. In the present study nine adults who had experienced CPA and later mental health problems including delusional beliefs were interviewed. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore the personal experiences of participants who have CPA histories and had experienced delusional ideas. Exploration included examining whether participants' accounts of the impact of CPA and experiences of adulthood problems including delusions were similar to each other in any phenomenological way. Three super-ordinate themes, all of which had a number of subordinate themes emerged from the analysis. The themes covered how participants responded and coped as children and adolescents to their abusive home environments and how, as adults, they experienced and responded in very similar ways to other circumstances such as interpersonal relationships and their mental health problems. How participants experienced delusional beliefs comprised the second theme, followed by the ways in which participants thought their physical abuse histories had continued to affect them into adulthood. To some extent the findings supported previously published work on CPA and adult sequelae. The analysis revealed a commonality of themes running through .childhood to adulthood experiences which provided diffuse rather than specific answers to the research questions. The study provided some evidence that participants perceived connections between their childhood and adulthood experiences. The implication of the study for research and clinical practice are considered.
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Felton, Kathleen Ackley. "Repressive and dissociative coping styles as a function of conflict and terror experienced with childhood sexual and physical abuse". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ52319.pdf.
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Felton, Kathleen Ackley Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Repressive and dissociative coping styles as a function of conflict and terror experienced with childhood sexual and physical abuse". Ottawa, 2000.
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Hatfield, Joshua P. "Impulsivity, Venturesomeness, and Pride: Potential Moderators of the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma, Substance Use, and Physical Aggression". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2430.
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Impulsivity, venturesomeness, and pride variables were examined as potential moderators of the associations between childhood trauma and physical aggression, alcohol use and physical aggression, and drug use and physical aggression. Participants (n = 457) were college students recruited from a university in the Southeast. It was hypothesized that childhood trauma, alcohol use, and drug use would be associated with increased scores of physical aggression. In addition, it was hypothesized that impulsivity, venturesomeness, authentic pride, and hubristic pride would moderate these relationships. Linear, multivariate hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine these variables as potential moderators. Hypotheses concerning hubristic pride as a moderator of the relationship between alcohol use and physical aggression as well as the relationship between drug use and physical aggression were supported. In addition, the hypothesis concerning authentic pride as a moderator of the relationship between alcohol use and physical aggression was supported albeit in the opposite direction than predicted. Hypotheses concerning the moderating roles of impulsivity and venturesomeness were not supported. Findings support the idea that the deleterious psychological effects of substance use can be compounded by personality factors such as authentic and hubristic pride. The discussion encompasses why interventions should target attributions and cognitions and why simply encouraging someone to have a more “healthy pride” is likely to be ineffective at reducing physical aggression in the context of drug use and alcohol use.
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Probst, Danielle R. "Exploring Multi-Type Maltreatment in Childhood: A Focus on the Impact on Victimization and Functioning in College Women". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1304567594.
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Palo, Amanda. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS OF RESPONSE TO DISCLOSURE AND LATER PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL OUTCOMES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE". OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/926.
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This study attempted to determine whether perceptions of reactions to disclosure are related to psychological and physical outcomes among individuals with a history of youth sexual abuse (YSA). It was expected that receiving more hurtful responses overall would be related to higher levels of internalizing, somatic, and PTSD symptoms. It was also predicted that perceptions of response to disclosure would predict psychological and physical outcomes beyond the influence of relevant abuse characteristics. Eighty-six female undergraduates recruited from a large Midwestern university completed a series of questionnaires assessing YSA, non-sexual trauma, depression, anxiety, PTSD, somatic symptoms, disclosure, and social reactions to disclosure. Results indicated that those who reported experiencing YSA had higher levels of psychological and physical symptoms than those who reported a non-sexual traumatic event. Also, those who reported receiving more hurtful responses to disclosure overall had higher levels of PTSD and internalizing and physical symptoms. However, this relationship was only true for survivors of YSA. In addition, response to disclosure predicted internalizing and physical symptoms beyond the influence of the duration of abuse, accounting for 23 percent of the variance. These findings suggest that many survivors of YSA may need psychological services, and that an important focus of treatment may be assessing and strengthening social support.
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Carr, Steven, i steven carr@rmit edu au. "Retrospective Reporting of Childhood Experiences and Borderline Personality Disorder Features in a Non-Clinical Sample: A Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective". RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080205.101748.
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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.
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Barrios, Yasmin V., Bizu Gelaye, Qiu-Yue Zhong, Christina Nicolaidis, Marta B. Rondon, Pedro J. Garcia i Pedro A. Mascaro Sanchez. "Association of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse with Intimate Partner Violence, Poor General Health and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women". PLoS ONE, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/344059.
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This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the
Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-
059835). The NIH had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation
of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
The authors wish to thank the dedicated staff members of Asociacion Civil Proyectos en
Salud (PROESA), Peru and Instituto Materno Perinatal, Peru for their expert technical assistance
with this research.Objective We examined associations of childhood physical and sexual abuse with risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). We also evaluated the extent to which childhood abuse was associated with self-reported general health status and symptoms of antepartum depression in a cohort of pregnant Peruvian women. Methods In-person interviews were conducted to collect information regarding history of childhood abuse and IPV from 1,521 women during early pregnancy. Antepartum depressive symptomatology was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results Any childhood abuse was associated with 2.2-fold increased odds of lifetime IPV (95%CI: 1.72–2.83). Compared with women who reported no childhood abuse, those who reported both, childhood physical and sexual abuse had a 7.14-fold lifetime risk of physical and sexual IPV (95%CI: 4.15–12.26). The odds of experiencing physical and sexual abuse by an intimate partner in the past year was 3.33-fold higher among women with a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse as compared to women who were not abused as children (95%CI 1.60–6.89). Childhood abuse was associated with higher odds of self-reported poor health status during early pregnancy (aOR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.04–1.68) and with symptoms of antepartum depression (aOR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.58–2.71). Conclusion These data indicate that childhood sexual and physical abuse is associated with IPV, poor general health and depressive symptoms in early pregnancy. The high prevalence of childhood trauma and its enduring effects of on women’s health warrant concerted global health efforts in preventing violence.
: This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-059835). The NIH had no further role in study design; in the collection,
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Brown, Bria L. N. "Assessing the role of childhood physical abuse at the hands of a caregiver in the development of sex addiction in adulthood". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1609876683589226.
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Cuellar, Raven Elizabeth. "Relationships of Multi-Type Childhood Abuse and Parental Bonding to Borderline Personality Traits in College Women". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375271697.
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Lewis, James E. "Childhood Abuse, Religiosity, and Opioid Use: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Data". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3678.
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Religiosity is adopting a belief system surrounding concepts of purpose, meaning, and value through an institution that has already defined these concepts prior to the individual member attending and that member’s degree of participation. Religiosity does have protective factors against negative health outcomes. This protective influence was evaluated in this study. Data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were examined to learn about the relationship between protective effects of religious participation on substance abuse, and whether this association weakened for individuals who have experienced higher levels of childhood abuse. A binary logistic regression was completed to examine this relationship. Religiosity does decrease the likelihood of experiencing an opioid use disorder for lower levels of childhood maltreatment, but only slightly. In extreme cases of sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, religiosity does not decrease the likelihood of experiencing an opioid use disorder.
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Robinson, Kristine. "Internalized Shame as a Moderating Variable for Inhibited Sexual Difficulties in Adult Women Resulting From Childhood Sexual Abuse". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1318.pdf.
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Allen, Brian. "The Relationship of Physical Discipline and Psychological Maltreatment in Childhood to the Use of Dysfunctional Tension-Reducing Behaviors in Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Self-Capacities". Thesis, Open access to IUP's electronic theses and dissertations, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2069/67.
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The current study examined the utility of Self-Trauma Theory for explaining the long-term impact of the experience of childhood physical discipline and/or psychological maltreatment. Specifically, the self-capacities of interpersonal relatedness, identity, and affect regulation were tested as mediators of the impact of child maltreatment on different tension-reducing behaviors in adulthood: substance use, aggression, and suicidality. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine data collected from 268 university students who completed the Personality Assessment Inventory, Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale, and Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities. Results showed that the self-capacities were each predicted by different combinations of maltreatment variables and that the ability of self-capacities to mediate the long-term impact of child maltreatment is dependent on the tension-reducing behavior under examination. Specifically, identity impairment significantly predicted alcohol use problems and interpersonal conflicts significantly predicted drug use problems. Interpersonal conflicts partially mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and aggression as emotional abuse continued to exert a significant effect on aggression after controlling for self-capacities. Lastly, identity impairment and affect dysregulation fully mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and current suicidality. Theoretical implications are discussed as well as directions for future research.Dissertation Chair: Donald U. Robertson, Ph.D. Dissertation Committee Members: Lynda M. Federoff, Ph.D., John A. Mills, Ph.D., ABPP
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Block, Charlotte. "Var finns hjälpen? : om komplex traumatisering och traumabehandling". Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, S:t Lukas utbildningsinstitut, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1746.
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Det finns ett klart samband mellan komplex traumatisering och psykisk och fysik ohälsa. Många människor har stora problem med det dagliga livet och relationer. Förutom det personliga lidandet är effekterna av komplex traumatisering av stor samhällsekonomisk betydelse. Syftet med studien är att undersöka psykoterapeutisk behandling av traumatiserade patienter inom icke specialiserade enheter. Frågeställningarna i studien är: Vad innebär effekterna av komplex traumatisering för individen? Vilka är terapeuters upplevelse av att arbeta med komplext traumatiserade individer? Får individer med diagnosen komplex PTSD den hjälp de behöver? Den metod som använts är en kvalitativ studie där sex legitimerade psykoterapeuter med psykodynamisk inriktning intervjuas. Resultatet av studien visade att effekterna av komplex traumatisering är omfattande och svåra att diagnostisera. Tillståndet har ofta utvecklats till kroniska besvär, t ex ångest och depression, somatiska besvär och personlighetsstörning. Det finns svårigheter och hinder för att traumatiserade patienter ska få adekvat hjälp och utifrån resultatet saknas det i dag både resurser och effektiva behandlingsmetoder. Kunskapen om trauma och dess effekter måste i ökad utsträckning uppmärksammas och prioriteras i tidigare skede inom vård- och behandling.
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Tawasha, Kalil Antonio Salotti. "Estudo da prevalência de maus tratos na infância em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-27052015-170749/.
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Introdução: A dor pélvica crônica é uma condição clínica de elevada prevalência, cuja compreensão da fisiopatologia envolvida, ainda é parcial. A IASP (International Association for Study of Pain) define DPC como: dor crônica ou persistente percebida em estruturas relacionadas à pelve (sistema digestório, urinário, genital, miofascial ou neurológico), frequentemente associada com consequências emocionais, sexuais, comportamentais e cognitivas negativas, assim como com sintomas sugestivos de disfunções daqueles sistemas. Incluem-se tanto dor cíclica, como dismenorreia, quanto acíclica. Do ponto de vista temporal, considera-se crônica, via de regra, quando a duração é igual ou superior a seis meses (http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/ClassificationofChronicPain/Part_II-F.pdf; acessado em 13 de novembro de 2014). Está associada a diversas comorbidades e impacto conjugal, social e econômico desfavorável. Embora sugestivo, não temos dados objetivos de países em desenvolvimento sobre a associação de maus tratos sofridos na infância com dor pélvica crônica e sua relação com sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Objetivos: Investigar a prevalência de maus tratos na infância em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica e sua correlação com os transtornos do humor. Casuísticas e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo transversal, no qual foram incluídas 77 mulheres com DPC atendidas consecutivamente em um ambulatório especializado de dor pélvica crônica. Optamos também por avaliar um grupo de 77 mulheres saudáveis atendidas no ambulatório de ginecologia geral. Utilizamos o Questionário Sobre Traumas na Infância (QUESI) para avaliar a prevalência de maus tratos gerais e específicos, enquanto que os escores de risco para ansiedade e depressão foram obtidos pela Escala de Medida de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (HAD) e a intensidade de dor foi avaliada a partir da Escala Analógica Visual (EVA). A análise estatística dos dados se deu pelo teste DAgostino para averiguar se as variáveis contínuas apresentavam distribuição normal. Optamos por avaliarmos a diferença entre os grupos através do teste de Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) e a análise de diferenças entre proporções utilizamos o teste Qui-Quadrado. Para atingir o objetivo foi proposto uma análise de correspondência múltipla Foi utilizado a plataforma multivariada para avaliar a correlação entre o QUESI e os escores de ansiedade e depressão com estimativa de robustez para não considerar eventuais outliers. Resultados: A prevalência de maus tratos na infância foram 77,9% e 64,9%, respectivamente para mulheres com e sem DPC (p = 0.05). Em relação a exposição a 3 e/ou 4 eventos múltiplos de maus tratos na infância, obtivemos as seguintes prevalências para as mulheres com e sem DPC, respectivamente: 23,4% e 15,6% (p= 0.05); 18,2% e 10,4% (p= 0.03). A prevalência de abuso sexual, abuso físico, abuso emocional, negligência física e negligência emocional, respectivamente para mulheres com DPC e saudáveis, foram: 29,9% e 20,8% (p= 0.19); 45,4% e 31,2% (p= 0.07); 48% e 35,1% (p= 0.10); 58,4% e 44,1% (p= 0.08) e 58,4% e 41,5% (p= 0.04). Somente o subtipo negligência emocional apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A prevalência de sintomas significativos de ansiedade e depressão nos grupos com dor e controle foram respectivamente: 55,8% (43/77) e 40,2% (31/77) (p= 0.05); 45,4% (35/77) e 23,4% (18/77) (p= <0.01). Quando correlacionamos os dados obtidos nos instrumentos QUESI e HAD no grupo de DPC e controle, observamos uma correlação positiva entre elas, porém não identificamos a mesma correlação nos subtipos abuso sexual (HAD-D) e negligência física (HAD-A) no grupo controle. A análise de correspondência múltipla mostra uma correspondência entre presença de dor pélvica crônica e raça (cor não branca) e escolaridade abaixo de 10 anos; e correspondência entre sintomas significativos de ansiedade e depressão com múltiplos maus tratos (mais que dois ou três) e, especificamente com negligência emocional, abuso emocional, abuso físico e abuso sexual. Conclusões: Mulheres com DPC apresentam índices de negligência emocional maiores que o grupo de mulheres saudáveis e maiores indices de risco de transtornos de humor específicos quando correlacionados ambos instrumentos. Pacientes com DPC apresetaram sintomas de depressão e ausência de atividade laboral remunerada que se associam de modo independente, sendo fatores de riscos que podem levar, à longo prazo, o desenvolvimento de DPC na população feminina.Background: Chronic pelvic pain is a clinical condition of high prevalence, whose understanding of the pathophysiology involved, is still partial. IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) define CPP as chronic or persistent pain perceived in the pelvis related structures (digestive system, urinary, genital, myofascial or neurological), often associated with emotional, sexual, behavioral and cognitive negative consequences, as well as with symptoms suggestive of dysfunction of those systems. Include both cyclic pain, such as dysmenorrhoea, the acyclic. The time point of view, it is considered chronic, as a rule, when the duration is less than six months (http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/ClassificationofChronicPain/Part_II-F.pdf; accessed on November 13, 2014). Is associated with several comorbidities and marital impact, social and economic unfavorable. Although suggestive, we have no objective data from developing countries on the involvement of abuse suffered in childhood with chronic pelvic pain and its association with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of child maltreatment in women with chronic pelvic pain and its correlation with mood disorders. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which were included 77 women with CPP seen consecutively in an outpatient clinic for chronic pelvic pain. We chose also evaluate a group of 77 healthy women attended the general gynecology outpatient clinic. We use the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (QUESI) to assess the prevalence of poor general and specific treatment, while the risk scores for anxiety and depression were obtained by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HAD) and pain intensity was evaluated from the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Statistical analysis of data was by D\'Agostino test to see if continuous variables normally distributed. We chose to evaluate the difference between the groups using the Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney) test and the analysis of differences between proportions used the chi-square test. To achieve the goal has been proposed a multiple correspondence analysis. We used multivariate platform to evaluate the correlation between the QUESI and the scores of anxiety and depression with robustness estimated not to consider any outliers. Results: The prevalence of childhood maltreatment were 77.9% and 64.9% respectively for women with and without CPP (p = 0.05). Regarding exposure to 3 and / or 4 multiple events of childhood maltreatment, we obtained the following rates for women with and without CPP, respectively: 23.4% and 15.6% (p = 0.05); 18.2% and 10.4% (P = 0.03). The prevalence of sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect, respectively for women with CPP and healthy, were 29.9% and 20.8% (p = 0.19); 45.4% and 31.2% (p = 0.07); 48% and 35.1% (p = 0.10); 58.4% and 44.1% (p = 0.08) and 58.4% and 41.5% (P = 0.04). Only the emotional neglect subtype showed a statistically significant difference. The prevalence of significant symptoms of anxiety and depression in groups with pain control and were, respectively, 55.8% (43/77) and 40.2% (31/77) (p = 0:05); 45.4% (35/77) and 23.4% (18/77) (p = <0.01). When we correlate the data from the instruments QUESI and HAD in CPS and control groups, we observed a positive correlation between them, but did not identify the same correlation in subtypes sexual abuse (HAD-D) and physical neglect (HAD-A) in the control group. Multiple correspondence analysis shows a correlation between the presence of chronic pelvic pain and race (non-white) and schooling below 10 years; and correspondence between significant symptoms of anxiety and depression with multiple abuse (more than two or three) and specifically with emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse. Conclusions: Women with CPP have higher emotional neglect rates that the group of healthy women and higher indices of risk specific mood disorders when correlated both instruments. Patients with CPP show symptoms of depression and lack of paid work activity that are associated independently, and risk factors that can lead in the long run, the CPP development in the female population.
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Rees, Melinda. "Transgenerational transmission of subjugation schema, attachment style and assertiveness between mothers and daughters who were physically abused in childhood". Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532478.
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The study set out to investigate the similarities and differences between mothers and their adult daughters with regard to depression and anxiety, subjugation schema, attachment style and assertiveness, given the presence or absence of childhood physical abuse. In addition, the research explored whether mother's abuse status would be related to daughter's subjugation schema, attachment style and assertiveness, regardless of daughter's own abuse status. Finally, the study examined whether mother's abuse status was related to their ability to accurately predict daughter'S subjugation schema. Thirty pairs of inner-city mothers and daughters, from a community-based sample were recruited. In Group 1, both mothers and daughters had been abused. In Group 2, mothers had been abused but daughters had not. In Group 3, neither mothers nor daughters had been abused. Questionnaire measures of depression and anxiety, subjugation schema, attachment style and assertiveness were collected. In addition, thirty mothers in the sample were also interviewed in depth for attachment style and their predictions of their daughter's subjugation schema. Abused members of the sample were more likely to be depressed and anxious than not. Moreover, non-abused daughters were significantly far more likely not to subjugate their needs. Mothers were significantly more likely to have a non-standard attachment style if they had been abused in childhood. There were no clear results for assertiveness with abuse status in either mothers or daughters. There was a trend at the 10% level of significance, for abused daughters of abused mothers to be more subjugating than non-abused daughters. Similarly, daughters who had been subject to two generations of abuse, their own and their mother's, were more likely to have non-standard attachment styles than non-abused daughters. Mother's abuse status was not significantly related to assertiveness. In conclusion, there was limited evidence to suggest the intergenerational transmission of subjugation schema and non-standard attachment from abused mothers to their daughters. Lastly, it was found that non-subjugating daughters were likely to be accurately appraised by their mothers, whilst mothers who had been physically abused in childhood were significantly more likely to be inaccurate in their predictions of their daughter's subjugation schema. The study requires replication with a larger sample.
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Chartier, Mariette J. "The relationship between childhood abuse, adult physical health and health care utilization". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/20294.
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Jacobs, Martha Crosby. "Spirituality and Depression in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse". Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8B56H1S.
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There has been a large body of literature on the robust protective benefits of religion and spirituality against mental illness. The majority of these studies have looked at the buffering effects of religiosity against depression and the positive association between a religious worldview and wellbeing. A primary understanding of this relationship has been that religiosity increases one's ability to cope with life's stress as well as make meaning out of suffering yet little research has been done with survivors of trauma, a population at increased risk for mental illness. Furthermore, there is evidence that the pathway to developing the protective buffer of intrinsic religiosity inherently includes periods of depression and spiritual searching which serve as the catalyst for the process yet it is not well understood how trauma may impact this development. The primary aims of this study are to investigate the relationship between religiosity and depression in adult survivors of childhood physical and sexual abuse across several religious and spiritual dimensions. Results suggest that 1) In the overall sample, high attendance and high religious faith importance are protective against a diagnosis of depression while high spiritual life importance, having a religious experience, childhood physical abuse, and childhood sexual abuse are associated with a depression diagnosis; 2) For individuals without a reported abuse history, high attendance and high religious faith importance are protective against depression while having a religious experience and rating one's spiritual life as highly important were shown to be associated with depression; 3) Childhood physical abuse significantly impacts the protective relationship between high attendance and depression diagnosis and high religious faith importance and depression diagnosis and survivors of childhood physical abuse who also rated their religious faith as important and reported high attendance were more likely to have a depression diagnosis; 4) When childhood physical abuse survivors endorse strongly agreeing that their religious/spiritual beliefs are a guide to daily living they are less likely to have a diagnosis of depression; 5) In survivors of childhood sexual abuse, high religious faith importance and being led spiritually are protective against a depression diagnosis.
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Prathipati, Rebecca L. G. "Childhood physical abuse and dating violence: The role of attachment security and personality symptoms". 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30103.
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Dating violence (DV) is a common experience among college-age Canadians, affecting between one quarter and one third of both men and women. A significant predictor of DV perpetration and victimization is childhood physical abuse (CPA). While there is evidence of an intergenerational transmission of violence from CPA to both victimization and perpetration of DV in young adulthood, there remain gaps in our understanding of what factors influence these relationships throughout an individual’s development. Using survey data collected from a convenience sample of 660 University of Manitoba students, this study analyzed the strength of a model of violence development from CPA to DV including the mediating effects of personality symptoms and attachment security. The current study suggested partial support for theoretical frameworks that have been applied to the understanding of the relationship between CPA and DV, namely social learning theory, the criminological framework, and attachment based theories. CPA was correlated with DV perpetration and victimization. However, in multivariate analyses, witnessing interparental violence, rather than experiencing CPA, was a direct predictor of DV perpetration and victimization. CPA predicted DV indirectly through witnessing interparental violence. More severe dating violence items were significantly predicted by other variables in the model. Antisocial personality symptoms increased odds of severe DV perpetration and victimization while borderline personality symptoms increased odds of severe DV victimization. Attachment insecurity had the strongest impact on dating violence perpetration in the female subsample. These findings, suggesting a number of distinct pathways in the intergenerational transmission of violence, should be further tested in larger and more diverse samples. It would be beneficial to include additional risk and protective variables in future research in order to understand what impacts each distinct pathway to dating violence, under what circumstances, as well as the influence of these variables at different points in individuals’ development. This research is valuable for understanding the impact of childhood abuse on young adult attachment, personality, and dating violence. Further, it is hoped that this research will be helpful for establishing appropriate and comprehensive DV interventions which take into account mediating influences from the intergenerational transmission of violence.
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Rosen, Lianne. "The Relationship between childhood victimization and physical health in women: the mediating role of adult attachment". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4303.
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This study investigated links between childhood victimization, adult attachment style, and adult physical health outcomes among women. Existing research has found that female survivors of childhood abuse are more likely than non-abused women to experience a host of negative long-term sequelae, particularly in terms of mental and physical health concerns. Examining the attachment security of abuse survivors may facilitate our understanding of the relationship between early victimization and later health. Attachment theory posits that the security of childhood relationships with caregivers influences the quality of later interpersonal relationships. As a consequence of childhood abuse, normal attachment patterns are thought to be disrupted. Furthermore, insecure adult attachment has been linked to poorer physical health in community samples. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), adult attachment insecurity was found to partially mediate health outcomes among female survivors of childhood victimization in an undergraduate sample. Findings suggest that the experience of childhood maltreatment is tied to an increase in women's physical health concerns in a holistic manner, where victimization affects later perceptions of symptoms, functional impairment, and illness behaviour. Furthermore, adult attachment and relational behaviour appears to be a pathway through which this association is formed. Implications for health practitioners, clinicians and researchers are discussed.Graduate
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Diaz, Angela. "Identifying a History of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in Adolescents and Young Adults and Understanding its Impact on Perceived Health and Health Care Utilization". Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85B0270.
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Childhood abuse, whether physical or sexual, is a major public health issue. The most recent United States data from Child Protective Services (CPS) show that in 2013 there were 3.5 million referrals of child maltreatment involving 6.4 million children. Out of these cases, 18% were for physical abuse and 9% were for sexual abuse. However, researchers argue that CPS data grossly underestimate the prevalence of childhood abuse as most childhood abuse goes unreported. Indeed, to date, the true prevalence of childhood abuse remains unknown as research has been hampered by inconsistent definitions of abuse and wide variation in methodologies including measures for its identification and modes of administration of these measures.
Although a health care visit presents an opportunity to identify a childhood abuse history, health care providers frequently fail to ask about it. The reasons doctors give for not asking about abuse include lack of training, not knowing how to ask, and lack of familiarity with practical methods for screening that can be used in primary care settings. There is little to no research on effective means for identifying childhood abuse histories, especially in the adolescent and young adult population, or on how different modes of administration of screens to identify childhood abuse compare to each other. The net result is that most childhood physical and sexual abuse is never identified and many victims do not get the needed services to help them heal.
When unaddressed, childhood abuse has negative impacts on victims’ health and wellbeing over the life course. Prior studies of adults show that when compared with non-victims of abuse, victims tend to perceive their health as poorer and utilize more health care services including emergency room and urgent outpatient care. These studies also suggest that adult victims use less routine and preventive care than non-victims.
Only two studies, conducted among widely different adolescent populations, have examined how adolescent victims perceive their health. Similarly, limited evidence examining perception of health is available for young adults. These studies found that victims perceive their health as poorer than non-victims.
There have been no adolescent-specific studies of how victimization impacts adolescents’ utilization of health care. One study includes participants ages 15 to 98 years and only two studies focusing on this issue in samples primarily of young adults attending college have been published. These studies found that victims utilize more health care than non-victims.
Therefore, we lack a sufficient body of evidence to come to clear conclusions of how childhood abuse affects self-perceived health in adolescents and young adults. The general lack of evidence about both how childhood abuse impacts perception of health and utilization of health care in adolescents and young adults indicates a need for further study.
Given that little is known about how to best identify an abuse history in adolescents and young adults and the impact of abuse on perception of health and utilization of health care, this dissertation pursued three aims: (1) to review the literature comparing modes of administration of screens to identify adolescent and young adult victims of childhood physical and sexual abuse; (2) to investigate how different modes of administration of screens to identify adolescent and young adult victims of childhood physical abuse within a primary care health setting compare to each other, and; (3) to examine the association of a history of childhood abuse (defined as none, physical only, and sexual with or without physical) with perceived health status and the health care utilization patterns among adolescents and young adults.
For aim 1, a comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed of studies, published between January 1st, 1994 and December 31st, 2014 that compared modes of administration of screens to identify a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse in adolescents and young adults. Only one study was found. This study compared paper and pencil questionnaire, computer assisted survey, and face to face structured interview in the identification of childhood physical and sexual abuse among young adults in a college setting. No significant difference in the proportion of childhood physical abuse or childhood sexual abuse was identified by mode of administration. The identification through this search of only one study – which was conducted among college students, with no studies done among adolescents – shows a significant gap in our knowledge regarding this issue. Given that understanding how to identify childhood abuse is a critical issue, this gap is disturbing and underscores the need for studies of identification of childhood abuse to be a research priority.
For aim 2, a sample of participants, ages 12-24 years, receiving health services at the Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center in New York City were randomized to one of four modes of administration to identify a history of childhood physical abuse. The four modes of administration of screens to identify childhood abuse were paper and pencil screen, Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview screen (ACASI), face to face structured screen and face to face unstructured interview. The full sample also completed measures to assess demographic characteristics and to screen for depression symptoms.
Of the sample, 44.5% of the participants disclosed childhood physical abuse. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of childhood physical abuse identified according to mode of administration: face to face unstructured interview identified the highest proportion of childhood physical abuse victims, followed by face to face structured screen. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, depression, living arrangement and last grade completed, the odds of identifying physical abuse was 1.6 (95%CI: 1.0, 2.7) and 4.5 (95%CI: 2.6, 7.8) greater for face to face structured screen and for face to face unstructured interview, respectively as compared to paper and pencil screen. ACASI and paper and pencil were similar to each other but inferior to the face to face methods.
For aim 3, in addition to what was measured for aim 2, the sample completed measures on a history of childhood sexual abuse and perceived health and health care utilization. The sample was then categorized into three groups: no abuse, physical abuse only, and sexual abuse with or without physical abuse. The association of childhood abuse status with perceived health and health care utilization were examined. There was no statistical significant association between a history of childhood abuse status and perceived health. However, the odds of reporting a fair/poor perception of health among those reporting childhood abuse were at least 40% lower regardless of whether the abuse was physical (OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.3,1.2) or sexual (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.2,1.1). No significant association was found between childhood abuse status and health care utilization. However, the odds of victims reporting using urgent care only versus routine care only were at least 10% lower regardless of whether the abuse was physical (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.3, 1.1) or sexual (OR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.4,1.9). The odds of reporting using both urgent and routine care versus routine care only was similar between victims and non-victims for physical abuse (OR: 1.0; 95%CI: 0.6, 1.5) and was 30% higher for victims of sexual abuse (OR: 1.3; 95%CI: 0.8, 2.2).
The findings from the three aims examined identified significant gaps in our knowledge on childhood abuse among adolescents and young adults suggesting an urgent need for further research. While much research has focused on the impact of childhood abuse on health and well-being, aim 1 reveals that little is known about which mode of administration of screens to identify childhood abuse is most effective in the identification of childhood abuse in adolescent and young adults. Furthermore, we know even less about what modes of administration of screens might be practical in primary care settings, or what must be done to improve the level of screening for childhood abuse by physicians and other health care providers. Although the findings from aim 2 suggest that face to face modes of administration are most effective in screening for childhood physical abuse in primary care settings, further studies are needed to support these findings. In addition, there is a need for studies that examine what are the best methods to use to identify childhood sexual abuse in primary care settings.
The findings from aim 3 suggest that adolescents and young adults with a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse, receiving health care at the Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, do not perceive their health as worse than non-victims nor do they appear to utilize health care differently from non-victims. These findings contrast with results from prior studies of perceived health status and health care utilization among adolescents and young adult childhood abuse victims. Understanding how abuse impacts both the perception of health and health care utilization will be crucial in the development of interventions to identify and support adolescent and young adult victims of childhood physical and sexual abuse.
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Laxmi, Anu. "Understanding Cultural Context of Parenting to Define Child Abuse and Validate an Existing Measure on Child Physical and Emotional Abuse in South Indian Parents Living in Georgia". 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/484.
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INTRODUCTION: Child maltreatment is a significant public health problem that affects all countries and cultures alike. Child maltreatment, which includes neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse, can result in negative consequences that are lifelong and irreversible. Previous studies have shown the prevalence of all forms of child abuse in India, which is also home to one fifth of the world’s children. However, adequate resources and efforts are not being made to understand the true scope of this problem.
AIM: The present study utilized an existing measure, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), to understand how parents from the South Indian culture defined acceptable child rearing practices and physical and emotional child abuse. The items from the physical and emotional abuse subscales on the CTQ were also tested for validity and reliability. It was hypothesized that fathers would report higher scores on the physical abuse subscale and mothers would report higher scores on the emotional abuse subscale. It was also hypothesized that parents would find spanking to be an acceptable form of discipline and note that both child physical and emotional abuse are not prevalent in the South Indian community residing in the United States.
METHODS: This study recruited 41 participants (21 mothers and 20 fathers) to complete the CTQ. Of the total number of participants, ten were randomly assigned to participate in an in-depth interview, which focused on how parents in the South Indian community in Georgia interpreted the items on the CTQ and how parents defined child physical and emotional abuse. Reliability and validity testing was conducted using data analysis software SPSS 23.0. Qualitative analysis of the interviews involved Consensual Qualitative Research, identifying common themes among all ten interviews.
RESULTS: Quantitative analysis revealed low to moderate internal consistency for the emotional abuse scale (α = 0.65) and moderate to high internal consistency for the physical abuse scale (α = 0.88). Independent t-test results showed that fathers reported higher scores on both the physical and emotional abuse subscale; however, these results were not significant. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research method, six domains were determined from the interviews. These included: (a) parent perspectives on child rearing practices, (b) spanking as a discipline practice, (c) country differences between India and the United States regarding discipline, (d) prevalence of abuse among the South Indian community in the United States, (e) reporting child abuse, and (f) parents’ awareness of resources to develop parenting skills. A majority of participants reported spanking as an acceptable form of discipline and believed that neither child physical nor emotional abuse was prevalent in the South Indian community in the United States.
CONCLUSION: This study serves as formative research and encourages further investigation of different forms of child abuse in Indian populations, specifically child physical and emotional abuse. Understanding how a culture views children and child rearing practices is important in determining how abuse is defined within said culture. Societies that are more lenient and accepting of violence in general are at a greater risk for perpetrating the maltreatment of children. Establishing a concise definition of child abuse will aid in the development of valid measures that will determine the actual scope of the problem and create solutions, such as laws and policies that will shift a society’s view on appropriate interactions with children.
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Chin, Erica C. "Childhood Physical Abuse and Adolescent Poor Peer Relations: A Study of Mediation by Interpersonal Factors in Two Developmental Periods". Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82N50KQ.
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Childhood physical abuse has been studied for almost 50 years now, resulting in rich knowledge about the immediate and long-term effects on development. For the most part, research has focused on understanding childhood physical abuse as a risk factor for psychopathology, including depression and antisocial behaviors, as such outcomes have clear consequences and costs for society as a whole. However, outcomes related to general social functioning and, more specifically, intimate relationship functioning are also important to study as they may contribute to perpetuation of violence. Children with histories of physical abuse are more likely to have difficulties with multiple aspects of interpersonal functioning, including how they relate to their parents and peers, how they perceive their social worlds, and how they are perceived by others. Given that preadolescence and adolescence are developmental periods when social relationships are particularly important, examining the role of interpersonal factors during these times may provide new insight into understanding the link between childhood physical abuse and later problems in peer relations. As such, the present study hypothesizes that various aspects of interpersonal functioning in preadolescence and adolescence within the domains of attachment, social behavior, social cognition, and social status, mediate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adolescent social functioning in general and with romantic partners more specifically.
Seventy-five adolescents with a history of childhood physical abuse on the New York City Register and 78 matched classmate controls were studied at age 10.5 years and 16.5 years. During both phases, data were collected from the subjects, teachers, parents, and peers. Problematic attachment to parents, aggression, social misperception, and peer rejection status, all during preadolescence, were expected to partially explain the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adolescent poor peer relations. Changes in problematic attachment to parents and aggression from preadolescence to adolescence were also expected to partially explain this relationship.
Hierarchical and logistic regression analyses indicated that social misperception and aggression were both significant mediators of the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adolescent poor peer relations. Findings indicated social misperception during preadolescence partially explained the association between childhood physical abuse and adolescent social problems in general, and more specifically the association between childhood physical abuse and problematic intimate relationship functioning (i.e., dating violence). Findings also indicated that preadolescent aggression partially mediated the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adolescent general social problems. Contrary to expectations, neither problematic attachment to parents nor peer rejection status was found to significantly mediate the relationship between preadolescent physical abuse and adolescent poor peer relations. Changes from preadolescence to adolescence in problematic attachment and aggression were also found to be nonsignificant mediators. Of note, change in problematic attachment over time predicted dating violence in adolescence. Findings are discussed within the context of implications for intervention and future research directions.
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Hager, Alanna D. "An investigation of the perceived stress, coping strategies, and physical health of childhood maltreatment survivors". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2021.
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This study investigated links between childhood maltreatment (CM), perceived stress, coping strategies, and physical health problems among adult women. There is mounting evidence to suggest that perceived stress and coping strategies help to explain the association between CM and physical health outcomes. However, research has yet to clarify the precise mechanisms through which stress and coping independently, and in combination, predict the health concerns of victimized women. Through the use of structural equation modeling (SEM), support was found for a model in which perceived stress partially mediated the association between CM and physical health problems. While emotion-focused coping was also found to partially mediate the CM-health relationship, problem-focused and avoidance coping did not. A moderated mediation model revealed that each coping strategy moderated the impact of maltreatment, but not of perceived stress, on physical health. Multi-mediation model testing indicated that emotion-focused coping and perceived stress better explain the relationship between CM and health than either variable on its own, and that this coping strategy fully accounted for the link between CM and subsequent stress. Finally, multivariate regression analyses revealed that child physical abuse was uniquely associated with greater physical symptoms, and child psychological maltreatment had a unique link with functional impairment; however, no form of abuse uniquely explained health care utilization. Findings suggest that child maltreatment is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes in later life and that stress and coping strategies are important mechanisms in this relationship. Implications for clinicians, medical professionals, and researchers are discussed. This study investigated links between childhood maltreatment (CM), perceived stress, coping strategies, and physical health problems among adult women. There is mounting evidence to suggest that perceived stress and coping strategies help to explain the association between CM and physical health outcomes. However, research has yet to clarify the precise mechanisms through which stress and coping independently, and in combination, predict the health concerns of victimized women. Through the use of structural equation modeling (SEM), support was found for a model in which perceived stress partially mediated the association between CM and physical health problems. While emotion-focused coping was also found to partially mediate the CM-health relationship, problem-focused and avoidance coping did not. A moderated mediation model revealed that each coping strategy moderated the impact of maltreatment, but not of perceived stress, on physical health. Multi-mediation model testing indicated that emotion-focused coping and perceived stress better explain the relationship between CM and health than either variable on its own, and that this coping strategy fully accounted for the link between CM and subsequent stress. Finally, multivariate regression analyses revealed that child physical abuse was uniquely associated with greater physical symptoms, and child psychological maltreatment had a unique link with functional impairment; however, no form of abuse uniquely explained health care utilization. Findings suggest that child maltreatment is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes in later life and that stress and coping strategies are important mechanisms in this relationship. Implications for clinicians, medical professionals, and researchers are discussed.
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Sta, Mina Elaine Elizabeth. "Intentions in self harm behavior in an emergency population : can they be distinguished based upon a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse?" 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=232797&T=F.
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Robertson, Caroline Irene Bill. "An exploration of diferences in childhood maltreatment between violent and non-violent male juvenile delinquents, and, Childhood maltreatment and its effects on male delinquent crime physical neglect trumps all : a project based upon an independent investigation /". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/9930.
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Chesney, Anna. "Exposure to childhood physical abuse and later parenting outcomes : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology in the University of Canterbury /". 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070730.112541.
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Smith, Soraya. "The circularity of trauma-addiction-trauma". Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21612.
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Text in EnglishThe rationale for the study was to investigate the symbiotic connection of trauma and addiction. The focus is on childhood trauma and the turn to addictive practices to quell the memories and experiences endured as children. Chapter One discusses the methodology regarding the approach of the study and includes an introductory literature review of the phenomena. Additional literature is included in the ensuing chapters. A personal account of the motivation behind the research is chronicled in Chapter Two. In this chapter, I share with the readers my personal experiences around trauma and addiction in my family of origin. The notion of the blending of trauma and addiction is the focus of Chapter Three. It includes the approach to treatment of trauma and addiction as well as addiction counsellor training in the South African context. The storied lives of the participants and their experiences of trauma and addiction are encapsulated in Chapter Four. Finally, Chapter Five rounds off the study with the analyses of the narratives of the unique individuals who contributed to this research undertaking.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
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wong, kimlee. "Traumatized Nation: how society is toxic to women and children". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31281.
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A growing body of scientific evidence is uncovering how toxic stress and early traumatic experiences have profound long lasting effects on our children’s developing brains and neuro-immune-endocrine systems and are linked to nine out of ten of the most common causes of death in Canada. Domestic violence is linked to many of these effects and although widespread throughout Canada, it receives little attention. In fact, the legal system, the family court system in particular, ignores this medical evidence thereby contributing to the trauma of children. In this thesis I identify and confront eight prevailing myths and biases that create an unfair playing field for women in family court and society and the crisis of justice in Canada. Domestic violence is about power and control over another and I use the lens of the power and control wheel which recognizes eight ways that men use to dominate over women, only one of which involves physical violence. As statistics, reports and medical evidence haven’t been enough to advance actions to address domestic violence on a meaningful level, I use my own story to highlight how this plays out in real life in the hopes of illustrating the urgency of addressing domestic violence in our neighbourhoods. Violence against women requires challenging some deeply held biases and I suggest a more Indigenous perspective on child rearing to help address and mitigate the concerns raised by the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.May 2016
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Runtz, Marsha. "The psychosocial adjustment of women who were sexually and physically abused during childhood and early adulthood". 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/24162.
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