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1
Khan, Muhammad Shahid Akhtar. "Epidemiology of ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia". Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk4455.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 182-217. This study was conducted to determine the etiology of a blight disease of chickpea in south-eastern Australia and the factors affecting disease development. The disease had previously been identified as phoma blight. Pathogenicity testing revealed two isolates subsequently identified as Asochyta rabiei, the first conclusive identification in the southern hemisphere. Greenhouse screening of chickpea varieties identified types resistant to ascochyta blight. The effects of plant age and environmental conditions on disease development were investigated under controlled conditions in growth rooms. Seedlings were more susceptible than older plants. The optimum conditions for ascochyta blight were 20° C and a 48-96 h period of leaf wetness. Through field trials it was found that disease intensity increased over time, especially in cv. Desavic. The means of penetration of the chickpea host was established in histological studies. This study provided advance warning of this disease for the expanding chickpea industry, and has allowed the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies. It is recommended that cv. Desavic should not be grown where ascochyta blight is likely to be a problem.
2
Pittaway, JK. "Chickpeas and human health : the effect of chickpea consumption on some physiological and metabolic parameters". Thesis, University of Tasmania Library, Special & Rare Material Collections, 2006. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/930/2/Frmttd_Thss_06final_02Whole.pdf.
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Pulses (legumes) are a common dietary constituent of ethnic communities exhibiting lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The following studies examined the effect of including chickpeas in an 'Australian' diet on CVD risk factors. Participants were free-living volunteers aged 30 to 70 years.
Study 1 investigated the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids, lipoproteins, glycaemic control, bowel function and satiation (degree of fullness leading to meal cessation) compared to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet (Chapter 2). Participants completed two controlled dietary interventions (chickpea-supplemented and higher-fibre wheat-supplemented), isocaloric with their usual dietary intake, in random order. The design of the intervention diets was for matched macronutrient content and dietary fibre however increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during the chickpea-supplemented diet was noted. Small but significant reductions in mean serum total cholesterol and low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) were reported following the chickpea diet compared to the wheat. Statistical analysis suggested a relationship between increased consumption of PUFA and reduction in cholesterol during the chickpea intervention but could not discern the source of PUFA. Chickpea supplementation did not adversely affect bowel function and participants found them very satiating. There was no effect on glycaemic control. A small, sub-study compared the effects of an isocaloric, lower-fibre wheat diet to the higher-fibre wheat, to evaluate the effect of quantity of fibre as well as source on bowel health and satiety. During the lower-fibre wheat intervention, some participants reported lower satiation, and poorer bowel health.
Some of the results from this study were included in a larger, collaborative study investigating the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids and lipoproteins in two centres, Launceston and Melbourne. The Melbourne group followed a similar controlled, random crossover comparison of a chickpeasupplemented diet to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet, also endeavouring to match macronutrient content and dietary fibre. The Melbourne group also reported small but significant reductions in mean serum LDL- and total cholesterol but reported discrepancies in consumption of PUFA as well as dietary fibre between the intervention diets. Statistical analysis of the combined results suggested a relationship between increased consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre and a reduction in cholesterol during the chickpea intervention. Appendix 1 is a description of this collaborative study, formatted as a scientific paper, accepted for publication.
Study 2 investigated whether results from the controlled study would translate to ad libitum situations (Chapter 3). The study followed an ordered crossover design where participants followed their habitual ad libitum dietary intake for four weeks (familiarisation phase), incorporated a minimum of four 300g (net weight) cans of chickpeas per week for 12 weeks and then resumed their habitual diet for another four weeks (usual phase). Small but significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), serum TC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR occurred following the chickpea phase, compared to the post-chickpea usual phase. Results suggested that participants positively altered their eating pattern during the pre-chickpea familiarisation phase, sustained these changes during the 12-week chickpea phase but regressed during the usual phase. Participants consumed significantly more dietary fibre and PUFA during the chickpea phase and less total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared to the usual phase. Perceived bowel health remained constant throughout the study, while satiation increased significantly during the chickpea phase along with a small but significant reduction in mean body weight.
Incorporating chickpeas into an 'Australian' style diet resulted in increased consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre that produced small but significant reductions in serum TC, BMI and glycaemic control, high satiation and little effect on bowel function. Individuals wishing to reduce CVD risk may choose to include chickpeas in their diet.
3
Pittaway, JK. "Chickpeas and Human Health: The effect of chickpea consumption on some physiological and metabolic parameters". University of Tasmania Library, Special & Rare Material Collections, 2006. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/930.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pulses (legumes) are a common dietary constituent of ethnic communities
exhibiting lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The following
studies examined the effect of including chickpeas in an 'Australian' diet
on CVD risk factors. Participants were free-living volunteers aged 30 to 70
years.
Study 1 investigated the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids, lipoproteins,
glycaemic control, bowel function and satiation (degree of fullness leading
to meal cessation) compared to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet
(Chapter 2). Participants completed two controlled dietary interventions
(chickpea-supplemented and higher-fibre wheat-supplemented), isocaloric
with their usual dietary intake, in random order. The design of the
intervention diets was for matched macronutrient content and dietary fibre
however increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
during the chickpea-supplemented diet was noted. Small but significant
reductions in mean serum total cholesterol and low density lipoproteincholesterol
(LDL-C) were reported following the chickpea diet compared to
the wheat. Statistical analysis suggested a relationship between increased
consumption of PUFA and reduction in cholesterol during the chickpea
intervention but could not discern the source of PUFA. Chickpea
supplementation did not adversely affect bowel function and participants
found them very satiating. There was no effect on glycaemic control. A
small, sub-study compared the effects of an isocaloric, lower-fibre wheat diet to the higher-fibre wheat, to evaluate the effect of quantity of fibre as
well as source on bowel health and satiety. During the lower-fibre wheat
intervention, some participants reported lower satiation, and poorer bowel
health.
Some of the results from this study were included in a larger, collaborative
study investigating the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids and lipoproteins
in two centres, Launceston and Melbourne. The Melbourne group followed
a similar controlled, random crossover comparison of a chickpeasupplemented
diet to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet, also
endeavouring to match macronutrient content and dietary fibre. The
Melbourne group also reported small but significant reductions in mean
serum LDL- and total cholesterol but reported discrepancies in
consumption of PUFA as well as dietary fibre between the intervention
diets. Statistical analysis of the combined results suggested a relationship
between increased consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre and a reduction
in cholesterol during the chickpea intervention. Appendix 1 is a description
of this collaborative study, formatted as a scientific paper, accepted for
publication.
Study 2 investigated whether results from the controlled study would
translate to ad libitum situations (Chapter 3). The study followed an
ordered crossover design where participants followed their habitual ad
libitum dietary intake for four weeks (familiarisation phase), incorporated a
minimum of four 300g (net weight) cans of chickpeas per week for 12 weeks and then resumed their habitual diet for another four weeks (usual
phase). Small but significant reductions in body weight, body mass index
(BMI), serum TC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR occurred following the
chickpea phase, compared to the post-chickpea usual phase. Results
suggested that participants positively altered their eating pattern during the
pre-chickpea familiarisation phase, sustained these changes during the
12-week chickpea phase but regressed during the usual phase.
Participants consumed significantly more dietary fibre and PUFA during
the chickpea phase and less total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA)
compared to the usual phase. Perceived bowel health remained constant
throughout the study, while satiation increased significantly during the
chickpea phase along with a small but significant reduction in mean body
weight.
Incorporating chickpeas into an 'Australian' style diet resulted in increased
consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre that produced small but significant
reductions in serum TC, BMI and glycaemic control, high satiation and little
effect on bowel function. Individuals wishing to reduce CVD risk may
choose to include chickpeas in their diet.
4
Meares, Cheryl. "Structure - function relationships of chickpea starches". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415727.
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5
Alexandre, Ana Isabel Pereira. "Temperature stress tolerance in chickpea rhizobia". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11582.
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The aims of the present thesis were to study the chickpea rhizobia diversity and biogeography using Portugal as case study; to evaluate the temperature stress tolerance of the isolates, and to investigate the molecular basis of stress tolerance. The phylogenetic performance of the co-chaperone dnaJ was also addressed, in order to find an altemative marker to 16S rRNA gene. According to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, most isolates were found to be distinct from the typical chickpea rhizobia species, Mesorhizobium cíceri and M. mediterraneum. Some provinces of origin are associated with particular species groups. dnaJ was found to be a Useful phylogenetic marker for Mesorhizobium and for the Alphaproteobactería class. The evaluation of temperature stress tolerance revealed tolerant and sensitive isolates to both
heat and cold. Analysis of the expression of dnaK and groESL chaperone genes suggested that higher induction of these genes is related to higher tolerance to heat. ### - Resumo - A presente tese teve como objectivos o estudo da diversidade e biogeografia de rizóbio de grão-de-bico em Portugal, a avaliação da tolerância dos rizóbios ao stress térmico, bem
como o estudo das bases moleculares da tolerância ao stress. Estudou-se, ainda, o gene da co-chaperone dnaJ do ponto de vista filogenético.
A filogenia baseada no gene 16S rRNA revelou que a maior parte dos rizóbios de grão-de-bico agrupam com outras espécies, que não as típicas desta leguminosa (Mesorhizobium cicerí e M. mediterraneum). Encontrou-se uma associação entre algumas províncias e determinadas espécies de rizóbio. O gene dnaJ revelou-se um bom marcador filogenético para Mesorhizobium, bem como para a classe Alphaproteobactería. A avaliação da tolerância à temperatura permitiu diferenciar isolados tolerantes e sensíveis, a altas e baixas temperaturas. A análise da expressão dos genes dnaK e groESL, sugeriu que uma maior indução destes genes está relacionada com maior tolerância a altas temperaturas.
6
Kibret, K. T. "Development and Utilization of Genetic Diversity Based Ethiopian Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm Core Collection for Association Mapping". Thesis, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 2011. http://oar.icrisat.org/2964/1/KebedeTeshomeKibret.pdf.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is one of the most important cool season grain legume crops grown in semi-
arid tropics and Mediterranean regions. Terminal drought stress is one of the limiting factors for chickpea
production. Utilizing of germplasm collections are the main gateway to improve the stagnant production
of chickpea in semi arid tropics.
Hence, the objectives of this study were to i) Preliminary phenotyping and genotyping of germplasms
collections for diversity assessment; ii) Development of chickpea core collection based on diversity
analysis; iii) Identification of desirable accessions for drought tolerance from core set by proper
phenotyping; iv) Large scale genotyping of the core collections by SNP markers; v) Large scale
genotyping of the core collections by SNP markers; vi) Identification and establishing marker trait
associations using appropriate association genetic approaches; vii) Quantification of population structure
and relationship of Ethiopian chickpea collection.
The phenotypic evaluation in contrasting environment and SNP marker data analysis revealed that there is
significant phenotypic and genotypic variability in Ethiopian chickpea germplasm for drought tolerance
and other agronomic traits. The population structure and relationship analysis also revealed strong
subpopulation fixation and differentiation which was significantly different from the original population.
High allelic and gene diversity were observed in the entire collection with common and rare alleles. Trait
marker association analysis showed markers which are strongly associated with maturity related traits and
high linkage disequilibrium observed for the polymorphic markers.
Core collection for Ethiopian chickpea germplasm were developed and validated for different validation
parameters such as percent mean difference (MD %), percent variance difference (VD %), analysis of
variance, coincidence rate of range (CR %), variable rate of coefficient of variance (VR %) and genetic
diversity index. The result of validation showed better correspondence between the core set and the entire
set which had avoided germplasm duplication and representing the whole collection economically in time
and money with few numbers of accessions. Drought tolerant accessions were also identified in the
preliminary field screening which needs further confirmation.
7
Khan, Habib Ur Rahman. "Responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to zinc supply and water deficits". Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk4446.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 201-228. Widespread deficiencies of mineral nutrients in soils along with limited moisture supply are considered major environmental stresses leading to yield losses in chickpea. This study was conducted to determine the zinc requirement of chickpea and the effect on plant water relations. Critical zinc concentration was estimated. It was found that high and low moisture regimes had no effect on critical zinc concentration and that the value remained almost the same in all chickpea genotypes. Sensitivity of 28 chickpea genotypes were evaluated at two zinc levels. Field studies on zinc fertilization in both Australia and Pakistan showed that the application of zinc increased grain yield in all chickpea genotypes. It was found that plants grown under zinc deficiency could not exploit available soil moisture and water use and water use efficiency was reduced, and concluded that high zinc availability may enhance the ability of plants to endure periods of drought by promoting osmotic adjustment.
8
Kyei-Boahen, Stephen. "Evaluation of granular Rhizobium inoculant for chickpea". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/NQ63957.pdf.
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9
Gopalakrishnan, S. "Toxigenicity of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://oar.icrisat.org/5547/1/Gopal_PhD_thesis_Toxigenicity.pdf.
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The toxigenicity of isolates of Fusarium for chickpea, Cicer arietinum, the third most
important legume crop in the world was studied. Fungi were grown in liquid culture and the
culture filtrates assayed on cells isolated from leaflets of the plant. One isolate, designated
FOC 5, produced cultures that were predominately red (70-80% of the cultures). When the
culture filtrates of all isolates over time were assayed, the red cultures of FOC 5 were much
more toxic than those of the other isolates and were also about 10 times more toxic than the
colourless cultures of FOC 5. Toxic titres of the red FOC 5 cultures peaked at 12 days when
grown at 20°C. The toxin from these red cultures were purified by solvent partitioning, solid
phase extraction (SPE), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) using the assay to monitor the stages in purification.Shaking of culture filtrates of FOC 5 with ethyl acetate resulted in about half the toxic
activity (50-55%) partitioning into the organic phase and 25-30% remaining in the aqueous
phase. The activity of the aqueous phase was lost on freeze-drying suggesting a volatile
compound. When the ethyl acetate phase was dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and applied to
C18 SPE cartridges, about 9% was not adsorbed and 35% could be eluted with methanol.
Greater affinity was shown for cyano SPE cartridges with 6% not adsorbed and 45 %
recoverable by elution in acetonitrile. Attempts at purification of the toxin(s) of adsorbed and
non-adsorbed fractions from these reversed phase cartridges by HPLC did not yield pure
products.Recovery of activity of the ethyl acetate phase from flash chromatography on silica
gel was 61-110%. However, HPLC demonstrated that several compounds were present in the
active fractions.Separation of components of the ethyl acetate phase or the fraction adsorbed by cyano
cartridges of culture filtrates by TLC on silica gel rather than using SPE, flash or reversed
phase HPLC was more successful. Red bands corresponding to the active compound were
scraped from TLC plates and eluted in acetonitrile. HPLC of the eluents on a cyano column
with 10% acetonitrile as the mobile phase demonstrated a single homogeneous peak with
absorption maxima of 224 and 281 nm. The purified fraction is, at the time of writing, being
studied by Professor Mike Beale at Rothamsted Research using nuclear magnetic resonance
techniques in order to determine its structure.Four other isolates, identified by the International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics as F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri did not produce the red, toxic compound,
throwing doubt on the correct identification of the isolates. When the sequences of ribosomal
DNA of all five isolates were determined, the isolate that produced the red toxic compound
most closely matched Fusarium acutatum (99%), in a BLAST search and this accorded with
its morphology. A BLAST search showed that three of the other isolates matched the
sequence of cotton pathogen, F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (100%, 100% and 97%) and
one closely matched F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (99%) These results suggest that a reevaluation
of the taxonomy of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea is required.
10
Taheri, Zhila. "Development of techniques for wide hybridization in the genus Cicer L". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326824.
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11
Njambere, Evans Nyaga. "Etiology and population biology of Sclerotinia species causing stem and crown rot of chickpea". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2009/E_njambere_102309.pdf.
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12
Aryamanesh, Nader. "Chickpea improvement through genetic analysis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of ascochyta blight resistence using wild Cicer species /". Connect to this title, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0072.
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13
Ibrahim, Ali Kadium. "Studies on the growth and yield of chickpea". Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480707.
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14
Tan, Zi Hao Grace. "The characterisation of CaNAS2 and biofortification of chickpea". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116158/1/Zi%20Hao%20Grace_Tan_Thesis.pdf.
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Iron deficiency is a global problem, and one way to reduce it is through biofortification. In this thesis, the iron content of chickpea was improved by genetic modification (GM) with the plant iron metabolism genes, nicotianamine synthase (NAS) and ferritin (FER). Several chickpea cultivars were assessed, and a low-iron cultivar selected for further improvement. A novel chickpea NAS2 gene was also studied for use in this approach, providing greater insight into iron metabolism in plants. Ultimately, GM chickpea were successfully produced, and up to 1.3-fold increase in seed iron content was achieved. This is the first known example of a GM iron biofortified chickpea, and will likely form a foundation for future biofortification work.
15
Gopalakrishnan, S. "Toxigenicity of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446573/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The toxigenicity of isolates of Fusarium for chickpea, Cicer arietinum, the third most important legume crop in the world was studied. Fungi were grown in liquid culture and the culture filtrates assayed on cells isolated from leaflets of the plant. One isolate, designated FOC 5, produced cultures that were predominately red (70-80% of the cultures). When the culture filtrates of all isolates over time were assayed, the red cultures of FOC 5 were much more toxic than those of the other isolates and were also about 10 times more toxic than the colourless cultures of FOC 5. Toxic titres of the red FOC 5 cultures peaked at 12 days when grown at 20 C. The toxin from these red cultures were purified by solvent partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the assay to monitor the stages in purification. Shaking of culture filtrates of FOC 5 with ethyl acetate resulted in about half the toxic activity (50-55%) partitioning into the organic phase and 25-30% remaining in the aqueous phase. The activity of the aqueous phase was lost on freeze-drying suggesting a volatile compound. When the ethyl acetate phase was dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and applied to C18 SPE cartridges, about 9% was not adsorbed and 35% could be eluted with methanol. Greater affinity was shown for cyano SPE cartridges with 6% not adsorbed and 45 % recoverable by elution in acetonitrile. Attempts at purification of the toxin(s) of adsorbed and non-adsorbed fractions from these reversed phase cartridges by HPLC did not yield pure products. Recovery of activity of the ethyl acetate phase from flash chromatography on silica gel was 61-110%. However, HPLC demonstrated that several compounds were present in the active fractions Separation of components of the ethyl acetate phase or the fraction adsorbed by cyano cartridges of culture filtrates by TLC on silica gel rather than using SPE, flash or reversed phase HPLC was more successful. Red bands corresponding to the active compound were scraped from TLC plates and eluted in acetonitrile. HPLC of the eluents on a cyano column with 10% acetonitrile as the mobile phase demonstrated a single homogeneous peak with absorption maxima of 224 and 281 nm. The purified fraction is, at the time of writing, being studied by Professor Mike Beale at Rothamsted Research using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in order to determine its structure. Four other isolates, identified by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics as F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri did not produce the red, toxic compound, throwing doubt on the correct identification of the isolates. When the sequences of ribosomal DNA of all five isolates were determined, the isolate that produced the red toxic compound most closely matched Fusarium acutatum (99%), in a BLAST search and this accorded with its morphology. A BLAST search showed that three of the other isolates matched the sequence of cotton pathogen, F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (100%, 100% and 97%) and one closely matched F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (99%) These results suggest that a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea is required.
16
Watt, Chasity Ann. "Characterization of perennial Cicer species and DNA markers for aphanomyces root rot resistance in Pisum sativum". Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/C_Watt_102006.pdf.
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17
Devasirvatham, Viola. "The basis of chickpea heat tolerance under semi-arid environments". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9017.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume. Global warming and changes in cropping systems are driving chickpea production to relatively warmer growing conditions. Studies on the impact of climate change on chickpea production highlighted the effect of warmer temperatures on crop development and subsequent chickpea yield. For example, the yield of chickpea declined by up to 301 kg/ha per 1˚C increase in mean seasonal temperature in India. Assessment of whole plant response, particularly flowering and grain filling in warmer environments, in the field is generally an effective screening method. The identification of heat tolerant genotypes can help adapt chickpea to the effects of warmer temperatures. In this study, 167 chickpea genotypes were screened in heat stressed (late season) and non-stressed (normal season) conditions in the field during 2009-10 (year 1) and 2010-11 (year 2) at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. The aim of these experiments was to screen chickpea germplasm in contrasting chickpea growing seasons for high temperature tolerance. Plant phenology (days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod, and days to maturity), growth (plant height, plant width and biomass at harvest) and grain yield including pod number per plant, filled pod number per plant and seed number per plant were recorded in both seasons. There was large and significant variation for phenology, growth, grain yield and yield traits. Pod numbers per plant and harvest index are the two key traits that can be used in selection for breeding programs. The genetic variation was also confirmed by canopy temperature depression and the Heat Tolerance Index (HTI). Furthermore, using daily maximum and minimum temperature during the growing period, temperature for chickpea developmental stages (vegetative, flowering and grain filling phases) was calculated for both seasons to understand genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. In addition, sensitivity of male and female reproductive tissues to high temperature is important to explain the effect of heat stress on the reproductive phase. Therefore, field experiment was conducted at ICRISAT under stressed condition (late season) during 2011. The aim of these experiments was to study genetic variation in male reproductive tissue (anther, pollen), its function (pollen germination and tube growth) and pod set. Pollen fertility, in vitro pollen germination, in vivo pollen germination and pod set was examined under different temperatures. The field experiment was compared with controlled environments (stressed and non-stressed conditions). Both anthers and pollen grains showed more structural abnormalities such as changes in anther locule number, anther epidermis wall thickening and pollen sterility, rather than function (e.g. in vivo pollen tube growth). Clearly, chickpea pollen grains are more sensitive to high temperature than the stigma in both the field and controlled environments. Both studies suggested that the critical temperature for pod set was ≥37˚C in heat tolerant genotypes (ICC 1205; ICC 15614 and ICCV 92944) and ≥33˚C for heat sensitive genotypes (ICC 4567; ICC 10685 and ICC 5912). Implementation of molecular breeding in chickpea improvement program depends on the understanding of genetic diversity. Diversity Array Technology (DArT) is a micro-array based method allowing for finding of DNA polymorphism at several thousand loci in a single assay. The aim of this research was to investigate the genetic diversity between the167 chickpea genotypes using DArT markers. Based on 359 polymorphic DArT markers, 153 genotypes showed polymorphism. A dendrogram derived from cluster analysis based on the genetic similarity coefficient matrix for the 153 genotypes was constructed. There were nine groups (group 1-9) identified from dendrogram. The genotypes were collected from 36 countries and ICRISAT breeding lines were also included in the germplasm. Based on eleven quantitative traits (days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod, days to physiological maturity, plant height, plant width, plant biomass, pod number per plant, filled pod number per plant, seed number per plant and grain yield) observed in the field, the diversity groups were arranged under stressed and non-stressed conditions for two years and their relationship of origin was also studied. The group 9 (ICRISAT breeding lines) produced highest grain yield under non-stressed and heat stressed followed by group 3. Those breeding lines were crossbreeds from the ICRISAT’s breeding programs and released in different countries at different times. Furthermore, characterisation of ICRISAT screening environments using 29 years of temperature data was done to understand the chickpea growing season for future breeding programs. Association analysis was conducted on chickpea genotypes evaluated in the field screening for high temperature tolerance. Eleven quantitative traits observed in the field under heat stressed and non-stressed conditions were analysed to understand the genetic control of heat tolerance through marker-trait association. Under heat stress, 44 DArT markers were associated with grain yield and pod characteristics such as total pod number, filled pod number and seed number. A DArT marker was associated with three or four traits and may be efficiently used in improvement of more than one trait at a time. The associated markers for the traits like plant height, plant width, pod number and grain yield were found in the genomic regions of previously reported QTLs. In addition, many genomic regions for phenology, biomass and grain yield under heat stressed and non-stressed conditions. The number of markers significantly associated with different traits was higher under heat stress, suggesting that many genes are present that control plant response to high temperature in chickpea. Four populations, ICC 1356 x ICC 15614; ICC 10685 x ICC 15614; ICC 4567 x ICC 15614 and ICC 4567 x ICC 1356 of F1s, F2s along with their parents were assessed in the field in 2011 at heat stressed condition (late season). The objective of this experiment was to study the inheritance of heat tolerance. Days to first flowering (DFF), pod number per plant (TNP), filled pod number per plant (NFP), seed number per plant (NS) and grain yield per plant (GY) was recorded. Estimates of broad sense heritability for the traits DFF, TNP, NFP, NS and GY were calculated for all four crosses. In this study, parents were heterogeneous for heat response. At extreme high temperature (>40˚C) the population, especially ICC 4567 x ICC 15614, set pods and gave higher grain yield compared with other crosses. The adaptation of chickpea to high temperature may also be improved using more exotic parents to combine allelic diversity for flowering time, pod number, filled pod number, seed number per plant and grain yield. High temperature clearly has an influence on plant growth, development and grain yield. The research has identified heat tolerant sources of chickpea and also found the impact of high temperature on the male reproductive tissue. Studying genetic diversity using DArT markers and understanding diversity group with agronomic traits provided the basis of chickpea response to high temperature. Further research is needed from populations of chickpea crosses using late generations. This will enable the development of heat tolerant chickpea cultivar.
18
Upasani, M. L. "Molecular characterization of chickpea - fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri interaction". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2017. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/5878.
Pełny tekst źródła
19
Laranjo, Marta. "Genetic diversity and symbiotic effectiveness of chickpea rhizobia strains". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11260.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rhizobia are soil bacteria able to establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous plants inside special root tissues, the nodules. These symbioses are of extreme importance in agriculture allowing many plant crops to be cultivated without the need for chemical fertilisers.
In the present thesis work, the genetic diversity, phylogeny and symbiotic effectiveness (SE) of native rhizobia, able to nodulate chickpea (Citar arietinum L.), have been addressed.
Forty-one chickpea rhizobia isolated from four different Portuguesa soils (Beja, Elvas, Elvas- ENMP and Évora) were phenotypically evaluated. Twenty-one isolates were further analysed and assigned to the genus Mesorhizobium based on their 16S rDNA sequentes. Highly diverse Mesorhizobium strains were identified, belonging to six different species groups: M ciceri and M mediterraneum, the expected known chickpea symbionts, M loti, M tianshanense, and two probably new species.
A correlation was found between 16S rDNA species groups and origin of individual isolates.
Rhizobial diversity of the forty-one isolates from natural populations was assessed by molecular methods, namely 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, plasmid profiles, direct amplified polymorphic DNA (DAPD) fingerprinting and SDS–PAGE analysis of protein profiles. Plasmid number of isolates ranged from zero to six and was found to be correlated with origin and with species groups. 16S rDNA RFLP, DAPD and protein profiles generated analogous clustering of the isolates, supporting results on 16S rDNA sequence based phylogeny of the subgroup of twenty-one isolates. DAPD analysis, a newly described PCR-based approach, proved to be the most discriminating approach in strain differentiation and can be used as a fast method to screen diversity in new isolates. Evaluation of genetic diversity by the four molecular methods showed different levels of heterogeneity in the natural populations. A higher genetic diversity was found in Elvas-ENMP and Beja populations.
The SE determined for the twenty-one isolates as well as for the two chickpea microsymbionts, M ciceri and M mediterraneum, ranged from 4 to 84%. No correlation was depicted between SE and origin site of the isolates. However, Beja isolates show the highest mean. SE, and Elvas-ENMP isolates have the lowest mean SE. We detected no significant correlation between SE and species.
A multilocus phylogenetic approach was used to confirm the molecular phylogeny of the subgroup of twenty-one chickpea rhizobia isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the intergenic spacer between 16S and 23S rRNA genes (ITS), the
ATP synthase (atpD) or the DNA recombinase A (recA) sequences corroborated the
16S rDNA phylogeny and confirmed the existence of six distinct species groups
among chickpea mesorhizobia. Further evidence is provided for supporting one of
these evolutionary lineages as new species within the genus Mesorhizobium.
Indeed, sequencing of another housekeeping protein coding gene, the glutamine
synthetase I gene (glnA), from this new group of isolates, confirmed its separate
position and assignment to a new species. The name M. lusitanum is proposed, with
isolate 64b.-Beja as the type strain. A11 isolates from the M. lusitanum group showed a
high symbiotic effectiveness (above 50%) and may be potentially useful field
inoculants.
Chickpea has been considered a restrictive host for nodulation by rhizobia. However, the
present work, as well as other recent studies, have shown that several Mesorhizobium species
may effectively nodulate chickpea. In order to investigate the relationships between
symbiosis genes from different rhizobia species able to nodulate chickpea, the niƒH and nodC
genes from the twenty-one Portuguesa chickpea rhizobia isolates were sequenced and used for
phylogenetic studies.
The phylogenies based on symbiosis genes showed that, regardless of their species
affiliation, ali chickpea rhizobia isolates formed a single highly supported cluster, an evidence
of lateral transfer of symbiosis genes across different species. Chickpea is confirmed as a
non-promiscuous host. The six different rhizobia species, that nodulate chickpea, share
common symbiosis genes, suggesting recognition of only a few Nod factors by chickpea.
Further analysis of symbiosis genes, namely copy number and location, performed by
Southern hybridisation of plasmid profiles suggests the presence of, at least, two symbiosis
plasmids in some isolates. Moreover, we provide evidence for the existence of at least two
copies of the nodC gene in three isolates (6b.-Beja, 29-Beja and EE-29-ENMP), which is
uncommon and has not been reported before in mesorhizobia.
Overall, this work has contributed to the study of diversity and evolutionary relationships
among mesorhizobia and has presented further evidence of horizontal gene transfer among
several species of the genus Mesorhizobium, being the first report on lateral gene transfer
between chickpea mesorhizobia. It has changed the current view on chickpea
microsymbionts, sinta it has revealed that several species of Mesorhizobium can nodulate
chickpea, besides M. ciceri and M. mediterraneum. Furthermore, it has contributed to the
better understanding of the symbiosis between chickpea and rhizobia at the molecular level.
20
Brígido, Clarisse Cordeiro. "Tolerance of chickpea mesorhizobia to acid and salt stress". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14546.
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The main objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the tolerance of a collection
of native Portuguese chickpea rhizobia to abiotic stresses, namely acidity and
salinity, and to investigate the molecular bases of acidity and salinity tolerance.
Additionally, the evaluation of the symbiotic performance of ACC deaminasetransformed
strains under salinity was performed. The involvement of the
chaperone ClpB in the response to abiotic stresses and in the symbiosis with
chickpea was investigated by gene deletion in a Mesorhizobium strain.
Chickpea rhizobia were assigned to several Mesorhizobium species. In both
stress conditions, tolerant and sensitive rhizobia were found, including
moderately acidophilic isolates. The analysis of the expression of the chaperone
genes dnaK and groESL suggests their involvement in acid tolerance. ACC
deaminase-transformed rhizobia strains showed an improvement of their
symbiotic performance under salinity. The characterization of the ClpB knockout
mutant indicated that ClpB is involved in the nodulation process; RESUMO:Os principais objetivos desta tese foram a avaliação da tolerância a stresses
abióticos, nomeadamente acidez e salinidade, de uma coleção de rizóbios
portugueses nativos de grão-de-bico, e investigar as bases moleculares da
tolerância a ambos os stresses. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a eficiência
simbiótica de estirpes transformadas com o gene da ACC desaminase em
condições de salinidade. Investigou-se ainda o envolvimento da chaperone
ClpB na resposta a stresses abióticos e na simbiose com grão-de-bico através
da deleção do gene.
Os rizóbios de grão-de-bico pertencem a diferentes espécies de
Mesorhizobium. Encontraram-se rizóbios tolerantes e sensíveis a ambos os
stresses, incluindo isolados moderadamente acidófilos. A análise da expressão
dos genes de chaperones dnaK e groESL sugere o seu envolvimento na
tolerância à acidez. Estirpes de rizóbio transformadas com o gene da ACC
desaminase apresentaram uma melhoria da sua eficiência simbiótica em
condições salinas. A caracterização do mutante ClpB de Mesorhizobium
indicou que esta chaperone está envolvida no processo de nodulação.
21
Howey, Emma Victoria. "Response of chickpea to different soil pH and texture". Thesis, Howey, Emma Victoria (2020) Response of chickpea to different soil pH and texture. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/59419/.
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Soil pH and texture are important properties that affect chickpea growth and rhizobium nodulation. The current pH (CaCl2) and texture recommendations in Western Australia are a pH of 5.5 and above in fine textured soils such as clays or loams. This project was conducted to determine the impact of soil texture and pH on the growth rate of chickpea.
Three soil types (sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam) were utilised for a field trial based in South Burracoppin and a glasshouse experiment based at Murdoch University. The field trial was conducted with five cultivars per soil type. The soil types varied in surface and subsurface pH from 4.0 to 5.6. While, the glasshouse experiment was conducted with one cultivar and three soil types. The original soil was treated with CaCO3 to provide five pH (CaCl2) treatments per soil type.
The field trial utilised a variety of non-destructive measurements such as emergence counts, and for canopy cover three techniques were investigated (normalised difference vegetation index, fractional green canopy cover, leaf area index). Plant biomass (root, shoot, pods) and nodulation were investigated 44 and 129 days after sowing, at harvest grain yield was measured. The measurements taken during the glasshouse experiment include emergence, branching counts and canopy cover. The final harvest measurements included shoot and root weights as well as the nodule counts and weights.
The sandy clay loam soil type produced an above average crop despite being an unsuitable soil pH of 4.9, while both the sandy loam and loamy sand produced a below average crop due to a combination of unsuitable soil pH, soil texture and sub surface toxicities such as aluminium. In the glasshouse experiment, the treatments of pH showed no significant difference in plant biomass and root nodulation from the lower pH treatments.
22
Kumar, Y. "Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of chickpea‐fusarium oxysporum interactions". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2015. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2002.
Pełny tekst źródła
23
Owusu, Ansah Michael. "Income and Price Effect on Bilateral Trade and Consumption Through Expenditure Channel: A Case of Chickpea". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31829.
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Income and price affect chickpea trade expenditure and consumption expenditure share respectively. An empirical model was estimated to examine the trade effect through the expenditure channel using Almost Ideal Demand System and thus considering non-homotheticity in preferences. The results of the analysis indicated that global chickpea trade has increased from 100000 metric tons in 1988 to about 2.5 million metric tons in 2015. Between the same period consumption and production of chickpea had an increasing trend. USA and Canada had become part of the top 10 chickpea producers by 2015 signifying the increasing demand of chickpea in western countries. Factors that affected relative chickpea trade to importers income were relative market size of the exporter, bilateral distance and contiguous borders. Also, a percentage increase in the adjusted mean income of chickpea consuming country will lead to 94% decrease in the consumption of chickpea when country pair effects are considered.
24
Wouterlood, Madeleine. "Carboxylates in the rhizosphere of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in relation to P acquisition". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0029.
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[Truncated abstract] The highly weathered, phosphorus-fixing soils of Western Australia require large amounts of P fertiliser to produce acceptable crop yields. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important leguminous crop that is increasingly used in rotations with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Western Australia’s major crop. Chickpea and a range of other species exude P-mobilising carboxylates into the rhizosphere. Plants that exude carboxylates may need less P fertiliser or may use P in the soil that is unavailable to other plants. There is a wealth of information about P mobilisation and carboxylate exudation by white lupin; in contrast, research on carboxylate exudation by chickpea is fairly limited. The major aim of this PhD research project was to investigate the relationships between exudation of carboxylates and soil and plant P status for chickpea ... In conclusion, whereas carboxylate exudation of plants such as white lupin is clearly targeted at P acquisition, chickpea showed constitutive carboxylate exudation mainly of malonate into the rhizosphere in a series of experiments, each with a different design. Unlike white lupin, chickpea forms associations with mycorrhizal fungi that may improve plant P status. Some of the functions of constitutive carboxylate exudation by chickpea may include P acquisition and deterring microorganisms, but the exact reasons and mechanisms remain unresolved.
25
Leisso, Rachel Sue. "Integrated management and causes of damping off disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Montana". Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/leisso/LeissoR0808.pdf.
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Chickpea is a minor crop in Montana with great potential for increase in both the conventional and organic sector. The semi-arid climate of much of Montana is well-suited to organic chickpea production, which commands a higher market price than conventional chickpea. Ranking third in the nation for certified organic cropland acres, many operations in Montana are already capable of organic chickpea production. There is a need for rotational crops such as chickpea that are compatible with organic wheat production. In addition to their profit potential, chickpea can perform valuable functions in wheat rotations such as fixing nitrogen and breaking insect pest and disease cycles. Damping-off of chickpea is one of the critical concerns of producers raising organic chickpea. Little was known about the pathogens causing damping off in Montana prior to this research. To determine the organisms responsible for damping off, pathogens were isolated from chickpeas affected by damping off at three field sites and identified to genera. Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. are the predominate causes of damping off in Montana. Fusarium spp. have not been previously reported in association with damping off of chickpea. To determine if the Fusarium isolates were pathogenic or facultatively pathogenic, eight isolates of Fusarium were indentified to species and pathogenicity tests were performed under controlled conditions. All isolates caused damping off of chickpea. Damping off incidence and severity increased with increasing moisture levels for the majority of the Fusarium isolates. Seed treatments are the most common method of preventing damping off, and biological seed treatments are a control option for organic and conventional growers. The potential for control of chickpea damping off using biological and fungicide seed treatments was tested in greenhouse trials and at three field locations in Montana in 2007. Biological seed treatments Bacillus pumilus GB34 (Yield Shield), B. subtilis GB03 (Kodiak), and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2 (T-22 Planter Box) were compared with conventional seed treatments fluidoxonil (Maxim) and mefenoxam (Apron XL LS) and combinations of biological and fungicide seed treatments in field trials. Treatments containing the chemical fungicide mefenoxam, which targets oomycete pathogens, were most effective for controlling damping off. Biological seed treatments were not effective at controlling damping off.
26
Mehmood, Yasir. "Evolution of High-Risk Isolates within the Australian Ascochyta rabiei Population and the Differential Defence Responses Instigated in Chickpea". Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/371240.
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Chickpea is a very important legume crop, playing a crucial role in global food security. However, yield and quality are significantly affected by many biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic factors, Ascochyta blight caused by the necrotrophic fugal pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. (syn. Phoma rabiei) (Kovachevski) von Arx (Mycospaerella rabiei Kovachevski) is a major concern. The pathogen causes significant annual yield losses globally and is the major fungal disease constraint to production in Australia. In order to better inform for optimal management strategies for this pathogen, a comprehensive understanding of the fungal pathogen population and the host-pathogen interaction is necessary.
The Australian Ascochyta rabiei population has low genotypic diversity with only one mating type detected to date, potentially precluding substantial evolution through sexual recombination. However, a large diversity in Australia in aggressiveness exists. In an effort to better understand the risk from selective adaptation to currently used resistance sources and chemical control strategies, the population was examined in detail. For this, a total of 598 isolates were quasi-hierarchically sampled between 2013 and 2015 across all major Australian chickpea growing regions and commonly grown host genotypes. These were molecularly compared at seven most informative microsatellite loci. Although a large number of haplotypes were identified (66), an overall low gene diversity (Hexp = 0.066) and genotypic diversity (D = 0.57) was detected, validating previous smaller studies. Almost 70% of the isolates assessed were of a single dominant and well adapted haplotype (ARH01). Members of this haplotype were present across all growing regions and on all host genotypes assessed, indicating a high degree of adaptation and fitness to survive.
Disease screening on a differential host set, including three commonly deployed resistance sources, revealed distinct patterns in aggressiveness among the isolates. In total, 17% of all isolates were classified as highly aggressive and almost 75% of these were of the ARH01 haplotype. A similar pattern was observed at the host level, with 46% of all isolates collected from the commonly grown host genotype Genesis 090 (classified as “resistant” during the term of collection) identified as highly aggressive. Of these, 63% belonged to the ARH01 haplotype. The geographic hotspots within the industry with potential threat levels were also identified on the basis of detection of high risk isolates. In conclusion, the ARH01 haplotype represents a significant risk to the Australian chickpea industry, being not only widely adapted to the diverse agro-geographical environments of the Australian chickpea growing regions and cultivars sown, but also containing a disproportionately larger frequency of aggressive isolates, indicating fitness to survive and replicate on the best resistance sources in the Australian germplasm.
This study has clearly demonstrated that the Australian Ascochyta rabiei population is diverse in its ability to cause disease on chickpea cultivars with isolates ranging from low to highly aggressive based on gross symptomolgy. In order to help inform strategic management of such a diverse population, knowledge on potential diversity in the infection and invasion processes of the pathogen and the A. rabiei-chickpea interaction was required. Therefore, an in-depth histopathology study was conducted with isolates with varying aggressiveness on four differential host genotypes. Highly replicated microscopy observations revealed significant differences in percentages, timings and rates of conidia germination and growth, and appressoria formation among isolates on all of the hosts assessed. In general, the previously characterised highly aggressive isolates germinated and penetrated faster than the low aggressive isolate. However, there were significance differences in these rates, indicating that some highly aggressive isolates are able to germinate and invade the host much faster than others and within the first 12 hours of contact. This difference continued through to development of disease symptomology which appeared earlier and more severely for aggressive isolates on the moderately resistant PBA HatTrick and susceptible Kyabra cultivars than on resistant hosts. This knowledge will inform disease management decisions including the potential to improve the timing and targeting of specific chemical controls to reduce the impact of this ubiquitous and pathogenically diverse pathogen.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Natural Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
27
Avcioglu, Dundar Banu. "Expression Profiling In Response To Ascochyta Rabiei Inoculations In Chickpea". Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610091/index.pdf.
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In this study, it was aimed to identify chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genes or gene fragments expressed upon Ascochyta rabiei infection using a tolerant chickpea cultivar ILC195 and fungal isolates with varying level of pathogenicity. PCR amplification of resistance gene analogs (RGA) and disease related genes, and mRNA differential display reverse transcription (DDRT) were used to get these expressed gene fragments in chickpea. The constitutively or differentially expressed PCR product fragments were cloned and sequenced. Out of nearly 300 clones, 160 sequences (expressed sequence tags, ESTs) could be analyzed and these sequences were disclosed in this study. About 100 of these ESTs were classified according to predicted &ldquomolecular function&rdquo
, &ldquo
biological process&rdquo
and &ldquo
cellular component&rdquo
. The most common ppredicted functions of the products coded by these ESTs were &ldquo
Protein Fate&rdquo
, &ldquo
Metabolism&rdquo
, &ldquo
Cell Rescue, Defense and Virulence&rdquo
, &ldquo
Transcription&rdquo
, &ldquo
Transport&rdquo
, &ldquo
Energy&rdquo
, and &ldquo
Cell Fate&rdquo
. Six ESTs were subjected to Real-Time quantitative RT-PCR analysis to compare the response of ILC195 infected by one A.rabiei isolate with another resistant chickpea genotype (FLIP84-92C)/A.rabiei pathotype system. Some of these genes were differentially expressed among different chickpea/A.rabiei isolate combinations. Highly upregulated ESTs in all these combinations were a formate dehydrogenase (metabolism and detoxification), a serine carboxypeptidase (protein fate and communication) and a hypothetical protein probably similar to acyl-CoA synthetases. A genetic mapping study was carried out with EST specific primers and two EST markers were assigned in the current chickpea genetic map. However, no genetic linkage of them was detected with known chickpea quantitative trait loci for A.rabiei resistance.
28
Silva, José Rodrigo da. "Improvement of chickpea rhizobia by genetic transformation with symbiosis genes". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23169.
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Rhizobia are soil bacteria able to induce the formation of nodules in leguminous plants
and convert atmospheric nitrogen into assimilable forms to these plants. Some
Mesorhizobium species establish symbiosis with chickpea and can increase productivity
of this culture. Rhizobia symbiosis genes, such as nod and nif, are involved in nodule
development and nitrogen fixation. Nevertheless, genes involved in other molecular
mechanisms, namely stress response may influence the symbiotic interaction plantrhizobia.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of overexpressing
symbiotic and stress response genes in the symbiotic performance of chickpea
Mesorhizobium. Mesorhizobium strains were transformed with pRKnifA, pRKnodD,
pRKenvZ and pRKgroEL (expression vector pRK415 with nifA, nodD, envZ and groEL
genes from M. mediterraneum UPM-Ca36T, respectively). From the four strains
transformed with extra nifA copies, only V15-b was able to increase plant biomass, when
compared to wild-type and empty vector strains. Among the four strains transformed with
extra nodD copies, ST-2 and PMI-6 showed a higher symbiotic effectiveness compared
to wild type and control strains. Additional copies of envZ led to in a higher symbiotic
effectiveness when introduced in PMI-6 and EE-7. Evaluation of the symbiotic
effectiveness of the four strains overexpressing groEL showed that only ST-2 improved,
compared to wild-type and empty vector strains. For all these strains the rate of nodule
formation was seen to be higher and further analysis of the infection process and nodule
histological analysis were performed. Overall, this study shows that extra copies of a
given gene may have different effects in the symbiotic effectiveness, depending on the
modified strain. This study contributes to a better understanding of the nodulation and
nitrogen fixation processes, namely regarding the contribution of non-symbiotic genes,
especially envZ, which was to our knowledge for the first time reported to be involved in
the rhizobia-legume symbiosis; Resumo:
Melhoramento de rizóbios de grão-de-bico por transformação genética com genes
simbióticos
Rhizóbios são bactérias capazes de induzir a formação de nódulos em leguminosas e
converter azoto atmosférico em formas assimiláveis por essas plantas. Algumas
espécies de Mesorhizobium estabelecem simbioses com grão-de-bico e conseguem
promover a produtividade desta cultura. Genes simbióticos, como nod e nif, estão
envolvidos na formação dos nódulos e fixação de azoto. No entanto, genes envolvidos
noutros mecanismos, nomeadamente a resposta ao stresse podem influenciar a
interação simbiótica planta-rizóbio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência
simbiótica de Mesorhizobium de grão-de-bico sobre-expressando genes simbióticos e
de resposta ao stresse. Estirpes de Mesorhizobium foram transformadas com pRKnifA,
pRKnodD, pRKenvZ e pRKgroEL (vetor de expressão pRK415 com nifA, nodD, envZ e
groEL de M. mediterraneum UPM-Ca36T, respetivamente). Das quatro estirpes
transformadas com cópias extras de nifA, apenas V15-b foi capaz de produzir um
aumento na biomassa das plantas inoculadas, quando comparada às estirpes selvagem
e com vetor vazio. Das quatro estirpes transformadas com cópias extras de nodD, ST-
2 e PMI-6 apresentaram maior eficiência simbiótica em comparação com as estirpes
controlo. Cópias adicionais de envZ resultaram numa maior eficiência simbiótica quando
introduzidas em PMI-6 e EE-7. A avaliação da eficiência simbiótica das quatro estirpes
que sobre-expressam groEL mostrou que apenas a transformação de ST-2 levou a uma
eficiência superior, em comparação com as estirpes selvagem e com vetor vazio. Para
todas estas estirpes, a taxa de formação de nódulos também foi melhorada, pelo que
análises do processo de infeção e da histologia dos nódulos foram efetuadas. Em geral,
este estudo mostra que um gene introduzido pode ter efeitos diferentes na eficiência
simbiótica, dependendo da estirpe modificada. Este estudo contribui para uma melhor
compreensão dos processos de nodulação e fixação de azoto, nomeadamente a
contribuição de genes não-simbióticos, especialmente envZ, que tanto quanto sabemos
não foi previamente descrito como envolvido nestas simbioses.
29
Aminu, Aliyu. "Inactivation of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2015. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/18204/.
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Insect specific viruses like nucleopolyhedrosisvirus (NPV) can provide an alternative and effective insect pest control compared to conventional chemicals; however, on certain crops like chickpea efficacy of the virus is limited. Previous studies have demonstrated that inactivation on chickpea was leaf surface based and rapid, however, the compound identified (isoflavonoid, sissotrin) could not account for the total inactivation that was recorded on chickpea leaves. The present study investigated further the legume-NPV insect interaction, with aim of identifying conclusively the compound(s) responsible for NPV inactivation on chickpea, and also to determine if the same plant chemistry also occurs on two other major African and Asian legumes, cowpea and pigeonpea, and to understand the mechanism involved. Laboratory results showed that chickpea leaf surface was more inactivating to NPV than cowpea or pigeonpea. Although both cowpea and pigeon also reduced the efficacy of NPV the effect was relatively small. Bioassays with the isoflavonoids (biochanin A and formononetin), identified to be present or induced at higher levels after spraying with HearNPV, showed that although both compounds significantly reduced NPV efficacy, the effect was modest compared to that recorded on chickpea leaves. When the most abundant chickpea acids (malic and oxalic) were mixed with different concentrations of the isoflavonoids and tested on NPV, significant inactivation was observed which was comparable to that obtained on chickpea leaves. The inactivation of NPV by the combination of chickpea acids plus isoflavonoids was not dependent on high concentrations of isoflavonoid tested, suggesting that chickpea acids alone could be responsible. Therefore, further tests were carried out to determine the role of the acids alone on NPV. The most abundant chickpea acids were prepared at different concentrations and tested with the virus at high lethal concentration. The results showed that chickpea acids alone were responsible for the inactivation of NPV, and among the two acids tested, oxalic was found to be more active against the virus. Although the inactivation was shown to correlate negatively with pH of the acids, the results suggest that oxalic acid was exerting its effect independently of the pH. This is the first study to demonstrate that organic acids of chickpea were responsible for inactivation of NPV. The findings from this study will be helpful in identifying suitable formulation additives to improve the field persistence of NPV on chickpea and other crops.
30
Nimbalkar, S. B. "Host-pathogen interaction with reference to chickpea and fusarium oxysporum". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2007. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2587.
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31
Sant, V. J. "Genetic diversity and linkage analysis in chickpea using DNA markers". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2001. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2852.
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Aryamanesh, Nader. "Chickpea improvement through genetic analysis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of ascochyta blight resistence using wild Cicer species". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0072.
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[Truncated abstract] The genetics of ascochyta blight resistance was studied in five 5 x 5 half-diallel cross sets involving seven genotypes of chickpea (ICC 3996, Almaz, Lasseter, Kaniva, 24B-Isoline, IG 9337 and Kimberley Large), three accessions of Cicer reticulatum (ILWC 118, ILWC 139 and ILWC 184) and one accession of C. echinospermum (ILWC 181) under field conditions. Both F1 and F2 generations were used in the diallel analysis. Almaz, ICC 3996 and ILWC 118 were the most resistant genotypes. Estimates of genetic parameters, following Hayman's method, showed significant additive and dominant gene actions. The analysis also revealed the involvement of both major and minor genes. Susceptibility was dominant over resistance to ascochyta blight. The recessive alleles were concentrated in the two resistant chickpea parents ICC 3996 and Almaz, and one C. reticulatum genotype ILWC 118. High narrow-sense heritability (ranging from 82 to 86% for F1 generations, and 43 to 63% for F2 generations) indicates that additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of the trait and greater genetic gain by breeding resistant chickpea cultivars using carefully selected parental genotypes. Current simple leaf varieties are often susceptible to ascochyta blight disease whereas varieties of other leaf types range from resistant to susceptible. The inheritance of ascochyta blight resistance and different leaf types and their correlation were investigated in intraspecific progeny derived from crosses among two resistant genotypes with normal leaf type (ICC 3996 and Almaz), one susceptible simple leaf type (Kimberley Large) and one susceptible multipinnate leaf type (24 B-Isoline). ... An interspecific F2 mapping population derived from a cross between chickpea accession ICC 3996 (resistant to ascochyta blight, early flowering, and semi-erect plant growth habit) and C. reticulatum accession ILWC 184 (susceptible to ascochyta blight, ii late flowering, and prostrate plant growth habit) was used for constructing a genetic linkage map. F2 plants were cloned through stem cuttings taken at pre-flowering stage, treated with plant growth regulator powder (0.5 mg/g indole butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/g naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)) and grown in a sand + potting mix substrate. Clones were screened for ascochyta blight resistance in controlled environment conditions using a 19 scale. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were found for ascochyta blight resistance in this population. Two linked QTLs, located on linkage group (LG) 4, explained 21.1% and 4.9% of the phenotypic variation. The other QTL, located on LG3, explained 22.7% of the phenotypic variation for ascochyta blight resistance. These QTLs explained almost 49% of the variation for ascochyta blight resistance. LG3 had two major QTLs for days to flowering (explaining 90.2% of phenotypic variation) and a major single QTL for plant growth habit (explaining 95.2% of phenotypic variation). There was a negative correlation between ascochyta blight resistance and days to flowering, and a positive correlation between days to flowering and plant growth habit. The flanking markers for ascochyta blight resistance or other morphological characters can be used in marker-assisted selections to facilitate breeding programs.
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Fu, Gaoming. "Nitrogen dynamics in a chickpea-wheat rotation in a hummocky field". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/NQ63868.pdf.
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Chang, Yu-Wei 1977. "Isolation and characterization of proteins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115839.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed is a potential source of protein ingredients with desirable nutritional and functional properties. Knowledge of molecular characteristics of a food protein is essential before a protein can gain widespread use as a food ingredient. The objectives of this study were to prepare chickpea proteins using different extraction methods and precipitation methods and to investigate molecular characteristics using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; Native and SDS), reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) techniques. Proteins of ground chickpea seed were extracted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and with citric acid solutions and precipitated with addition of acid and by cryoprecipitation. The protein contents of the protein preparation ranged from 49% to 97%. The microstructures of chickpea protein isolates examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the presence of starch grains in the cryoprecipitates from citric acid extraction but not in isoelectric precipitates. The globulins (legumins and vicilins), glutelins, and albumins from both citric acid and NaOH isolates were characterized by Native-PAGE. The cryoprecipitates contained mainly the globulin-rich proteins. With SDS-PAGE characterization, protein subunits were identified as follows: (i) legumin subunits: MW 40, 39, 26, 23, and 22 kDa, (ii) vicilin subunits: MW 50, 37, 33, 19, and 15 kDa, (iii) glutelin subunits: 58, 55, and 54 kDa, and (iv) albumin subunits: 10 kDa. Separation of fractions of isolated chickpea proteins by RP-HPLC showed that early eluting fractions (Rt 20-30 min) consisted of subunits of MW 6.5-31 kDa (SDS-PAGE). At elution time 30-36 min, the fractions obtained were composed mainly of mixtures of legumin and vicilin subunits (MW 14-45 kDa). The major subunits of chickpea protein fractions from both cryoprecipitates and isoelectric precipitates are legumin basic subunit (MW∼23 kDa) and vicilin-rich proteins (MW∼19, 17, 15 kDa). ESI-MS analysis of fractions separated by RP-HPLC showed MW ranging between 5.1 and 53.5 kDa. The subunits of MW 35366, 27626, 22864, 20531, 16092, and 15626 Da of fractions from ESI-MS corresponded to MW 35.3, 28.0, 24.1, 20.5, 16.1, and 15.3 kDa identified in SDS-PAGE. These fractions were identified as legumin-rich and vicilin-rich proteins.
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Srinivasan, A. "Chickpea –helicoverpa armigera: a system to elucidate plant- insect pest interactions". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2006. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2480.
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Kanagala, S. "Somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation studies in chickpea (Cicer Arietinium L.)". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1997. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3156.
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Alloush, Ghiath Ahmad. "The mechanism of mobilization of iron from soil minerals in the rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277495.
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Aslam, Shazia Nusrat. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of cicerfuran an antifungal compound from chickpea roots". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401042.
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Fernandez, Maria Luz. "The modification of nutritional and functional properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) by germination". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184363.
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Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) was germinated for different lengths of time to determine the influence of germination on the functional and nutritional properties of this legume. Chemical analysis of the flours showed a very significant increase in vitamin C and in lysine during germination. Vitamin C values ranged from 1.2 to 15.6 mg/100 g and lysine from 10.5 to 13.5 g/100g of protein for the intact and the 48 hr-germinated chickpea, respectively. Starch content decreased 15.5% and soluble sugars increased 20% after only 24 hr of germination. Germination decreased trypsin inhibitor activity by 28%. Chickpea and 24 hr germinated chickpea were used as ingredients in the preparation of several products. Germination increased acceptability in some of these products by modifying their rheological and sensory properties. Seed germination enhanced significantly the nutritional quality of chickpea protein. Protein efficiency ratio associated with the germinated chickpea diets compared favorably to that obtained with the casein diet. Protein digestibility decreased as germination time increased. Essential amino acid availability did not change after 24 hr of germination, but small decreases were observed after 48 hr. Protein and starch were studied separately to determine their influence on the observed modifications. No significant changes were found in the concentration of proteins in germinated chickpea even after 72 hr of germination as indicated by densitometry scans of SDS-PAGE patterns. Starch was isolated from intact and germinated chickpeas and characterized by several of its physicochemical properties and its susceptibility to alpha-amylase hydrolysis. Germination increased substantially starch digestibility and modified some of the physico-chemical properties of starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed no apparent differences between starches except for a tendency of the germinated chickpea starch to clump. These results suggest that changes in texture, consistency and other physical parameters observed on the germinated chickpea-based products may be attributed mostly to starch.
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Naveed, Muhammad. "Improving Chickpea against Moisture and Low Light Stresses: Breeding, Genetics, and Physiological Interventions". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27533.
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Chickpea is an important crop of rainfed farming systems worldwide, including Australia. However, extreme weather conditions have severely impacted its production, which is often unstable, and well below the genetic potential. Therefore, improved yield and stress-adaptation capacity seem to be a better option for mitigating these conditions.
In this study, drought imposed at anthesis severely impacted pod production, pod-filling and seed-setting in chickpea. However, genotypes with conservative water use early on and profligate patterns later on performed better with negative associations of days to pod trigger with yield and component traits. Photosynthetic and high transpirational efficiency contributed to their better performance. Under field conditions, moisture availability in excess or limited at specific growth stages altered the expression of most plant traits. Significant G×E interaction was observed for all the traits studied, and some of them displayed a strong association with grain yield under individual and combined environments. Linkage mapping had identified 42 QTLs that resided mostly on the same genomic regions (LG3, LG5, and LG6) over three environments. Under controlled conditions, the effects of low light determined at anthesis were highest on the root, shoot and total plant biomass. QTL mapping had detected 24 QTLs, mostly overlapped on LG3 and LG8 for various traits. This co-localization of QTLs for several traits under field and controlled environments suggested pleiotropic phenomenon or strong linkage.
The present study had identified genetic variation for different abiotic stresses and the usefulness of a mapping population to counter them. Under variable environmental conditions, selecting and screening stress-tolerant genotypes would lead to sustainable chickpea production. Further, with accurate phenotyping and systematic selection of traits of interest, the pace of conventional breeding can be increased using various molecular tools.
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Mwape, Virginia Wainaina. "Characterisation and Genetic Dissection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection in Domesticated and Wild Chickpea". Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/86226.
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The necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes the economically damaging Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) of chickpea. This thesis describes the first report of partial resistance in wild and Australian chickpea germplasm. The quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance, key factors the pathogen employ during infection and chickpea resistance responses are reported. Together, this thesis provides an insight into the chickpea-sclerotinia interaction and is a noble resource in developing SSR control strategies
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Patankar, A. G. "Biochemical and molecular analysis of the defense mechanism in chickpea against biotic stress". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2000. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2289.
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Mantri, Nitin Laxminarayan, i nitin_mantri@rediffmail com. "Gene expression profiling of chickpea responses to drought, cold and high-salinity using cDNA microarray". RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080509.160714.
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Cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) has a narrow genetic base making it difficult for breeders to produce new elite cultivars with durable resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. As an alternative to genome mapping, microarrays have recently been applied in crop species to identify and assess the function of putative genes thought to be involved in plant abiotic stress and defence responses. In the present study, a cDNA microarray approach was taken in order to determine if the transcription of genes, from a set of previously identified putative stress-responsive genes from chickpea and its close relative Lathyrus sativus, were altered in chickpea by the three abiotic stresses; drought, cold and high-salinity. For this, chickpea genotypes known to be tolerant and susceptible to each abiotic stress were challenged and gene expression in the leaf, root and/or flower tissues was studied. The transcripts that were differentially expressed among stressed an d unstressed plants in response to the particular stress were analysed in the context of tolerant/susceptible genotypes. The transcriptional change of more than two fold was observed for 109, 210 and 386 genes after drought, cold and high-salinity treatments, respectively. Among these, two, 15 and 30 genes were consensually differentially expressed (DE) between tolerant and susceptible genotypes studied for drought, cold and high-salinity, respectively. The genes that were DE in tolerant and susceptible genotypes under abiotic stresses code for various functional and regulatory proteins. Significant differences in stress responses were observed within and between tolerant and susceptible genotypes highlighting the multiple gene control and complexity of abiotic stress response mechanism in chickpea. The annotation of these genes suggests that they may have a role in abiotic stress response and are potential candidates for tolerance/susceptibility.
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Stone, Anne. "The adaptation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) & lentil (Lens culinaris) to the United Kingdom". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315526.
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Zhou, Ziwei. "Determination of the key resistance gene analogues involved in Ascochyta rabiei recognition in Chickpea". Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/381001.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important cool season food legume, playing a
significant role in global food security. However, the production of chickpea is
severely constrained by foliar Ascochyta blight disease caused by the fungus
Ascochyta rabiei (syn. Phoma rabiei). The disease results in substantial yield losses
annually and has become a primary biotic constraint to production in Australia.
Several disease management options have been developed to reduce or control the
pathogen, including host plant resistance. However, for host resistance to be effective,
the plant must quickly recognise the pathogen and instigate initial defence
mechanisms at the point of contact. Previous research has shown that the most
resistant host genotypes are able to recognise the pathogen the fastest.
Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) are key factors in the recognition of plant
pathogens and the signaling of inducible defences. They comprise a large gene family
with conserved domains and structural features; classified as either nucleotide binding
site leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) or transmembrane leucine rich repeat (TM-LRR)
groups. In chickpea, they are reported to recognise A. rabiei with varying knowledge
of their identities and putative functions.
In this study, a suit of RGA loci were chosen from both published literature and from
homologous sequences within the NCBI database for further investigation. All RGA
candidates were members of the NBS-LRR family group. Following their validation
in the chickpea genome through traditional PCR, and qPCR primer optimization, 10
of the target RGA were selected for differential expression analysis in response to A.
rabiei. This was performed in a set of four chickpea genotypes including two resistant
cultivars (ICC 3996 and PBA Seamer), one moderately resistant cultivar (PBA
HatTrick) and one susceptible cultivar (Kyabra). Expression of each locus was
assessed via qPCR at 2, 6, and 24 hours after A. rabiei infection with a previously
characterised highly aggressive isolate. As a result, all loci were differentially
transcribed in response to pathogen infection in at least one genotype and at least one time point after inoculation. Among these, transcription of RGA 8, RGA 10, RGA 21
and RGA 23 was significantly and consistently increased in the resistant genotype
ICC 3996 immediately following inoculation. Further bioinformatics in-silico
analyses of these four RGA indicated they all function through ADP binding, in
different parts of pathogen recognition pathway. These represent clear targets for
future functional validation and potential for selective resistance breeding and/or for
introgression into elite cultivars that are quickly able to recognise and respond to A. rabiei.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Science (MSc)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Greenlon, Alex. "Global Diversity and Function of Bacteria Associated with Wild and Domesticated Chickpea Root Nodules". Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10837756.
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Legume crops are significant agriculturally and environmentally for their ability to form symbiosis with specific soil bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation for a given legume in a given soil is limited by the availability of the plant’s bacterial partners, and by variation in the effectiveness of those symbionts. We used a global-level hierarchical sampling scheme to comprehensively characterize the evolutionary relationships and distributional limitations of nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts of the legume crop chickpea. This has been accomplished using culture-dependent and independent approaches to generate over 1,200 draft whole-genome assemblies at the level of bacterial populations, as well as 14 finished-quality genomes using the Pacific Biosciences platform. These strategies reveal that chickpea’s symbionts across the globe are confined to the genus Mesorhizobium , but a diversity of taxa within the genus (chapter 1 and 3). Comparative phylogenomic analysis reveals that despite chickpea’s symbionts within and across regions coming from different taxa, all share almost identical genes for symbiosis. PacBio genome-assemblies reveal that this is due to the horizontal transfer of a 500 kb chromosomal island known as a symbiosis island, between unrelated strains of the genus Mesorhizobium . Analyzing the symbiosis island at the population level reveals that the symbiosis island spreads repeatedly once introduced to a region, suggesting that strains well-adapted to a particular soil climate continue to dominate once the new host (chickpea) has been introduced, through repeated acquisition of the symbiosis island. This dataset provides additional insights into the functional and taxonomic diversity of other bacteria associated with chickpea nodules (chapter 2).
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Mittal, Nitin. "Ascochyta Rabiei in North Dakota: Characterization of the Secreted Proteome and Population Genetics". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29857.
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Chickpea is one of the most important leguminous crops grown in regions of southern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States. Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta rabiei, is the most important foliar disease of chickpea. In favorable conditions, this disease can destroy the entire chickpea field within a few days. In this project the secreted proteins of Ascochyta rabiei have been characterized through one and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This is the first proteomic study of the A. rabiei secretome, and a standardized technique to study the secreted proteome has been developed. A common set of proteins secreted by this pathogen and two isolates that exhibit the maximum and minimum number of secreted proteins when grown in modified Fries and Czapek Dox media have been identified. Population genetic studies of Ascochyta rabiei populations in North Dakota have been conducted using
microsatellites and AFLP markers. Population genetic studies have shown that the ascochyta population in North Dakota has not changed genetically in the years 2005, 2006 and 2007, but the North Dakota population is different from the baseline population from the Pacific Northwest. The ascochyta population in North Dakota is a randomly mating population, as shown by the mating type ratio.
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Liu, Li Hui. "Chickpea proteins for food applications". Thesis, 1996. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15304/.
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The potential applications of chickpea proteins (Cicer arietinum L. cv Kaniva) as food ingredients have been investigated and presented in three major parts of this thesis.
The first part identified different extraction conditions and their effects on the extraction yield and characteristics of the isolated proteins.
The second part defined the functional properties of these isolated proteins and relevant factors affecting their behaviour.
The third part investigated the effects of chemical and enzymatic modifications on the composition, structural characteristics, functional and flow properties of
the modified proteins, particularly, their rheological properties in wheat flour dough systems.
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Nayak, S. N. "Identification of QTLS and Genes for Drought Tolerance Using Linkage Mapping and Association Mapping Approaches in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)". Thesis, 2010. http://oar.icrisat.org/118/1/merged_document-6157.pdf.
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Low levels of polymorphism and lack of sufficient numbers of molecular markers such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the main constraints in chickpea improvement. Hence to increase the number of SSR markers, 1,655 novel SSRs were developed from SSR-enriched genomic library (311) and mining the BAC-end sequences (1,344). These markers, along with already available markers were tested for polymorphism on parental genotypes of the inter-specific (ICC 4958 × PI 489777) and intra-specific mapping population (ICC 4958 × ICC 1882). As a result, a comprehensive inter-specific genetic map of 621 marker loci, spanning a genetic distance of 984.11cM was prepared. For identification of QTLs for drought tolerance traits, an intra-specific map (segregating for drought tolerance related traits) consisting of 230 SSR loci, spanning 466.95cM genetic distance was constructed after screening 2,409 SSR markers. The QTL analysis detected 47 significant QTLs for the ten root traits, of which seven were major QTLs (>20% phenotypic variation). The QTL analysis revealed the presence of a “QTL hot-spot” region explaining 49.9% phenotypic variation was detected. For undertaking association mapping for drought tolerance, two approaches namely candidate gene sequencing and genome-wide scanning approaches were used on the reference set comprising of 318 chickpea genotypes. In case of the candidate gene sequencing approach, five candidate genes associated with drought tolerance were selected namely, chickpea Apetala2 (CAP2-which is the homolog of DREB2A), abscisic acid stress and ripening hormone (ASR), sucrose synthase (SuSy), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and ERECTA genes. Highest nucleotide diversity was observed in case of ERECTA followed by ASR gene and the lowest for CAP2 gene. Association analysis based on candidate gene sequencing showed the association of two genes (ASR and CAP2 promoter) with drought tolerance related traits. Apart from this, the genome-wide association studies using 1,157 DArT markers showed the significant association of 26 DArT markers with eight drought tolerance related traits.
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Gnanesh, B. N. "Generation of Expressed Sequence Tags and Marker Development for Sterility Mosaic Disease Resistance in Pigeonpea". Thesis, 2010. http://oar.icrisat.org/130/1/merged_document-4.pdf.
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Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), an important biotic constraint on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) in the Indian subcontinent, is caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus and transmitted by the eriophyid mite. Investigations were carried out to develop F2:3 mapping population involving resistant (ICP 7035) and susceptible (TTB 7) parents, development of EST SSR markers, construction of linkage map and identification of QTLs for SMD resistance. F1s of the susceptible × resistant cross were susceptible indicating susceptibility to be dominant over resistance. The pattern of frequency distribution of SMD incidence in the F2:3 was found to be continuous depicting quantitative nature of resistance. Totally 3,788 high quality ESTs were generated from SMD challenged genotypes of ICP 7035 and TTB 7. Sequence clustering and assembly process of all the assembled 3,788 ESTs resulted in 1,308 unigenes. Out of 3320 SSR markers (3236 genomic+84 genic) screened for SMD in TTB 7 and ICP 7035, 2107 (63.5%) could amplify and 84 (83 genomic + 01 genic) SSR markers were found to be polymorphic (2.5%). A total of 82 markers were mapped on 11 linkage groups (LGs) of pigeonpea spanning 539.5 cM and two markers remained ungrouped. Number of markers mapped per linkage group ranged from three (LG 11) to twelve (LG 7). The present study yielded two QTLs for Bengaluru isolate of SMD positioned on LG 3 and LG 7 accounting 10.39 per cent and 15.74 of the phenotypic variation respectively. For Patancheru isolate also, two QTLs were identified and the first QTL explained 12.3 per cent phenotypic variation and the second QTL explained 24.69 per cent of phenotypic variation.