Artykuły w czasopismach: „Chick embryo”

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Janikovičová, L., Z. Demčišáková, L. Luptáková i Petrovová E. "Pre-Incubation and its Effect on the Development and Malformations of The Chick Embryo". Folia Veterinaria 63, nr 1 (1.03.2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2019-0004.

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Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggs stored with and without pre-incubation on chick embryos with emphasis on: embryo body, heart weight, malformations, and mortality. For this study, a total of 120 chick embryos were divided into three groups, based on the length of storage before hatching (3, 7 and 10 days). Observations of the weight of chick embryo bodies, chick embryo hearts, and the level of mortality and appearance of malformations were noted. With an increase in days stored, the chick embryo’s weight decreased. The pre-incubation period had a positive effect on the weight of chick embryo, and chick hearts. Malformations, including: hydrocephalus, open body cavity and underdeveloped wings, were observed in all three groups, with the highest proportion seen in the pre-incubated hatching eggs stored for 10 days; this group also displayed the highest level of mortality. Non-pre-incubated eggs showed the most promise with better results in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the research suggests the optimal storage for chick embryos to be 3 days, with lowest levels of mortality, malformations and limited effects on the body and heart weight.

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Jiao, Xinghui, Ling Wang, Xiaojuan Liu, Yizhong Zhang, Yihua Zheng, Shuo Chen, Shuyang Shi i Pan Ding. "Research on Non-destructive Identification of Chick Embryo Gender Based on Deep Learning". Journal of Big Data and Computing 2, nr 1 (marzec 2024): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.62517/jbdc.202401112.

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In the chick hatching industry, a common practice is to directly eliminate male chicks after hatching. However, this practice results in significant resource wastage. Timely detection of embryo gender and selection of male embryos are of great significance for reducing resource wastage and improving economic benefits. To address the serious lack of gender identification technology during chick hatching, this paper proposes a non-destructive identification method for chick embryos based on deep learning. We use the PyTorch framework to build a deep learning model and divide the dataset into 80% training set and 20% validation set for model training and validation. Experimental results show that our proposed model achieves an accuracy of 72.5% on the validation set. This study not only solves key technical problems for non-destructive identification of chick embryo gender but also provides new research ideas for precise gender identification of other oviparous species, promoting the intelligent development of production and breeding industries.

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McIlwaine, Kerry, Christopher J. Law, Ken Lemon, Irene R. Grant i Victoria J. Smyth. "A Review of the Emerging White Chick Hatchery Disease". Viruses 13, nr 12 (4.12.2021): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122435.

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White chick hatchery disease is an emerging disease of broiler chicks with which the virus, chicken astrovirus, has been associated. Adult birds typically show no obvious clinical signs of infection, although some broiler breeder flocks have experienced slight egg drops. Substantial decreases in hatching are experienced over a two-week period, with an increase in mid-to-late embryo deaths, chicks too weak to hatch and pale, runted chicks with high mortality. Chicken astrovirus is an enteric virus, and strains are typically transmitted horizontally within flocks via the faecal–oral route; however, dead-in-shell embryos and weak, pale hatchlings indicate vertical transmission of the strains associated with white chick hatchery disease. Hatch levels are typically restored after two weeks when seroconversion of the hens to chicken astrovirus has occurred. Currently, there are no commercial vaccines available for the virus; therefore, the only means of protection is by good levels of biosecurity. This review aims to outline the current understanding regarding white chick hatchery disease in broiler chick flocks suffering from severe early mortality and increased embryo death in countries worldwide.

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Aoyama, H., K. Asamoto, Y. Nojyo i M. Kinutani. "Monoclonal antibodies specific to quail embryo tissues: their epitopes in the developing quail embryo and their application to identification of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, nr 11 (listopad 1992): 1769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.11.1385517.

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Quail-chick chimeras have been used extensively in the field of developmental biology. To detect quail cells more easily and to detect cellular processes of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras, we generated four monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to some quail tissues. MAb QCR1 recognizes blood vessels, blood cells, and cartilage cells, MAb QB1 recognizes quail blood vessels and blood cells, and MAb QB2 recognizes quail blood vessels, blood cells, and mesenchymal tissues. These antibodies bound to those tissues in 3-9-day quail embryos and did not bind to any tissues of 3-9-day chick embryos. MAb QSC1 is specific to the ventral half of spinal cord and thymus in 9-day quail embryo. No tissue in 9-day chick embryo reacted with this MAb. This antibody binds transiently to a small number of brain vesicle cells in developing chick embryo as well as in quail embryo. A preliminary application of two of these MAb, QCR1 and QSC1, on quail-chick chimeras of neural tube and somites is reported here.

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Pawlak, K., i J. Niedzióka. "Non-invasive measurement of chick embryo cardiac work". Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (11.12.2011): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4265-cjas.

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This study used a non-invasive method of ballistocardiography to investigate cardiac work of chick embryos. In this method, an eggshell with electric charges on it is one capacitor plate, the other being a receiving antenna of the measuring equipment. Chick embryo cardiac work induces micro-movements of the whole egg, resulting in changes in the distances between the plates and thus in the difference of potentials between the shell and the receiving antenna. This is registered by the measuring equipment. The first single signals of cardiac work were registered on day 7 of incubation. Starting from day 9, the signal was recorded from all embryos. During the study, the heart rate decreased from 248 to 161 beats per minute and signal amplitude was found to steadily increase from 6.3 to 432.7 mV/m. Great disturbances in ballistocardiograms were observed on days preceding embryonic deaths.  

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Storey, Kate. "The chick embryo revealed". Trends in Genetics 14, nr 5 (maj 1998): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(98)01397-3.

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Sinclair, P., J. Frezza, J. Sinclair, W. Bement, S. Haugen, J. Healey i H. Bonkovsky. "Immunochemical detection of different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 induced in chick hepatocyte cultures". Biochemical Journal 258, nr 1 (15.02.1989): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2580237.

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This study investigated whether the same cytochrome P-450 (P-450) isoenzymes were inducible in cultures of chick-embryo hepatocytes as in the liver of chicken embryos. We purified two isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 from the livers of 17-day-old-chick embryos: one of molecular mass approx. 50 kDa induced in vivo by the phenobarbital-like inducer glutethimide, and the second of approx. 57 kDa induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Rabbit antiserum against the 50 kDa protein inhibited benzphetamine demethylase activity in hepatic microsomes (microsomal fractions) from glutethimide-treated chick embryo. Antiserum to the 57 kDa protein inhibited ethoxyresorufin de-ethylase activity in hepatic microsomes from methylcholanthrene-treated chick embryo. Cultured chick hepatocytes were treated with chemicals known to induce isoenzymes of P-450 in rodent liver. The induced P-450s were quantified spectrophotometrically and characterized by immunoblotting and enzyme assays. From these studies, chemical inducers were classified into three groups: (i) chemicals that induced a P-450 isoenzyme of 50 kDa and increased benzphetamine demethylase activity: glutethimide, phenobarbital, metyrapone, mephenytoin, ethanol, isopentanol, isobutanol, lindane, lysodren; (ii) chemicals that induced a P-450 isoenzyme of 57 kDa and increased ethoxyresorufin de-ethylase activity: 3-methylcholanthrene and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl; and (iii) the mono-alpha-substituted 2,3',4,4',5-pentabromobiphenyl, which induced both proteins and both activities. The immunochemical data showed that chick-embryo hepatocytes in culture retain the inducibility of glutethimide- and methylcholanthrene-induced isoenzymes of P-450 that are inducible in the liver of the chicken embryo.

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Rzhepakovsky, Igor, Sergei Piskov, Svetlana Avanesyan, Magomed Shakhbanov, Marina Sizonenko, Lyudmila Timchenko, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Maksim Rebezov i Andrey Nagdalian. "High-Performance Microcomputing Tomography of Chick Embryo in the Early Stages of Embryogenesis". Applied Sciences 13, nr 19 (25.09.2023): 10642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910642.

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X-ray contrast techniques were tested on the chick embryos in early periods of embryogenesis. For contrast stain, reagents with radiopacity in various concentrations were used: silver proteinate, eosin, Lugol’s solution (I2KI), phosphomolybdic acid and phosphotungstic acid under heating at 25 °C and 40 °C and exposure for 24 and 48 h. The use of silver proteinate, eosin and I2KI in various concentrations in the contrast of the chick embryo in the early period of embryogenesis did not make it possible to obtain microtomographic results that provide reliable microstructural analysis. The most optimal and effective method of embryo staining at the HH22–HH34 embryonic stages reliably determined the staining of 1% phosphotungstic acid at 40 °C heating and exposure for 24 h. Taking into account the size of the chick embryos and their structures at the HH22–HH34 embryonic stages, the features of the development, location of organs, and the minimum permissible parameters of microtomography for obtaining high-quality and reliable results were determined by the isometric spatial resolution of 8.87 μm, X-ray voltage 50 kV, X-ray current 500 μA, and the use of filters started from Al 0.5 mm. Microtomographic results were obtained, characterized by the appearance of the chick embryo at the HH22–HH34 embryonic stages, and they visualized the locations and structures of the chick embryo organs and provided calculation of their volume and X-ray density. The results of the work open up significant prospects for using the chick embryo at the early embryonic period of embryogenesis as an alternative model for screening teratogenicity.

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Fioranelli, Massimo, Alireza Sepehri, Maria Grazia Roccia, Cota Linda, Chiara Rossi, Amos Dawod, Petar Vojvodic i in. "Recovery of Brain in Chick Embryos by Growing Second Heart and Brain". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, nr 18 (30.08.2019): 3085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.777.

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To recover chick embryos damaged the brain, two methods are presented. In both of them, somatic cells of an embryo introduced into an egg cell and an embryo have emerged. In one method, injured a part of the brain in the head of an embryo is replaced with a healthy part of the brain. In the second method, the heart of brain embryo dead is transplanted with the embryo heart. In this mechanism, new blood cells are emerged in the bone marrow and transmit information of transplantation to subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain through the circulatory system. Then, SVZ produces new neural stem cells by a subsequent dividing into neurons. These neurons produce new neural circuits within the brain and recover the injured brain. To examine the model, two hearts of two embryos are connected, and their effects on neural circuits are observed.

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Lourens, A. "Embryo Development and Chick Temperature". Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 15, nr 3 (30.08.2004): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020604783637912.

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Allenspach, A. L., L. Isaacson i K. Warren. "Chick embryo morphology after cryopreparation". Cell Differentiation and Development 27 (sierpień 1989): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-3371(89)90250-5.

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Belew, Makonnen, i Ted Ebendal. "Chick embryo nerve growth factor". Experimental Cell Research 167, nr 2 (grudzień 1986): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(86)90194-1.

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Antin, Parker B., John F. Fallon i Gary C. Schoenwolf. "The chick embryo rules (still)!" Developmental Dynamics 229, nr 3 (2004): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20014.

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Tajanpure, Anjali B., Neelam L. Dashputre, Pavan B. Udavant, Smita P. Kakad, Varsha S.Sandhan i Pranali P. Deshmukh. "Toxicity Study of Chlorzoxazone and Isosorbide Dinitrate using Chick Embryo". Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 19, nr 4 (20.12.2022): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3052.

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Number of potential drugs are underutilized due to a lack of availability of teratological data. Isosorbide Dinitrate is a saviour drug in angina prophylaxis while chlorzoxazone is a skeletal muscle relaxant and there is no adequate teratogenic study performed till date. This study aims to assess the teratological effect of these drugs on vital organs using the chick embryo model. White Leghorn’s (Gallus gallus domesticus) fertilised chicken eggs were acquired from shivneri agro and hatcheries Nashik and divided into five groups (n=10) as Control, nonteratogenic, teratogenic, chlorzoxazone, and Isosorbide Dinitrate. The drug was injected via yolk inoculation and after inoculation; the eggs were re-incubated at 37.5-37.8°C and 50-60% RH for 21 days. Then the embryos were harvested and evaluated for morphological and histopathological changes. The gross macroscopic examination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and chlorzoxazone treated chicks were normal. The development of the embryo was found shunted in Isosorbide Dinitrate treated group. Microscopic abrasions found in Isosorbide Dinitrate treated group are myocardial congestion, hemorrhage, hydropic degeneration, dislocation of the nucleus, splitting of cells, and infiltration of cells at all three doses. No teratogenic response was observed in chlorzoxazone treated group hence found to be safe. Teratogenic effect of Chlorzoxazone and isosorbide dinitrate in chick embryo provided notable details. Chlorzoxazone was found to be safe in chick embryos in the developmental phase, While Isosorbide dinitrate at highest dose was found toxic and so, it is inadvisable for its utilization in pregnancy.

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Al-Kharusi, Ahlam, Sumaya Al-Mahrouqi i Esmail K. Shubber. "Influence of Heat Stress on Development of Chick Embryo (in ovo)". Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 6, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.1.191.

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The present study was conducted to determine the adverse effects of high incubation temperature on growth, development and genome stability of broiler chick embryo in ovo). One hundred twenty broiler eggs from Cobb Company, USA were weighted and divided into two groups. The first group was incubated at 37oC ± 0.5oC, and the second group was incubated at 41oC ± 0.5oC from 0 to 18th day. Starting on day 4th and every other day; three eggs from each group were examined following performed measurements as weight of eggs post incubation, embryo, yolk, and egg shell for measuring growth index. Blood smear was also prepared for counting heterophiles, and lymphocytes to determine H/L ratio. Micronucleus formation and presence of binucleated red blood cells were investigated as genome stability parameters, in 2000 cells. Significant reduction (P<0.01) in growth indices was observed in embryos grown at 41oC compared to those grown at 37oC ± 0.5oC. Reduction in H/L ratio was statistically significant (p≤0.01) in embryos of 2nd group comparing to 1st group embryos. Blood of embryo from heat stress group group (2) showed Red blood cells with micronuclei and binucleated cells while no such phenomenon could be seen in embryos from control group group (1). These results suggested that heat stress is influencing cell division at telophase and induces chromosomal damage. 88% of chicks from group (1) were hatched on day 21st; only 18% of chicks from group (2) were hatched lately on day 23rd, while the others were found dead. These results indicate that heat stress not only adversely affects growth and development of embryo stem cells but also induces genome instability which intern resulted in poultry production losses.

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P., Bokariya, Kothari R., Gujar V., Shende MR i Doshi MA. "Evaluation of Teratogenic Potential of Ondansetron on Developing Chick Embryo". Indian Journal of Anatomy 5, nr 3 (2016): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.5316.22.

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Naito, Mitsuru. "Chick Embryo Culture and its Application to Embryo Manipulation". Animal blood-group research information 1992, nr 20 (1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5924/abgri1983.1992.1.

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Asadi, Asadollah, i Arash Abdolmaleki. "Toxicity and Teratogenic Effects of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles on Chick Embryo and Chick Fibroblast Cell Culture". Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences 25, nr 4 (1.10.2019): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hms.25.4.270.

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Aims Nanoparticles (particles with a diameter of 10-500 nm) are currently used in the cosmetics industry as well as for pharmaceuticals, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. Since these nanoparticles are used in industry and drug delivery, they can also be used by pregnant women. Thus, the current study investigated the teratogenic and cytotoxic effects of Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles on the embryo and their fibroblastic cell culture. Methods & Materials Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were synthesized. Then, nanoparticles at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 40 mg/mL/egg were injected into the air sac of the eggs in three replicates on the third day of incubation. Next, the treated and control eggs, on day 19 of incubation were opened, and embryos were weighted, and the relevant mortality rate was recorded. Fibroblast cells were isolated, cultured, and treated from the control embryo, and morphological changes and cell survival percentages were recorded. Findings The obtained results revealed that the embryos’ survival rate depends on the nanoparticle concentration. As a result, at the highest concentration, only 36.32% of the embryos survived, and the lethal dose 50% (LD50) was equal to 32.47 mg/egg. Morphological study of the treated embryos club foot and skeletal staining suggested the deletion of caudal vertebrate. The cytotoxicity study results of ZnS nanoparticles on fibroblastic cells indicated the survival fractions of 88.45%, 68.75%, and 49.32%, respectively, and its IC50 value was measured aas1460 μM. Conclusion The present study results suggested that ZnS nanoparticles had no significant toxic effects on the embryos and culture of chicken fibroblastic cells at low concentrations.

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Darroch, C. S., i J. M. Bell. "Potential goitrogenic and toxic effects of an indole glucosinolate extract injected into the developing chick embryo". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, nr 2 (1.06.1991): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-057.

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Goitrogenic and toxic effects of an indole glucosinolate extract were assessed using a chick-embryo biassay. An indole extract from brussels sprouts was dissolved in saline at 20 and 40 mg mL−1 and 0.1 mL aliquots were then injected into the egg yolk and blood of developing embryos (15 eggs/treatment) on day 10 of incubation. Aliquots (0.1 mL) of thiourea (10 mg mL−1 saline) were also injected into the yolk and blood (15 eggs/treatment) as positive controls. Thiourea injections increased thyroid weights (P < 0.001), decreased serum thyroxine (P < 0.001) and reduced the length of the duodenum (P < 0.01). Indole glucosinolates did not affect thyroid function but increased chick mortality (P < 0.005). More embryos died from intravenous (IV) injections than from injections into the yolk (P < 0.005). Deaths from IV injections occurred mainly on day 10 of incubation while deaths attributed to yolk injections occurred on days 16 – 21 (P < 0.025). Indole glucosinolates in this experiment were not goitrogenic but did increase the incidence of chick embryo mortality. Key words: Indole glucosinolates, goitrogenic, toxic, chick embryo

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Sundin, O. H., H. G. Busse, M. B. Rogers, L. J. Gudas i G. Eichele. "Region-specific expression in early chick and mouse embryos of Ghox-lab and Hox 1.6, vertebrate homeobox-containing genes related to Drosophila labial". Development 108, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.1.47.

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A chick gene homologous to the Drosophila homeobox gene labial has been cloned and sequenced. Regions of additional sequence identity outside of the homeobox reveal a close relationship to the mouse gene Hox 1.6. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that Ghox-lab and Hox 1.6 transcripts are both present at high levels during early stages of chick and mouse development, with a subsequent decline in abundance to very low levels by the time limb mesenchyme begins to differentiate. In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos shows intense expression of Ghox-lab mRNA by Hamburger and Hamilton stage 4 (avian ‘mid gastrula’) and by stage 6 (pre-somitic neural plate) with expression decreasing shortly thereafter. The pattern of Ghox-lab RNA expression in these early embryos divides the embryo into an anterior and a posterior compartment. At stage 6, considerable signal is observed in the posterior two thirds of the embryo, while none is detected in the anterior third which is fated to become the head. This pattern is purely regional in nature, and does not follow boundaries defined by known tissue types. In situ hybridization of Hox 1.6 probes to mouse embryos of day 7.5 or 8.0 indicate that the Hox 1.6 transcript has a temporal and spatial distribution very similar to that of Ghox-lab in the chick embryo.

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Wang, Guang, Yan Li, Xiao-Yu Wang, Manli Chuai, John Yeuk-Hon Chan, Jian Lei, Andrea Münsterberg, Kenneth Ka Ho Lee i Xuesong Yang. "Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis". Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, nr 5 (marzec 2015): 978–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1144.

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This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development.

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Jadhav*, Jaywant Tanaji, i Suryakant Kengar. "Influence of hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress on survival rate of early chick embryo development". International Journal of Bioassays 5, nr 06 (31.05.2016): 4603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.06.004.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative stress influences embryonic growth and development. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major source of ROS generation that induces oxidative stress by altering redox status. In present study, direct effect of H2O2 generated oxidative stress on survival rate and associated toxicity in chick embryo was studied during early development. Chick embryos at 96 hrs of incubation were treated with single doses of 2.5μg, 5.0μg, 10μg, 50μg, 100μg, 300μg and 500μg H2O2 concentrations per embryo. The toxic effects recorded after 144 hrs of development. The results showed that treatments of 2.5 and 5.0μg H2O2 doses did not affect survival rate and embryo development. 10μg and 50μg H2O2 doses treatment exhibited slightly reduced survival rate without affecting normal morphology. Administration of 100 and 300μg H2O2 doses caused predominant decrease in the survival rate in comparison with the normal and PBS treated control embryos with deformities such as growth retardation, defected brain, limbs and vascular development with hemorrhage. Treatment of 500μg H2O2 exhibited no survival of embryos. These results indicated that post-omphalomesentric stages of early chick embryos are more susceptible to elevated level of H2O2 induced oxidative stress leading to significant reduction in survival rate with associated deformities. These results are discussed with probable reasons.

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Borman, W. H., i D. E. Yorde. "Analysis of chick somite myogenesis by in situ confocal microscopy of desmin expression." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, nr 2 (luty 1994): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.2.8288867.

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We explored the relationship in chick embryos between somitogenesis and the onset of somite myogenesis by immunodetection of the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein desmin. Early somite desmin expression was detected by whole-mount in situ confocal microscopy. No detectable somite desmin was observed in embryos of 15 somites (Stage 12) or younger. In embryos having between 16 and 26 somites (Stages 12-15), desmin could be detected in somites positioned increasingly more caudal in the embryo. Finally, in embryos of 27 somites (Stage 16) and older, somite desmin expression was consistently present in all but the caudal-most six somites. Although the rate of somite formation is fairly constant, the rate of observed somite desmin expression progressing caudally in the embryo is greater initially than the rate of segmentation. After an embryo has formed about 27 somites, the rate of desmin appearance parallels the rate of segmentation at a distance of about six somites. This result suggests that very early somite myogenesis is not linked to somitogenesis.

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Rohrer, H., M. Hofer, R. Hellweg, S. Korsching, A. D. Stehle, S. Saadat i H. Thoenen. "Antibodies against mouse nerve growth factor interfere in vivo with the development of avian sensory and sympathetic neurones". Development 103, nr 3 (1.07.1988): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.3.545.

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The monoclonal antibody 27/21 directed against mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) interferes in vivo with the survival of sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones during the development of the quail embryo: the number of DRG neurones at embryonic day 11 (E11) was reduced by about 30% in embryos treated with the antibody between E3 and E11. Neurone numbers in the nodose ganglion were not affected. The effect of NGF antibodies on sympathetic neurones was assessed by determining the levels of the adrenergic marker enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Both total tyrosine hydroxylase activity and protein levels in sympathetic chains were reduced by about 30% in embryos treated with 27/21 antibody but not in embryos treated with a control antibody. The 27/21 antibody cross-reacts with chick NGF-like activity as shown in vitro by the ability of the antibody to partially block the survival activity of chick-embryo-fibroblast-conditioned medium for E9 chick DRG neurones.

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Oštádalová, I., i B. Oštádal. "85Sr uptake by the chick embryonic heart: Effect of high doses of isoproterenol". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, nr 7 (1.07.1992): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-131.

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The aim of the present study was to establish whether intraamnial administration of toxic doses of isoproterenol to chick embryos increases cardiac accumulation of strontium, the homologue element of calcium. It has been shown that the ability of embryonic tissues (blood, heart, and liver) to accumulate 85Sr decreases significantly during ontogeny. Administration of isoproterenol to chick embryos did not elevate the concentration of 85Sr in the heart. It seems, therefore, that isoproterenol-induced developmental changes in the chick embryonic myocardium are not necessarily due to intracellular calcium (as measured by 85Sr) overload.Key words: heart, isoproterenol, radiostrontium, chick embryo.

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Murphy, M. J., S. C. Brown, N. B. Clark i J. Q. Feng. "Compartmental analysis and glomerular filtration in chick embryos". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, nr 6 (1.12.1991): R1478—R1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1478.

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We have developed microtechniques that allow the determination of compartmental fluid distribution and glomerular filtration rate in chick embryos during three significant developmental periods: phase 1, the developmental period when the mesonephros alone is functioning; phase 2, periods of simultaneous meso/metanephric kidney function; and phase 3, the period during late development when the metanephros completely replaces the degenerated mesonephros. Water content of tissues is greater in younger embryos (89.4 +/- 0.2%, day 10) compared with older animals (78.3 +/- 0.5%, day 18). Although all major tissue components show an absolute increase in mass during this period, the embryo proper increases at five times the rate of the extraembryonic tissues. Glomerular filtration rate increases during development from 0.61 +/- 0.08 ml/h at day 10 to 2.31 +/- 0.11 ml/h at day 18. Glomerular filtration rate scales to body mass with an allometric exponent identical to adult birds only if total tissue mass (embryo + membranes) is considered. Our data suggest that significant errors in allometry will be encountered when scaling measurements are made on embryonic or fetal amniotes without taking into consideration the extraembryonic tissues.

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Mizukami, Mina, Takashi Kanamoto, Nazariy Souchelnytskyi i Yoshiaki Kiuchi. "Proteome profiling of embryo chick retina". Proteome Science 6, nr 1 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-5956-6-3.

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Noble, R. C. "Lipid metabolism in the chick embryo". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 45, nr 1 (luty 1986): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19860030.

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Menna, Tara M., i Jacopo P. Mortola. "Ventilatory chemosensitivity in the chick embryo". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 137, nr 1 (sierpień 2003): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00109-5.

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Wasi, Chantapong, Paramet Chaiprasithikul, Lersuang Chavanich, Pilaipan Puthavathana, Prasert Thongcharoen i Mukda Trishanananda. "PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO CELL RABIES VACCINE". Lancet 327, nr 8471 (styczeń 1986): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91918-5.

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Mortell, A., J. Giles, J. Bannigan i P. Puri. "Adriamycin effects on the chick embryo". Pediatric Surgery International 19, nr 5 (1.07.2003): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-003-1011-8.

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Abbas, S. K., J. Fox i A. D. Care. "Calcium homeostasis in the chick embryo". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 81, nr 4 (styczeń 1985): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(85)90100-2.

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Baillie, Rebecca A., Stephen A. Klautky i Alan G. Goodridge. "Transient transfection of chick-embryo hepatocytes". Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 4, nr 7 (lipiec 1993): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(93)90074-7.

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Beohar, P. C., i S. Rani. "The chick embryo model in oncobiology". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 28 (styczeń 1987): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(87)91456-7.

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Cirotto, Carlo, i Ileana Arangi. "Koelliker haemoglobins in developing chick embryo". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 92, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(89)90320-9.

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Smith, Bradley R., Eric L. Effmann i G. Allan Johnson. "MR microscopy of chick embryo vasculature". Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2, nr 2 (marzec 1992): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1880020220.

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Watt, Jillian M., James N. Petitte i Robert J. Etches. "Early development of the chick embryo". Journal of Morphology 215, nr 2 (luty 1993): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052150205.

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Darnell, Diana K., Simran Kaur, Stacey Stanislaw, Jay K. Konieczka, Tatiana A. Yatskievych i Parker B. Antin. "MicroRNA expression during chick embryo development". Developmental Dynamics 235, nr 11 (listopad 2006): 3156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20956.

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Darnell, Diana K., Simran Kaur, Stacey Stanislaw, Jay H. Konieczka, Tatiana A. Yatskievych i Parker B. Antin. "MicroRNA expression during chick embryo development". Developmental Dynamics 236, nr 1 (2006): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.21017.

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Green-Thompson, R. P., S. M. Kimmett i G. S. Marks. "Inhibition of chick embryo hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by components of xenobiotic-treated chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. II." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, nr 7 (1.07.1992): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-128.

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A variety of xenobiotics, viz., 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP), sodium phenobarbital (PB), 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (OX-DDC), and nifedipine, cause a decrease in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROG-D) activity, accompanied by uroporphyrin accumulation, in chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. In this study the activity of 17-day-old chick embryo hepatic UROG-D was determined by measuring the conversion of pentacarboxylporphyrinogen I to coproporphyrinogen I, and it was shown that a UROG-D inhibitor, previously reported to accumulate in TCBP-treated and PB-treated chick embryo hepatocytes in culture, also accumulates in OX-DDC-treated and nifedipine-treated chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. It was concluded that the accumulation of a UROG-D inhibitor provides an explanation for the UROG-D inhibition observed in this culture system with xenobiotics that cause uroporphyrin accumulation. Studies of the UROG-D inhibitory fraction isolated from the 10 000 × g, 40 000 × g, and 100 000 × g supernatant fractions of cultured chick embryo hepatocyte homogenate led to the conclusion that the UROG-D inhibitor is derived from a soluble component of the homogenate.Key words: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, chick embryo hepatocyte culture, nifedipine, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, enzyme inhibition.

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41

del Barrio, Marta G., i M. Angela Nieto. "Overexpression of Snail family members highlights their ability to promote chick neural crest formation". Development 129, nr 7 (1.04.2002): 1583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.7.1583.

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The Snail gene family of transcription factors plays crucial roles in different morphogenetic processes during the development of vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. In previous studies of function interference for one of the family members, Slug, we showed its involvement and neural crest formation in the chick embryo. Now we have carried out a series of gain-of-function experiments in which we show that Slug overexpression in the neural tube of the chick embryo induces an increase in neural crest production. The analysis of electroporated embryos shows that Slug can induce the expression of rhoB and an increase in the number of HNK-1-positive migratory cells, indicating that it lies upstream of them in the genetic cascade of neural crest development. The increase in neural crest production after Slug overexpression was confined to the cranial region, indicating that the mechanisms of crest induction somehow differ between head and trunk. The expression of the two vertebrate family members, Slug and Snail, is peculiar with respect to the neural crest. Slug is not expressed in the premigratory crest in the mouse, whereas it is expressed in this cell population in the chick and the opposite is true for Snail(Sefton, M., Sánchez, S. and Nieto M. A. (1998) Development125, 3111-3121). This raises the question of whether they can be functionally equivalent. To test this hypothesis both intra- and interspecies, we have performed a series of ectopic expression experiments by electroporating chick and mouse Snail in the chick embryo hindbrain. We observe that both genes elicit the same responses in the neural tube. Our results indicate that they can be functionally equivalent, although the embryos show a higher response to the endogenous gene, chick Slug.

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Goodman, Jesse L., i Jack G. Stevens. "Passage of herpes simplex virus type 1 on chick embryo fibroblasts confers virulence for chick embryos". Virus Research 5, nr 2-3 (sierpień 1986): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(86)90017-1.

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D'Silva, Mary Hydrina, Rijied Thompson Swer, J. Anbalagan i Rajesh Bhargavan. "Effect of Ultrahigh Frequency Radiation Emitted from 2G Cell Phone on Developing Lens of Chick Embryo: A Histological Study". Advances in Anatomy 2014 (17.09.2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/798425.

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A Mobile phone in operation emits a pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field which is absorbed into the user’s body particularly the head region. Contradictory scientific reports on the health effect of nonionizing radiations on biological tissues have prompted to undertake the present study to evaluate the damage in the developing lens of a chick embryo following exposure to radiation emitted from a 2G cell phone. Fertilized chick embryos were incubated in two groups in a standard egg incubator. The experiment group was exposed to radiation emitted from a 2G cell phone. On completion of scheduled duration, the embryos were collected and processed for routine histological studies. The 9th to 12th day chick embryo eyes were processed for assessment of DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay technique. The lens thickness and the equatorial diameter were measured using oculometer and statistically compared for both groups. In the present study, the exposure of chick embryos to a 2G cell phone caused structural changes in lens epithelial cells, formation of cystic cells and spaces, distortion of lens fibers, and formation of posterior aberrant nuclear layer. The DNA damage in the developing eyes of the experiment group assessed by comet assay was highly significant.

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Koide, M., i R. S. Tuan. "Adrenergic regulation of calcium-deficient hypertension in chick embryos". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, nr 6 (1.12.1989): H1900—H1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.6.h1900.

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Chick embryos rendered calcium deficient by long-term culture outside the eggshell develop hypertension and tachycardia (R. Tuan and H. Q. Nguyen, J. Exp. Med. 165: 1418-1423, 1987). To characterize the hypertension of cultured shell-less (SL) chick embryo, we have compared their cardiovascular response to adrenergic drugs with normal (NL) embryos at day 14 of incubation. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after administration of norepinephrine (NE), phentolamine (PA), isoproterenol (IP), and propranolol (PP). Base-line blood pressures (systolic and diastolic) were uniformly higher in SL than NL embryos. In both embryos, blood pressure was elevated by NE and PP but lowered by IP and PA; pulse rates were decreased by PP and PA and increased by NE and IP. Pharmacological sensitivity to NE and PA, based on their effective dosages and magnitude of response in blood pressure and pulse rate, was higher in SL embryos. On the other hand, the embryos did not differ significantly in their sensitivity to IP and PP. The plasma concentration of catecholamines was considerably higher in SL embryos. Although serum calcium was lower in SL embryos, myocardial calcium content was not significantly different. Thus the cardiovascular function of SL embryos is likely to be under more sensitive and potentiated alpha-adrenergic regulation, perhaps a result of different calcium handling by several tissues (e.g., myocardium). These properties of the SL chick embryo indicate that it is a novel and useful experimental system to study the relationship between calcium homeostasis and development of hypertension.

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Kjelland, Michael E., Ben Novak, Alice Blue-McLendon, Salvador Romo i Duane C. Kraemer. "Manipulating the Avian Egg: Applications for Embryo Transfer, Transgenics, and Cloning". Avian Biology Research 10, nr 3 (sierpień 2017): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14951979279268.

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In vitro production of germline chimeras and avian cloning may utilise the transfer of avian embryos from their original eggshell to a surrogate eggshell for culture during incubation. Such embryo transfer is valuable for avian cloning as the only alternative would be to transfer the cloned avian embryos into the infundibulum of recipient birds. Given the advances in paleogenomics, synthetic biology, and gene editing, a similar approach might be used to generate extinct species, i.e. de-extinction. One objective of the present research was to examine if ratite eggs could be manipulated via windowing and sham injection, similar to that which could allow for avian genome manipulation and subsequent development. The efficiency of interspecific avian embryo transfer using Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) donor eggs and Turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo) recipient eggshells was also investigated. Egg windowing and embryo transfer techniques utilised in the present research were adapted from those found in the scientific literature. Presumed fertile eggs from Rhode Island Red ( n = 40), Silkie ( n = 2), and White Leghorn Chickens ( n = 18), Turkey ( n = 48), Emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae) ( n = 79), and Ostrich ( Struthio camelus) ( n = 89) were used in this research. Of the 41 Chicken eggs used for transfers into recipient Turkey eggshells, only one (2.4%) produced a chick. Of 31 windowed Emu eggs, one embryo survived for 25 d but no chicks were produced. Of 36 windowed Ostrich eggs, one embryo survived and hatched. The efficiency of the windowing and embryo transfers to produce chicks was low and further refinements are needed. Importantly, the results herein establish that manipulating ratite embryos is possible.

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Seal, Hayley E., Sigmund J. Lilian, Anastas Popratiloff, June C. Hirsch i Kenna D. Peusner. "Implementing the chick embryo model to study vestibular developmental disorders". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, nr 6 (1.12.2019): 2272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00434.2019.

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Children with congenital vestibular disorders show delayed motor development and challenges in maintaining posture and balance. Computed tomography images reveal that these children have abnormal inner ears in the form of a sac, with the semicircular canals missing or truncated. Little is known about how this inner ear abnormality affects central vestibular development. At present, mice with the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 mutation are the most common model for studying congenital vestibular disorders, despite forming multiple diverse inner ear phenotypes and inducing abnormal cerebellar and visual system development. To identify the effects of a sac-like inner ear on central vestibular development, we have designed and implemented a new model, the anterior-posterior axis rotated otocyst (ARO) chick, which forms a sac-like inner ear in 85% of cases. The ARO chick is produced by anterior-posterior rotation of the otocyst at embryonic day 2. Here, we describe for the first time the 15% of ARO chicks that form three small semicircular canals and rename the ARO chicks forming sacs (ARO/s chicks). The basic features of the vestibular sensory organs in ARO/s chicks are similar to those found in patients’ sacs, and ARO/s hatchlings experience balance and walking problems like patients. Thus, ARO/s chicks have a reproducible inner ear phenotype without abnormalities in vestibular-related structures, making the model a relatively simple one to evaluate the relationship between the sac-like inner ear pathology and formation of the central vestibular neural circuitry. Here, we describe unpublished details on the surgical approaches to produce ARO chicks, including pitfalls and difficulties to avoid. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper describes simple techniques for chick otocyst rotation resulting in a sac-like inner ear (85%), the common phenotype in congenital vestibular disorders. We now describe anterior-posterior axis rotated otocyst chicks, which form three small canals (15%), and rename chicks forming a sac (ARO/s chicks). Basic protocols and potential complications of otocyst rotation are described. With the use of ARO/s chicks, it will be possible to determine how the vestibular neural circuit is modified by sac-like inner ear formation.

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Hotary, K. B., i K. R. Robinson. "Evidence of a role for endogenous electrical fields in chick embryo development". Development 114, nr 4 (1.04.1992): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.4.985.

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We have tested directly the hypothesis that the endogenous electrical field in the chick embryo plays a causal role in development. Conductive implants, which shunt currents out of the embryo and thus alter the internal field, were placed under the dorsal skin at the mid-trunk level of stage 11–15 embryos. Currents leaving the posterior intestinal portal (p.i.p.) of these embryos were reduced by an average of 30%. Control embryos receiving non-conductive implants showed no change in p.i.p. currents. In the group receiving current shunts, 92% of the embryos exhibited some developmental abnormality. Only 11% of the control group displayed defects. The most common defect in the experimental group (81%) was in tail development. Tail defects ranged from complete absence to the formation of a normal length, but morphologically abnormal tail. Internally, tail structures (neural tube, notochord and somites) were frequently absent or aberrantly formed. In 33% of the experimental embryos, the notochord continued lengthening in the absence of any other tail development. This led to the formation of ourenteric outgrowths from the hindgut. Defects in limb bud and head development were also found in experimentally treated embryos, but at a much lower frequency than tail defects. The abnormalities observed in experimental embryos were very similar to those produced naturally in rumpless mutant chicks. A vibrating probe analysis of these mutants (from both dominant and recessive strains) showed that currents leaving the p.i.p. were significantly lower in phenotypically abnormal mutants than in wild-type and phenotypically normal mutant embryos from both strains. There was no apparent correlation between the average transepithelial potential (TEP) of these mutants and the development of tail abnormalities. The possible role of endogenous electrical fields in chick tail development is discussed.

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Gerhart, Jacquelyn, Michael Baytion, Steven DeLuca, Robert Getts, Christian Lopez, Robert Niewenhuis, Thor Nilsen, Scott Olex, Harold Weintraub i Mindy George-Weinstein. "DNA Dendrimers Localize Myod mRNA in Presomitic Tissues of the Chick Embryo". Journal of Cell Biology 149, nr 4 (15.05.2000): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.149.4.825.

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MyoD expression is thought to be induced in somites in response to factors released by surrounding tissues; however, reverse transcription-PCR and cell culture analyses indicate that myogenic cells are present in the embryo before somite formation. Fluorescently labeled DNA dendrimers were used to identify MyoD expressing cells in presomitic tissues in vivo. Subpopulations of MyoD positive cells were found in the segmental plate, epiblast, mesoderm, and hypoblast. Directly after laying, the epiblast of the two layered embryo contained ∼20 MyoD positive cells. These results demonstrate that dendrimers are precise and sensitive reagents for localizing low levels of mRNA in tissue sections and whole embryos, and that cells with myogenic potential are present in the embryo before the initiation of gastrulation.

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Zagris, N., K. Kalantzis i A. Guialis. "Activation of embryonic genome in chick". Zygote 6, nr 3 (sierpień 1998): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199498000161.

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The earliest stages of development in most animals are under the control of maternally inherited information. The initiation of embryonic gene expression has been reported at the mid-blastula in amphibians and the mid-2-cell stage to the early morula in mammals. In chick embryos, embryonic gene expression was detectable at stage X (morula) and showed marked activation at stage XIII (blastula) with a gradual increase thereafter. Synthesis of rRNA and tRNA was low at stage X and was already the major class of RNA at stage XIII in chick embryos. The observed upregulation of RNA synthesis seems to coincide with a period of extensive fine structural differentiation when the first major cellular migrations start and signal the formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo.

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Petruzzelli, Guy J., Jonas T. Johnson, Carl H. Snyderman i Eugene N. Myers. "Angiogenesis Induced by Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenografts in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 102, nr 3 (marzec 1993): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949310200309.

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The angiogenic potential of head and neck tumors compared to nonneoplastic control tissues was investigated by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a bioassay for angiogenesis. Eighty tumor specimens from 10 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were grafted onto the CAM of 7-day chick embryos. The presence of tumor in the original explant was confirmed histologically. Forty-four embryos (55%) survived and were evaluated histologically at day 17. Tumors were growing on or invading the CAM mesoderm in 30 of 44 embryos (68%). Before harvesting of the membranes, the tumors and surrounding blood vessels were photographed, and the angiogenic responses were graded by a panel of blinded observers. Tumor explants elicited a significantly greater angiogenic response than nontumor controls (p = .01). We conclude that head and neck squamous cell carcinomas can induce an angiogenic response in vivo, presumably secondary to the production of an unidentified angiogenic factor, and that the chick embryo CAM is an effective model for quantifying angiogenesis induced by head and neck tumors.

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