Artykuły w czasopismach: „Chemosensory gene”

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Vizueta, Joel, Paula Escuer, Cristina Frías-López, Sara Guirao-Rico, Lars Hering, Georg Mayer, Julio Rozas i Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia. "Evolutionary History of Major Chemosensory Gene Families across Panarthropoda". Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, nr 12 (4.08.2020): 3601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa197.

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Abstract Chemosensory perception is a fundamental biological process of particular relevance in basic and applied arthropod research. However, apart from insects, there is little knowledge of specific molecules involved in this system, which is restricted to a few taxa with uneven phylogenetic sampling across lineages. From an evolutionary perspective, onychophorans (velvet worms) and tardigrades (water bears) are of special interest since they represent the closest living relatives of arthropods, altogether comprising the Panarthropoda. To get insights into the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire in panarthropods, we sequenced the antenna- and head-specific transcriptomes of the velvet worm Euperipatoides rowelli and analyzed members of all major chemosensory families in representative genomes of onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods. Our results suggest that the NPC2 gene family was the only family encoding soluble proteins in the panarthropod ancestor and that onychophorans might have lost many arthropod-like chemoreceptors, including the highly conserved IR25a receptor of protostomes. On the other hand, the eutardigrade genomes lack genes encoding the DEG-ENaC and CD36-sensory neuron membrane proteins, the chemosensory members of which have been retained in arthropods; these losses might be related to lineage-specific adaptive strategies of tardigrades to survive extreme environmental conditions. Although the results of this study need to be further substantiated by an increased taxon sampling, our findings shed light on the diversification of chemosensory gene families in Panarthropoda and contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of animal chemical senses.

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Xu, Ji-Wei, Xiu-Yun Zhu, Qiu-Jie Chao, Yong-Jie Zhang, Yu-Xia Yang, Ran-Ran Wang, Yu Zhang i in. "Chemosensory Gene Families in the Oligophagous Pear Pest Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". Insects 10, nr 6 (17.06.2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060175.

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Chemosensory systems play an important role in insect behavior, and some key associated genes have potential as novel targets for pest control. Cacopsylla chinensis is an oligophagous pest and has become one of the main pests of pear trees, but little is known about the molecular-level means by which it locates its hosts. In this study, we assembled the head transcriptome of C. chinensis using Illumina sequencing, and 63,052 Unigenes were identified. A total of 36 candidate chemosensory genes were identified, including five different families: 12 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 7 odorant receptors (ORs), 4 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 2 gustatory receptors (GRs). The number of chemosensory gene families is consistent with that found in other Hemipteran species, indicating that our approach successfully obtained the chemosensory genes of C. chinensis. The tissue expression of all genes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) found that some genes displayed male head, female head, or nymph-biased specific/expression. Our results enrich the gene inventory of C. chinensis and provide valuable resources for the analysis of the functions of some key genes. This will help in developing molecular targets for disrupting feeding behavior in C. chinensis.

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Segura-León, Obdulia L., Brenda Torres-Huerta, Alan Rubén Estrada-Pérez, Juan Cibrián-Tovar, Fidel de la Cruz Hernandez-Hernandez, José Luis Cruz-Jaramillo, José Salvador Meza-Hernández i Fabian Sánchez-Galicia. "Identification of Candidate Chemosensory Gene Families by Head Transcriptomes Analysis in the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 18 (11.09.2022): 10531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810531.

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Insect chemosensory systems, such as smell and taste, are mediated by chemosensory receptor and non-receptor protein families. In the last decade, many studies have focused on discovering these families in Tephritidae species of agricultural importance. However, to date, there is no information on the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens Loew, a priority pest of quarantine importance in Mexico and other countries. This work represents the first effort to identify, classify and characterize the six chemosensory gene families by analyzing two head transcriptomes of sexually immature and mature adults of A. ludens from laboratory-reared and wild populations, respectively. We identified 120 chemosensory genes encoding 31 Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs), 5 Chemosensory Proteins (CSPs), 2 Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins (SNMPs), 42 Odorant Receptors (ORs), 17 Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), and 23 Gustatory Receptors (GRs). The 120 described chemosensory proteins of the Mexican fruit fly significantly contribute to the genetic databases of insects, particularly dipterans. Except for some OBPs, this work reports for the first time the repertoire of olfactory proteins for one species of the genus Anastrepha, which provides a further basis for studying the olfactory system in the family Tephritidae, one of the most important for its economic and social impact worldwide.

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Rondoni, Gabriele, Alessandro Roman, Camille Meslin, Nicolas Montagné, Eric Conti i Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly. "Antennal Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Candidate Chemosensory Genes of the Harlequin Ladybird Beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Insects 12, nr 3 (2.03.2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030209.

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In predatory ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), antennae are important for chemosensory reception used during food and mate location, and for finding a suitable oviposition habitat. Based on NextSeq 550 Illumina sequencing, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of mated Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) males and females and described the first chemosensory gene repertoire expressed in this species. We annotated candidate chemosensory sequences encoding 26 odorant receptors (including the coreceptor, Orco), 17 gustatory receptors, 27 ionotropic receptors, 31 odorant-binding proteins, 12 chemosensory proteins, and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses allowed to assign candidate H. axyridis chemosensory genes to previously described groups in each of these families. Differential expression analysis between males and females revealed low variability between sexes, possibly reflecting the known absence of relevant sexual dimorphism in the structure of the antennae and in the distribution and abundance of the sensilla. However, we revealed significant differences in expression of three chemosensory genes, namely two male-biased odorant-binding proteins and one male-biased odorant receptor, suggesting their possible involvement in pheromone detection. Our data pave the way for improving the understanding of the molecular basis of chemosensory reception in Coccinellidae.

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Braun, Thomas, Brigitte Mack i Matthias F. Kramer. "Solitary chemosensory cells in the respiratory and vomeronasal epithelium of the human nose: a pilot study". Rhinology journal 49, nr 5 (1.12.2011): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.121.

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Background: Recently, solitary chemosensory cells have been described in the respiratory and vomeronasal epithelium of the rodent nose. Expressing G-protein coupled receptors for sweet, umami and bitter taste transduction, these cells are thought to mediate trigeminal reflexes upon stimulation with chemical irritants. The present study analyzes human nasal mucosa for the presence of solitary chemosensory cells. Methodology: In human tissue samples from respiratory mucosa and the vomeronasal organ, gene expression of taste receptors families was studied in five patients using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array and immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that solitary chemosensory cells expressing G-protein coupled receptors for sweet, umami and bitter taste transduction are present in the human nose. cDNA microarray analysis congruently showed that cells expressing bitter taste receptors accumulate in the vomeronasal organ compared to the respiratory epithelium. Conclusions: Solitary chemosensory cells expressing taste receptors are also present in the human nose. Since they are thought to mediate trigeminal reflexes, their role in the pathogenesis of nasal hyperreagibility should be elucidated in further studies.

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Braun, Thomas, Brigitte Mack i Matthias F. Kramer. "Solitary chemosensory cells in the respiratory and vomeronasal epithelium of the human nose: a pilot study". Rhinology journal 49, nr 5 (1.12.2011): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino.11.121.

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Background: Recently, solitary chemosensory cells have been described in the respiratory and vomeronasal epithelium of the rodent nose. Expressing G-protein coupled receptors for sweet, umami and bitter taste transduction, these cells are thought to mediate trigeminal reflexes upon stimulation with chemical irritants. The present study analyzes human nasal mucosa for the presence of solitary chemosensory cells. Methodology: In human tissue samples from respiratory mucosa and the vomeronasal organ, gene expression of taste receptors families was studied in five patients using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array and immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that solitary chemosensory cells expressing G-protein coupled receptors for sweet, umami and bitter taste transduction are present in the human nose. cDNA microarray analysis congruently showed that cells expressing bitter taste receptors accumulate in the vomeronasal organ compared to the respiratory epithelium. Conclusions: Solitary chemosensory cells expressing taste receptors are also present in the human nose. Since they are thought to mediate trigeminal reflexes, their role in the pathogenesis of nasal hyperreagibility should be elucidated in further studies.

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Chen, N., S. Pai, Z. Zhao, A. Mah, R. Newbury, R. C. Johnsen, Z. Altun, D. G. Moerman, D. L. Baillie i L. D. Stein. "Identification of a nematode chemosensory gene family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, nr 1 (23.12.2004): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408307102.

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Athrey, Giridhar, Zachary R. Popkin-Hall, Willem Takken i Michel A. Slotman. "The Expression of Chemosensory Genes in Male Maxillary Palps of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) and An. quadriannulatus". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, nr 3 (12.02.2021): 1012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa290.

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Abstract Because of its importance as a malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii’s Coetzee & Wilkerson olfactory system has been studied extensively. Among this work is a series of studies comparing the expression of chemosensory genes in olfactory organs in females and/or males of these species. These have identified species- and female-biased chemosensory gene expression patterns. However, many questions remain about the role of chemosensation in male anopheline biology. To pave the way for future work we used RNAseq to compare chemosensory gene expression in the male maxillary palps of An. coluzzii and its sibling species An. quadriannulatus Theobald. As expected, the chemosensory gene repertoire is small in the male maxillary palps. Both species express the tuning receptors Or8 and Or28 at relatively high levels. The CO2 receptor genes Gr22-Gr24 are present in both species as well, although at much lower level than in females. Additionally, several chemoreceptors are species-specific. Gr37 and Gr52 are exclusive to An. coluzzii, whereas Or9 and Gr60 were detected only in An. quadriannulatus. Furthermore, several chemosensory genes show differential expression between the two species. Finally, several Irs, Grs, and Obps that show strong differential expression in the female palps, are absent or lowly expressed in the male palps. While many questions remain about the role of chemosensation in anopheline male biology, these results suggest that the male maxillary palps could have both a sex- and species-specific role in the perception of chemical stimuli. This work may guide future studies on the role of the male maxillary palp in these species.

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Mandiana Diakite, Mory, Juan Wang, Suliman Ali i Man-Qun Wang. "Identification of chemosensory gene families in Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)". Canadian Entomologist 148, nr 1 (7.05.2015): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.13.

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AbstractChemoreception is a key process for insects. Odorant messages diffuse through the air and are translated into physiological signals by chemosensory receptor neurons in sensilla that are mainly located on insect antennae. We sequenced the antenna transcriptome of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), which is a serious pest of stored grains throughout regions with warm climates, and performed transcriptome analysis on R. dominica antennae. We obtained 57 million 90-base pair-long reads that we assembled into 37 877 unigenes with a mean size of 1007 base pairs. Predicted protein sequences were matched with Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (79.1%), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1.7%), Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) (1.3%), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (1.2%), and other (16.7%) homologues. In chemosensory gene families, we identified transcripts that encoded the following putative genes: 12 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), four pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs), eight chemosensory proteins (CSPs), five sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), six odorant receptors, and eight ionotropic receptors. The diversity of the predicted OBPs, PBPs, and CSPs are also discussed. These findings will advance our understanding of olfaction process by this pest.

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Du, Hai-Tao, Jia-Qi Lu, Kun Ji, Chu-Chu Wang, Zhi-Chao Yao, Fang Liu i Yao Li. "Comparative Transcriptomic Assessment of Chemosensory Genes in Adult and Larval Olfactory Organs of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis". Genes 14, nr 12 (30.11.2023): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14122165.

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The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a notorious pest of rice in Asia. The larvae and adults of C. medinalis utilize specialized chemosensory systems to adapt to different environmental odors and physiological behaviors. However, the differences in chemosensory genes between the olfactory organs of these two different developmental stages remain unclear. Here, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of larvae heads, male antennae, and female antennae in C. medinalis and identified 131 putative chemosensory genes, including 32 OBPs (8 novel OBPs), 23 CSPs (2 novel CSPs), 55 ORs (17 novel ORs), 19 IRs (5 novel IRs) and 2 SNMPs. Comparisons between larvae and adults of C. medinalis by transcriptome and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the number and expression of chemosensory genes in larval heads were less than that of adult antennae. Only 17 chemosensory genes (7 OBPs and 10 CSPs) were specifically or preferentially expressed in the larval heads, while a total of 101 chemosensory genes (21 OBPs, 9 CSPs, 51 ORs, 18 IRs, and 2 SNMPs) were specifically or preferentially expressed in adult antennae. Our study found differences in chemosensory gene expression between larvae and adults, suggesting their specialized functions at different developmental stages of C. medinalis. These results provide a theoretical basis for screening chemosensory genes as potential molecular targets and developing novel management strategies to control C. medinalis.

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Persat, Alexandre, Yuki F. Inclan, Joanne N. Engel, Howard A. Stone i Zemer Gitai. "Type IV pili mechanochemically regulate virulence factors inPseudomonas aeruginosa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 24 (3.06.2015): 7563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502025112.

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Bacteria have evolved a wide range of sensing systems to appropriately respond to environmental signals. Here we demonstrate that the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosadetects contact with surfaces on short timescales using the mechanical activity of its type IV pili, a major surface adhesin. This signal transduction mechanism requires attachment of type IV pili to a solid surface, followed by pilus retraction and signal transduction through the Chp chemosensory system, a chemotaxis-like sensory system that regulates cAMP production and transcription of hundreds of genes, including key virulence factors. Like other chemotaxis pathways, pili-mediated surface sensing results in a transient response amplified by a positive feedback that increases type IV pili activity, thereby promoting long-term surface attachment that can stimulate additional virulence and biofilm-inducing pathways. The methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein-like chemosensor PilJ directly interacts with the major pilin subunit PilA. Our results thus support a mechanochemical model where a chemosensory system measures the mechanically induced conformational changes in stretched type IV pili. These findings demonstrate thatP. aeruginosanot only uses type IV pili for surface-specific twitching motility, but also as a sensor regulating surface-induced gene expression and pathogenicity.

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Yohe, Laurel R., Matteo Fabbri, Michael Hanson i Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar. "Olfactory receptor gene evolution is unusually rapid across Tetrapoda and outpaces chemosensory phenotypic change". Current Zoology 66, nr 5 (3.09.2020): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa051.

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Abstract Chemosensation is the most ubiquitous sense in animals, enacted by the products of complex gene families that detect environmental chemical cues and larger-scale sensory structures that process these cues. While there is a general conception that olfactory receptor (OR) genes evolve rapidly, the universality of this phenomenon across vertebrates, and its magnitude, are unclear. The supposed correlation between molecular rates of chemosensory evolution and phenotypic diversity of chemosensory systems is largely untested. We combine comparative genomics and sensory morphology to test whether OR genes and olfactory phenotypic traits evolve at faster rates than other genes or traits. Using published genomes, we identified ORs in 21 tetrapods, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals and compared their rates of evolution to those of orthologous non-OR protein-coding genes. We found that, for all clades investigated, most OR genes evolve nearly an order of magnitude faster than other protein-coding genes, with many OR genes showing signatures of diversifying selection across nearly all taxa in this study. This rapid rate of evolution suggests that chemoreceptor genes are in “evolutionary overdrive,” perhaps evolving in response to the ever-changing chemical space of the environment. To obtain complementary morphological data, we stained whole fixed specimens with iodine, µCT-scanned the specimens, and digitally segmented chemosensory and nonchemosensory brain regions. We then estimated phenotypic variation within traits and among tetrapods. While we found considerable variation in chemosensory structures, they were no more diverse than nonchemosensory regions. We suggest chemoreceptor genes evolve quickly in reflection of an ever-changing chemical space, whereas chemosensory phenotypes and processing regions are more conserved because they use a standardized or constrained architecture to receive and process a range of chemical cues.

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He, Wanjie, Hanying Meng, Yu Zhang, Ge Zhang, Mengting Zhi, Guangwei Li i Jing Chen. "Identification of candidate chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptome of Monolepta signata". PLOS ONE 19, nr 6 (7.06.2024): e0301177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301177.

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In the polyphagous insect Monolepta signata (M. signata) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), antennae are important for olfactory reception used during feeding, mating, and finding a suitable oviposition site. Based on NextSeq 6000 Illumina sequencing, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of mated M. signata and described the first chemosensory gene repertoire expressed in this species. The relative expression levels of some significant chemosensory genes were conducted by quantitative real-time PCR. We identified 114 olfactory-related genes based on the antennal transcriptome database of M. signata, including 21 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), six chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 46 odorant receptors (ORs), 15 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 23 gustatory receptors (GRs) and three sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Blastp best hit and phylogenetic analyses showed that most of the chemosensory genes had a close relationship with orthologs from other Coleoptera species. Overall, this study provides a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of olfactory recognition in M. signata as well as a reference for the study of chemosensory genes in other species of Coleoptera.

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Wu, Zheran, Na Tong, Yang Li, Jinmeng Guo, Min Lu i Xiaolong Liu. "Foreleg Transcriptomic Analysis of the Chemosensory Gene Families in Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Insects 13, nr 9 (24.08.2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090763.

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Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a worldwide leaf-eating forest pest in salicaceous trees. The forelegs play important roles in the chemoreception of insects. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of adult forelegs in P. versicolora and identified a total of 53 candidate chemosensory genes encoding 4 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 19 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 10 odorant receptors (ORs), 10 gustatory receptors (GRs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Compared with the previous antennae transcriptome data, 1 CSP, 4 OBPs, 1 OR, 3 IRs, and 4 GRs were newly identified in the forelegs. Subsequently, the tissue expression profiles of 10 P. versicolora chemosensory genes were performed by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that PverOBP25, PverOBP27, and PverCSP6 were highly expressed in the antennae of both sexes. PverCSP11 and PverIR9 are predominately expressed in the forelegs than in the antennae. In addition, the expression levels of PverGR15 in female antennae and forelegs were significantly higher than those in the male antennae, implying that it may be involved in some female-specific behaviors such as oviposition site seeking. This work would greatly further the understanding of the chemoreception mechanism in P. versicolora.

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Lizana, Paula, Ana Mutis, Rubén Palma-Millanao, Giovanni Larama, Binu Antony, Andrés Quiroz i Herbert Venthur. "Transcriptomic and Gene Expression Analysis of Chemosensory Genes from White Grubs of Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a Subterranean Pest in South America". Insects 15, nr 9 (30.08.2024): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15090660.

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Olfaction and gustation processes play key roles in the life cycle of insects, such as finding and accepting food sources, oviposition sites, and mates, among other fundamental aspects of insect development. In this context, chemosensory genes found in sensory organs (e.g., antennae and maxillary palps) are crucial for understanding insect behaviour, particularly the phytophagous behaviour of insect pests that attack economically important crops. An example is the scarab beetle Hylamorpha elegans, which feeds on the roots of several crops important for livestock in its larval stage. In this study, chemosensory gene candidates of H. elegans white grubs identified through the head transcriptome and phylogenetic and tissue-biased gene expression (antennae, head without antennae, and legs) have been reported. Overall, 47 chemosensory genes were identified (2 ORs, 1 GR, 11 IRs, 9 CSPs, and 24 OBPs). Gene expression analysis revealed the predominant presence of IRs in the legs, whereas ORs and the GR were present in the heads and/or antennae. Particularly, HeleOBP9 and HeleCSP2 were significantly expressed in the head but not in the antennae or legs; these and other genes are discussed as potential targets in the context of H. elegans management.

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Liu, Xiaolong, Na Tong, Zheran Wu, Yang Li, Meiqi Ma, Pei Liu i Min Lu. "Identification of Chemosensory Genes Based on the Antennal Transcriptomic Analysis of Plagiodera versicolora". Insects 13, nr 1 (29.12.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010036.

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Insects can sense surrounding chemical signals by their accurate chemosensory systems. This system plays a vital role in the life history of insects. Several gene families participate in chemosensory processes, including odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), gustatory receptors (GRs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a leaf-eating forest pest found in salicaceous trees worldwide. In this study, a transcriptome analysis of male and female adult antennae in P. versicolora individuals was conducted, which identified a total of 98 candidate chemosensory genes including 40 ORs, 7 IRs, 13 GRs, 10 CSPs, 24 OBPs, and 4 SNMPs. Subsequently, the tissue expression profiles of 15 P. versicolora OBPs (PverOBPs) and 39 ORs (PverORs) were conducted by quantitative real-time PCR. The data showed that almost all PverOBPs and PverORs were highly expressed in the male and female antennae. In addition, several OBPs and ORs (PverOBP10, PverOBP12, PverOBP18, PverOR24, and PverOR35) had higher expression levels in female antennae than those in the male antennae, indicating that these genes may be taking part in some female-specific behaviors, such as find mates, oviposition site, etc. This study deeply promotes further understanding of the chemosensory system and functional studies of the chemoreception genes in P. versicolora.

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Presente, Asaf, Susan Shaw, Jeffrey S. Nye i Andrew J. Andres. "Transgene-mediated RNA interference defines a novel role for notch in chemosensory startle behavior". genesis 34, nr 1-2 (wrzesień 2002): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gene.10149.

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Sarafi-Reinach, Trina R., Tali Melkman, Oliver Hobert i Piali Sengupta. "The lin-11 LIM homeobox gene specifies olfactory and chemosensory neuron fates in C. elegans". Development 128, nr 17 (1.09.2001): 3269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.17.3269.

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Chemosensory neuron diversity in C. elegans arises from the action of transcription factors that specify different aspects of sensory neuron fate. In the AWB and AWA olfactory neurons, the LIM homeobox gene lim-4 and the nuclear hormone receptor gene odr-7 are required to confer AWB and AWA-specific characteristics respectively, and to repress an AWC olfactory neuron-like default fate. Here, we show that AWA neuron fate is also regulated by a member of the LIM homeobox gene family, lin-11. lin-11 regulates AWA olfactory neuron differentiation by initiating expression of odr-7, which then autoregulates to maintain expression. lin-11 also regulates the fate of the ASG chemosensory neurons, which are the lineal sisters of the AWA neurons. We show that lin-11 is expressed dynamically in the AWA and ASG neurons, and that misexpression of lin-11 is sufficient to promote an ASG, but not an AWA fate, in a subset of neuron types. Our results suggest that differential temporal regulation of lin-11, presumably together with its interaction with asymmetrically segregated factors, results in the generation of the distinct AWA and ASG sensory neuron types. We propose that a LIM code may be an important contributor to the generation of functional diversity in a subset of olfactory and chemosensory neurons in C. elegans.

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Mo, Ran, Siqi Zhu, Yuanyuan Chen, Yuqian Li, Yugeng Liu i Beile Gao. "The evolutionary path of chemosensory and flagellar macromolecular machines in Campylobacterota". PLOS Genetics 18, nr 7 (14.07.2022): e1010316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010316.

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The evolution of macromolecular complex is a fundamental biological question, which is related to the origin of life and also guides our practice in synthetic biology. The chemosensory system is one of the complex structures that evolved very early in bacteria and displays enormous diversity and complexity in terms of composition and array structure in modern species. However, how the diversity and complexity of the chemosensory system evolved remains unclear. Here, using the Campylobacterota phylum with a robust “eco-evo” framework, we investigated the co-evolution of the chemosensory system and one of its important signaling outputs, flagellar machinery. Our analyses show that substantial flagellar gene alterations will lead to switch of its primary chemosensory class from one to another, or result in a hybrid of two classes. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the high-torque generating flagellar motor structure of Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori likely evolved in the last common ancestor of the Campylobacterota phylum. Later lineages that experienced significant flagellar alterations lost some key components of complex scaffolding structures, thus derived simpler structures than their ancestor. Overall, this study revealed the co-evolutionary path of the chemosensory system and flagellar system, and highlights that the evolution of flagellar structural complexity requires more investigation in the Bacteria domain based on a resolved phylogenetic framework, with no assumptions on the evolutionary direction.

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Kirby, J. R., i D. R. Zusman. "Chemosensory regulation of developmental gene expression in Myxococcus xanthus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, nr 4 (3.02.2003): 2008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0330944100.

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Gautier, Philippe, Valérie Ledent, Marc Massaer, Christine Dambly-Chaudière i Alain Ghysen. "tap, a Drosophila bHLH gene expressed in chemosensory organs". Gene 191, nr 1 (maj 1997): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00021-8.

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Dong, Dong, Ke Jin, Xiaoli Wu i Yang Zhong. "CRDB: Database of Chemosensory Receptor Gene Families in Vertebrate". PLoS ONE 7, nr 2 (29.02.2012): e31540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031540.

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Olafson, Pia Untalan, i Christopher A. Saski. "Chemosensory-Related Gene Family Members of the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), Identified by Transcriptome Analysis". Insects 11, nr 11 (19.11.2020): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110816.

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Horn flies are one of the most significant economic pests of cattle in the United States and worldwide. Chemical control methods have been routinely utilized to reduce populations of this pest, but the steady development of insecticide resistance has prompted evaluation of alternative control strategies. Behavior modifying compounds from natural products have shown some success in impacting horn fly populations, and a more thorough understanding of the horn fly chemosensory system would enable improvements in the development of species-specific compounds. Using an RNA-seq approach, we assembled a transcriptome representing genes expressed in adult female and male horn fly head appendages (antennae, maxillary palps, and proboscides) and adult fly bodies from which heads were removed. Differential gene expression analysis identified chemosensory gene family members that were enriched in head appendage tissues compared with headless bodies. Candidate members included 43 odorant binding proteins (OBP) and 5 chemosensory binding proteins (CSP), as well as 44 odorant receptors (OR), 27 gustatory receptors (GR), and 34 ionotropic receptors (IR). Sex-biased expression of these genes was not observed. These findings provide a resource to enable future studies targeting horn fly chemosensation as part of an integrated strategy to control this blood-feeding pest.

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Isono, Kunio, Kohei Ueno, Masayuki Ohta i Hiromi Morita. "Drosophila sweet taste receptor". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, nr 7 (1.01.2002): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274071159.

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Like the Sac locus controlling sugar sensitivity in mice, the taste gene Tre of the fruitfly Drosophila was discovered in wild populations as a genetic dimorphism controlling gustatory sensitivity to a sugar trehalose. By activating a P-element transposon near the gene locus we obtained induced Tre mutations and analyzed the associated changes in gene organizations and the mRNA expressions. The analysis showed that Tre is identical to Gr5a, a gene that belongs to a novel seven-transmembrane receptor family expressed in chemosensory neurons and predicted to encode chemosensory receptors. Thus, Gr5a is a candidate sweet taste receptor in the fly. An amino acid substitution in the second intracellular loop domain was identified to be functionally correlated with the genetic dimorphism of Tre. Since Tre controls sweet taste sensitivity to a limited subset of sugars, other Gr genes phylogenetically related to Tre may also encode sweet taste receptors. Those candidate sweet taste receptors, however, are phylogenetically distinct from vertebrate sweet taste receptors, suggesting that the sweet taste receptors in animals do not share a common origin.

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Vowels, J. J., i J. H. Thomas. "Genetic analysis of chemosensory control of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 130, nr 1 (1.01.1992): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.1.105.

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Abstract Dauer larva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by chemosensory cells that respond to environmental cues. Genetic interactions among mutations in 23 genes that affect dauer larva formation were investigated. Mutations in seven genes that cause constitutive dauer formation, and mutations in 16 genes that either block dauer formation or result in the formation of abnormal dauers, were analyzed. Double mutants between dauer-constitutive and dauer-defective mutations were constructed and characterized for their capacity to form dauer larvae. Many of the genes could be interpreted to lie in a simple linear epistasis pathway. Three genes, daf-16, daf-18 and daf-20, may affect downstream steps in a branched part of the pathway. Three other genes, daf-2, daf-3 and daf-5, displayed partial or complex epistasis interactions that were difficult to interpret as part of a simple linear pathway. Dauer-defective mutations in nine genes cause structurally defective chemosensory cilia, thereby blocking chemosensation. Mutations in all nine of these genes appear to fall at a single step in the epistasis pathway. Dauer-constitutive mutations in one gene, daf-11, were strongly suppressed for dauer formation by mutations in the nine cilium-structure genes. Mutations in the other six dauer-constitutive genes caused dauer formation despite the absence of functional chemosensory endings. These results suggest that daf-11 is directly involved in chemosensory transduction essential for dauer formation, while the other Daf-c genes play roles downstream of the chemosensory step.

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Li, Lu-Lu, Ji-Wei Xu, Wei-Chen Yao, Hui-Hui Yang, Youssef Dewer, Fan Zhang, Xiu-Yun Zhu i Ya-Nan Zhang. "Chemosensory genes in the head of Spodoptera litura larvae". Bulletin of Entomological Research 111, nr 4 (26.02.2021): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485321000109.

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AbstractThe tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest with a highly selective and sensitive chemosensory system involved in complex physiological behaviors such as searching for food sources, feeding, courtship, and oviposition. However, effective management strategies for controlling the insect pest populations under threshold levels are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to formulate eco-friendly pest control strategies based on the disruption of the insect chemosensory system. In this study, we identified 158 putative chemosensory genes based on transcriptomic and genomic data for S. litura, including 45 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs, nine were new), 23 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 60 odorant receptors (ORs, three were new), and 30 gustatory receptors (GRs, three were new), a number higher than those reported by previous transcriptome studies. Subsequently, we constructed phylogenetic trees based on these genes in moths and analyzed the dynamic expression of various genes in head capsules across larval instars using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nine genes–SlitOBP8, SlitOBP9, SlitOBP25, SlitCSP1, SlitCSP7, SlitCSP18, SlitOR34, SlitGR240, and SlitGR242–were highly expressed in the heads of 3- to 5-day-old S. litura larvae. The genes differentially expressed in olfactory organs during larval development might play crucial roles in the chemosensory system of S. litura larvae. Our findings substantially expand the gene inventory for S. litura and present potential target genes for further studies on larval feeding in S. litura.

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Santos, Pablo S. C., Maja Mezger, Miriam Kolar, Frank-Uwe Michler i Simone Sommer. "The best smellers make the best choosers: mate choice is affected by female chemosensory receptor gene diversity in a mammal". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1893 (19.12.2018): 20182426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2426.

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The products of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are known to be drivers of pathogen resistance and sexual selection enhancing offspring genetic diversity. The MHC further influences individual odour types and social communication. However, little is known about the receptors and their volatile ligands that are involved in this type of chemical communication. Here, we have investigated chemosensory receptor genes that ultimately enable females to assess male genes through odour cues. As a model, we used an invasive population of North American raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) in Germany. We investigated the effect of two groups of chemosensory receptor genes—trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) and olfactory receptors (ORs)—on MHC-dependent mate choice. Females with more alleles of the TAAR or OR loci were more likely to choose a male with a diverse MHC. We additionally found that MHC class I genes have a stronger effect on mate choice than the recently reported effect for MHC class II genes, probably because of their immunological relevance for viral resistance. Our study is among the first to show a genetic link between behaviour and chemosensory receptor genes. These results contribute to understanding the link between genetics, olfaction and associated life-history decisions.

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Mainland, Joel D., Linda A. Barlow, Steven D. Munger, Sarah E. Millar, M. Natalia Vergara, Peihua Jiang, James E. Schwob i in. "Identifying Treatments for Taste and Smell Disorders: Gaps and Opportunities". Chemical Senses 45, nr 7 (18.06.2020): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa038.

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Abstract The chemical senses of taste and smell play a vital role in conveying information about ourselves and our environment. Tastes and smells can warn against danger and also contribute to the daily enjoyment of food, friends and family, and our surroundings. Over 12% of the US population is estimated to experience taste and smell (chemosensory) dysfunction. Yet, despite this high prevalence, long-term, effective treatments for these disorders have been largely elusive. Clinical successes in other sensory systems, including hearing and vision, have led to new hope for developments in the treatment of chemosensory disorders. To accelerate cures, we convened the “Identifying Treatments for Taste and Smell Disorders” conference, bringing together basic and translational sensory scientists, health care professionals, and patients to identify gaps in our current understanding of chemosensory dysfunction and next steps in a broad-based research strategy. Their suggestions for high-yield next steps were focused in 3 areas: increasing awareness and research capacity (e.g., patient advocacy), developing and enhancing clinical measures of taste and smell, and supporting new avenues of research into cellular and therapeutic approaches (e.g., developing human chemosensory cell lines, stem cells, and gene therapy approaches). These long-term strategies led to specific suggestions for immediate research priorities that focus on expanding our understanding of specific responses of chemosensory cells and developing valuable assays to identify and document cell development, regeneration, and function. Addressing these high-priority areas should accelerate the development of novel and effective treatments for taste and smell disorders.

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Kaleem Ullah, Rana Muhammad, Bao Jia, Sheng Liang, Aatika Sikandar, Fukun Gao i Haiyan Wu. "Uncovering the Chemosensory System of a Subterranean Termite, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Isoptera: Termitidae): Revealing the Chemosensory Genes and Gene Expression Patterns". Insects 14, nr 11 (15.11.2023): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14110883.

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Termites are eusocial insects. Chemical signals between colony members are crucial to the smooth running of colony operations, but little is known about their olfactory system and the roles played by various chemosensory genes in this process. Chemosensory genes are involved in basic olfactory perception in insects. Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) is one of the most damaging pests to agricultural crops, forests, and human-made structures. To better understand the olfactory system and the genes involved in olfactory processing in O. formosanus, we produced a transcriptome of worker termites. In this study, we identified 13 OforOBPs, 1 OforCSP, 15 OforORs, 9 OforGRs, and 4 OforSNMPs. Multiple sequence alignments were used in the phylogenetic study, which included data from other termite species and a wide variety of insect species. Moreover, we also investigated the mRNA expression levels using qRT-PCR. The significantly high expression levels of OforCSP1, OforOBP2, OforOR1, and OforSNMP1 suggest that these genes may play important roles in olfactory processing in termite social behavior, including caste differentiation, nestmate and non-nestmate discrimination, and the performance of colony operations among members. Our research establishes a foundation for future molecular-level functional studies of chemosensory genes in O. formosanus, which might lead to the identification of novel targets for termite integrated pest management.

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Sánchez-Gracia, A., F. G. Vieira i J. Rozas. "Molecular evolution of the major chemosensory gene families in insects". Heredity 103, nr 3 (13.05.2009): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.55.

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Capello, Luca, Daniele Roppolo, Véronique Pauli Jungo, Paul Feinstein i Ivan Rodriguez. "A common gene exclusion mechanism used by two chemosensory systems". European Journal of Neuroscience 29, nr 4 (luty 2009): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06630.x.

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Eyun, Seong-il, Ho Young Soh, Marijan Posavi, James B. Munro, Daniel S. T. Hughes, Shwetha C. Murali, Jiaxin Qu i in. "Evolutionary History of Chemosensory-Related Gene Families across the Arthropoda". Molecular Biology and Evolution 34, nr 8 (29.04.2017): 1838–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx147.

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van Schooten, Bas, Jesyka Meléndez-Rosa, Steven M. Van Belleghem, Chris D. Jiggins, John D. Tan, W. Owen McMillan i Riccardo Papa. "Divergence of chemosensing during the early stages of speciation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, nr 28 (29.06.2020): 16438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921318117.

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Chemosensory communication is essential to insect biology, playing indispensable roles during mate-finding, foraging, and oviposition behaviors. These traits are particularly important during speciation, where chemical perception may serve to establish species barriers. However, identifying genes associated with such complex behavioral traits remains a significant challenge. Through a combination of transcriptomic and genomic approaches, we characterize the genetic architecture of chemoperception and the role of chemosensing during speciation for a young species pair ofHeliconiusbutterflies,Heliconius melpomeneandHeliconius cydno. We provide a detailed description of chemosensory gene-expression profiles as they relate to sensory tissue (antennae, legs, and mouthparts), sex (male and female), and life stage (unmated and mated female butterflies). Our results untangle the potential role of chemical communication in establishing barriers during speciation and identify strong candidate genes for mate and host plant choice behaviors. Of the 252 chemosensory genes,HmOBP20(involved in volatile detection) andHmGr56(a putative synephrine-related receptor) emerge as strong candidates for divergence in pheromone detection and host plant discrimination, respectively. These two genes are not physically linked to wing-color pattern loci or other genomic regions associated with visual mate preference. Altogether, our results provide evidence for chemosensory divergence betweenH. melpomeneandH. cydno, two rarely hybridizing butterflies with distinct mate and host plant preferences, a finding that supports a polygenic architecture of species boundaries.

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Mappin, Fredis, Anthony J. Bellantuono, Babak Ebrahimi i Matthew DeGennaro. "Odor-evoked transcriptomics of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes". PLOS ONE 18, nr 10 (24.10.2023): e0293018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293018.

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Modulation of odorant receptors mRNA induced by prolonged odor exposure is highly correlated with ligand-receptor interactions in Drosophila as well as mammals of the Muridae family. If this response feature is conserved in other organisms, this presents an intriguing initial screening tool when searching for novel receptor-ligand interactions in species with predominantly orphan olfactory receptors. We demonstrate that mRNA modulation in response to 1-octen-3-ol odor exposure occurs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. To investigate gene expression patterns at a global level, we generated an odor-evoked transcriptome associated with 1-octen-3-ol odor exposure. Transcriptomic data revealed that ORs and OBPs were transcriptionally responsive whereas other chemosensory gene families showed little to no differential expression. Alongside chemosensory gene expression changes, transcriptomic analysis found that prolonged exposure to 1-octen-3-ol modulated xenobiotic response genes, primarily members of the cytochrome P450, insect cuticle proteins, and glucuronosyltransferases families. Together, these findings suggest that mRNA transcriptional modulation of olfactory receptors caused by prolonged odor exposure is pervasive across taxa and can be accompanied by the activation of xenobiotic responses.

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Garrett, Eva C., i Michael E. Steiper. "Strong links between genomic and anatomical diversity in both mammalian olfactory chemosensory systems". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1783 (22.05.2014): 20132828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2828.

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Mammalian olfaction comprises two chemosensory systems: the odorant-detecting main olfactory system (MOS) and the pheromone-detecting vomeronasal system (VNS). Mammals are diverse in their anatomical and genomic emphases on olfactory chemosensation, including the loss or reduction of these systems in some orders. Despite qualitative evidence linking the genomic evolution of the olfactory systems to specific functions and phenotypes, little work has quantitatively tested whether the genomic aspects of the mammalian olfactory chemosensory systems are correlated to anatomical diversity. We show that the genomic and anatomical variation in these systems is tightly linked in both the VNS and the MOS, though the signature of selection is different in each system. Specifically, the MOS appears to vary based on absolute organ and gene family size while the VNS appears to vary according to the relative proportion of functional genes and relative anatomical size and complexity. Furthermore, there is little evidence that these two systems are evolving in a linked fashion. The relationships between genomic and anatomical diversity strongly support a role for natural selection in shaping both the anatomical and genomic evolution of the olfactory chemosensory systems in mammals.

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Lundquist, E. A., R. K. Herman, T. M. Rogalski, G. P. Mullen, D. G. Moerman i J. E. Shaw. "The mec-8 gene of C. elegans encodes a protein with two RNA recognition motifs and regulates alternative splicing of unc-52 transcripts". Development 122, nr 5 (1.05.1996): 1601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.5.1601.

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Mutations in the mec-8 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans were previously shown to affect the functions of body wall muscle and mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons. Mutations in mec-8 also strongly enhance the mutant phenotype of specific mutations in unc-52, a gene that encodes, via alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, a set of basement membrane proteins, homologs of perlecan, that are important for body wall muscle assembly and attachment to basement membrane, hypodermis and cuticle. We have cloned mec-8 and found that it encodes a protein with two RNA recognition motifs, characteristic of RNA binding proteins. We have used reverse transcription-PCR and RNase protection experiments to show that mec-8 regulates the accumulation of a specific subset of alternatively spliced unc-52 transcripts. We have also shown with antibodies to UNC-52 that mec-8 affects the abundance of a subset of UNC-52 isoforms. We propose that mec-8 encodes a trans-acting factor that regulates the alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA of unc-52 and one or more additional genes that affect mechanosensory and chemosensory neuron function.

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Baran, R., R. Aronoff i G. Garriga. "The C. elegans homeodomain gene unc-42 regulates chemosensory and glutamate receptor expression". Development 126, nr 10 (15.05.1999): 2241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.10.2241.

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Genes that specify cell fate can influence multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation, including axon guidance, target selection and synapse formation. Mutations in the unc-42 gene disrupt axon guidance along the C. elegans ventral nerve cord and cause distinct functional defects in sensory-locomotory neural circuits. Here we show that unc-42 encodes a novel homeodomain protein that specifies the fate of three classes of neurons in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system: the ASH polymodal sensory neurons, the AVA, AVD and AVE interneurons that mediate repulsive sensory stimuli to the nematode head and anterior body, and a subset of motor neurons that innervate head and body-wall muscles. unc-42 is required for the expression of cell-surface receptors that are essential for the mature function of these neurons. In mutant animals, the ASH sensory neurons fail to express SRA-6 and SRB-6, putative chemosensory receptors. The AVA, AVD and AVE interneurons and RME and RMD motor neurons of unc-42 mutants similarly fail to express the GLR-1 glutamate receptor. These results show that unc-42 performs an essential role in defining neuron identity and contributes to the establishment of neural circuits in C. elegans by regulating the transcription of glutamate and chemosensory receptor genes.

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Tanaka, Keisuke, Kenji Shimomura, Akito Hosoi, Yui Sato, Yukari Oikawa, Yuma Seino, Takuto Kuribara, Shunsuke Yajima i Motohiro Tomizawa. "Antennal transcriptome analysis of chemosensory genes in the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)". PLOS ONE 17, nr 1 (19.01.2022): e0262817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262817.

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Olfaction, one of the most important sensory systems governing insect behavior, is a possible target for pest management. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the antennal transcriptome of the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), which is a major pest of stored pulses and legumes. The de novo antennal RNA-seq assembly results identified 17 odorant, 2 gustatory, and 10 ionotropic receptors, 1 sensory neuron membrane protein, and 12 odorant-binding and 7 chemosensory proteins. Moreover, differential gene expression analysis of virgin male and female antennal samples followed by qRT-PCR revealed 1 upregulated and 4 downregulated odorant receptors in males. We also performed homology searches using the coding sequences built from previously proposed amino acid sequences derived from genomic data and identified additional chemosensory-related genes.

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Arora, Kavita, Veronica Rodrigues, Swati Joshi, Shubha Shanbhag i Obaid Siddiqi. "A gene affecting the specificity of the chemosensory neurons of Drosophila". Nature 330, nr 6143 (listopad 1987): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/330062a0.

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Purandare, Swapna R., i Jennifer A. Brisson. "Divergent chemosensory gene expression accompanies ecological specialisation of pea aphid morphs". Ecological Entomology 45, nr 2 (4.10.2019): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12803.

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Koenig, Christopher, Ariana Hirsh, Sascha Bucks, Christian Klinner, Heiko Vogel, Aditi Shukla, Jennifer H. Mansfield, Brian Morton, Bill S. Hansson i Ewald Grosse-Wilde. "A reference gene set for chemosensory receptor genes of Manduca sexta". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 66 (listopad 2015): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.09.007.

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Poivet, Erwan, Aurore Gallot, Nicolas Montagné, Pavel Senin, Christelle Monsempès, Fabrice Legeai i Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly. "Transcriptome Profiling of Starvation in the Peripheral Chemosensory Organs of the Crop Pest Spodoptera littoralis Caterpillars". Insects 12, nr 7 (23.06.2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070573.

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Starvation is frequently encountered by animals under fluctuating food conditions in nature, and response to it is vital for life span. Many studies have investigated the behavioral and physiological responses to starvation. In particular, starvation is known to induce changes in olfactory behaviors and olfactory sensitivity to food odorants, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional changes induced by starvation in the chemosensory tissues of the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis, using Illumina RNA sequencing. Gene expression profiling revealed 81 regulated transcripts associated with several biological processes, such as glucose metabolism, immune defense, response to stress, foraging activity, and olfaction. Focusing on the olfactory process, we observed changes in transcripts encoding proteins putatively involved in the peri-receptor events, namely, chemosensory proteins and odorant-degrading enzymes. Such modulation of their expression may drive fluctuations in the dynamics and the sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neuron response. In combination with the enhanced presynaptic activity mediated via the short neuropeptide F expressed during fasting periods, this could explain an enhanced olfactory detection process. Our observations suggest that a coordinated transcriptional response of peripheral chemosensory organs participates in the regulation of olfactory signal reception and olfactory-driven behaviors upon starvation.

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Hobert, O., K. Tessmar i G. Ruvkun. "The Caenorhabditis elegans lim-6 LIM homeobox gene regulates neurite outgrowth and function of particular GABAergic neurons". Development 126, nr 7 (1.04.1999): 1547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.7.1547.

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We describe here the functional analysis of the C. elegans LIM homeobox gene lim-6, the ortholog of the mammalian Lmx-1a and b genes that regulate limb, CNS, kidney and eye development. lim-6 is expressed in a small number of sensory-, inter- and motorneurons, in epithelial cells of the uterus and in the excretory system. Loss of lim-6 function affects late events in the differentiation of two classes of GABAergic motorneurons which control rhythmic enteric muscle contraction. lim-6 is required to specify the correct axon morphology of these neurons and also regulates expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis in these neurons. Moreover, lim-6 gene activity and GABA signaling regulate neuroendocrine outputs of the nervous system. In the chemosensory system lim-6 regulates the asymmetric expression of a probable chemosensory receptor. lim-6 is also required in epithelial cells for uterine morphogenesis. We compare the function of lim-6 to those of other LIM homeobox genes in C. elegans and suggest that LIM homeobox genes share the common theme of controlling terminal neural differentiation steps that when disrupted lead to specific neuroanatomical and neural function defects.

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Xin, Zhaozhe, Dawei Huang, Dan Zhao, Jiaxing Li, Xianqin Wei i Jinhua Xiao. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Chemosensory Protein Genes (CSPs) Family in Fig Wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)". Genes 11, nr 10 (29.09.2020): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101149.

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Chemosensory proteins (CSP) are a class of acidic soluble proteins which have various functions in chemoreception, resistance and immunity, but we still have very little knowledge on this gene family in fig wasps, a peculiar insects group (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) that shelter in the fig syconia of Ficus trees. Here, we made the first comprehensive analysis of CSP gene family in the 11 fig wasps at whole-genome level. We manually annotated 104 CSP genes in the genomes of the 11 fig wasps, comprehensively analyzed them in gene characteristics, conserved cysteine patterns, motif orders, phylogeny, genome distribution, gene tandem duplication, and expansion and contraction patterns of the gene family. We also approximately predicted the gene expression by codon adaptation index analysis. Our study shows that the CSP gene family is conserved in the 11 fig wasps; the CSP gene numbers in pollinating fig wasps are less than in non-pollinating fig wasps, which may be due to their longer history of adaptation to fig syconia; the expansion of CSP gene in two non-pollinating fig wasps, Philotrypesis tridentata and Sycophaga agraensis, may be a species-specific phenomenon. These results provide us with useful information for understanding the evolution of the CSP gene family of insects in diverse living environments.

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Liu, Yuanzhen, Alexis Beaurepaire, Curtis W. Rogers, Dawn Lopez, Jay D. Evans, Lars Straub, Peter Neumann, Steven C. Cook i Qiang Huang. "Gene Expression and Functional Analyses of Odorant Receptors in Small Hive Beetles (Aethina tumida)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 13 (27.06.2020): 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134582.

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Olfaction is key to many insects. Odorant receptors (ORs) stand among the key chemosensory receptors mediating the detection of pheromones and kairomones. Small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida, are parasites of social bee colonies and olfactory cues are especially important for host finding. However, how interactions with their hosts may have shaped the evolution of ORs in the SHB remains poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we analyzed the evolution of SHB ORs through phylogenetic and positive selection analyses. We then tested the expression of selected OR genes in antennae, heads, and abdomens in four groups of adult SHBs: colony odor-experienced/-naive males and females. The results show that SHBs experienced both OR gene losses and duplications, thereby providing a first understanding of the evolution of SHB ORs. Additionally, three candidate ORs potentially involved in host finding and/or chemical communication were identified. Significantly different downregulations of ORs between the abdomens of male and female SHBs exposed to colony odors may reflect that these expression patterns might also reflect other internal events, e.g., oviposition. Altogether, these results provide novel insights into the evolution of SHB ORs and provide a valuable resource for analyzing the function of key genes, e.g., for developing biological control. These results will also help in understanding the chemosensory system in SHBs and other beetles.

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Singh, Sujata, Chetna Tyagi, Irfan A. Rather, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Md Imtaiyaz Hassan, Archana Singh i Indrakant Kumar Singh. "Molecular Modeling of Chemosensory Protein 3 from Spodoptera litura and Its Binding Property with Plant Defensive Metabolites". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 11 (6.06.2020): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114073.

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Chemosensory perception in insects involves a broad set of chemosensory proteins (CSPs) that identify the bouquet of chemical compounds present in the external environment and regulate specific behaviors. The current study is focused on the Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) chemosensory-related protein, SlitCSP3, a midgut-expressed CSP, which demonstrates differential gene expression upon different diet intake. There is an intriguing possibility that SlitCSP3 can perceive food-derived chemical signals and modulate insect feeding behavior. We predicted the three-dimensional structure of SlitCSP3 and subsequently performed an accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulation of the best-modeled structure. SlitCSP3 structure has six α-helices arranged as a prism and a hydrophobic binding pocket predominated by leucine and isoleucine. We analyzed the interaction of selected host plant metabolites with the modeled structure of SlitCSP3. Out of two predicted binding pockets in SlitCSP3, the plant-derived defensive metabolites 2-b-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), 6-Methoxy-2–benzoxazolinone (MBOA), and nicotine were found to interact preferably to the hydrophobic site 1, compared to site 2. The current study provides the potential role of CSPs in recognizing food-derived chemical signals, host-plant specialization, and adaptation to the varied ecosystem. Our work opens new perspectives in designing novel pest-management strategies. It can be further used in the development of CSP-based advanced biosensors.

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Lilly, M., i J. Carlson. "smellblind: a gene required for Drosophila olfaction." Genetics 124, nr 2 (1.02.1990): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.2.293.

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Abstract In this article we define and characterize the smellblind gene (sbl). We show that two mutants, sbl and olfDx9, both isolated by virtue of their olfactory phenotypes and analyzed extensively by others with respect to courtship behavior, contain mutations at a single locus. Meiotic recombination, duplication, and deficiency mapping are used to localize this gene, sbl, to cytogenetic position 14F6-15A2-3 on the X chromosome. Mutations of the locus are shown to produce severe defects not only in larval olfactory response to several volatile chemicals, but also in larval contact chemosensory response. Both sbl and olfDx9 give a robust response, however, in a new test of larval phototactic response, which we describe here. Both alleles are shown to be heat-sensitive lethals. Four additional recessive lethal alleles, two EMS-induced, one dysgenic, and one spontaneous, are also described.

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Nottebohm, Eugénie, Christine Dambly-Chaudière i Alain Ghysen. "Connectivity of chemosensory neurons is controlled by the gene poxn in Drosophila". Nature 359, nr 6398 (październik 1992): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359829a0.

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Scott, Kristin, Roscoe Brady, Anibal Cravchik, Pavel Morozov, Andrey Rzhetsky, Charles Zuker i Richard Axel. "A Chemosensory Gene Family Encoding Candidate Gustatory and Olfactory Receptors in Drosophila". Cell 104, nr 5 (marzec 2001): 661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00263-x.

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Invitto, Sara, Alberto Grasso, Dario Domenico Lofrumento, Vincenzo Ciccarese, Angela Paladini, Pasquale Paladini, Raffaella Marulli, Vilfredo De Pascalis, Matteo Polsinelli i Giuseppe Placidi. "Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials and Power Spectrum Could Be a Possible Biomarker in 3M Syndrome Infants?" Brain Sciences 10, nr 4 (30.03.2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10040201.

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3M syndrome is a rare disorder that involves the gene cullin-7 (CUL7). CUL7 modulates odour detection, conditions the olfactory response (OR) and plays a role in the development of the olfactory system. Despite this involvement, there are no direct studies on olfactory functional effects in 3M syndrome. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the cortical OR through chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and power spectra calculated by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded in 3M infants: two twins (3M-N) and an additional subject (3M-O). The results suggest that olfactory processing is diversified. Comparison of N1 and Late Positive Component (LPC) indicated substantial differences in 3M syndrome that may be a consequence of a modified olfactory processing pattern. Moreover, the presence of delta rhythms in 3M-O and 3M-N clearly indicates their involvement with OR, since the delta rhythm is closely connected to chemosensory perception, in particular to olfactory perception.

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