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MF, Qayyum, D. Steffens, Reisenauer HP i S. Schubert. "Biochars influence differential distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter". Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 8 (10.08.2014): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/768/2013-pse.
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In the present study, three soils (Ferralsol, Luvisol topsoil, and Luvisol subsoil) were amended with biochars (charcoal, hydrothermal carbonization coal (HTC) of bark, and low-temperature conversion coal of sewage sludge), wheat straw and a control (no amendment) and incubated over a period of 365 days. Each amendment was applied at a rate of 11.29 g C/kg soil. After incubation, the soils were analyzed to retrieve three density fractions (free fraction (FF), intra-aggregate fraction (IAF), and heavy fraction) which were analyzed for total carbon (TC) contents and scanned by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biochars and straw significantly increased the TC contents of soils as compared to control. Among soil organic matter (SOM) density fractions, higher TC contents were documented in the FF and IAF from biochar treatments as compared to the straw. The FTIR spectra of the FF from the charcoal and HTC treatments showed the presence of aluminosilicate minerals on surfaces of SOM. There were slight changes in the FF of straw and HTC treatments as compared to spectra of original amendments. The study suggests that the stability of charcoal and HTC in soils is due to the recalcitrant nature of biochar followed by occlusion into soil micro-aggregates.
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Vlček, V., L. Pospíšilová i P. Uhlík. "Mineralogy and chemical composition of Cryosols and Andosols in Antarctica". Soil and Water Research 13, No. 2 (13.04.2018): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/231/2016-swr.
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Variations in mineralogical and elemental composition of Turbic Cryosol (King George Island and James Ross Island), Skeletic Cryosol (J. Ross Island, the Trinity Peninsula), Leptic Andosols (Deception Island), and Skeletic Andosols (Deception Island) were studied. Significant differences in mineralogical composition in size fraction, vertical and horizontal position were determined by X-ray diffraction quantitative analysis. The differences were attributed to a variable degree of chemical weathering process. As a product of weathering were defined montmorillonite, chlorite, microcrystalline polymorphous silica, Fe oxides, and oxyhydroxides. Their content was increased towards the surface and in a finer fraction. Crystal thickness and size distribution of montmorillonite was measured by the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique and the results confirmed higher intensity of chemical weathering in Turbic Cryosols (J. Ross Island and King George Island). Feldspars and volcanic glass were the main phases found in soil samples from Deception Island. They were determined as phases of parent rock and indicated low intensity of chemical weathering. Clinoptilolite was identified in soil samples from J. Ross Island and Deception Islad and its hydrothermal origin was supposed. Soil (sample AP) from Base General Bernardo O’Higgins Riquelme had significantly higher content of phosphate minerals, which was a result of ornithogenic activities. Macro elements content was consistent with mineralogical analyses. Turbic Cryosols were rich in iron, aluminium, magnesium, and manganese (> 2%). Skeletic Cryosols contained also iron, aluminium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, and sulphur (> 1%). Leptic Andosols were rich in iron and aluminium (> 2%). Soil properties and humic substances quality were evaluted. Results of chemical and physical analyses indicated that poorly developed soils of Antarctica varied in acidity, conductivity, humus content, and texture. Humic substances content and quality were low. Mainly mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering processes played major role in the soil development accompanied by low intensity of biological activity.
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Qiao, Yunfa, Shujie Miao, Yingxue Li i Xin Zhong. "Chemical composition of soil organic carbon changed by long-term monoculture cropping system in Chinese black soil". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (1.11.2018): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/492/2018-pse.
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Monoculture is common to meet commodity grain requirements in Northeast China. The effect of long-term monoculture on chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains unclear. This study was done to evaluate how changes in chemical compositions of SOC responded to long-term monoculture. To achieve this objective, the chemical compositions of SOC in maize-soybean rotation, continuous soybean and continuous maize were characterized with the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Two main components, O-alkyl and aromatic C, showed a wider range of relative proportion in monoculture than rotation system across soil profiles, but no difference was observed between two monoculture systems. Pearson’s analysis showed a significant relationship between plant-C and OCH<sub>3</sub>/NCH, alkyl C or alkyl O-C-O, and the A/O-A was closely related to plant-C. The findings indicated a greater influence of monoculture on the chemical composition of SOC compared to rotation, but lower response to crop species.
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Nnamani, Chidiebere Henry. "The Chemical and Mineralogical Composition and Their Effects on Strength Parameters of Cohesive Soil Developed over Enugu Shale". European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, nr 1 (29.01.2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.1.234.
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The results of chemical and mineralogical composition of cohesive soils developed over Enugu Shale, as well as the effects on the strength parameters are presented in this paper. The strength parameters were determined in the cohesive soil specimens in the study area, while the chemical and mineralogical tests were done on the representative soil types from the study area. Some correlations between chemical composition and strength parameters of cohesion and angle of internal friction as well as other physical parameters such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and activity of soil were obtained. The effects of chemical and mineralogical composition on strength parameters, based on the correlation between chemical composition and strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) were examined. The results show that chemical and mineralogical compositions significantly affect the angle of internal friction and cohesion thereby impacting on the strength of cohesive soils developed over Enugu Shale.
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Sova, Olha. "Gross chemical composition of soil of Sian-Dniester Upland". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 44 (28.11.2013): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1241.
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The results of studies of the gross chemical composition of soil of Sian-Dniester upland were given. Features of oxide content in soils and soil-forming rocks were considered. The changes that take place in one of the most conservative substances of soil due to anthropogenic use are analyzed. Key words: grey forest soils, dark grey podzolic soils, podzolized chernozems, gross chemical composition, oxides molar ratio, leaching, constitutional water.
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Thanachit, Suphicha, Anchalee Suddhiprakarn, Irb Kheoruenromne i Robert J. Gilkes. "The geochemistry of soils on a catena on sedimentary rock at Nam Phong, north-east Thailand". Soil Research 44, nr 2 (2006): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05030.
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The elemental composition of size fractions of soils on the Nam Phong catena, north-east Thailand, has been determined. The catena can be divided into 6 geomorphic positions: summit, shoulder, upper midslope, lower midslope, footslope and toeslope positions where soils have developed on sedimentary rocks under a tropical savannah climate. Factor analysis was used to interpret the large dataset and to determine profile and spatial trends in geochemistry. Silica is the major component of the soils on this catena, reflecting the presence of much quartz in the silt and sand fractions in soils at all landscape positions. Smaller amount of Al and Fe are also present; these elements are associated with the presence of kaolin and iron oxides. Factor analysis shows systematic differences in chemical composition between soils on higher positions and the soil on the lowest position in the landscape. Small variations in the chemical compositions of the whole soil, fine sand and silt between upslope soils are recognised. Soils on the summit, shoulder, midslope, and footslope exhibit little within-profile variation in chemical composition and the compositions of the profiles overlap closely. The Al affinity group (Al, Co, Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Cs, Rb, Ga, Zn, Ni, Li, Mn, Ti) increases in abundance in the toeslope soil, which is clearly different in chemical composition from the soils on higher positions. For the clay fraction, the differences in concentration of both the Si group (Si, Ni, Mn, Co, Mg, K, Ba, Pb) and Ca group (Ca, Zn, Cu, Sr, Cr, P) result in soils on toeslope and footslope positions being distinctly different from upslope soils, which have similar compositions. Soils at all positions show moderate variation in chemical composition of the clay with depth. The small variations in the chemical compositions of upslope soils on the Nam Phong catena are due to different degrees of weathering of the same parent rock, whereas soil on the toeslope position has a quite different elemental composition, possibly due to a different parent rock and the authigenesis of minerals in this landscape position where leached ions accumulate.
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Netsyk, Maria. "Gross chemical composition of peat soils of Small Polissya". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 44 (28.11.2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1229.
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The research results of gross chemical composition of peat soils and pyrogenic formations are shown. It was established that oxides of silicon, calcium, iron, aluminium and others are dominated in mineral composition of the ash peat soils. Change in gross chemical composition of peat horizons within the profile depending on soil-forming rocks is shown. It is characterized the chemical composition of genetic horizons of pyrogenic modified peat soils and changes during the first years of postpirogenic period. Key words: gross chemical composition, peat soils, pyrogenic modified peat soils, loss on ignition, chemical components of mineral soil.
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Blaylock, Alan D., Lyle R. Bjornestad i Joseph G. Lauer. "Soil probe lubrication and effects on soil chemical composition". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26, nr 11-12 (czerwiec 1995): 1687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369401.
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Vasil'chuk, Yurij Kirillovich, i Alexander Pavlovich Ginzburg. "Lateral and radial differentiation of cryogenic soils geochemical composition in the Khanovei scientific and educational field site, Bolshezemel'skaya tundra". Арктика и Антарктика, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2023.1.40136.
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The subject of the study was the soil and geochemical features of southern tundra cryogenic landscapes on the Khanovei educational and scientific field site located nearby the eponymous settlement in the Vorkuta district, Komi Republic. Morphology of soil profiles were described according to the modern Russian soil classification system. Chemical analytical sample treatment was done to evaluate such physical and chemical parameters of soil horizons as the pH rate, water-soluble salts content, organic carbon content, soil texture, iron fractional composition. The main point among soil and geochemical features of the Khanovei field site was gross chemical composition of cryogenic soils. Gross concentrations of chemicals were measured with the X-ray fluorescence method by portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer and then geochemical ratios of radial (profile) and lateral (catenar) differentiation of chemical elements – R and L. Largest R ratio meanings in soil profiles were in gleyic horizons including above-permafrost. Peat horizons without traces of soil mineral fraction were depleted with the most of elements (R = 0,1–0,3) and mineral horizons of soils were differed by increased RFe, RMn etc. The lower part of the catena with soils of mostly sandy texture was depleted by the main part of elements (Ti, Zn, Zr etc.) and predominantly loamy-textured soils in the upper part accumulate these elements and form increased L ratio meanings.
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Ende, J. van den. "Estimating the chemical composition of the soil solution of glasshouse soil. 1. Compositions of soil solution and aqueous extracts." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, nr 4 (1.12.1989): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i4.16616.
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Press extracts, saturation extracts and 1:5 by-weight extracts obtained from 75 glasshouse soils were analysed for EC and K, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3, Cl, SO4, HCO3 and P. The analytical data are discussed, with the exception of the HCO3 and P contents of press extracts, as these were much lower than the HCO3 and P contents of equilibrium solutions of the soils. The water-saturated soil pastes from which the saturation extracts were obtained were prepared from both field-moist and air-dry soil. They stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. This overnight storage was unsatisfactory for NO3, as it induced denitrification in the saturated pastes prepared from air-dry soil. Hence, for the determination of NO3, saturation extracts were prepared from air-dry soil, with pastes standing only two hours before filtration. The suspensions from which the 1:5 by-weight extracts were obtained were prepared from air-dry soil and stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. Again overnight storage proved unsatisfactory because of denitrification. Thus, for the determination of NO3, 1:5 suspensions were prepared, this time with a storage period of only two hours. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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AMALFITANO, CARMINE, ROBINSON A. QUEZADA, MICHAEL A. WILSON i JOHN V. HANNA. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HUMIC ACIDS". Soil Science 159, nr 6 (czerwiec 1995): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199506000-00004.
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Enagbonma, Ben Jesuorsemwen, i Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Metagenomics Shows That Termite Activities Influence the Diversity and Composition of Soil Invertebrates in Termite Mound Soils". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (30.05.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7111775.
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Background. Soil invertebrates are a significant part of the functioning and biodiversity of engineered soil. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how termite bioturbation that promotes soil nutrients affects the diversity and composition of invertebrates that dwell in soils from termite mounds. Therefore, we tested the premise that the rich nutrients accrued in soils from termite mounds encourage a complex variety of soil invertebrates. Methods. Whole DNA was extracted from soils from termite mounds and adjacent soils that were 10 m away from the mound. The soil samples were then sequenced using metagenomics. Results. Disparity in the composition of the soil invertebrate communities between the termite mound and their adjacent soils was clear from the results. Also, principal coordinate analysis showed that the structure of the soil invertebrate communities in termite mound soils was distinctive from that of the adjacent soils. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that phosphorus, soil pH, and soil organic carbon were the environmental factors that significantly explained the variation in the composition and diversity of the soil invertebrate communities between the two habitats. Conclusion. Metagenomics and chemical analysis jointly offered a route to examine the compositional and diversity variations in soil invertebrate communities in relation to termite bioturbation.
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Voitkiv, Petro S., i Yevhen A. Ivanov. "Specifics of bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians". Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, nr 2 (10.07.2020): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112038.
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Material composition is one of the most vital components of soil analysis and it which allows to determine the bulk or elemental composition, to get an insight into the total content of chemical elements per the genetic horizons of a soil profile against the soilforming rock, and to identify the direction of soil formation processes, that is, to establish the genesis of soils. The study objective supposed both the identification of bulk chemical composition (BCC) specifics peculiar to cambisols (acc. the WRB) located beneath different virgin forest ecosystems and the change caused by the composition of soil-forming rock, specifics of mountainous terrain and climatic conditions. The study subject is cambisol of virgin (beech and coniferous) ecosystems formed at the eluvium-deluvium flysch with prevailing sandstones, argillites and siltstones. The study scope is bulk chemical composition of beech and coniferous forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians and its transformation. Comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, analytical and statistical methods have been used accounting for the above objective. The bulk chemical composition has been determined under the method devised by E.V. Arinushkina. Recalculations and ratios have been used to analyse data on the bulk chemical composition of soils. Our article provides the results of the study of bulk chemical composition of cambisols located beneath beech and the coniferous virgin forests. Changes occurred in this, one of the most conservative, soil substance, under the influence of phytocenotic diversity of virgin forest ecosystems and soil species, are analysed, the nature and direction of changes as well as their main regularities are identified. Molecular ratios for the genetic soil horizons are calculated since they testify the removal of elements outside the soil profile boundaries and are the main factor used to assess the direction of cambisols soil-forming process. The article considers the content of constitutional water and the ratio of change in the siliceous soil part. Results obtained allow suggesting intrinsic weathering in the soils under study. Major reasons of changes in the bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols are caused by the character of vegetation, its aggressiveness with respect to the soil mineral content, by climatic features that affect processes of soil formation in mountainous areas depending on the vertical zonality, and by the composition of soil-forming rocks being the substrate for the studied soils. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 oxides form the predominant bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Their total content ranges from 65.59 to 87.56 %. The mineral base of virgin forest cambisols is SiO2 and its content in virgin forest cambisols amounts up to 63.46 - 75.03 %, Al2O3 sesquioxide content is 13.16 - 17.14 %, Fe2O3 content is 4.25 - 6.83 %. Molecular ratios in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests postulate the removal of sesquioxides out from a soil profile. For instance, the ratios of SiO2/Fe2O3 in beech virgin forests cambisols are 42.8 - 44.61 and they decrease sharply at the soil profile bottom to 26.35, i.e. the removal of Fe2O3 sesquioxide out from a soil profile is observed. The molar ratio of SiO2/R2O3 in cambisols located beneath coniferous virgin forests is narrower than in beech virgin forest cambisols and amounts up to 5.64 - 5.81, which is due to the lower content of SiO2 oxide and higher number of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 sesquioxides. The analysis of leach factor indices shows that leaching of Calcium and Magnesium oxides is observed in these soils. However, leaching in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is less intense than in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests. Leaching of Sodium and Potassium oxides in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is minor, and in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests is weakly expressed.
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Kovács, M., A. Engloner i N. Németh. "Chemical composition of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in Hungary". Acta Agronomica Hungarica 50, nr 2 (1.07.2002): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.50.2002.2.5.
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under the influence of the prognosticated climatic changes, the increasing rate of degradation and the extension of uncultivated lands, it is expected that the dominance of some C4 plants will increase. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is the most common C4 species in Hungary. The chemical composition of Cynodon dactylon and its substrate was investigated on 3 soil types (Arenosol, Solonchak soil and a waste place) typical of the country. It was established that in comparison with other perennial C4 grasses (Andropogon ischaemum, Chrysopogon gryllus, Cleistogenes serotina) the total element content of Cynodon dactylon was the highest. A detailed quantitative and qualitative knowledge of the chemical components of C4 plants could help to determine the expected changes in the chemical composition of the uppermost soil layer and in its mineralization dynamics on areas dominated by these plants. As a result of the expansion of Cynodon dactylon the element concentration and the chemical composition of the soils might change, thus influencing successional processes as well.
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Papish, Igor. "Total chemical composition of chornozems of Socal-Tortchin range upland". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 44 (28.11.2013): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1232.
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The results are given on total chemical composition of podzolic and typical chernozems of the Socal-Tortchin range upland. The geographical features of forming of morphological profile of chernozems of Volyn upland are educed. Connection is shown between different genetic subtypes of chernozems and chemical composition them silicate part. The cultural constituent of soil formation is educed in forming of morphological profile of deep chernozems on terrace localities of Volyn Pobuzia. Key words: chernozems, total chemical composition, structure of the soil profile, morphological signs, cultural evolution of soils.
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Kumar, Parul, i Sushma Jain. "Soil Nutrient Index (NIV) and Chemical Composition of the Soils of Sirsa (Haryana)". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 10929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10929ecst.
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The present investigation was carried out in a rural area, Nathusari Chopta of Sirsa district, in the pre-monsoon season of 2016. Soil samples were collected from some selected villages to assess the soil quality. Total fifteen soil samples were collected from the surface with a 15-20 cm depth and analyzed. There is not much variation in the soil fertility status in different villages under investigation. The soils are having normal pH (7.48 – 7.84), safe EC (0.42 – 0.63 dS/m), low to moderate OC (0.43 – 0.96 % by mass). Further, minerals like P, Ca, and K (NIV = 3) are highly present. The analysis showed that the soils were suitable for cultivation. Keywords – nutrient index, rural area, soil fertility, cultivation
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Sousa Neto, Eurico Lucas de, Maria Aparecida Pereira Pierangeli i Rattan Lal. "Compaction of an Oxisol and chemical composition of palisadegrass". Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, nr 4 (sierpień 2013): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000400010.
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Compaction is an important problem in soils under pastoral land use, and can make livestock systems unsustainable. The objective of this research was to study the impact of soil compaction on yield and quality of palisade (UROCHLOA BRIZANTHA cv. Marandu). The experiment was conducted on an Oxisol in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four levels of soil compaction: no compaction (NC), slight compaction (SC), medium compaction (MC) and high compaction (HC). The following soil properties were evaluated (layers 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m): aggregate size distribution, bulk density (BD), macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity (TP), relative compaction (RC), and the characteristics of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and dry matter yield (DMY) of the forage. Highly compacted soil had high BD and RC, and low TP (0-0.05 m). Both DMY and CP were affected by HC, and both were strongly related to BD. Higher DMY (6.96 Mg ha-1) and CP (7.8 %) were observed in the MC treatment (BD 1.57 Mg m-3 and RC 0.91 Mg m-3, in 0-0.05 m). A high BD of 1.57 Mg m-3 (0-0.05 m) did not inhibit plant growth. The N concentration in the palisade biomass differed significantly among compaction treatments, and was 8.72, 11.20, 12.48 and 10.98 g kg-1 in NC, SC, MC and HC treatments, respectively. Increase in DMY and CP at the MC level may be attributed to more absorption of N in this coarse-textured soil.
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Adams, Cindy M., i Thomas C. Hutchinson. "Fine-root growth and chemical composition in declining Central Ontario sugar maple stands". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, nr 10 (1.10.1992): 1489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-199.
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This study examines the condition of fine-root systems of healthy and declining sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) at two sites in Central Ontario, one moderately declining and the other severely declining. Roots are frequently sensitive indicators of soil nutrition, thus ingrowth cores (soil transplants) were used to assess the effect of bulk surface (F-layered Ah horizon) soils collected from beneath healthy or declining trees on fine-root chemistry and growth. Soil at each site was collected from healthy and declining trees and reciprocally transplanted (buried) in mesh bags, and roots were allowed to grow into the soil cores for 8 weeks. In addition to transplants of untreated soils, additional transplants of "healthy" and "decline" soils treated by either (i) steam sterilization to remove pathogens or (ii) fertilization with superphosphate were made. Root dry weight of healthy and declining trees was reduced 25–70% in untreated decline soils compared with healthy soils (p ≤ 0.007). This was consistent with lower Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe in the soil solution of declining trees at the severely declining site and a lower Mn concentration and Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios in the soil solution at the moderately declining site. Compared with roots of healthy trees, roots of declining trees had significantly lower Ca concentrations for both stands, and in addition, significantly lower concentrations of P, Mg, S, K, Mn, Al, Fe, and Zn in the more severely declining stand. The experimental soil transplants established that lower nutrient concentrations in soils from declining trees are reflected in the chemistry of roots growing in them. On the whole, the fertilizer treatment significantly increased root growth and the steam sterilization treatment had no effect on root growth. While this study shows that reduced nutrient availability in the rooting substrate is an important factor in decline, it is not known how recently this nutrient depletion has occurred, nor what is the cause. Although other mechanisms may be involved, reduced nutrient availability in the rooting substrate is consistent with the speculation that deposition of acidic salt solutions of sulphate and nitrate to these forest soils has caused accelerated soil base cation leaching losses that are reflected in nutritional deficiencies and growth decline.
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Paranoan, Ria Rachel. "Chemical Properties and Mineralogical Composition of Soils in Original site at Coal Mining Area". AGRITROPICA : Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2, nr 2 (21.01.2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/j.agritropica.2.2.71-76.
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Soil minerals and chemical properties play an essential role in agricultural, especially to know the availability of soil nutrient reserve. The objective of the study was to investigate soil chemical properties and mineralogical composition. of sand fraction in original area. The study was conducted in two stages. The First stage was in the field and the second stage was in the laboratory. The field study was at Original area PT. Khotai Makmur Insan Abadi, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. Soils were sampled from each horizon of the profile. The second stage was in the Laboratory. The chemical analysis was conducted in the Soil Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Mulawarman University. The Mineralogical composition of fine sand fractions was conducted in Pusat penelitian tanah Bogor, with line counting method using Microscope Polaritation (MP). The results of chemical characteristics indicated that low to very low content of organic matter, soil reactions are acid throughout the horizon, very low to moderate base satration, low to moderate soil cation exchange capacity, high of Al saturation. Sand fraction composition was dominated by resistant minerals (quartz and opaque). On the other hand the easily weatherable minerals are not detected in the original area. One of the reason soil has low CEC is, because the composition of sand fraction in the soil dominated by quartz.
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Barannyk, Andrii. "Bulk chemical composition of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians and processes of its transformation". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 51 (27.12.2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8733.
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The features of the bulk chemical composition of mountainous meadowy brown soils and anthropogenically-modified soils of the Svydovets and Chornogora arrays of the Ukrainian Carpathians are investigated. The ratio of the oxides content of the most important chemical elements of the mineral part of mountainous meadowy brown soils and parent material is determined. The basic transformation processes of the mineral part of the studied soils and parent material are established. The peculiarity of the bulk chemical composition of meadow brown soils is the high content of silicon oxides, and the high content of aluminum oxides and iron oxides. Their total content is within 94 %. This indirectly indicates a significant chemical homogeneity of the soil with the parent material. The relative accumulation of SiO2 in the upper genetic horizons of the soil profile is due to the physical disintegration of silicate rocks. Its relative bulk content is gradually reduced from 76.10–77.43 % to 72.28–76.93 % in the transition to a parent material. It was established, that the removal of sesquioxides beyond the boundary of the soil profile leads to the formation of a depleted soil profile on aluminum oxides and iron oxides, as we compare with unchanged parent material. Absolute values of the indicators of leakage factor of alkaline earth metals grow in the direction towards to the parent material. This indicates about intensive development of erosion processes in the upper part of the soil profile. This is due to the physical and chemical disintegration of aluminosilicates and the removal of compounds of disintegration into the lower soil genetic horizons. The analysis of the results of balance of bulk reserves of oxides testified, that during the formation of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians, oxides of trivalent metals (aluminum and iron) and compounds of alkaline earth metals are subjected to removal from the genetic horizons of the soil profile. Quantitative bulk chemical analysis didn’t show any significant differences in the material composition between the mountainous meadowy brown soils and the mountainous meadowy brown anthropogenically altered soil. Key words: mountainous meadow brown soils, bulk chemical composition, Svydovets and Chornogora arrays, Ukrainians Carpathians.
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XAVIER, N. S., J. R. M. XAVIER i J. A. COSTA. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AP-MA-05 ARCHAOLOGICAL SITE SOIL IN MACAPÁ- AMAPÁ". Periódico Tchê Química 16, nr 33 (20.03.2019): 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.904_periodico33_pgs_889_902.pdf.
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Archaeo anthrosols are soils that record human occupation and can be found in ancient housing settlements known by archaeological sites. This type of soil generally presents distinct characteristics of the surrounding soils due to changes in its chemical properties caused by past human activities and its study helps to understand these activities and the organization of these prehistoric populations. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the soils of the archaeological site AP-MA-05 in relation to its chemical composition, pointing to the alterations suffered as a result of past human activity, in comparison to its adjacent area. The study area is in the municipality of Macapá, Amapá State, on the campus of the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). To reach the objectives, 41 soil samples were collected in two transverse lines in the area of the archaeological site and, for the purpose of comparison in the adjacent area, a trench was opened in which the soils were collected for the pertinent determinations. The chemical identification was measured by pH determination in water, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, exchangeable potassium and aluminium, potential acidity. The chemical data showed a great variability in the soils of the archaeological site and superior fertility to the soil of the adjacent area, inferring that the alterations observed in the site are due to the previous human activities as the soils present the same origin. The chemical determinations also indicated the growth of the archaeological site in the south direction, outside the limits established in previous researches.
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Zdeb, Tomasz, Tomasz Tracz i Mateusz Żelazik. "Analysis of protective properties of soil-cements towards reinforcing steel". Cement Wapno Beton 25, nr 2 (2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2020.25.1.7.
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The paper presents the results of tests concerning the chemical composition and pH of the pore solution of soil-cements, obtained by leaching and pressure extraction. The study concerned two soil-cements of different composition: types of loose and cohesive native soil, and the w/c ratio of the cement paste introduced into the soil: 0.8 and 2.0 respectively. The test results concerning pore solution composition and pH values, obtained using ion chromatography, were used to assess the protective properties of soil-cements towards reinforcing steel. The results of the tests conducted indicate the full ability of investigated soil-cements to protect steel against corrosion as well as the potentially high durability of the soil-cements themselves. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine the composition of the pore liquid phase by two methods, and the scale of differences in the chemical compositions obtained using these methods, is discussed in the paper.
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Dick, Deborah Pinheiro, Simone Benvenuti Leite, Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin, Henrique Cesar Almeida i Heike Knicker. "Pinus afforestation in South Brazilian highlands: soil chemical attributes and organic matter composition". Scientia Agricola 68, nr 2 (kwiecień 2011): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162011000200007.
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In the last three decades, exotic tree species are being introduced in the natural pastures of the highlands located at the northeastern part of Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. This alteration of land use may impart drastic changes in the soil attributes. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of Pinus taeda afforestation on soil chemical attributes and organic matter (SOM) composition in Leptosols from Campos de Cima da Serra, RS. Soil samples under eight year old (Pi8) and 30 year old (Pi30) Pinus plantations and under native pasture (NP) were studied. Contents of exchangeable cations and of micronutrients and soil pH were determined. The SOM composition was investigated by means of elemental analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. The soil under pasture had a higher content of nutrients and of SOM in comparison to Pinus soils, reflecting the higher input and decomposition rate of the below ground added residue in the grassland environment. The SOM in pasture soils showed a higher content of carbohydrate and of structures derived from microbial metabolism. Besides the depletion of nutrients and of SOM, Pinus afforestation affected the SOM quality: following afforestation, the proportion of chemically recalcitrant structures and of carboxylic groups increased, whereas N-containing groups decreased.
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Naylor, Dan, Ryan McClure i Janet Jansson. "Trends in Microbial Community Composition and Function by Soil Depth". Microorganisms 10, nr 3 (28.02.2022): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030540.
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Microbial communities play important roles in soil health, contributing to processes such as the turnover of organic matter and nutrient cycling. As soil edaphic properties such as chemical composition and physical structure change from surface layers to deeper ones, the soil microbiome similarly exhibits substantial variability with depth, with respect to both community composition and functional profiles. However, soil microbiome studies often neglect deeper soils, instead focusing on the top layer of soil. Here, we provide a synthesis on how the soil and its resident microbiome change with depth. We touch upon soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, composition, and functional profiles, with a special emphasis on carbon cycling. In doing so, we seek to highlight the importance of incorporating analyses of deeper soils in soil studies.
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Cantar, Ilie-Cosmin, Lucian Dinca i Ion Chisalita. "Chemical Properties Transformations of Copper Waste Heaps from Moldova Noua as a Result of their Afforestation". Revista de Chimie 71, nr 9 (5.09.2020): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.9.8327.
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This paper analyses the chemical transformations of soils from certain copper waste heaps from Moldova Noua in the context of their afforestation. The analysis is based on a comparison between chemical properties of soils from different areas of the waste heaps. such as the planted and unplanted plateaus and slopes. The soil samples were gathered from soil profiles for each variants considered. and then analysis carried out in the �Marin Dracea� National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry laboratories. The results were compared and discussed in the context of the waste heaps� morphologic differences. such as land slope. aspect and the presence or absence of forest plantations. As such. the following elements were analyzed and compared: granulometric composition. soil chemical properties. soil reaction. humus content. total nitrogen. potassium content and heavy metals content. Forest vegetation had an important influence on the soil�s granulometric composition. on the humus and total nitrogen content. as well as on the soil�s reaction. In addition. granulometric composition differences between slopes that are exposed to the main wind and those that are not. suggest the importance of afforestation works for the former.
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Mastro, Francesco De, Andreina Traversa, Claudio Cocozza, Mauro Pallara i Gennaro Brunetti. "Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization: Influence of Tillage on Mineralogical and Chemical Parameters". Soil Systems 4, nr 3 (22.09.2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030058.
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The interaction of organic carbon (OC) with clay minerals and amorphous iron and aluminum oxides, especially in the finest soil fractions (<20 μm), represents a good method for its stabilization, and different tillage practices can improve or reduce the persistence of OC in soils. This study investigates the effects of conventional (CT) and no (NT) tillage and soil depth (0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm) on the soil organic carbon (SOC) in four soil size fractions and its interactions with clay minerals and amorphous oxides. To identify the mineralogical composition of the four soil size fractions isolated from each soil, the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) technique was used with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, while the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to determine the chemical composition of soil fractions. The higher OC content found in the finest soil fraction is related to its higher content of clay minerals and amorphous oxides. The SOC content is similar among CT and NT treatments as well as the mineralogical composition and the amount of amorphous oxides, suggesting that more than ten years of different tillage did not influence those parameters.
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Watkar, Amita M. "Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Collected from Chandrabhaga River in Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra". Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 07, nr 02 (19.06.2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.202006.
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Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.
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Тихонова, Elena Tikhonova, Трещевская, Ella Treshchevskaya, Панков, Yakov Pankov, Малинина i Tatyana Malinina. "Chemical composition of vegetation in man-made landscapes Kursk magnetic anomaly". Forestry Engineering Journal 6, nr 3 (10.10.2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21679.
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The open-mining leads to the formation of the post-miningo or disturbed lands, which are characterized by extreme conditions. The largest area of the post-mining and disturbed lands in Central Black Soil Region are situated near the Kursk magnetic anomaly enterprises. The main direction of the restoration of the post-mining lands is the forestry reclamation. The biocenosis contribute to changes of substrates properties and their transformation into primary soil (“em-bryonic soils”). The dumps vegetation absorbs nitrogen, ash elements and heavy metals from the substrate and air and returns the above-mentioned elements with litter.
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Asotskyi, V., Y. Buts, O. Kraynyuk i R. Ponomarenko. "Post-pyrogenic changes in the properties of grey forest podzolic soils of ecogeosystems of pine forests under conditions of anthropogenicloading". Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, nr 2 (2.11.2018): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421//111843.
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This article presents the analysis of results of experimental data of postpyrogenic change of soils of ecological systems of pine forests.Ground fires transform the surface organogenic horizons of soils. The negative influence of low-intensity fires of different intensity on the change of humus stock, qualitative fractional composition of organogenic soil horizons and their chemical composition is shown.Post-pyrogenic transformations of physical and chemical soil characteristics are found, which are not simply their corresponding reaction to the pyrogenic effect, but a clear signal reflecting the state of the soil immediately after the fire, taking into account its strength and intensity, and after a certain period of time. There is a certain dependence of the degree of pyrogenicity on the duration of the effect of fire on the soil. The recent influence of a medium intensity fire on the soil is marked by a clear reaction of the complex of its properties.Physical and chemical properties of soils after fires deteriorate: humus burns, the content of nitrate nitrogen decreases.Forest fires sharply change the morphological state of the upper part of the soil profile. The nature of the surface horizons of soils changes, a new pyrogenic horizon is formed, which differs from natural analogues in terms of physical and chemical properties and the content of ash elements. Under the influence of fire there are changes in such properties as: pH, content of exchange cations, gross and moving forms of nitrogen, etc.The heavy metal concentration in surface horizons increases several times and exceeds the background values due to the mineralization of forest litter and herbaceous vegetation from the combustion and subsequent migration of chemical elements , which presents an environmental hazard.The change in the chemical composition of soils can create conditions for the impossibility of the existence of a root ecosystem, its death, and development, after a certain time, of another modified ecogeosystem.
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Edmeades, DC, DM Wheeler i OE Clinton. "The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils". Soil Research 23, nr 2 (1985): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850151.
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In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.
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Kumar, Uttam, Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib, Waqar Islam, Parmar Prashant, Nidhibahen Patel, Wei Chen, Feiying Yang, Minsheng You i Weiyi He. "Landscape Composition and Soil Physical–Chemical Properties Drive the Assemblages of Bacteria and Fungi in Conventional Vegetable Fields". Microorganisms 10, nr 6 (12.06.2022): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061202.
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The soil microbiome is crucial for improving the services and functioning of agroecosystems. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of soil physical–chemical properties in driving the belowground microbial assemblages in different agroecosystems. However, not much is known about the assemblage of bacteria and fungi in response to soil physical–chemical properties and the surrounding landscape composition in different vegetable fields of a highly intensive agricultural system. Here, we investigated the effects of soil physical–chemical properties and landscape composition on the community trends of bacteria and fungi in two different soil compartments (bulk and rhizospheric soils) of two different brassica crop types (Chinese cabbage and flower cabbage). The results revealed that bulk soil had a higher alpha diversity of both bacteria and fungi than rhizospheric soil. Each of the soil physical–chemical properties and landscape compositions contributed differently to driving the community structure of distinct bacterial and fungal taxa in both soil compartments and crop types. The higher proportions of forest, grassland, and cultivated land, along with the higher amount of soil calcium in flower cabbage fields, promote the assemblage of Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Oxyophotobacteria, Agaricomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. On the other hand, in Chinese cabbage fields, the increased amounts of iron, zinc, and manganese in the soil together with higher proportions of non-brassica crops in the surrounding landscape strongly support the assemblage of Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Bacilli, Clostridia, Alphaproteobacteria, an unknown bacterial species Subgroup-6, Mortierellomycetes, Rhizophlyctidomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes. The findings of this study provide the most comprehensive, comparative, and novel insights related to the bacterial and fungal responses in a highly intensive vegetable growing system for the improvement of the soil fertility and structure. These are important clues for the identification of key bacteria and fungi contributing to the plant–environment interactions and are of a practical significance for landscape-based ecological pest management.
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Opekunova, Marina, Anatoly Opekunov, Stepan Kukushkin i Sergey Lisenkov. "Chemical composition of soil waters in oil and gas production areas of north of Western Siberia". E3S Web of Conferences 163 (2020): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016305011.
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This study describes the changes in the chemical composition of soil waters under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors in the area of development of oil and gas condensate fields in the north of Western Siberia. The concentration of chemical elements (Na, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Ba, Sr, Cd, and Mn) in soils, ground and soil waters was determined. Pollution of soil water and soil is local in nature and it is characteristic of areas located in the immediate vicinity of industrial facilities. A set of indicators is proposed for assessing the transformation of natural complexes under the influence of oil and gas production. The increased pH values, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, nitrates, chlorides, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, strontium, iron and manganese, as well as zinc, vanadium, cobalt and nickel are observed. In the impact zones in soil waters and soils. Mechanical disturbances of the soil and vegetation cover lead to an increase in defrost, secondary waterlogging and are accompanied by an increase in the migration of chemical elements in the catenary structure of landscapes.
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Vasil'chuk, Yurij Kirillovich, i Alexander Pavlovich Ginzburg. "Lateral and Radial Differentiation of Cryogenic Soils Chemical Composition in the Vilyuy River valley, Central Yakutia". Арктика и Антарктика, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2023.1.40034.
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The subject of the study is the soil-geochemical features of cryogenic mid-taiga landscapes of the Vilyuy River valley in its middle course, located near Mahatta and the village of Kysyl-Syr of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Morphological descriptions of soil profiles were compiled. Chemical and analytical laboratory work was carried out in order to establish the values of the physico-chemical parameters of soil horizons - pH, the content of easily soluble salts, the content of organic carbon, granulometric composition, fractional composition of iron. The main aspect of the soil-geochemical properties of the landscapes of the middle Vilyui River is the gross chemical composition of cryogenic soils. The gross contents of chemical elements were determined by X–ray fluorescence using portable X-ray diffraction, after which the geochemical coefficients of radial (profile) and lateral (catenary) differentiation of concentrations of chemical elements R and were calculated. In automorphic soils, most of the chemical elements are removed from their surface organic horizons, and in mineral ones they are concentrated. Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn and Zr differ by the highest values of the coefficients R (R reaches 20). The radial differentiation is significantly influenced by acidity, organic carbon content and other soil properties, for example, the increased content of Si, Ca, V and Zn (R up to 1,3–3,7) relative to the horizon of soil parent rocks which is associated with the content of Sorghum. In terms of lateral differentiation, most of the studied elements are characterized by accumulation in the upper part of the soil-geochemical catena. The catenae Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Y are most widely distributed in soils (LCa = 0.3–1.8; LMn = 0.1–2.0; LFe = 0.6–2.1; LZn = 0.9–2.9 and LY = 0.3–1.4).
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Bilanchyn, Ya, L. Goshurenk i I. Sviderska. "The nature of chornozem soils acidity of Zmiiny island". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 39 (15.12.2011): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2158.
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Results of substantive and chemical investigation of Zmiiny island chornozem soils as well as their peculiarities, based on acid characteristics, are analyzed. Opinion is expressed about a main role in forming island soils consistence and acidity peculiarities of their basic geological constructions (conglomerates, conglobrectias, sand rock) of extra-acid silicate composition. Key words: Zmiiny island, chornozem soils, soil acidity, chemical rock composition.
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Polyakov, Vyacheslav, i Evgeny Abakumov. "Micromorphological Characteristic of Different-Aged Cryosols from the East Part of Lena River Delta, Siberia, Russia". Geosciences 11, nr 3 (5.03.2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11030118.
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Micromorphological investigation of soils is a powerful tool for studying the transformation of soils under the influence of various weathering mechanisms. In the Arctic region, under the influence of seasonal freezing/thawing processes, cryohydration is the leading type of weathering. Soils of different-aged islands of the Lena River Delta were investigated. Thin sections of soils were analyzed using a polarizing microscope Leica DM750P (Leica Camera AG, Wetzlar, Germany). X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the soils. As a result of the work, the rate of weathering of soil minerals was estimated, soil fabric was considered, as well as the chemical composition of the soil. The accumulation of poorly sorted circular striated sand due to active influence of the Lena River was noted on young soil from Samoylov isl. The formation of biogenic sand-silt crumb aggregates was noted at more ancient sites. Physical weathering of soil minerals under the influence of cryogenic processes has been noted.
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Hue, N. V., J. A. Silva i R. Arifin. "Sewage Sludge‐Soil Interactions as Measured by Plant and Soil Chemical Composition". Journal of Environmental Quality 17, nr 3 (lipiec 1988): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700030007x.
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Bogosavljevic, Jelena, Aleksandar Djordjevic, Urban Silc, Zora Dajic-Stevanovic, Svetlana Acic i Svjetlana Radmanovic. "Characterization of soils on consolidated limestone and its relations to grassland vegetation". Archives of Biological Sciences, nr 00 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs230106006b.
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Understanding the relations between soil features and plant responses is important for agricultural production and nature conservation. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of the influence of soils? physical and chemical features on the composition of plant species and richness in grasslands studied on the limestone massif in eastern Serbia (Mt. Rtanj). The data set included 22 phytosociological relev?s, the same number of corresponding mixed soil samples (0-10 cm depth) and 8 soil profiles. Two vegetation types were distinguished by numerical classification as Saturejion montanae and Festucion valesiacae. The results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that the most important soil parameters affecting species composition in dry grasslands were humus, the content of calcium, soil exchange capacity and base saturation, in addition to total acidity, pH and soil depth. The communities of both vegetation types are developed on Leptosols and Phaeozems. Under similar physical and chemical conditions of the soil, the grassland vegetation exhibits differences in floristic composition.
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Thieme, J., J. Niemeyer i P. Guttman. "Colloidal systems in soils". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168050.
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In soil science the fraction of colloids in soils is understood as particles with diameters smaller than 2μm. Clay minerals, aquoxides of iron and manganese, humic substances, and other polymeric materials are found in this fraction. The spatial arrangement (microstructure) is controlled by the substantial structure of the colloids, by the chemical composition of the soil solution, and by thesoil biota. This microstructure determines among other things the diffusive mass flow within the soils and as a result the availability of substances for chemical and microbiological reactions. The turnover of nutrients, the adsorption of toxicants and the weathering of soil clay minerals are examples of these surface mediated reactions. Due to their high specific surface area, the soil colloids are the most reactive species in this respect. Under the chemical conditions in soils, these minerals are associated in larger aggregates. The accessibility of reactive sites for these reactions on the surface of the colloids is reduced by this aggregation. To determine the turnover rates of chemicals within these aggregates it is highly desirable to visualize directly these aggregation phenomena.
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Charlop-Powers, Zachary, Jeremy G. Owen, Boojala Vijay B. Reddy, Melinda A. Ternei i Sean F. Brady. "Chemical-biogeographic survey of secondary metabolism in soil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, nr 10 (18.02.2014): 3757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318021111.
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In this study, we compare biosynthetic gene richness and diversity of 96 soil microbiomes from diverse environments found throughout the southwestern and northeastern regions of the United States. The 454-pyroseqencing of nonribosomal peptide adenylation (AD) and polyketide ketosynthase (KS) domain fragments amplified from these microbiomes provide a means to evaluate the variation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in different soil environments. Through soil composition and AD- and KS-amplicon richness analysis, we identify soil types with elevated biosynthetic potential. In general, arid soils show the richest observed biosynthetic diversity, whereas brackish sediments and pine forest soils show the least. By mapping individual environmental amplicon sequences to sequences derived from functionally characterized biosynthetic gene clusters, we identified conserved soil type–specific secondary metabolome enrichment patterns despite significant sample-to-sample sequence variation. These data are used to create chemical biogeographic distribution maps for biomedically valuable families of natural products in the environment that should prove useful for directing the discovery of bioactive natural products in the future.
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Beke, G. J., i D. P. Graham. "Growth and chemical composition of flax cultivars on artificially salinized soil". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, nr 1 (1.01.1995): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-025.
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Seven flax cultivars, grown in a greenhouse in nonsaline, moderately saline, and strongly saline (1, 6, and 12 dS m−1) soils had greater dry weights of plant tops on moderately saline treatment. Tops had higher K+ and Na+ concentrations on the saline treatments, but K:Na ratios decreased with increasing salinity. Tops were less salt tolerant than roots. Cultivars responded differently to the treatments, but appeared, overall, similar in salt tolerance. Key words: Flax cultivars, ion concentrations, ion ratios, soil salinity, semi-arid region
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Soldatova, Evgeniya, Yihui Dong, Jiale Li i Zhanxue Sun. "Nitrogen behavior in the shallow groundwater–soil system within agricultural landscapes". E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801046.
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The research is devoted to the analysis of the changes in the chemical composition of shallow groundwater within the agricultural landscapes of the Poyang Lake area taking into account the peculiarities of soil composition. The analysis is based on field data collected during 2011–2017 by the sampling of the shallow groundwater from the private and public wells and adjoining soils. Correlations between the content of the N-compounds and the Eh values in autumn as well as a relationship of the NH4+ concentration with the DOC content reflect the processes of the organic matter transformation in the aquifer. Correlations between the N content in the upper soil horizon and the concentrations of the N-compounds in the shallow groundwater indicate a strong connection of the origin of the groundwater chemical composition with the soil composition.
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Edmeades, DC, DM Wheeler i OE Clinton. "Corrigenda - The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils". Soil Research 23, nr 2 (1985): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850151c.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.
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Abramova, Tamara. "SILICATIZATION OF CULTURAL LAYER SOILS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS". LIFE OF THE EARTH 45, nr 2 (14.06.2023): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3448.0514-7468.2023_45_2/193-208.
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The preservation and in situ museumification of archaeological objects of stratigraphic sections of cultural layer soils, whose value depends on the integrity and intactness, is a complex and underdeveloped problem. This is due to some specific properties of these soils, such as the heterogeneity of soil composition both vertically and horizontally; the diversity of inclusions, the uneven compressibility of the strata, the ability to self-compact from their weight, changes in hydrogeological conditions, soil soaking and the decomposition of organic inclusions. As a result, these soils are the most unfavorable in artificial stabilization. In the study, a wide range of soils of the cultural layer from various places with stabilization plans were examined. Our analysis of the deposits made it possible to separate these soils by geochemical features which have the highest impact on the intensity of the chemical solution’s interaction processes with the mineral component of the soil. This chemical solution is in a family of silicate compositions with surfactants of the amide class. These organic liquid glass hardeners activate the skeletal part of the soil and provide the complete mobilization of the main cementing substance (silica gel). Pilot tests of various modifications of organo-silicate solutions were carried out at the sites of Chersonesos (Sevastopol), Tanais (Rostov region), Moscow, etc. The soils ranged from sandy to loamy with various inclusions (building stone, ceramics, bones, fish scales, shells, ash, soot, plant roots, etc.). Soil stabilization was carried out by injecting chemical solutions of various densities with the use of vertical and horizontal injections. An important finding of the work was that forming a new soil mass with improved properties was determined by the composition, properties of the soil and injection solutions, the distance from the injector and the depth of the stabilized area. For the first time in Russia, at the center of Moscow, it was possible to preserve the soil mass in situ of the cultural layer of the 16-17th centuries and exhibit it for 32 years to visitors in the underground archaeological museum.
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Lourdes, Vital, Narvaez Jose A, Cruz Maria Antonia, Ortiz Eyra L, Sanchez Eric i Mendoza Alberto. "Unravelling the composition of soil belowground microbial community before sowing transgenic cotton". Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 11 (20.11.2017): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/523/2017-pse.
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Soils harbour enormously diverse bacterial communities that interact specifically with plants generating beneficial interactions between them. This study was the first approach to assess bacterial communities before sowing with three cotton genotypes, including both transgenic and conventional ones. The structure of bacterial communities was identified using the next generation sequencing analysis, ion torrent PGM (Personal Genome Machine™) sequencer technology, based on the V2–V3 16S rRNA gene region. Quantitative insights into microbial ecology pipeline were used to identify the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in bulk soil samples collected in the northeast of Mexico. Bulk soil textures and chemical properties, including most nutrients, were homogeneous in these bulk soil samples. Relative abundance analysis showed similar bacterial community structures. Dominant taxonomic phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes, whereas the main families were Bacillaceae, Chitinophagaceae and Rhodospirillaceae with an abundance average of BS1 (bulk soil sample), BS2 and BS3 (24.85, 19.74 and 19.71%, respectively). Alpha diversity analysis showed a high diversity (Shannon and Simpson index) and a large value of the observed species found in bulk soils samples. These results allowed establishing the previous bacterial structural community in an unused soil before sowing it with a transgenic crop for the first time.
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Hackl, Evelyn, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Levente Bodrossy i Angela Sessitsch. "Comparison of Diversities and Compositions of Bacterial Populations Inhabiting Natural Forest Soils". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, nr 9 (wrzesień 2004): 5057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5057-5065.2004.
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ABSTRACT The diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities were compared among six Austrian natural forests, including oak-hornbeam, spruce-fir-beech, and Austrian pine forests, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP, or TRF) analysis and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes. The forests studied differ greatly in soil chemical characteristics, microbial biomass, and nutrient turnover rates. The aim of this study was to relate these differences to the composition of the bacterial communities inhabiting the individual forest soils. Both TRF profiling and clone sequence analysis revealed that the bacterial communities in soils under Austrian pine forests, representing azonal forest types, were distinct from those in soils under zonal oak-hornbeam and spruce-fir-beech forests, which were more similar in community composition. Clones derived from an Austrian pine forest soil were mostly affiliated with high-G+C gram-positive bacteria (49%), followed by members of the α-Proteobacteria (20%) and the Holophaga/Acidobacterium group (12%). Clones in libraries from oak-hornbeam and spruce-fir-beech forest soils were mainly related to the Holophaga/Acidobacterium group (28 and 35%), followed by members of the Verrucomicrobia (24%) and the α-Proteobacteria (27%), respectively. The soil bacterial communities in forests with distinct vegetational and soil chemical properties appeared to be well differentiated based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. In particular, the outstanding position of the Austrian pine forests, which are determined by specific soil conditions, was reflected in the bacterial community composition.
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Hunt, H. W., D. E. Reuss i E. T. Elliott. "CORRECTING ESTIMATES OF ROOT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION FOR SOIL CONTAMINATION". Ecology 80, nr 2 (marzec 1999): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0702:ceorcc]2.0.co;2.
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Houba, V. J. G., W. J. Chardon i K. Roelse. "Influence of grinding of soil on apparent chemical composition". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, nr 13-14 (sierpień 1993): 1591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629309368902.
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O'Brien, L. O., i M. E. Sumner. "Effects of phosphogypsum on leachate and soil chemical composition". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 19, nr 7-12 (maj 1988): 1319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628809368015.
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Poirier, Natacha, Saran P. Sohi, John L. Gaunt, Nathalie Mahieu, Edward W. Randall, David S. Powlson i Richard P. Evershed. "The chemical composition of measurable soil organic matter pools". Organic Geochemistry 36, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 1174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.005.
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Di Giuseppe, Dario, Massimiliano Melchiorre, Umberto Tessari i Barbara Faccini. "Relationship between particle density and soil bulk chemical composition". Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, nr 3 (8.10.2015): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1275-3.
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