Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Charter

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Charter”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Charter"

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Szőke, Melinda. "11. századi nyomok az 1019. évi hamis Zalavári oklevélben". Névtani Értesítő 43 (30.12.2021): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29178/nevtert.2021.8.

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The Zalavár charters (1019, 1024) are the least viable sources of information for historical linguistics and historical onomastics regarding the 11th century among the charters of King Saint Stephen forged in the Middle Ages. This is mainly because the Zalavár charters were likely not based on documents from the reign of Saint Stephen. The charters can be classified into three chronological layers through the vernacular elements contained in them. However, the current study aims to prove that the 1019 Zalavár charter does contain information valuable to historical onomastics and linguistics research into the early 11th century, albeit to a lesser degree than than the two other forged chartes of the era (the Pécsvárad and Bakonybél charters). The hypothesis is verified by examining a few place names listed in the census of the forged charter from the end of the 11th century and the Latin context of all the names contained in the document.
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Szőke, Melinda. "A Pécsváradi oklevél helyneveinek szövegkörnyezete". Magyar Nyelvjárások 58 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30790/mnyj/2020/05.

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The Textual Context of Toponyms in the Charter of Pécsvárad The Charter of Pécsvárad (+1015/+1158 [1220 k.]/1323/1403/PR.) is a charter of an uncertain chronological status that has survived after multiple copies from the 15th century and prior to the creation of the 13th-century forged charter, a char-ter was probably issued for the Abbey of Pécsvárad also in the age of King St. Ste-phen. The founding charter includes approximately 140 indications of places and my paper examines the textual context of these. When analyzing names with a desig-nating word and a Latin geographical common noun and toponyms without it, we have identified solutions in the charters that differ from processes deemed regular later on. This includes, for example, the presence of incomplete structures with a designating word without a main component or the lack of name occurrences of the Latin geographical common noun + Hungarian toponym type. Based on the exploration of the context of toponyms in the charter, it seems cer-tain that the more extensive issuing of charters also influenced the way how proper names were recorded in the text. With time, the large number of insertions without a structure seen in the Charter of Pécsvárad are replaced by the increasing use of designating words or Latin geographical common nouns, thus the “poor” textual context of the Founding Charter of Pécsvárad indicates recording in the 11th centu-ry. Keywords: 11th-century charters, charters with an uncertain chronological sta-tus, Latin context, toponyms, norms of charter writing
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Venter, Petrus, i Rodney Duffett. "A Framework for a Generic Retail Charter: A Guide towards Sustainability and Stakeholder Support". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (28.11.2022): 15848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315848.

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This paper develops a framework for a generic retail stakeholder charter that addresses expectations of relevant retail business stakeholders to achieve success and sustainability. Hevner’s design science research model was used for the development of this framework. Relevant literature on retail business management, stakeholder theory, and existing charters was reviewed and used for the design of a draft generic retail charter framework. The draft framework was submitted to expert practitioners and academics for verification in terms of correctness, completeness, and relevance to develop the final retail charter framework. The framework addresses stakeholder expectations regarding relevant categories, and the structure of the retail charter addresses the identity, elements, and the management of the retail charter. The elements in the generic retail charter are structured to achieve stakeholder support by ensuring compliance, satisfaction, and excitement. This generic retail charter framework creates research opportunities for the development of detailed retail charters for every stakeholder category, and customized retail charters for individual retail businesses. The framework provides further research opportunities for retail businesses operating in a particular industry, ecommerce, various Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, and other countries.
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Frankenberg, Erica, Genevieve Siegel-Hawley i Jia Wang. "Choice without Equity: Charter School Segregation". education policy analysis archives 19 (10.01.2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n1.2011.

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The political popularity of charter schools is unmistakable. This article explores the relationship between charter schools and segregation across the country, in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and several dozen metropolitan areas with large enrollments of charter school students in 2007-08. The descriptive analysis of the charter school enrollment is aimed at understanding the enrollment and characteristics of charter school students and the extent to which charter school students are segregated, including how charter school segregation compare to students in traditional public schools. This article examines these questions at different levels, aggregating school-level enrollment to explore patterns among metropolitan areas, states, and the nation using three national datasets. Our findings suggest that charters currently isolate students by race and class. This analysis of recent data finds that charter schools are more racially isolated than traditional public schools in virtually every state and large metropolitan area in the nation. In some regions, white students are over-represented in charter schools while in other charter schools, minority students have little exposure to white students. Data about the extent to which charter schools serve low-income and English learner students is incomplete, but suggest that a substantial share of charter schools may not enroll such students. As charters represent an increasing share of our public schools, they influence the level of segregation experienced by all of our nation’s school children. After two decades, the promise of charter schools to use choice to foster integration and equality in American education has not yet been realized.
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Hudson, J. "Charters and Charter Scholarship in Britain and Ireland". English Historical Review CXXI, nr 492 (1.06.2006): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel146.

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Angrist, Joshua D., Parag A. Pathak i Christopher R. Walters. "Explaining Charter School Effectiveness". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, nr 4 (1.10.2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.4.1.

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Lottery estimates suggest Massachusetts' urban charter schools boost achievement well beyond that of traditional urban public schools students, while nonurban charters reduce achievement from a higher baseline. The fact that urban charters are most effective for poor nonwhites and low-baseline achievers contributes to, but does not fully explain, these differences. We therefore link school-level charter impacts to school inputs and practices. The relative efficacy of urban lottery sample charters is accounted for by these schools' embrace of the No Excuses approach to urban education. In our Massachusetts sample, Non-No-Excuses urban charters are no more effective than nonurban charters. (JEL H75, I21, I28)
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Orfield, Myron, i Thomas Luce. "An analysis of student performance in Chicago’s charter schools". education policy analysis archives 24 (31.10.2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2203.

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Charter schools have become the cornerstone of school reform in Chicago and in many other large cities. Enrollments in Chicago charters increased by more than ten times between 2000 and 2014 and, with strong support from the current mayor and his administration, the system continues to grow. Indeed, although state law limits charter schools in Chicago to 75 schools, proponents have used a loophole that allows multiple campuses for some charters to bypass the limit and there are now more than 140 individual charter campuses in Chicago. This study uses comprehensive data for the 2012-13 and 2013-14 school years to show that, after controlling for the mix of students and challenges faced by individual schools, Chicago’s charter schools underperform their traditional counterparts in most measurable ways. Reading and math pass rates, reading and math growth rates, graduation rates, and average ACT scores (in one of the two years) are lower in charters all else equal, than in traditional neighborhood schools. The results for the two years also imply that the gap between charters and traditionals widened in the second year for most of the measures. The findings are strengthened by the fact that self-selection by parents and students into the charter system biases the results in favor of charter schools.
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Monarrez, Tomás, Brian Kisida i Matthew Chingos. "The Effect of Charter Schools on School Segregation". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 301–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190682.

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We examine the impact of the expansion of charter schools on racial segregation in public schools, defined using multiple measures of racial sorting and isolation. Our research design utilizes between-grade differences in charter expansion within school systems and an instrumental variables approach leveraging charter school openings. Charter schools modestly increase school segregation for Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White students. On average, charters have caused a 6 percent decrease in the relative likelihood of Black and Hispanic students being exposed to schoolmates of other racial or ethnic groups. For metropolitan areas, our analysis reveals countervailing forces, as charters reduce segregation between districts. (JEL I21, I24, J15)
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Sass, Tim R. "Charter Schools and Student Achievement in Florida". Education Finance and Policy 1, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 91–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp.2006.1.1.91.

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I utilize longitudinal data covering all public school students in Florida to study the performance of charter schools and their competitive impact on traditional public schools. Controlling for student-level fixed effects, I find achievement initially is lower in charters. However, by their fifth year of operation new charter schools reach a par with the average traditional public school in math and produce higher reading achievement scores than their traditional public school counterparts. Among charters, those targeting at-risk and special education students demonstrate lower student achievement, while charter schools managed by for-profit entities peform no differently on average than charters run by nonprofits. Controlling for preexisting traditional public school quality, competition from charter schools is associated with modest increases in math scores and unchanged reading scores in nearby traditional public schools.
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Whitehurst, G. "Services for drug users. Charter—what charter?" Journal of Substance Misuse 1, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659899609094720.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Charter"

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Crawford, James R. "A comparison of teacher empowerment between charter schools and non-charter schools /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9946252.

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Crane, Micheal Charles. "Comparing selected art programs in Arizona charter schools and non-charter schools". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278769.

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The purpose of this study was to determine how art is taught in charter schools in Arizona as compared to how art is taught in non-charter schools in Arizona. A review of the literature, in general, over the past several years, indicates how art is being taught in non-charter schools, but does not indicate how art is being taught in charter schools. Therefore, the study I have undertaken will, hopefully, provide some initial understanding of how art is being taught in Arizona's charter schools. In this study, I began by selecting a random sample of 102 charter schools and 111 non-charter schools, and surveyed all 213 by using a 17-question survey. My analyses of the data indicate that: (1) there are very few charter schools that do not have some kind of art program, and (2) those that do have problems very similar to those in non-charter schools.
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Weinberg, Lawrence D. "The constitutionality of religion-based charter schools: answering practical legal questions". Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/33588.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This study explores the constitutionality of religion-based charter schools. The method of analysis used hypothetical charter schools to answer legal questions. The answers are grounded in law using the latest precedent. The background material before examining charters sets forth both the legal and policy contexts of religious charters schools. The legal context includes a detailed analysis of the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution focusing on the most recent Supreme Court cases on that topic. The policy analysis examines the normative and structural dimensions of charter schools, which are then compared with voucher programs. The historical, political and educational contexts of charter programs are also examined. Three hypothetical situations examine a total of eighteen legal questions: Can coreligionists form a charter school? Can morality-based general propositions of good be taught in a charter school? Can a charter school teach values espoused by coreligionists? Can a charter school teach a course in the relationship between religion and morality? Can a charter school have religious criteria for staff? Can a charter school limit a teacher's right to express different worldviews? Can a charter school offer optional prayer? Can a charter school form for the purpose of allowing students' ease of access to religious education? Can a charter school form to provide students, who would otherwise attend parochial schools, with a free, secular public education? Can clergy sit on the board of a charter school? Can a charter school share facilities with a parochial school? Can a religious organization operate a charter school? Can a charter school have religious criteria for admission? To what extent can a religion class be taught in a charter school? Can a charter school require religious instruction? Can a charter school require religious exercises or worship? Can a charter school affiliate with a denomination? Can states exclude religious organizations from operating charter schools? Each question is analyzed from a legal perspective. The study concludes that charter statutes present an opportunity for parents and communities to form charter schools that will accommodate their beliefs; however, the constitution does not allow them to form schools that endorse their beliefs.
2031-01-01
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Jefferson, Steve P. "Charter schools : a descriptive study of empowerment within the operation of charter schools /". La Verne, Calif. : University of La Verne, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.garfield.ulv.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3100051.

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Reinking, Andrew P. "Charter School Law Components and their Effect on the Percentage of Charter School Enrollment". Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10270458.

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Despite rapid expansion of charter schools since the first enabling legislation was passed in 1991 there remains little understanding of the relationship between charter school law components and their relation to the percent charter school enrollment. This study focuses on the twenty charter school law components identified by the National Alliance of Public Carter Schools as being necessary for a strong charter school law and their correlation to charter school enrollment. Results suggest that, of the twenty components, Multiple Authorizers and Equitable Access to Capital Funding are most strongly correlated with an increase in the percentage of charter school enrollment. An additional five components, Equitable Operational Funding, Access to Retirement Systems, Adequate Authorizer Funding, Automatic Exemptions from State and District Rules and Regulations and Multi-school Charter Contracts Allowed, had a moderate correlation to the percentage of charter school enrollment. Additionally, one component, Authorizer and Program Accountability, shows a negative correlation to the percent of charter school enrollment. These findings suggest that if policymakers desire to increase the percentage of charter school enrollment they should carefully consider inclusion of these components in state law.

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Munn, D. Lawrence. "Parliamentary privilege and the Charter". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6756.

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Angus, Rick J. "Almadina Charter School, an assessment". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0011/MQ59747.pdf.

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Post, Kristin Sara Noblit George W. "Charter schools policy and practice /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,633.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the School of Education (Culture Change and Curriculum)." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
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Bradley, Joseph E. (Joseph Edmund) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "In defence of Charter review". Ottawa, 1992.

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Enkishev, Ilya. "Charter schools a Philadelphia study /". Connect to this thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1032.

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Książki na temat "Charter"

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Constabulary, Royal Ulster. Charter. Belfast: RUC, 1993.

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Equal Opportunities Commission for Northern Ireland. Charter. Belfast: Equal Opportunities Commission for Northern Ireland, 1999.

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Northern Ireland Women's Rights Movement. Charter. [Belfast]: NIWRM, 1985.

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Powers, Jeanne M. Charter Schools. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230622111.

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Authority, Tanzania Revenue. Taxpayer's charter. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Revenue Authority, 2007.

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Police, Northamptonshire. Policing charter. Northampton: Northamptonshire Police, 1993.

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Board, Forth River Purification. Forth charter. Edinburgh: The Board, 1994.

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College, King Alfred's. Student charter. Winchester: King Alfred's College, 1996.

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Railways, Northern Ireland. Customer charter. [Belfast: Northern Ireland Railways Limited], 1988.

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Northamptonshire. Environmental Charter. Northamptonshire: Northamptonshire County Council, 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Charter"

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Desierto, Diane A. "Pre-Charter and post-Charter ASEAN". W ASEAN Law and Regional Integration, 24–38. New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267401-2.

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Malvestuto, Gail, i Rik Carl D’Amato. "Charter School". W Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 747–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_9152.

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Branch, Alan E. "Charter parties". W Elements of Shipping, 343–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9292-0_15.

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Malvestuto, Gail, i Rik Carl D’Amato. "Charter School". W Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_9152-1.

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Branch, Alan E. "Charter parties". W Elements of Shipping, 332–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3284-6_15.

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Volkmar, Lucy, i Fred R. Volkmar. "Charter School". W Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_2028-3.

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Volkmar, Lucy. "Charter Schools". W Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 570. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_2028.

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Plomaritou, Evi, i Anthony Papadopoulos. "Charter market". W Shipbroking and Chartering Practice, 1–42. Eighth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2018. | Series: Lloyd’s practical shipping guides: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315689609-1.

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Plomaritou, Evi, i Anthony Papadopoulos. "Voyage charter". W Shipbroking and Chartering Practice, 323–48. Eighth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2018. | Series: Lloyd’s practical shipping guides: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315689609-11.

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Plomaritou, Evi, i Anthony Papadopoulos. "Time charter". W Shipbroking and Chartering Practice, 349–85. Eighth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2018. | Series: Lloyd’s practical shipping guides: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315689609-12.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Charter"

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Kennedy, Kate. "The Micropolitics of Charter Management Organization Charter Teacher Union Organizing". W 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1587794.

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Adeeko, Omotayo. "Accountability Matters: Charter School Authorizers' Perceptions of Charter School Board Members". W 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1692992.

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Poluektov, I. T., i I. G. Ptakhina. "SOME FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CHARTER CONTRACT (CHARTER)". W Правовая система России: история, современность, тенденции развития. Благовещенск: Амурский государственный университет, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/9785934934065_95.

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Majić, Helena. "THE CROATIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AND THE EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: A LIMBO BETWEN THE CHARTER, THE ECHR AND NATIONAL CONSTITUTION". W EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18304.

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The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has been applied directly by the Croatian Constitutional Court since the decision No. U-I-1397/2015 (Act on Elections of the Representatives to the Croatian Parliament) rendered in 2015. Ever since it can be observed that the Charter has been consistently applied both in the proceedings of constitutional review in abstracto and in the proceedings initiated by a constitutional complaint (constitutional review in concreto), however, in a limited number of cases mostly concerning migrations or asylum.Therefore, this paper analyses the application of the Charter in the case law of the Croatian Constitutional Court and the method of interpretation pursued, with special reference to both its shortcomings and benefits. The paper also investigates the reasons for limited application of the Charter, even in those cases which would normally fall under the scope of application of EU law. The analysis indicates two distinct methodological approaches adopted by the Constitutional Court. The first one, where the Charter has been regarded as an interpretative tool only; and the second one, where the Charter has been found to be directly applicable vis-à-vis individual rights inferred from the EU law. The latter approach, first followed in an asylum case No. U-III-424/2019 (X. Y.), had raised new questions on interpretation of the Charter (with respect to the Croatian constitutional framework) in the cases where the Charter's applicability ratione materiae overlaps with the Croatian Constitution and the (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which to the day, in contrast to the Charter, has been consistently followed and therefore legally internalised by the Croatian Constitutional Court. Therefore, the paper also elaborates a new methodological approach adopted by the Croatian Constitutional Court in finding a way out of „limbo“ between the Charter, the ECHR, and the Croatian Constitution.
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Kuhn, A. "European Telecommunications Environmental Charter". W 21st International Telecommunications Energy Conference. INTELEC '99 (Cat. No.99CH37007). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intlec.1999.794055.

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Johnson, Chrystal. "Charter Schools as Counterpublics". W 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1682383.

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"Charter to breakout groups". W 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLII - Oceans. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xlii.2011.6105438.

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Rutkovskaya, Tatiana. "Charter 77 and Eurocommunists". W The Slavic world: Commonality and Diversity. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2023.1.19.

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Morris, Stephen. "Charter Schools: Market-Based Reform and Voices of Charter School Leaders of Color". W 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1586937.

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Yaluma, Christopher. "An Analysis of Charter State Laws: Exploring Legal Factors Impacting Charter School Performance". W 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1584898.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Charter"

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Alvestrand, H. An IESG charter. RFC Editor, luty 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3710.

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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin i Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices: Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, maj 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.

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Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.
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Hansen, Leslie A. Integrated Forest Management Charter. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1212637.

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Harris, S. IETF Discussion List Charter. RFC Editor, listopad 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3005.

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Coughenower, D. Charter Boat Operator's Guide. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/cbog.1997.

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Angrist, Joshua, Parag Pathak i Christopher Walters. Explaining Charter School Effectiveness. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17332.

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Eggert, L., i S. Harris. IETF Discussion List Charter. RFC Editor, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9245.

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Massell, Diane, Joshua Glazer i Matthew Malone. This is the Big Leagues” Charter-Led Turnaround in a Non-Charter World. Tennessee Consortium, czerwiec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2016.bigleagues.

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Zawacki, Mike, Nick Roy i Rob Carter. eduroam US Advisory Committee Charter. Internet2, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26869/ti.135.1.

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Molnar, Mike. Network Charter: Manufacturing USA Program. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ams.600-2.

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