Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Charles E. Lord (Firm)”

Nineteenth Century Literary Society is drawn from archive of the House of John Murray publishing company, held by the National Library of Scotland. The family-run firm, with Scottish roots, spanned seven generations and flourished in London from 1768 until 2002. John Murray is especially remarkable for publishing seminal English-language works of the 19th century, including those by Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Charles Lyell, and Samuel Smiles, the father of self-help. The largest collection of Lord Byron’s private writings and manuscripts, assembled by the publisher, form a large part of the resource. Women writers feature prominently in the John Murray’s collection, including Jane Austen, Isabella Bird, Elizabeth Eastlake, and Caroline Lamb.

By the winter of 1648–9, demands for retributive justice on Charles I and his supporters had built to a crescendo. But regicide was generally regarded as an extremely bad idea, and the king's trial was contrived as a final bid for peaceful settlement, not a prelude to king-killing. In return for a place at the heart of a new constitutional order, Charles I was required to abdicate his negative voice by pleading to charges brought on the sole authority of the House of Commons. This was a high-risk strategy inspired and justified by the weakening of opposition to the trial in the House of Lords, the city of London and at Edinburgh, and by some of the encouraging signals emanating from deep within the royalist camp itself. However, in their anxiety to avoid having their ultimate sanction forced upon them, the commissioners of the high court of justice gave the king rather more opportunities to plead to the charges against him than was consistent with the maintenance of their own authority. Rather than persuading him to give in, they encouraged him to stand firm, with fatal consequences. Far from being a providential act of vengeance, or indeed the inexorable fate of a man predestined to martyrdom, the execution of Charles I was a highly adventitious occurrence – predictable, perhaps, yet contingent on a wide range of unpredictable circumstances.

Using Charles Sander Peirce's theory, this study examines the object, representation, and interpretant in the screenplay for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. The research methodology employed in this study is qualitative research. Each of the triadic element is composed of three components. An object is denoted by an icon, which is a sign exhibiting a comparable appearance to its reference; an index, which signifies a connection between the representation and the object in terms of presence and occurrences; and a symbol, which is universally acknowledged through mutual agreement. Legisign, a sign in accordance with a general rule or code; qualisign, a sign perceived by quality; and sinsign, a sign based on actual shape or form, are all components of representation. The interpretant possesses rheme, which is a sign predicated on the interpreter's comprehension; dicent sign, which pertains to something that truly exists; argument, which comprises a justification for a given matter. The findings of this analysis indicate that the ring is of the utmost significance in the narrative of the film.

Abstract Although Belgium has been a pioneer in dynamics related to the legalisation of euthanasia since the early 2000s, the historical work done on the subject is still very limited. Quite some work has, however, been done on the legal and ethical aspects and implications of euthanasia laws. Questions about societal dynamics in end-of-life issues’ acceptance and debate in the twentieth century in Belgium are to this day unanswered. It is clear, however, that before 1970, no advocacy groups on the matter existed. In this paper, we look at the scope, tone and volume of Belgian newspaper coverage in three events linked to euthanasia, which occurred prior to the emergence of advocacy groups on the subject. The three cases covered are the 1936 bill put forward by Lord Arthur Ponsonby on euthanasia in Great Britain, the 1949 trial of Dr. Herman Sander, the American physician who was charged with the murder of a patient suffering from cancer, and the 1950 release of the film “Meurtres” by Richard Pottier in which famed French actor Fernandel played a man mercy-killing his wife, based on the eponymous book written by Belgian novelist Charles Plisnier in 1943. With this paper, we shed light on the portrayal of euthanasia as a subject and the societal attitude that corresponds to it. The highly pillarised nature of 20th century Belgian newspapers makes this source material highly suited to this endeavour.

In January 1556 Charles V renounced his rights to the Iberian kingdoms and passed them on to his son, Philip, who at once assumed the title of King of Spain. To his surprise and consternation, the English council refused to endorse it and pertly reminded him that the Kingdom of Spain did not exist. While the title had long been used, and almost every language had an equivalent for Spain and Spanish, the truth was that legally there was no such entity. Philip II's will reflected this judicial reality. He was, ‘by the grace of God, king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algarve, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean Sea; archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, Bravant and Milan; count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona; Lord of Biscay, Molina etc.’. This lengthy litany partly explains why he and all his contemporaries habitually resorted to the title King of Spain as convenient short-hand. As we will see, however, there was more to it than simple utility. The terms were used because they were broadly understood and accepted. But it will be apparent at once that the concept of a specific Spanish identity in the sixteenth century is likely to be particularly problematic since Spain did not exist.

The paper deals with the semantic transformation of the Old Czech term “pravda” (meaning “truth” or “justice” in different contexts) in the political and legal socioleсt of the Bohemian nobility from the end of the 14th till the end of the 15th century. This term was used in the charter issued by the Bohemian lords on the 5th of May, 1394 in such a way that it received a meaning of “straightness” denoting a legal reference point set in the past once and forever which does not allow any deviations. The lords declared their will “to put straight the Bohemian land and to bring it to the law and to the truth—in such a way as it stood firm in truth in the times of our forefathers.” The Land constitutions (Zemské zřízení) of the year 1395 written by the lords appeal to an unnamed “ancient constitution” and reproduce some laws from the “Statutes of the Kingdom” issued by Charles IV in 1355. However, in some other cases the Land Tables are inconsistent with the written law as they express their authors’ own notion concerning the social justice. An explanation could be found in the treatise “Land’s laws” by Ondřej of Dubá written around the turn of the 15th century: Here the term “pravda” means an opinion of a litigating person who considers himself to be right. The Hussites of the 15th century used the term as a motto, however, they meant the “God’s truth” (Old Czech: “pravda Boží”) and not the human one. In 1421 the diety of Čáslav issued a decree obliging everybody to confess the Four Prague Articles as “the truths of God”. Due to the absolutization of the term the Hussite legists of the second half of the 15th century Ctibor, of Cimburk and Viktorín of Všehrdy considered the “pravda” to be an impersonal, objectively given reality, i. e. the verity.

Edgar Douglas Adrian was an outstandingly brilliant, Nobel prize-winning neurophysiologist. He is remembered for developing the all-or-none principle of muscle contraction, and for explaining the minutiae of motor and sensory nerve transmission. He showed that the afferent effect in a neuron depends on the pattern in time of the impulses travelling in it, thereby providing a quantitative basis of nervous behaviour. With Sir Charles Sherrington, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 for discoveries on the functions of the neurons.

AbstractSix tapestries depict the resistance of Zeeland's Sea Beggars to the Spaniards during the Eighty Years' War. Between 1572 and 1576 the fight for freedom was waged in the Scheldt delta. In 1591 the Estates of Zeeland ordered the first tapestry, a representation of the battle of Bergen op Zoom, from Francois Spierinx, a weaver in Delft. When it arrived in 1595, the Estates decided to have a series of tapestries made for the Prinsenlogement, or royal apartments, in Middelburg Abbey. The five tapestries were woven in the De Maecht workshop in less than ten years. Four of them, representing naval engagements, were designed by Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom: The Battle of Rammekens, The Battle of Lillo, The Battle of Zierikzee and The Battle of Den Haak. The fifth, the Arms Tapestry, was woven after a design by Carel van Mander. Lord Charles Howard of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham (1536-1624) ordered from Spierinx a series of ten tapestries depicting the English victory over the Spanish Armada. These tapestries, which had hung in the House of Lords since 1650, were destroyed in a fire at the Houses of Parliament in 1834. Vroom based his designs for the Armada tapestries on maps by Robert Adams, engraved by Augustine Ryther. Compared with the Armada series, the composition of the Zeeland tapestries is fluent and vigorous. Vroom had actually visited Zeeland and spoken with eye-witnesses such as Joos dc Moor. The silhouettes of the towns are rendered in detail. Lord Thomas Howard ordered The Last Fight of the Revenge, dated 1598, from the De Maecht workshop in Middelburg. This fairly unknown tapestry, in a private collection since 1934, was on show at the Armada exhibition in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich in 1988. It was erroneously presumed to have been woven by Spierinx in Brussels. Spierinx, however, came from Antwerp, and moved to Delft in 1591. In view of the dating and an art-historical comparison, an attribution to the Dc Maccht workshop is more likely. Hendrick Vroom designed The Revenge. It bears a marked resemblance to the Zierikzee and Den Haak tapestries in the Zeeland series; the border, too, is similar. Wool, silk, gold and silver thread were used. The latter were costly materials and rarely used in North Netherlandish tapestry production. The tapestry may have been ordered to commemorate Sir Richard Grenville's valiant action. On August 31 1591 Admiral Howard led his fleet to the Azores, off Pico island. His intention was to intercept a Spanish treasure fleet on its return voyage from the West. However, the English were taken by surprise by Armada ships. Howard ordered the retreat, but Grenville, vice-admiral and commander of the Revenge, ignored these orders. He engaged in battle with the attackers, was wounded and died on the Spanish flagship. The composition, a bird's-eye view, of the Revenge tapestry, bears a strong resemblance to the Zierikzee (1599-1603) and Den Haak (1600-1602) tapestries, both of which were woven under the supervision of Hendrick de Maecht, Jan de Maecht's successor. The borders of the tapestries woven in Middelburg echo Spierinx's Bergen op Zoom. The colours in the Bergen op Zoom tapestry are bright and soft, the figures are plastic and the surround merges harmoniously with the representation. Unfortunately this cannot be said of the Zeeland borders. Various alterations in the border of the Revenge mar the harmony and symmetry. The word 'Anno' and the year in the top corners are in the wrong order. In view of the woven rendering of the composition, the use of dark colours and the rather clumsy borders, The Last Fight of The Revenge is more likely to have come from Hendrick de Maecht's studio than from Jan de Maecht's. The latter's products are distinguished by the use of lighter colours and more accurate weaving, as is particularly evident in De Battle of Rammekens and to a lesser extent in The Battle of Lillo.

Before he became known as Met Commissioner at the time of the Jean Charles de Menezes shooting in Stockwell, Lord Ian Blair’s record was one of trying to transform attitudes to rape and race within the service. Here he outlines his sometimes-radical leadership style, and what we can learn from it.

In May 1940, Sir Charles McMoran Wilson (later Lord Moran) was on the instigation of Lord Max Beaverbrook and Brendan Bracken, (both patients, then friends of Wilson) introduced to Winston Churchill. Thereafter, he remained Churchill’s personal physician until Churchill’s death. In his controversial book detailing Winston Churchill’s health, Lord Moran refers briefly to two doctors resident in Monaco, who were involved in the management of Churchill’s declining health from 1949. One was Scottish, Herbert Robert Burnett Gibson and the other Welsh, Dafydd Myrddin Roberts. The military and civilian careers of these doctors are profiled here.

Financial information is one of the important information in decision making. However, many cases of fraud committed by management so that the information in the financial statements cannot be relied upon in decision making. Therefore, the auditor's job is to ensure that the company's financial statements are represented correctly (faithful representation) so that financial statement information becomes more quality and useful in making decisions. So this study aims to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality. In addition, this study also examines important determinants of audit costs, namely company size, profitability, audit risk, complexity, and firm size. By using the purposive sampling method, samples of the financial and manufacturing industry in 2010-2017 used are 39 firms per year. This sample is used to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality and the determinant of audit fee using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. 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Charles Waterton was the eccentric “Lord of Walton Hall” near Wakefield in Yorkshire. His Wanderings in South America was first published in 1826; translated into French, German and Spanish, it was a best seller. He brought back wourali used by the Macoushi natives of British Guiana (now Guyana) for killing prey; there is a piece of it in the Wakefield Museum. This paper traces the history of wourali which paralyses its victims; its attempted medical use for rabies and tetanus and, though different from curare, its belated use in modern anaesthesia.

Here we are concerned with two cases involving the same parties. The first is reported as Re Cosslett (Contractors) Ltd. [1997] Ch. 23, [1998] Ch. 495, and was noted in [1997] C.L.J. 257 and [1998] C.L.J. 22. Cosslett, an engineering firm, had brought two large coal-washing machines on to a site belonging to the local council pursuant to a contract to reclaim land on which colliery waste had been dumped. Cosslett ran into financial difficulties and abandoned the work, and was later put into administration. The council, acting under a power conferred by the contract, used the machines to finish the job (employing a second contractor, Burrows). The first action was brought by Cosslett’s administrator under the Insolvency Act 1986, s. 234, demanding summarily that the machines be handed over to him. The Court of Appeal held that the contract did indeed authorise the council to use the machines in this way, and that so long as the work was continuing the administrator’s claim must fail. But there was a second point. Another provision in the contract (Clause 63) gave the council power to sell the abandoned machines and use the proceeds to discharge any debts owed to it by Cosslett. The Court of Appeal held that this clause created a floating charge which, not having been registered under the Companies Act 1986, s. 395, was void in the ensuing administration. However, this did not affect the council’s right to use the machines, and judgment was given in favour of the council.

AbstractIn this article Aileen Johnson, Head of Knowledge at Charles Russell Speechlys, describes the process of creating a knowledge strategy for a law firm. Simon Heatley, a Knowledge Development Lawyer in Charles Russell Speechlys' Disputes team, comments on this at a practice area level. Although drafted from a law firm perspective, this process could be adapted and replicated in other organisations.

Louis of Hungary recognized the danger of the Ottomans and actively participated in the preparation of a crusade devoted to erasing the enemies of Christ from the Balkans. To achieve this he, along with Pope Urban v, the emperor Charles iv, and Charles v, designed a plan to send the most feared soldiers of their time, the “Magna Socieatas,” against the “Saracens,” the “proud disciples of Lucifer.” Under the leadership of the Arnauld de Cervole, “the Archpriest,” the routiers crossed the border of the Holy Roman Empire and intended to move towards the valley of the Danube to Hungary and later on to the Balkans. In my paper, I will analyze how the local authorities and people reacted to the migrating soldiers during their hundreds of kilometer long journey. I will describe what measures were taken by the towns and the magnates of the lands they traversed (Barrois, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy), what reactions we can read in the contemporary letters, and other different sources such as the chronicles and annals from Basel, Strasbourg, Lorraine, Metz. The sources used in my paper originate from the archives of Colmar, Kaysersberg, Selestat, and Strasbourg, as well as Dijon, Metz, and Barr-le-Duc.

On the opening page of Daniel Hack Tuke's 1892Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, is a statement which reads:Dedicated to John Charles Bucknill, M.D. Lond. F.R.C.P., F.R.S., Late Lord Chancellors Visitor in Lunacy, First Editor of the ‘Journal of Mental Science’, and an early and strenuous worker in the field of psychological medicine.

The discovery of three hitherto undocumented letters to John Stewart, Duke of Albany and Lord Governor of Scotland from the French government minister, Florimond Robertet, allows us to glimpse the diplomatic dealings of a powerful 16th-century personage who moved between the courts of Scotland and France. It also reveals something of his close personal relationship with François I’s leading political adviser to whom, for example, he sent the touching gift of a crystal charmstone. Albany, this Scot who had been brought up in France, was indeed a cosmopolitan figure and the letters, recounting the latest news of the momentous Sack of Rome by the Imperial army of Charles V, place the Lord Governor in a wider European context.

Abstract In this article I explore the central motif of vision in Annie Dillard’s short poetic narrative, Holy the Firm. Attention to the book’s tripartite structure reveals a movement through an aesthetic appreciation of creation, to an intellectual contemplation of the Fall, finally culminating in a mystical vision of wholeness in the redemptive descent of Christ. I turn to Julian of Norwich’s parable of the Lord and Servant in order to illuminate their shared attunement to the workings of divine love in the face of human suffering. For Dillard, Christ’s kenotic love is continually revealed in the Christian sacraments of baptism and communion. Finally, I suggest that through the artist, the thinker, and the nun, Dillard leads her reader toward a sacramental vision of the world, which locates the holy in the everyday.

ON the 18th June 1902 the viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, wrote to his government in London:The fact is that your Political Committee and the Foreign Office have gone completely off the rails … Now, why could not the India Office trust me …? You send me out to India as an expert and you treat my advice as though it were that of an impertinent schoolboy.

A number of years ago I spent time at the John Rylands University Library in Manchester reading the manuscript letters of lay Methodists. One of these was written on May 19, 1740 by a young single mother with two children, offering a moving account of her conversion to Charles Wesley. The writer's name was Margaret Austin. At the end of her letter, just below her signature she added an emphatic postscript that summarized her religious experience: “Awakened by the Reverend Mr. Whitefield: convicted by the Reverend Mr. Jn Wesley: Converted by the Reverend Mr. Charles; for the truth of whose doctrine in the strength of the Lord I am ready to lay down my life.”

ABSTRACTThis article challenges the recent interpretation of the trial of Charles I which sees it as an ‘extended negotiation’, an attempt to achieve a settlement with the king, and depicts the execution as the by-product, contingent and reluctantly undertaken, of the failure of that attempt. This argument was developed by Dr Sean Kelsey in a number of articles, not least one in this journal, and has been embodied in recently published general works on the period. I argue that this revisionist account of on-going negotiation with Charles I up to and during the trial is defective. It relies on an uncritical approach to the evidence, particularly that distilled from newspaper accounts. It misunderstands the significance of several key texts, notably the army's November Remonstrance, the Act establishing the High Court of Justice, and the charge against the king. Finally, it emphasizes a unity of purpose among conservative judges eager to do a deal with Charles, and fails to comprehend the force of the army's and Cromwell's insistence on public justice upon ‘this man against whom the Lord hath witnessed’.

In this paper, we study the electromechanical behaviors of a charge-controlled dielectric film that may encounter symmetry-breaking instability. With electric charges and the radial dead load, a circular film would gradually expand its area and become a large circular film; however, it will deform into an elliptical film when electromechanical loads increase to the threshold. This symmetry-breaking instability brings the change of shape and makes the dielectric film achieve large electro-actuation and high stored energy. Since the functionality of the dielectric devices is also limited by the electric breakdown, we give the phase diagram to show the competition between the symmetry-breaking instability and the electric breakdown in detail. This paper is desirable to further harness the symmetry-breaking instability for improving functionalities of actuators and harvesters.

George Cruikshank published his satirical print depicting an imaginary meeting of the Society five weeks after one of the most controversial presidential elections in its history. The illustration (fig 1) was the main feature in his monthly magazine The Scourge issued on 1 June 1812 and the accompanying text shows his anonymous informant to have been hostile to the winning faction. ‘The newly elected president, Lord Aberdeen … was dragged into his present situation by the officious interference of impertinent friends, and the intrigues of an individual.’ He is shown addressing the meeting; nobody is listening. ‘The secretaryship of the society is committed to Nicholas Carlisle Esquire; the dull compiler of dull topographical dictionaries.’

London:Printed for Charles Marsh, at Cicero's Head, Charing-Cross. MDCCLXIII.To the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, one of the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, and Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the County of Middlesex, and City and Liberty of Westminster.My Lord,As the following Charge is published at the unanimous request of the magistrates of the city and liberty of Westminster, present at the last quarter sessions held for the said city and liberty at Guild-hall, as well as that of the Grand Jury, to whom it was delivered, from their polite opinion, that it might be useful to mankind, methinks I feel their consent co-operating with my own inclinations, to dedicate die first fruits, even of a [ii] supposed advantage, arising from Guild-hall in Westminster, to your Lordship; as the origin and present existence of that court-house, so convenient and beneficial to this city and liberty, has been owing to your Lorship's public spirit and generosity. And I flatter myself, that its farther establishment will be much indebted to your care and attention.

The ‘Dasāvatāra’ (Ten Incarnations) of Lord Vishnu that came to eradicate wicked forces of adharma (wickedness) and restore dharma (righteousness) shows different stages of man’s evolution from aquatic life to invertebrates, vertebrates, to modern man and finally liberation of soul all by merit. The causes and processes behind the physical evolution were not deliberated in Indic philosophy where the common ancestor is Brahma. Origin of life of all species is extra-terrestrial of lower frequencies to higher frequencies occurs automatically with each rebirth until human birth while evolution and proliferation of life of all species is only on the earth. There is no life in physical form anywhere else in the cosmos save on this planet. where life in other higher worlds exist in astral form. The ‘Dasāvatāra’ (Ten Incarnations) of Lord Vishnu reflects transformative phases of spiritual progress where an ordinary person disciplines himself to evolve as a spiritually evolved person bordering on divinity and obtain liberation or ‘moksha’. The notion of 'Dasvatra' is seen to resemble Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in several ways. The first incarnation of Vishnu as a fish resembles the Silurian Period's evolutionary origin of fish. The Geological Time Scale's history of events corresponds to the Vedic timeline of ten incarnations. The first explanation of physical evolution was given by Hinduism much before Charles Darwin did.

Recent work on the 1630s has challenged the established view of Archbishop Laud's central role in the formulation and enforcement of ecclesiastical policy. Kevin Sharpe and Julian Davies have proposed that Charles I was the initiator of religious change, with his archbishop often trailing in his wake, and finding ways to qualify, if not subvert, royal directives on preaching, the Sabbath and the altar. Davies has also argued that an ideology of ‘Carolinism’ rather than ‘Laudianism’ shaped and animated key religious reforms, and to enact them Charles increasingly relied on Bishop Matthew Wren, an unyielding enforcer of royal policy and more ‘Laudian’ than Laud himself. This view of Laud of course echoes the archbishop's defence at his trial: that he was merely the king's good servant, executing the royal will, which is enough to make one pause, since Laud's objective there was not historical veracity but to save his neck. But other findings have also diminished Laud's political stature: it appears that Lord Treasurer Weston, not Laud, was the royal nominee for the vacant chancellorship of Oxford in April 1630, though by the time the king's letter reached the university Laud had been elected; later, in 1636, it has been suggested that far from securing the appointment of his protégé Bishop Juxon as the new Lord Treasurer, Laud may have actually been a defeated rival for the post.

People here don't care two straws about Central America, or Mosquitia or the Bay Islands or the Honduras boundary,” complained British Foreign Secretary Lord Clarendon to Prime Minister Lord Palmerston in December 1857, “all they wish for is freedom of interoceanic communication and this they believe can be achieved without a quarrel with the U.S.” Clarendon's bitter remark reflected his government's enduring frustration in arranging British holdings in Central America in accord with the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850. That diplomatic landmark was to have commenced an unprecedented era of Anglo-American cooperation in Central America that would finally fulfill the ancient dream of rapid interoceanic transit through the isthmus. The treaty prohibited colonization or fortification of Central America by either side and provided Anglo-American protection for a U.S. company's canalbuilding venture in Nicaragua. But the unfortunate document had yet to bring about the desired ends. No canal had materialized and the “Central American Question” would not go away. In vain the British government had tried to extricate itself from its embarassingly forward position in Central America. In the meantime, a wave of U.S. filibusters, urged on by the bold words and permissive attitude of their government, threatened to trample underfoot the treaty's prohibitions against foreign colonization. By the end of 1857, the Clayton-Bulwer treaty was in imminent danger of U.S. abrogation, and Palmerston and his cabinet had nearly despaired of ever exiting the isthmian quagmire with British honor intact, without at the same time opening the gates for the “most disageeable” Yankees.

The assembly of the Long Parliament in November 1640 witnessed an outburst of passionate hostility toward recent royal policies in church and state. “The Common-wealth hath bin miserably torne and macerated,” declared Harbottle Grimston, “and all the proprieties and liberties shaken: the Church distracted, the Gospell and Professors of it persecuted, and the whole Kingdome over-run with multitudes and swarmes of projecting cater-wormes and caterpillars, the worst of all the Aegyptian plagues.” Yet, as Kevin Sharpe has recently reminded us, “to those on the road during the 1630s, the journey seemed far from a headlong rush towards conflict.” Sir Henry Wotton could write in 1633 that “we know not what a Rebel is; what a Plotter against the Common-weal: nor what that is, which Grammarian[s] call Treason: the names themselves are antiquated with the things.” To resolve this flat contradiction requires much further research into the politics and government of Charles I's Personal Rule. In particular, a clear picture of the political behavior, relationships, and attitudes of many public figures is still lacking. This article therefore presents a case study of one prominent individual: Edward Sackville, fourth earl of Dorset, privy councillor and lord chamberlain to Henrietta Maria. These offices gave Dorset an exceptional opportunity during the 1630s to “see more clearly into [the king's] intents and actions.” Moreover, both official sources and personal correspondence should reveal his activities during the Personal Rule and his attitudes toward it. What follows will examine in turn Dorset's duties as the queen's lord chamberlain, the political influence that this office conferred, his work as a privy councillor, his relations with various factions, and his private opinions of the regime and of Charles I and Henrietta Maria.

In this article, it is my intention to analyse two theoretical notions related to space, namely Pierre Nora’s idea of the site of memory and Gaston Bachelard’s thoughts on space and the house, as applied to Evelyn Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited (1945). I base my analysis on the symbolic value of the English country house with regard to the interwar English aristocracy and upper classes as depicted in this novel; that is, as a site of memory. I consider the point of view of three characters: Charles Ryder, the novel’s first-person narrator, Lord Sebastian Flyte, Ryder’s intimate friend, and Lord Marchmain, Sebastian’s father, who triggers the novel’s sudden and unexpected ending through his deathbed conversion to Roman Catholicism, his family’s creed. My conclusion links the decline of aristocratic and Christian ideals with the disappearance of communities of memory and their traditions after the Second World War.

AbstractThis essay reconsiders Charles Ryder’s religious conversion in Brideshead Revisited in terms of a primarily emotional conversion. When reading the novel as a pilgrimage to passion, readers can see in Charles a legitimate, convincing emotional conversion, which should—when emphasizing traditional Catholic ideals—ultimately also be understood as a religious conversion. Charles’s emotional interaction with Catholicism includes his intimate, formative relationship with the Catholic Flyte family, especially Sebastian, and aspects of his career as a Baroque artist, as Baroque art is often identified with Catholicism. It also includes Charles’s disenchantment with both the soullessness of war, which drains its participants of any emotional experience, and the modern world, which lacks connection to depth and tradition. Finally, the emotive power of his inadvertent pilgrimage to Brideshead also connects Charles to Catholicism as the house facilitates Charles’s memories of his religious experience at Lord Marchmain’s deathbed, his artistic conversion to Baroque art, and his passionate friendship with Sebastian. Such a broad definition of Catholicism calls for an expansive understanding of religion, but it is this kind of a religious understanding that Brideshead Revisited recommends.

Summary This article examines the legacy of Charles Montagu, Lord Halifax, within the history of science. Although he was President of The Royal Society from 1695 to 1698, Montagu is best known for his political career and as a patron of the arts. As this article shows, Montagu's own scientific interests were limited and his chief significance to the history of science lies in his friendship with a later President, Isaac Newton. It is argued, firstly, that their relationship had important, though indirect, consequences for The Royal Society and, secondly, that its treatment by historians of science has been revealing of changing views of the status of science and its practitioners. Particular attention is given to the approaches of the first generation of Newtonian scholars and biographers in the 19th century.

LEGAL GUARANTEES OF REALIZATION OF THE IDEA OF THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN THE 17TH CENTURY MARYLANDSummary The paper is devoted to an analysis of church – state relations in the seventeenth century Maryland, an English colony founded in America in 1634 a Catholic, by Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore. As far as the paper concernes in seventeenth century Maryland there was not only religious toleration but also the separation of church and state. Although formally Charter of Maryland introduced Anglican establishment in the colony, lords Baltimore sought to realize the idea of the separation of church and state from the very beginning of the history of Maryland till the overthrow of Charles Calvert in 1689. Under the lords Baltimore the separation of church and state in Maryland was in practice guaranteed by several legislative acts enacted by Maryland General Assembly and sanctioned by Lord Baltimore, particularly An Act ordaining certain Laws for the Government of this Province from 1639, An Act for Church liberties from 1640 and An Act Concerning Religion from 1649.

Malcolm Douglas Lilly grew up in Eltham in South London. His father, Charles Victor Lilly, had several awards for excellence in science at St John's School, Walworth, but left school at the age of fourteen to join Hobson & Son of Tooley Street, London, as an office boy. In due course he rose to become a director of the company. The firm was the leading manufacturer of uniforms; Charles Lilly was responsible for hats. Malcolm's mother, Amy Gardiner, also worked there before her marriage. Their younger son, Christopher, who became an electronics engineer, was born in 1946.

This article investigates the role of Lord Holland in the abolition of the Slave Trade and in the enforcement of abolition on other nations. Holland, nephew of Charles James Fox, was the embodiment of Whig idealism, yet there was ambiguity in his position. In the frst place much of Holland’s income came from a sugar plantation in Jamaica so that his support for the abolition of slavery itself was highly qualifed. Secondly, Holland was an ardent lusophile and British attempts to suppress the Portuguese Slave Trade produced strains in an alliance that had lasted since the fourteenth century.

William Dean Howells was sympathetic to African Americans. This is apparent not only in his fiction but in essays focusing on Paul Laurence Dunbar, Booker T. Washington, and Charles W. Chesnutt. All three typed the "sweetness" that Howells was delighted to find among representative members of a still-oppressed race. The Howells-Chesnutt relationship was a cordial one in which the former publicly expressed his a appreciation of the latter's literary talent and thus assisted him in achieving his rise to celebrity; Howells's needs, too, were met, since Chesnutt displayed a freedom from "bitterness" that bode well for black-white relations in the future. The relationship ended abruptly when, with the publication of The Marrow of Tradition (1901), Chesnutt disclosed a vindictive side of his personality that Howells had not seen. Reviewing Marrow as a "bitter, bitter" book, a disillusioned Howells also wrote to Henry B. Fuller: "Good Lord! How such a negro must hate us."

Lord Kelvin's estimates of the Earth's age were not necessary consequences of his physics. Religion influenced his physics and his arguments for a limited age of the Earth. Kelvin's primary aim was to destroy Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection by attacking the uniformitarian geology on which Darwin's theory was founded. His calculations of the age of the Earth contained a fundamental contradiction. He assumed that the Earth began as a hot liquid sphere, but Fourier's mathematics, which he used to calculate the rate of cooling, applied only to heat conducted through a solid. Kelvin's assumption of an initially hot liquid Earth was a necessary consequence of his thermodynamics. Energy could neither be created nor destroyed. The heat within the Earth must, therefore, be derived from its first creation by God. Kelvin never admitted the contradiction between the original hot liquid Earth and his calculation of its cooling on the assumption that the Earth was solid throughout, but in 1897 his imagined account of the initial Earth was a search for a solid Earth amenable to his calculations. The heat flow through the solid crust was very small in proportion to the total internal heat of the Earth. If Kelvin had included the total internal heat in his calculations, he would have arrived at much higher figures for the age of the Earth.

Walter Marshall was recognized by the scientific community at an early age as one of the outstanding theoretical physicists of his generation. But he is more likely to be remembered for his distinguished career in public service, which led to a knighthood in 1981 and a life peerage in 1985, and for his forthright public advocacy of nuclear power.

Recent years of research have provided a much clearer understanding of the diplomatic relations of King Charles I. In the dynastic relations of the Angevin rulers of Hungary, the building and exploitation of kinship ties can be seen as an important tool. In this context, previous studies have completely neglected the role of Charles I’s two sisters, Beatrix and Clementia, although the former, as the wife of John II, dauphin of Vienne, and the latter, as the wife of the French king Louis X, had considerable diplomatic potential. The present study examines in more detail the network of relationships that developed through Beatrix. Beatrix is perhaps the more significant of the two sisters in part relations with Clementia were much more limited and also because attempts to recover the Neapolitan inheritance were more indirect in the relations with Clementia. This was not the case with the kinship of Vienne, through which Charles I tried to assert the interests of the Angevins of Hungary in the Neapolitan throne. The present study aims to show the role played by Beatrix’s husband, John II, lord of Tour de Pins, dauphin of Vienne, and his younger son, Humbert II, in achieving the objectives of the Angevins of Naples in Hungary.

In 1252 Geoffrey de Geneville married Matilda de Lacy, the elder coheiress of Meath and Weobley, thereby becoming lord of Trim in Ireland and Ludlow in the Welsh March. By birth, however, this second son of Simon, lord of Joinville, was the lord of Vaucouleurs in Champagne and was thus an ‘exotic’ figure to find involved in late thirteenth-century Ireland. While Geoffrey was not alone in being a landowner in Ireland with continental origins, since he was part of what Robert Bartlett calls the ‘aristocratic diaspora’ — the movement of western European aristocrats from their homelands into new areas where they settled in order to augment their fortunes — he was exceptional in that he was the most successful figure to emerge in Ireland as a result of Henry III’s tendency to invest foreigners from the court circle with lands in outlying areas. This pattern has been described as a policy by H. W. Ridgeway, who saw an intention to secure potentially troublesome border regions as one reason behind Henry’s distribution of peripheral patronage to ‘aliens’; and, indeed, Geoffrey numbered himself among the upright men of different nationalities placed in Ireland by the descendants of Henry II in order to bring the island to the obedience of the English king and to conserve the peace. The success that Geoffrey made of his grant of Trim related to the ‘secure nature’ of that particular lordship. However, that cannot be the whole story. There is no firm evidence that either William de Valence or Geoffrey de Lusignan, Henry III’s half-brothers, or the Savoyard knight Otto de Grandison, members of the Poitevin and Savoyard entourages of Henry III and the Lord Edward and the recipients of grants in the securely held areas of Wexford, Louth and Tipperary respectively, ever visited the lordship of Ireland in spite of their receipt of valuable lands there.

Looking at eighteenth-century relations between Russia and the West through the prism of diplomatic culture and rituals, this article concentrates on a “happy period” in Anglo-Russian contacts in 1768–1772, when Sir Charles Cathcart was dispatched to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty between the British and Russian Empires. The article argues that close relations between Great Britain and Russia at that time influenced ceremonial practices, individual contacts, and the transfer of the British culture to the Russian court. Study of the Cathcart’s archive points to the peculiar character of his mission – to the leading role that he, as British ambassador, played among diplomats in Russia; to the role of his wife, who became the first ambassadrice officially presented to Catherine ii; to their residence, which they transformed into an exemplar of “British taste” in St. Petersburg. The Cathcart case study opens up new perspectives on the diplomats in the Age of the Enlightenment.

This paper aims to optimize a pulsed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for TiO2 films. This is accomplished by determining the optimal configuration of the coating parameters from a robust optimization perspective. The experimental study uses a composite central design (CCD) with four control factors, i.e., the initial concentration (x1 in g/L), the deposition time (x2 in s), the duty cycle (x3 in %), and the voltage (x4 in V). The process responses that should all be maximized are the photocatalytic efficiency of the thin film (De) and three critical charges, which characterize the adhesion failure, i.e., LC1: the load at which the first cracks occurred; LC2: the load at which the film starts to delaminate at the edge level of the scratch track; and LC3: the load when the damage of the film exceeds 50%. This paper compares the robust optimization design of the EPD process using two methods: the robust design of processes and products using the stochastic frontier (RDPP-SF) and the surface response and desirability function methods. The findings show that the RDPP-SF method is superior to the response surface–desirability method for the process responses De and LC2 because of non-natural sources of variation; however, both methods perform comparably well while analyzing the LC1 and LC3 responses, which are subjected to pure random variability. The parameters setting for the process robust optimization are met in run 25 (x1 = 14 g/L, x2 = 150 s, x3 = 50%, and x4 40 V).