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1
Gao, Song, Linyu Wang, Lei Guo, Zhifeng Qiu i Yueshuang Bao. "A two-layer model to dispatch electric vehicles and wind power". MATEC Web of Conferences 309 (2020): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030905015.
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In this paper, the optimal charging and discharging schedules of electric vehicle (EV) are studied considering wind power under the condition of distribution network. In view of the uncertainty of EV charging-discharging demand and wind power output, the Markov decision process is adopted to model the randomness of supply and demand. Considering the dimensional disaster caused by dispatching a large number of EVs’ charging and discharging behavior in a centralized way, this paper proposes the two-layer dispatching model based on Markov decision process. First, the lower EV agents are responsible for collecting the real-time charging-discharging demands for EV and report to the upper dispatching center. Then the upper dispatching center gives the optimal charging and discharging power according to the real-time distribution operating status, wind power output and the EV information reported by each EV agent. Last, the lower agent gives the optimal charging-discharging sequence of each EV according to the upper optimal power. The goal of the upper dispatching center considers the power losses in the distribution network, load variance and the matching degree between EV charging-discharging and wind power output. The goal of the lower EV agent considers the EV charging-discharging fees and costs by EV battery losses. When deciding the optimal charging strategy, we design the two-layer Rollout algorithm to decide the optimal charging-discharging strategy considering the impact on future strategy decisions by current strategy decisions. Finally, the optimal results under four different strategies are simulated on the IEEE 30-bus distribution network system. The simulation results show that the proposed model and strategy can effectively reduce the distribution network losses and load variance, and greatly improve the utilization rate of wind power. Compared to the cost of uncoordinated EV charging, EV charging-discharging fees and battery loss costs by the proposed strategy have been greatly reduced.
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Wang, Ying, Gang Ma, Yixi Chen, Jian Zhang i Jiashu Wang. "Multi-objective Charging and Discharging Optimization of Electric Vehicles in Time-divided period Based on SOC Evolution". Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, nr 4 (5.07.2020): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666190911144557.
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Background: With the increase of Electric Vehicle (EV), their disordered charging behaviour will put great pressure on the stable operation of the distribution network. Methods: In order to study the charging and discharging optimization scheme of EVs, firstly the EV charging and discharging load model is founded based on the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. Results: According to the electricity price mechanism of Shanxi Province, the paper proposes a multi-target charging and discharging optimization for EVs based on the evolution of EV State of Charge (SOC) using the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO). Conclusion: Compared with the disordered charging mode, the method proposed in this paper can simultaneously reduce the network loss of the distribution network and the cost of EV users.
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Hou, Xiao Fan, i Hong Bin Wu. "Space-Time Modeling of Plug-In Electric Vehicles". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1065.
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With the shortage of fossil energy and the worrying about environmental problems, renewable energy and electric-vehicle get rapid development. Against this background, an overview of power characteristic of electric vehicles is presented. Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the charging and discharging behavior of electric-vehicles, and the load curve of EVs of different scale is presented. It analyses the charging load characteristic in the uncoordinated charging mode and the discharging capacity curve in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode in this paper. Under the software package of Visual C++ 6.0, it verifies the availability and feasibility through comparison and analysis, which lays a foundation for the large-scale development of electric vehicles.
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Myat, Lwin Phone, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Indra Neel Pulidindi, Hamed Algarni, Laveet Kumar, Abul Kalam, S. Wageh, Adarsh Kumar Pandey, Altaf Akbar i Jeyraj Selvaraj. "Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Activated Carbon Macroparticles on Thermal Conductivity of Paraffin Wax for Thermal Storage Applications". Polymers 14, nr 19 (5.10.2022): 4181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194181.
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Low thermal conductivity is the major obstacle for the wide range utilization of phase change materials (PCMs), especially organic PCMs, for most practical applications in thermal engineering. This study investigates the potential of enhancing the charging and discharging rates of organic PCM (RT44HC) by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and activated carbon macroparticles (ACMPs). Different concentrations of PEG and ACMPs ranging from 0.3 wt% to 2 wt% were tested separately. The optimized concentrations found were used as dual reinforcements to attain the highest possible thermal conductivity. The specimens were tested for a complete charging–discharging cycle using an improvised thermal apparatus. Use of ACMP alone resulted in a minimal reduction in complete charging–discharging time due to the settlement of ACMPs at the bottom after 2–3 heating–cooling cycles. However, the addition of PEG with ACMPs exhibited a reduction in charging–discharging time due to the formation of a stable dispersion. PEG served as a stabilizing agent for ACMPs. The lowest charging–discharging time of 180 min was exhibited by specimens containing 1 wt% PEG and 0.5 wt% ACMPs which is 25% lower compared to bare PCM.
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Shi, Weijie, Qingrong Liu, Yingjun Ruan, Fanyue Qian i Hua Meng. "Quantification and economic analysis of virtual energy storage caused by thermal inertia in buildings". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2474, nr 1 (1.04.2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2474/1/012002.
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Abstract The virtual energy storage caused by the thermal inertia of the building is the property and can participate in the demand response. However, the quantification of this virtual energy storage part is not clear. To determine the energy flexibility potential of building virtual energy storage, quantitative indicators such as charging and discharging time, and charging and discharging energy are proposed. The building model was created using the building energy simulation software EnergyPlus, and the quantification of each performance indicator of the building’s virtual energy storage was developed. Among them, the optimal charging time for this building model is 30 minutes, and the optimal discharging time is 60 minutes. Under the optimal virtual energy storage operation strategy, the charging energy is 57 kWh and the discharging energy is 84 kWh. Compared with the reference strategy, the building virtual energy storage operation strategy saves 48.76 yuan in single-day cooling electricity cost, with a 3% savings rate. The results show that building virtual energy storage has certain energy flexibility without additional investment and can generate certain economic benefits at the same time.
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Zainurin, N. A., S. A. B. Anas i R. S. S. Singh. "A Review of Battery Charging - Discharging Management Controller: A Proposed Conceptual Battery Storage Charging – Discharging Centralized Controller". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, nr 4 (21.08.2021): 7515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4217.
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This paper describes the development of a centralized controller to charge or discharge the battery storages that are connected to renewable energy sources. The centralized controller is able to assist, control, and manage the battery storage charging when excessive power is available from renewable energy sources. At the same time, the centralized controller also performs battery storage discharging when the connected load requires a power source, especially when the renewable energy sources are unavailable. Background studies regarding battery storage charging-discharging are presented in the introduction section. Also, generally developed charging-discharging methods or techniques were applied at the system level and not specifically to the battery storage system level. Due to the limited study on battery storage system charging-discharging, this paper reviews some of the similar studies in order to understand the battery storage charging–discharging characteristics as well as to propose a new conceptual methodology for the proposed centralized controller. The battery storage State-of-Charge (SoC) is used as the criterion to develop the conceptual centralized controller, which is also used as a switching characteristic between charging or discharging when only the battery energy storages are supplying the output power to the connected load. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on the conceptual methodology as well as explaining the functionality and operationality of the proposed centralized controller. A summarized comparison based on the studied charging–discharging systems with the proposed centralized controller is presented to indicate the validity of the proposed centralized controller.
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Yu, Zicong, Ping Gong, Zhi Wang, Yongqiang Zhu, Ruihua Xia i Yuan Tian. "Real-Time Control Strategy for Aggregated Electric Vehicles to Smooth the Fluctuation of Wind-Power Output". Energies 13, nr 3 (9.02.2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030757.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are flexible demand-side response resources in a power distribution system. Reasonable and orderly control of charging/discharging processes of aggregated EVs can improve their coordination and interaction with the distribution system and ensure its efficient and stable operation. Aiming at the problem that the fluctuation of wind power output may affect the stable operation of distribution system, a real-time control strategy for aggregated EVs to smooth the fluctuation of wind power is proposed. Firstly, considering the dispatchability of EVs, the charging/discharging energy boundary model is established to determine the charging/discharging margin of an EV at each moment. Then, first-order low-pass filtering is used to determine the total dispatching power of aggregated EVs. Finally, the total charging power of aggregated EVs is determined and power allocation is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can achieve real-time smoothing for the fluctuation of wind power output while meeting the charging requirements of EVs, and the proposed strategy can not only reduce the fluctuation rate of total load, but also realize peak shaving and valley filling for the distribution system.
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Zhang, Shuting, Fuqiang Tian, Jieyi Liang, Jinmei Cao i Zhaoliang Xing. "The Time, Electric Field, and Temperature Dependence of Charging and Discharging Currents in Polypropylene Films". Polymers 15, nr 14 (22.07.2023): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143123.
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The insulating properties of polypropylene (PP) film play a very important role in the operating status of direct current (DC) support capacitors. Charging and discharging currents in PP film under high DC electric fields and temperatures correspond to charge transportation and accumulation, which significantly influence the electrical insulating properties of PP. In this paper, we have comprehensively studied the dependence of charging/discharging currents in PP film on time, electric field (150–670 kV/mm), and temperature (40–120 °C). The results showed that the charging current increased by almost an order of magnitude from 150 kV/mm to 670 kV/mm and exhibits a steep increase with temperature above 80 °C. The discharging currents are about 10 times less than the corresponding charging currents. Carrier mobility varies little with the electric field and becomes slightly larger with an increase in temperature. The quantity of the accumulated charges was calculated by the integral of the charging and discharging current differentials and showed a significant increase with the electric field and temperature. The corresponding electric field distortion becomes larger above 80 °C compared to 20–60 °C. Both electric field and temperature have an important effect on PP film and capacitors based on charge transport and accumulation and their electric field distortion. This study is innovative in that it combines the operating status of DC support capacitors with traditional methods to research synthetically charged transport mechanisms of PP film. The findings are meaningful for understanding the insulation failure mechanisms of PP film and capacitors under complex stresses.
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Yan, Tao, Zhan Zhan Qu, Peng Fei Jia, Dong Hui i Yun Jia Liu. "Establishment and Research of Semi-Physical and Real-Time Simulation Platform for V2G Electric Vehicle Charging System". Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (grudzień 2014): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1625.
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Through constructing the battery system of electric vehicle, real-time simulation model of V2G charging converter topology, and combined with material object of hardware and software of V2G charger controller, establishing semi-physical simulation platform for V2G electric vehicle charging system based on RT-LAB real-time systems, which making use of real-time simulation platform to research the control mechanism of charger controller. The experimental results show that: the constructed semi-physical simulation platform is running well, its simulation results of charging and discharging process is relatively consistent with the actual output of V2G charging equipment, it can be used to verify the developed adjustment mechanism of V2G charger and the charging and discharging process of a variety of electric vehicle battery system, provides an ideal semi-physical simulation platform for the verification of the control strategy of electric vehicle V2G charger.
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Wang, Xuan Ze, Xu Qing Mo, Liang En Yang, Zhong Sheng Zhai, Wen Chao Liu i Zhi Xiong. "A Kind of Resistance Capacitance Measurement Method Based on Time Constant". Advanced Materials Research 1037 (październik 2014): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.156.
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This paper proposes a capacitance resistance measurement method based on time constant. Using the charging and discharging characteristics of the resistance and capacitance measures the value of the resistance and capacitance through a semi potential rise and fall time measurement. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the value of the resistance and capacitance and the measuring time, designing the fast second charging and discharging method meeting the initial condition of charge and discharge, improving the measurement speed, expanding the measurement range of the resistance and capacitance. Realizing the effective measurement of the resistance and capacitance by the FPGA control logic and timing method.
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Xing, Zhaoliang, Fuqiang Tian, Shaowei Guo, Shuting Zhang, Fei Li, Jieyi Liang, Huize Cui i Xiying Dai. "Charging and Discharging Current Characteristics of Polypropylene Film under Varied Electric Fields". Energies 15, nr 14 (13.07.2022): 5107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145107.
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Charging and discharging current behavior under high DC electric field in polypropylene (PP) film is closely related to the charge transport and accumulation process, which has an important effect on the electrical insulating properties of PP. In this paper, the dependence of the charging and discharging current of polypropylene films on time and electric field has been comprehensively studied. The results showed that the transient and steady current values of the charging and discharging process increase with the increase of electric field. Dependence of the charging current on the electric field conformed well to the space charge limited current (SCLC) theory with a transition electric field of 270 kV/mm, at which the charge transport changed from ohmic conduction to SCLC conduction. The carrier mobility derived from the discharging current became significantly smaller with increase of the charging electric field. The charge accumulation after discharging was derived from the integration of the difference of the charging and discharging current and it showed an increase with the electric field and increased sharply above a certain threshold electric field (the same as the transition electric field in SCLC theory). It was proved that the conduction current and charge accumulation evolution and dependence on the electric field were mainly determined by the balance between the electrode charge injection process and the bulk conduction process.
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Zhou, Feng, Weizhen Shi, Xiaomei Li, Chao Yang i Ting Hao. "Cooperative Game Cooperative Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Tariff Leverage". Energies 16, nr 12 (20.06.2023): 4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124808.
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To address the negative impact of large-scale disorderly grid connection of EVs on the stable operation of the power grid, a cooperative game cooperative control strategy for EVs based on tariff leverage is proposed, taking the grid-side and user-side economy as the objective function, taking into account the EV load state constraint, distribution grid power constraint, bi-directional charging and discharging pile power constraint, dynamic tariff constraint, and cooperative game members’ revenue constraint. A dynamic cooperative game model based on bi-directional charging and discharging piles is established, and the weight of users in the game is increased. Based on the cooperative game model, an optimal real-time tariff is determined for both the electric power operators and the charging and discharging pile users and based on the real-time updated dynamic tariff and the EV power connected to the charging and discharging pile at the current moment, a genetic algorithm is used to solve the simulation based on the Receding Horizon Control principle. The simulation results show that this control strategy has a smoother load curve and better peak and valley reduction than the fixed tariff and the time-of-use tariff, and it reduces the operating cost of the electric power operators. In addition, it brings the best economic benefits to the users, with the overall revenue of the charging and discharging piles increasing by up to 6.3% under the dynamic tariff.
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Nursusanto, Usman, Khairunnisa' Khairunnisa' i Hartoyo Hartoyo. "Real Time Battery Monitoring Control in Mini Generating System". Jurnal Edukasi Elektro 6, nr 2 (30.11.2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jee.v6i2.54299.
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ABSTRACTMini-generating systems such as PLTS utilize batteries as energy storage media. The increasing use of PLTS also adds to the problem of battery waste (B3). The battery monitoring tool is used to monitor the condition of PLTS batteries and used batteries. This research was conducted using the ADDIE method. Data collection techniques were carried out through literature study, observation, and practice. Research products are battery packs and BMS boxes. The error rate of BMS readings on the values of voltage, current, and temperature are 4.59%, 2.002% and 0.83%. The undervoltage reading error rate is 0.3V. The BMS protection circuit can break the stacking battery circuit when a battery-related problem occurs. The first experiment obtained a measured voltage value of 11.5V when it was not connected to the charging input and the discharging load. The second experiment obtained a measured charging voltage of 12.2V and a measured discharging voltage of 11.9V. Based on these results it can be concluded that the battery is in good condition.ABSTRAKSistem mini pembangkit seperti PLTS memanfaatkan baterai sebagai media penyimpanan energi. Pemanfaatan PLTS yang semakin meningkat juga menambah permasalahan limbah baterai (B3). Alat monitoring baterai digunakan untuk memantau kondisi baterai PLTS maupun baterai bekas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan metode ADDIE. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur, observasi dan praktik. Produk penelitian berupa baterai pack dan box BMS. Tingkat kesalahan pembacaan BMS terhadap nilai tegangan, arus, dan suhu yaitu 4,59%, 2,002% dan 0,83%. Tingkat kesalahan pembacaan undervoltage sebesar 0.3V. Rangkaian proteksi BMS dapat memutus rangkaian baterai susun saat terjadi permasalahan terkait baterai. Percobaan pertama diperoleh nilai tegangan terukur 11.5V ketika tanpa disambungkan ke input charging dan beban discharging. Percobaan kedua diperoleh tegangan charging terukur 12.2V dan pada tegangan discharging terukur 11.9V. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa baterai dalam kondisi baik.
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Liu, Hong Rui, i Chao Ying Xia. "An Active Equalizer for Serially Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells". Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (sierpień 2013): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.809.
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This paper proposes an equalizer for serially connected Lithium-ion battery cells. The battery cell with the lowest state of charge (SOC) is charged by the equalizer during the process of charging and discharging, and the balancing current is constant and controllable. Three unbalanced lithium-ion battery cells in series are selected as the experimental object by this paper. The discharging current under a certain UDDS and 20A charging current are used to complete respectively one time balancing experiment of discharging and charging to the three lithium-ion battery cells. The validity of the balancing strategy is confirmed in this paper according to the experimental results.
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Fabrykiewicz, Maciej, i Janusz T. Cieśliński. "Effect of Tube Bundle Arrangement on the Performance of PCM Heat Storage Units". Energies 15, nr 24 (9.12.2022): 9343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249343.
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The results of a comprehensive study on the charging and discharging of latent heat storage systems (LHSS) are presented. Multi-tube shell-and-tube units with variable layouts of tube bundles are examined. Two tube arrangements—in-line and staggered—are tested. A variable number of tubes and different tube positions in a bundle are investigated. Moreover, two pitch ratios are studied. Three commercially available substances are used as phase change materials (PCM). The results show that increasing the number of tubes reduces both the charging and discharging times. It is found that for a bundle of seven tubes with a pitch ratio s/d = 4.5, the in-line tube arrangement results in a shorter charging time, but the discharging time is shorter for a staggered tube arrangement.
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Chen, Shuai, Chengpeng Jiang, Jinglin Li, Jinwei Xiang i Wendong Xiao. "Improved Deep Q-Network for User-Side Battery Energy Storage Charging and Discharging Strategy in Industrial Parks". Entropy 23, nr 10 (6.10.2021): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101311.
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Battery energy storage technology is an important part of the industrial parks to ensure the stable power supply, and its rough charging and discharging mode is difficult to meet the application requirements of energy saving, emission reduction, cost reduction, and efficiency increase. As a classic method of deep reinforcement learning, the deep Q-network is widely used to solve the problem of user-side battery energy storage charging and discharging. In some scenarios, its performance has reached the level of human expert. However, the updating of storage priority in experience memory often lags behind updating of Q-network parameters. In response to the need for lean management of battery charging and discharging, this paper proposes an improved deep Q-network to update the priority of sequence samples and the training performance of deep neural network, which reduces the cost of charging and discharging action and energy consumption in the park. The proposed method considers factors such as real-time electricity price, battery status, and time. The energy consumption state, charging and discharging behavior, reward function, and neural network structure are designed to meet the flexible scheduling of charging and discharging strategies, and can finally realize the optimization of battery energy storage benefits. The proposed method can solve the problem of priority update lag, and improve the utilization efficiency and learning performance of the experience pool samples. The paper selects electricity price data from the United States and some regions of China for simulation experiments. Experimental results show that compared with the traditional algorithm, the proposed approach can achieve better performance in both electricity price systems, thereby greatly reducing the cost of battery energy storage and providing a stronger guarantee for the safe and stable operation of battery energy storage systems in industrial parks.
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Mol, Jeroen, Mina Shahi i Amirhoushang Mahmoudi. "Numerical Modeling of Thermal Storage Performance of Encapsulated PCM Particles in an Unstructured Packed Bed". Energies 13, nr 23 (4.12.2020): 6413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236413.
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In this work, a numerical model to study phase transition in unstructured packed beds of phase change particles for latent heat thermal energy storage is presented and implemented into the open-source CFDEM® coupling program. The governing equations for both fluid and solid particles are discussed. The presented model is validated using experimental data. The validated model is used to study the effect of bed structure (e.g., using multiple sizes of particles and mixing of multiple configurations of particles) on the charging and discharging of PCM bed. It is found that using smaller particles leads to faster charging and discharging of the bed. A decrease of 26% was achieved by changing half the bed into particles with half the diameter. Furthermore, it is observed that placing small particles downstream has more effect on increased charging speed than placing them upstream when charging the bed fully. A decrease of 20% in charging time and a decrease of 13% in discharging time were observed in the configurations that were tested.
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Raghav, Geetanjali, Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Rajesh Maithani, Alexis Iung i Quentin Mercier. "Analysis of solar cooker with thermal storage for remote hilly areas: determination of heating and cooling characteristic time". Acta Innovations, nr 40 (30.09.2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.40.1.
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Solar cooking finds a major application in rural areas of Uttarakhand, India, yet its utilization is still limited due to certain limitation such as intermittent nature of solar radiations. This drawback limits solar cooker in becoming a viable alternate solution of LPG and other pollution causing resources such as wood. In order to cater this problem a numerical analysis of box type solar cooker with storage is carried out. The energy stored in the storage material will keep the cooker warm up to the time when food is consumed. Charging and discharging time analysis is performed in with an aim to understand the effect of storage on solar cooker. Heating and cooling characteristic time are being evaluated and analysed with storage. Thermal performance of box type solar cooker is measured in terms of figures of merit according to BIS standards. The effect of storage has also been analysed in terms of charging and discharging time and first figure of merit of box type solar cooker.it has been observed that during discharging the heat is stored for more duration as compared to the charging time as discharge time is approx. 4-5 hours while charging time for the same amount of insolation is around 3-4 hours.
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Rahman, N. H. Abdul, A. M. Omar, E. H. Mat Saat, N. I. Ilham, M. Z. Hussin i Yusrina Y. "Design and development of three stages maximum power tracking solar charge controller". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, nr 3 (1.06.2020): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1270-1278.
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<span>This paper presents the design of a Three Stages Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller for improving the charging/discharging control of the battery. In this research, Buck Converter is used to regulate the voltage from the Photovoltaic (PV) module to the required voltage. This research is limited to Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) battery for 12V system voltage. The charge control algorithm envisages controlling the charging and discharging action in all the three stages of battery charging, bulk, absorption, and float. The idea is to control the battery charging and discharging status until meeting the battery set-point. The set-point is limited to High Voltage Disconnect (HVD), Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Load Voltage Reconnect (LVR) to protect the battery from over-charging and deep-discharging. The results obtained demonstrate the good performance of the charge controller. With the application of the MPPT algorithm in the bulk stage, the time taken to get the battery to fully charged state becomes faster The regulation power from the converter to the inverter has performed well and the switching relay is managed to be controlled.</span>
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Aljanad, Ahmed, Azah Mohamed, Tamer Khatib, Afida Ayob i Hussain Shareef. "A Novel Charging and Discharging Algorithm of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Vehicle-to-Grid and Photovoltaic Generation". World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, nr 4 (27.09.2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040061.
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Considering, the high penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs), the charging and discharging of PHEVs may lead to technical problems on electricity distribution networks. Therefore, the management of PHEV charging and discharging needs to be addressed to coordinate the time of PHEVs so as to be charged or discharged. This paper presents a management control method called the charging and discharging control algorithm (CDCA) to determine when and which of the PHEVs can be activated to consume power from the grid or supply power back to grid through the vehicle-to-grid technology. The proposed control algorithm considers fast charging scenario and photovoltaic generation during peak load to mitigate the impact of the vehicles. One of the important parameters considered in the CDCA is the PHEV battery state of charge (SOC). To predict the PHEV battery SOC, a particle swarm optimization-based artificial neural network is developed. Results show that the proposed CDCA gives better performance as compared to the uncoordinated charging method of vehicles in terms of maintaining the bus voltage profile during fast charging.
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Wang, Wubin, Wenxi Yao, Wei Chen, Dong Chen, Zhen Ma i Zhengyu Lu. "Directional DC Charge-Transfer Resistance on an Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in an AC Nyquist Curve on Lead-Acid Battery". Applied Sciences 10, nr 6 (11.03.2020): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10061907.
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Both the frequency domain Nyquist curve of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and time domain simulation of DC equivalent first principle linear circuit (FPLCDCequ) are some of the fundamentals of lead-acid batteries management system design. The Nyquist curve is used to evaluate batteries’ state of health (SoH), but the curve does not distinguish charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in the frequency domain. FPLCDCequ is used to simulate batteries’ terminal electrical variables, and the circuit distinguishes charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in the time domain. Therefore, there is no direct physical relationship between Nyquist and FPLCDCequ This paper proposes an AC equivalent first principle linear circuit (FPLCACequ) by average switch modeling, and the novel circuit distinguishes charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in Nyquist. The novel circuit establishes a physical bridge between Nyquist and FPLCDCequ for lead-acid batteries management system design.
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Lee, Jaehyun, Eunjung Lee i Jinho Kim. "Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning with Data-Driven Approach in Dynamic Pricing Scheme". Energies 13, nr 8 (15.04.2020): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081950.
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In the smart grid environment, the penetration of electric vehicle (EV) is increasing, and dynamic pricing and vehicle-to-grid technologies are being introduced. Consequently, automatic charging and discharging scheduling responding to electricity prices that change over time is required to reduce the charging cost of EVs, while increasing the grid reliability by moving charging loads from on-peak to off-peak periods. Hence, this study proposes a deep reinforcement learning-based, real-time EV charging and discharging algorithm. The proposed method utilizes kernel density estimation, particularly the nonparametric density function estimation method, to model the usage pattern of a specific charger at a specific location. Subsequently, the estimated density function is used to sample variables related to charger usage pattern so that the variables can be cast in the training process of a reinforcement learning agent. This ensures that the agent optimally learns the characteristics of the target charger. We analyzed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm from two perspectives, i.e., charging cost and load shifting effect. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the benchmarks that simply model usage pattern through general assumptions in terms of charging cost and load shifting effect. This means that when a reinforcement learning-based charging/discharging algorithm is deployed in a specific location, it is better to use data-driven approach to reflect the characteristics of the location, so that the charging cost reduction and the effect of load flattening are obtained.
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Shaaban, Mostafa F., Muhammad Ismail, Ehab F. El-Saadany i Weihua Zhuang. "Real-Time PEV Charging/Discharging Coordination in Smart Distribution Systems". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 5, nr 4 (lipiec 2014): 1797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2311457.
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Kosov, Daniel S. "Waiting time between charging and discharging processes in molecular junctions". Journal of Chemical Physics 149, nr 16 (28.10.2018): 164105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5049770.
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Freitas, David Ciarlini, Hugerles Sales Silva, Edson Cavalcanti Neto i Antonio Marcus Nogueira Lima. "Parameter estimation of a lead-acid battery model using genetic algorithm". Journal of Mechatronics Engineering 2, nr 1 (22.04.2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21439/jme.v2i1.23.
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Lead-Acid batteries models classifications are shown. The battery model used and its charging and discharging equations are shown. These equations are expanded to find the value of the time constant of this model, which is fixed at a given value. A genetic algorithm is applied to these expanded equations to estimate the value of the time constant. Some battery charging and discharging cycles are used for estimation and validation of the proposed system. A time constant other than the previously set value is found. A simulation study is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed parameter determination method.
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Fadl, Mohamed, i Philip Eames. "Thermal Performance Analysis of the Charging/Discharging Process of a Shell and Horizontally Oriented Multi-Tube Latent Heat Storage System". Energies 13, nr 23 (25.11.2020): 6193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236193.
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In this study, the thermal performance of latent heat thermal energy storage system (LHTESS) prototype to be used in a range of thermal systems (e.g., solar water heating systems, space heating/domestic hot water applications) is designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated. The thermal store comprised a novel horizontally oriented multitube heat exchanger in a rectangular tank (forming the shell) filled with 37.8 kg of phase change material (PCM) RT62HC with water as the working fluid. The assessment of thermal performance during charging (melting) and discharging (solidification) was conducted under controlled several operational conditions comprising the heat transfer fluid (HTF) volume flow rates and inlet temperatures. The experimental investigations reported are focused on evaluating the transient PCM average temperature distribution at different heights within the storage unit, charging/discharging time, instantaneous transient charging/discharging power, and the total cumulative thermal energy stored/released. From the experimental results, it is noticed that both melting/solidification time significantly decreased with increase HTF volume flow rate and that changing the HTF inlet temperature shows large impacts on charging time compared to changing the HTF volume flow rate. During the discharging process, the maximum power output was initially 4.48 kW for HTF volume flow rate of 1.7 L/min, decreasing to 1.0 kW after 52.3 min with 2.67 kWh of heat delivered. Based on application heat demand characteristics, required power levels and heat demand can be fulfilled by employing several stores in parallel or series.
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Chen, Lixing, i Hong Zhang. "Orderly Discharging Strategy for Electric Vehicles at Workplace Based on Time-of-Use Price". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7025879.
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According to the parking features of electric vehicles (EVs) and load of production unit, a power supply system including EVs charging station was established, and an orderly discharging strategy for EVs was proposed as well to reduce the basic tariff of producer and improve the total benefits of EV discharging. Based on the target of maximizing the annual income of producer, considering the total benefits of EV discharging, the electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) and time-of-use (TOU) price were introduced to establish the optimization scheduling model of EVs discharging. Furthermore, an improved artificial fish swarm algorithm (IAFSA) combined with the penalty function methods was applied to solve the model. It can be shown from the simulation results that the optimal solution obtained by IAFSA is regarded as the orderly discharging strategy for EVs, which could reduce the basic tariff of producer and improve the total benefits of EV discharging.
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Zhang, Yanjun, Shuli Liu, Liu Yang, Xiue Yang, Yongliang Shen i Xiaojing Han. "Experimental Study on the Strengthen Heat Transfer Performance of PCM by Active Stirring". Energies 13, nr 9 (3.05.2020): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092238.
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Latent heat storage has higher energy density, but most phase change materials (PCMs) have low thermal conductivity. Current research focuses on conduction dominated heat transfer mechanism to increase the heat transfer performance. However, convection also has important effects on promoting PCM melting and solidification processes. Therefore, an active stirring method with conduction dominated heat transfer mechanism was studied. A shell storage with stirrer inside was constructed and tested. Paraffin was selected as the PCM; the heat transfer fluid (HTF) was water. The results show that average charging rate increased by 32.23 J/s than that without stirring, and the average discharging rate increased by 47.39 J/s. Completion time for charging/discharging with stirring was shortened by 9.61% and 48.61% than that without stirring. In the charging process, the average power of motor was 16.08 W, and the average discharging rate was greater than 500 J/s, accounting for less than 3.2%. In the discharging process, the average power consumption of the motor accounted for less than 5.2% of the discharging rate. It may be considered that convection dominated heat transfer mechanism can effectively improve phase-change heat transfer performance with lower active power consumption
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Zhang, Yu, Chen Fang, Jian Lin Yang i Shao Peng Liu. "Study on the Regularity of EVs' Charging and Discharging Group Behaviors". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1173.
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The large scale application of EVs (electric vehicles) is an inevitable trend at home and abroad. When lots of EVs are plugged into the grid, the impact of their charging load on the grid is not negligible; while the development of V2G technology allows EVs to discharge to the grid, it provides an opportunity for improving the safety and economic operation of the grid. The paper models the specific behavior features of the bus and private EVs from the mileage, charging mode and charging time three aspects. MATLAB is used for programming, and EVs sample are randomly selected. The EVs charging and discharging behavior probability is analyzed to determine the simulation model. Last, by the practical example, the impact of EVs charging and discharging behavior on the grid is calculated, and conclusions that match the reality can be drawn.
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AlSharif, Arab, i Manohar Das. "A Piecewise Linear Time-Varying Model for Modeling the Charging and Discharging Processes of a Lithium-Ion Battery". International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 5, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcr.2014040106.
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A piecewise linear, time-varying model for modeling the charging and discharging processes of Li-ion batteries is introduced in this paper. Such a model consists of a group of piecewise linear model segments, whose parameters are adapted online over time. Thus, the combined overall model is capable of modeling nonlinear time-varying processes, such as a Li-ion battery charging and discharging processes, quite well. Modeling results of both simulated test data and actual test data gathered from a high-power automotive-grade Li-ion cell are presented. The close matches between actual and model-predicted behaviors demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach and indicate the potential usefulness of such models for a battery management system.
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Hussain, Shahid, Ki-Beom Lee, Mohamed A. Ahmed, Barry Hayes i Young-Chon Kim. "Two-Stage Fuzzy Logic Inference Algorithm for Maximizing the Quality of Performance under the Operational Constraints of Power Grid in Electric Vehicle Parking Lots". Energies 13, nr 18 (6.09.2020): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184634.
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The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has entailed the need for the parking lot operators to satisfy the charging and discharging requirements of all the EV owners during their parking duration. Meanwhile, the operational constraints of the power grids limit the amount of simultaneous charging and discharging of all EVs. This affects the EV owner’s quality of experience (QoE) and thereby reducing the quality of performance (QoP) for the parking lot operators. The QoE represents a certain percentage of the EV battery required for its next trip distance; whereas, the QoP refers to the ratio of EVs with satisfied QoE to the total number of EVs during the operational hours of the parking lot. This paper proposes a two-stage fuzzy logic inference based algorithm (TSFLIA) to schedule the charging and discharging operations of EVs in such a way that maximizes the QoP for the parking lot operators under the operational constraints of the power grid. The first stage fuzzy inference system (FIS) of TSFLIA is modeled based on the real-time arrival and departure probability density functions in order to calculate the aggregated charging and discharging energies of EVs according to their next trip distances. The second stage FIS evaluates several dynamic and uncertain input parameters from the electric grid and from EVs to distribute the aggregated energy among the EVs by controlling their charging and discharging operations through preference variables. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through the IEEE 34-node distribution system.
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Zou, Peng, Jian Wen Wu, Bin Zhang i Jun Liang Zhou. "Research on Switching Technology of Aviation 270V DC System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (marzec 2015): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.442.
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In this article, large capacitor charging and discharging experimental system is utilized to generate 270V DC-current by pre-charging to the large capacitor and discharging. Interrupter switching experiments of 540A, 1800A are done in aviation environment, and results of arcing breakdown manner are analyzed and explained. The experiment results indicate that 270V DC-current and arc in aviation environment can be broken by the way of using IGBT in appropriate time; In aviation environment, the breaking capability can be improved, and arcing breaking manner can be used to estimate the arc time constant by several experiments.
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Lee, Jeong, Jun-Mo Kim, Junsin Yi i Chung-Yuen Won. "Battery Management System Algorithm for Energy Storage Systems Considering Battery Efficiency". Electronics 10, nr 15 (2.08.2021): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151859.
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Aging increases the internal resistance of a battery and reduces its capacity; therefore, energy storage systems (ESSs) require a battery management system (BMS) algorithm that can manage the state of the battery. This paper proposes a battery efficiency calculation formula to manage the battery state. The proposed battery efficiency calculation formula uses the charging time, charging current, and battery capacity. An algorithm that can accurately determine the battery state is proposed by applying the proposed state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) calculations. To reduce the initial error of the Coulomb counting method (CCM), the SoC can be calculated accurately by applying the battery efficiency to the open circuit voltage (OCV). During the charging and discharging process, the internal resistance of a battery increase and the constant current (CC) charging time decrease. The SoH can be predicted from the CC charging time of the battery and the battery efficiency, as proposed in this paper. Furthermore, a safe system is implemented during charging and discharging by applying a fault diagnosis algorithm to reduce the battery efficiency. The validity of the proposed BMS algorithm is demonstrated by applying it in a 3-kW ESS.
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Sausen, Jordan P., Alzenira R. Abaide, Juan C. Vasquez i Josep M. Guerrero. "Battery-Conscious, Economic, and Prioritization-Based Electric Vehicle Residential Scheduling". Energies 15, nr 10 (19.05.2022): 3714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103714.
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Advances in communication technologies and protocols among vehicles, charging stations, and controllers have enabled the application of scheduling techniques to prioritize EV fleet charging. From the perspective of users, residential EV charging must particularly address cost-effective solutions to use energy more efficiently and preserve the lifetime of the battery—the most expensive element of an EV. Considering this matter, this research addresses a residential EV charging scheduling model including battery degradation aspects when discharging. Due to the non-linear characteristics of charging and battery degradation, we consider a mixed integer non-linearly constrained formulation with the aim of scheduling the charging and discharging of EVs to satisfy the following goals: prioritizing charging, reducing charging costs and battery degradation, and limiting the power demand requested to the distribution transformer. The results shows that, when EVs are discharged before charging up within a specific state-of-charge range, degradation can be reduced by 5.3%. All charging requests are completed before the next-day departure time, with 16.35% cost reduction achieved by scheduling charging during lower tariff prices, in addition to prevention of overloading of the distribution transformer.
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Park, Yeonju, Soo Kim, Sila Jin, Sung Lee, Isao Noda i Young Jung. "Investigation of the Phase Transition Mechanism in LiFePO4 Cathode Using In Situ Raman Spectroscopy and 2D Correlation Spectroscopy during Initial Cycle". Molecules 24, nr 2 (14.01.2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020291.
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The phase transition of the LiFePO4 and FePO4 in Li-ion cell during charging-discharging processes in the first and second cycles is elucidated by Raman spectroscopy in real time. In situ Raman spectroscopy showed the sudden phase transition between LiFePO4 and FePO4. Principal component analysis (PCA) results also indicated that the structural changes and electrochemical performance (charge-discharge curve) are correlated with each other. Phase transition between LiFePO4 and FePO4 principally appeared in the second charging process compared with that in the first charging process. 2D correlation spectra provided the phase transition mechanism of LiFePO4 cathode which occurred during the charging-discharging processes in the first and second cycles. PCA and 2D correlation spectroscopy are very helpful methods to understand in situ Raman spectra for the Li-ion battery.
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Wu, Jiang, Bo Zhang, Yibo Zhi, Minheng He, Penghui Shang i Yufeng Qian. "Validation through Experiment and Simulation of Internal Charging–Discharging Characteristics of Polyimide under High-Energy Electron Radiation". Energies 15, nr 18 (9.09.2022): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186603.
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Due to the injection of energetic particles, such as electrons in space environment, the internal charging–discharging characteristics of spacecraft dielectrics need to be evaluated for the safety of spacecraft, and the evaluation results from experiments and simulations should be comparatively validated. An in-site pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) measurement system under high-energy electron radiation was established for evaluating the charging characteristics of thick plate samples about 3 mm, while a joint simulation method based on Geant4 and COMSOL was also proposed. The deposited charge distributions were compared through experiment and joint simulation method under 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 MeV for 30 min and 1.0 MeV for 10, 60 and 120 min, respectively. Meanwhile, the electrostatic discharging characteristics were also comparative evaluated by both methods under 0.3 MeV for 20 min under 5, 10 and 15 µA beam current, and the total discharging times and initial discharging time were compared and analyzed. Overall, a good consistency existed between experimental and simulation results of charging–discharging characteristics under electron radiation while the difference was also analyzed in the perspective of dielectric properties, such as charge leakage by conduction. Through the comparative study, both evaluation methods are validated, which offers effective reference for the safety evaluation of spacecraft dielectrics in future.
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Li, Peng, Zongguang Chen, Xuezhi Zhou, Haisheng Chen i Zhi Wang. "Temperature Regulation Model and Experimental Study of Compressed Air Energy Storage Cavern Heat Exchange System". Sustainability 14, nr 11 (1.06.2022): 6788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116788.
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The first hard rock shallow-lined underground CAES cavern in China has been excavated to conduct a thermodynamic process and heat exchange system for practice. The thermodynamic equations for the solid and air region are compiled into the fluent two-dimensional axisymmetric model through user-defined functions. The temperature regulation model and experimental study results show that the charging time determines the air temperature and fluctuates dramatically under different charging flow rates. The average air temperature increases with increasing charging flow and decreasing charging time, fluctuating between 62.5 °C and −40.4 °C during the charging and discharging processes. The temperature would reach above 40 °C within the first 40 min of the initial pressurization stage, and the humidity decreases rapidly within a short time. The use of the heat exchange system can effectively control the cavern temperature within a small range (20–40 °C). The temperature rises and regularly falls with the control system’s switch. An inverse relationship between the temperature and humidity and water vapor can be seen in the first hour of the initial discharging. The maximum noise is 92 and 87 decibels in the deflation process.
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Ono, Luis K., Sonia R. Raga, Shenghao Wang, Yuichi Kato i Yabing Qi. "Temperature-dependent hysteresis effects in perovskite-based solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, nr 17 (2015): 9074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04969a.
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Lin, Bo, Bissan Ghaddar i Jatin Nathwani. "Electric vehicle routing with charging/discharging under time-variant electricity prices". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 130 (wrzesień 2021): 103285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103285.
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Kumar, Ravindra, i Sandip Chavan. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Behaviour for Fast Charging and Discharging of Various 18650 Lithium Batteries of Electric Vehicles". International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 1492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400618.
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Fast charging and discharging are keen focus areas of electric vehicles (EVs) in order to reduce vehicle down time and support the variable load requirement. In EVs, mainly lithium batteries with various chemistry such as NCA (nickel cobalt aluminum oxides), LTO (lithium titanate oxide), LFP (lithium iron phosphate), LNO (lithium nickel oxide) and NMC (nickel manganese cobalt oxides) are used as energy storage system. Performance of lithium batteries varies with the chemistry and temperature of batteries along with surrounding conditions. More heat is generated during fast charging and discharging of batteries which lead to high temperature rise and further impact the performance, life and safety of batteries. Thus, it’s essential to study the thermal behaviour for fast charging and discharging of various lithium batteries to provide desired thermal management system for safety and better performance. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of various 18650 lithium batteries including NCA, NMC and LFP are investigated experimentally and numerically from slow charging and discharging loading rate of 0.5C to fast charging and discharging loading rates of 1.5C and 2.5C at different surrounding temperature of 27°C and 45°C. In the numerical investigation, the internal resistance of the batteries is first measured experimentally at various SOCs and battery temperatures, and then the battery surface temperature is determined using an appropriate numerical method for solving the energy balance equation. From slow to fast loading rates at varying ambient temperatures, the numerical study approach presented in this work estimates the battery surface temperature with at least 90% accuracy for the whole duration of the load cycle. The thermal assessment of NCA, NMC, and LFP batteries in this work can help to determine battery management system operating strategies and, ultimately, to develop an appropriate thermal management system.
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Albogamy, Fahad R., Ghulam Hafeez, Imran Khan, Sheraz Khan, Hend I. Alkhammash, Faheem Ali i Gul Rukh. "Efficient Energy Optimization Day-Ahead Energy Forecasting in Smart Grid Considering Demand Response and Microgrids". Sustainability 13, nr 20 (16.10.2021): 11429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011429.
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In smart grid, energy management is an indispensable for reducing energy cost of consumers while maximizing user comfort and alleviating the peak to average ratio and carbon emission under real time pricing approach. In contrast, the emergence of bidirectional communication and power transfer technology enables electric vehicles (EVs) charging/discharging scheduling, load shifting/scheduling, and optimal energy sharing, making the power grid smart. With this motivation, efficient energy management model for a microgrid with ant colony optimization algorithm to systematically schedule load and EVs charging/discharging of is introduced. The smart microgrid is equipped with controllable appliances, photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, electrolyzer, hydrogen tank, and energy storage system. Peak load, peak to average ratio, cost, energy cost, and carbon emission operation of appliances are reduced by the charging/discharging of electric vehicles, and energy storage systems are scheduled using real time pricing tariffs. This work also predicts wind speed and solar irradiation to ensure efficient energy optimization. Simulations are carried out to validate our developed ant colony optimization algorithm-based energy management scheme. The obtained results demonstrate that the developed efficient energy management model can reduce energy cost, alleviate peak to average ratio, and carbon emission.
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Tria Valentina, Haninda, i Arif Nur Afandi. "Transformer Charger Design based on 12V CT Equipped Overcharge Protection". Frontier Energy System and Power Engineering 3, nr 2 (1.07.2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um049v3i2p39-45.
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The need for electrical energy continues to increase and more and more equipment requires electrical energy as its main supply. The fulfillment of electrical energy can be generated by the battery. In the battery, there is a process of discharging and charging. The duration of discharging and charging the battery is affected by the capacity of the battery. Therefore, a charging device is needed for the battery charging process. The 12 V charger uses a CT transformer as a voltage reducer, then rectifies it using a diode. In the charging process, overcharge protection is provided that utilizes TL431 as a comparator that will detect when the battery is full so that no overcharge can cause overheating and damage to the battery. The test results obtained that the longer the charging time the battery voltage increases with a maximum current of 13.5 V. The current will automatically cut off due to the overcharge protection system. Based on the test, it was found that the efficiency of the tool was 61.0835%.
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Bentarzi, Hamid, Mahdi Abdenour LITOUFI, Nazim TAIR i Tarek AZZOUNI. "A New Frame Work of Real-Time Charaterization Battery Platform". Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 6, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v6i4.145.
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Batteries play an important role in the performance enhancement of power grids including renewable energy systems. In order to attain the rated service life and the longest possible run time of a battery, it is necessary to be monitored and maintained. This needs for an effective real-time characterization platform. Therefore, this paper presents a new frame work of a real-time battery monitoring system that will be able to provide the user with battery parameters as well as a recording file of the instantaneous variables values. To perform this task, a PC based platform associated with acquisition board is developed to automate the battery characterization system.
A graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to read the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV), current, and ambient temperature of the battery during its charging or discharging is developed using Labview software. It is easy and possible for data to be recorded, including voltage, current, during both charging and discharging process. These recording experimental data can be used for a precise and efficient estimation of the state of charge as well as for aging study.
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Nuraliyev, Almukhan Kalpakbaevich, i Aziz Nasimovich Dzhabarov. "FEATURES OF THE METHOD OF CHARGING THE BATTERY BATTERY". INNOVATION IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 2, nr 1 (30.01.2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-1482-2021-1-7.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of methods and devices for reducing the charge time of a lead-acid battery. In addition, the device for accelerated charging of a battery with an asymmetric current based on the charge of discharge converters isproposed.Key words:method, charging, discharging, storage battery, asymmetric current, density, electrolyte
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Mao, Qianjun, Ning Liu i Li Peng. "Numerical Investigations on Charging/Discharging Performance of a Novel Truncated Cone Thermal Energy Storage Tank on a Concentrated Solar Power System". International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (27.01.2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1609234.
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Developing a concentrated solar power (CSP) technology is one of the most effective methods to solve energy shortage and environmental pollution all over the world. Thermal energy storage (TES) system coupling with phase change materials (PCM) is one of the most significant methods to mitigate the intermittence of solar energy. In this paper, firstly, a 2D physical and mathematical model of a novel truncated cone shell-and-tube TES tank has been proposed based on enthalpy method. Secondly, the performance during the charging/discharging process of the truncated cone tank has been compared with the traditional cylindrical tank. Finally, the effects of inlet conditions of heat transfer fluid (HTF), and thickness of tube on the charging/discharging process, stored/released energy capacity; energy storage/release rate and heat storage efficiency have been investigated. The results show that the performance of truncated cone tank is better, and the charging/discharging time reduces 32.08% and 21.59%, respectively, compared with the cylindrical tank. The effect of wall thickness on the truncated cone TES tank can be ignored. And the inlet temperature and velocity of HTF have the significant influence on the charging/discharging performance of TES tank. And the maximum heat storage efficiency of the truncated cone TES tank can reach 93%. However, some appropriate methods should be taken for improving the thermal energy utilization rate of HTF in the future. This research will provide insights and significant reference towards geometric design and operating conditions in TES system.
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Ismail, Muhammad Syukur Liffan Syahbana i Reza Abdu Rahman. "Thermal Performance Assessment for an Active Latent Heat Storage Tank by Using Various Finned-Coil Heat Exchangers". International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 1470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400615.
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Paraffin-based latent heat storage has a higher thermal capacity than sensible heat storage. Despite that, the actual implementation of paraffin as an active latent heat storage (ALHS) system is limited due to low charging and discharging rate with unequal temperature distribution as the impact of mushy region formation. The present study evaluates the finned-coil heat exchanger for the ALHS tank to overcome the related problems. Three finned-coil configurations are tested experimentally: straight-fin, branched-fin and height-fin. The evaluation uses the ALHS arrangement to assess each configuration's charging/discharging rate. The branched fin provides an equal thermal distribution, promoting a higher final temperature of 112.3°C. It also achieves the highest power rate of 250.5 Watts. The height-fin minimizes the effect of void formation, which maintains a sufficient heat transfer rate during the discharging. However, the average power rate for each model is relatively low. The finding indicates that it is essential to provide adequate heat transfer for the center part of the tank, including adding a branched fin along with coil turn to provide a better heat transfer rate. It boosts the charging/discharging rate, making the system's response time desirable to achieve effective power during the operation.
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Wu, Juai, Shiyang Deng, Yuanmeng Zhu, Yun Liu, Yang Andrew Wu, Rong Fu i Sipeng Hao. "A Case of Interdisciplinary Fusion under Dual Carbon Goal: Coordinated Carbon Reduction with Greenhouse Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles". Applied Sciences 13, nr 4 (13.02.2023): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042410.
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Building a new type of power system is an important guarantee to support China’s “dual carbon” goal. Due to the inseparable relationship between industrial and agricultural production and electric energy utilization, there must be interdisciplinary integration to achieve the goal of “dual carbon”. The disciplines of horticulture and electric power are taken as examples in this paper to analyze the feasibility of carbon emission reduction through coordinating agricultural photovoltaic (PV) greenhouse and electric vehicle (EV) energy storage. Firstly, the mechanism of carbon emission difference caused by electric energy supplementing during EV charging is analyzed. Secondly, in the context of the contradiction between the reduction of battery life caused by discharging (increasing carbon emission) and the increase in PV output consumption by orderly charging and discharging (reducing carbon emission), an optimization model for the synergistic operation of EV clusters and greenhouse PVs (with the objective of minimizing carbon emissions) is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through simulation cases. The energy storage characteristics of EVs is capable of realizing the transfer of PV power generation in the time dimension, and the coordinated operation of greenhouse PVs and EVs’ charging and discharging can effectively reduce carbon emission during the EV operation period. In a typical summer scenario of PV output, the carbon emission of EVs in V2G (vehicle to grid) mode was reduced by 69.13% compared to disorderly charging. It is shown that the adequacy of PV generation and the orderly dispatching of the charging and discharging of EVs are the key factors in reducing carbon emission throughout the life cycle of EVs.
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Ouyang, Ming San, i Qing Tao She. "Research on the Charge and Discharge Control of the High-Capacity Lithium Battery Using in Escape Capsule". Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (maj 2014): 2054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2054.
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The high-capacity lithium batteries are optimization in coal mine backup power supply. Their electricity properties directly affect their related equipment performance. So it is crucial importance for controlling lithium battery charge and discharge and understanding their characteristics. It puts forward design scheme of lithium-ion battery charging and discharging controller with STM32F103 chip. It includes DC/DC adopting full bridge phase shift high power switch, the sampling and processing circuit of voltage, current and temperature, charge and discharge control circuit, and software design flow of the real-time monitoring of lithium-ion batteries. The test shows that the charging and discharging control meet the design requirements.
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Li, Wen Cui, Yi Yang, Hao Zhang, Jing Xian Lv i Xin Jian Shu. "Study on the Maintenance and Management of VRLA Battery". Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (wrzesień 2014): 3902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3902.
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The paper introduced the basic characteristics, maintenance requirements and backward cell processing method of Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery (VRLA) based on the practice of substation communication, elaborated the charge-discharge test battery requirements. This paper discussed the test of battery operation and maintenance, charge and discharge risk. Through the test methods of battery communication charging and discharging and the steps of analysis, we find out the possible dangerous points in processing of charging and discharging, and at the same time, we list the typical examples on safety risk and carry on the analysis on accident cause to put forward the pre-control measures.
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Tipasri, Wunvisa, Amnart Suksri, Karthikeyan Velmurugan i Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian. "Energy Management for an Air Conditioning System Using a Storage Device to Reduce the On-Peak Power Consumption". Energies 15, nr 23 (25.11.2022): 8940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238940.
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To reduce the on-peak electrical power consumption, storage devices are widely performed with the help of an energy management system. According to IEA, residential air conditioning consumes 70% of the electricity, increasing by 4% every year. To minimize peak power consumption, thermal energy storage (TES) can be used to store cooled water for the air conditioning system. An efficient chilled water tank was designed and computationally investigated. Three-dimensional cylindrical tanks were simulated with seven different heights to diameter (H:D) ratios. At first, the temperature changes in a chilled water tank during discharging and charging periods were studied. An 11-h charging period was carried out during the off-peak time at night, while the discharging period was 13 h during the daytime. Under time constraints regarding peak and off-peak periods, a tank with an H:D = 2.0 can only be used for 13-h discharging. Then the chilled water was simulated with a set temperature of 4 °C during the charging. This resulted in the system being usable for six days, after which it had to be stopped for longer charging. A storage tank with an H:D ratio of 2.0 was found to be suitable for an air conditioning system. If six days of operations (one day off) were used, it could save 15.38% of electrical energy consumption and 51.65% of electricity cost. This saving leads to a 5.55-year payback period.