Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Charges permanentes

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Charges permanentes”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 25 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Charges permanentes"

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Mofidi, Hamid. "New insights into the effects of small permanent charge on ionic flows: A higher order analysis". Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 21, nr 5 (2024): 6042–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2024266.

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<abstract><p>This study investigated how permanent charges influence the dynamics of ionic channels. Using a quasi-one-dimensional classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) model, we investigated the behavior of two distinct ion species—one positively charged and the other negatively charged. The spatial distribution of permanent charges was characterized by zero values at the channel ends and a constant charge $ Q_0 $ within the central region. By treating the classical PNP model as a boundary value problem (BVP) for a singularly perturbed system, the singular orbit of the BVP depended on $ Q_0 $ in a regular way. We therefore explored the solution space in the presence of a small permanent charge, uncovering a systematic dependence on this parameter. Our analysis employed a rigorous perturbation approach to reveal higher-order effects originating from the permanent charges. Through this investigation, we shed light on the intricate interplay among boundary conditions and permanent charges, providing insights into their impact on the behavior of ionic current, fluxes, and flux ratios. We derived the quadratic solutions in terms of permanent charge, which were notably more intricate compared to the linear solutions. Through computational tools, we investigated the impact of these quadratic solutions on fluxes, current-voltage relations, and flux ratios, conducting a thorough analysis of the results. These novel findings contributed to a deeper comprehension of ionic flow dynamics and hold potential implications for enhancing the design and optimization of ion channel-based technologies.</p></abstract>
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Liu, Weishi. "A Flux Ratio and a Universal Property of Permanent Charges Effects on Fluxes". Computational and Mathematical Biophysics 6, nr 1 (1.09.2018): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cmb-2018-0003.

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AbstractIn this work, we consider ionic flow through ion channels for an ionic mixture of a cation species (positively charged ions) and an anion species (negatively charged ions), and examine effects of a positive permanent charge on fluxes of the cation species and the anion species. For an ion species, and for any given boundary conditions and channel geometry,we introduce a ratio _(Q) = J(Q)/J(0) between the flux J(Q) of the ion species associated with a permanent charge Q and the flux J(0) associated with zero permanent charge. The flux ratio _(Q) is a suitable quantity for measuring an effect of the permanent charge Q: if _(Q) > 1, then the flux is enhanced by Q; if _ < 1, then the flux is reduced by Q. Based on analysis of Poisson-Nernst-Planck models for ionic flows, a universal property of permanent charge effects is obtained: for a positive permanent charge Q, if _1(Q) is the flux ratio for the cation species and _2(Q) is the flux ratio for the anion species, then _1(Q) < _2(Q), independent of boundary conditions and channel geometry. The statement is sharp in the sense that, at least for a given small positive Q, depending on boundary conditions and channel geometry, each of the followings indeed occurs: (i) _1(Q) < 1 < _2(Q); (ii) 1 < _1(Q) < _2(Q); (iii) _1(Q) < _2(Q) < 1. Analogous statements hold true for negative permanent charges with the inequalities reversed. It is also shown that the quantity _(Q) = |J(Q) − J(0)| may not be suitable for comparing the effects of permanent charges on cation flux and on anion flux. More precisely, for some positive permanent charge Q, if _1(Q) is associated with the cation species and _2(Q) is associated with the anion species, then, depending on boundary conditions and channel geometry, each of the followings is possible: (a) _1(Q) > _2(Q); (b) _1(Q) < _2(Q).
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Mofidi, Hamid, Bob Eisenberg i Weishi Liu. "Effects of Diffusion Coefficients and Permanent Charge on Reversal Potentials in Ionic Channels". Entropy 22, nr 3 (12.03.2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030325.

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In this work, the dependence of reversal potentials and zero-current fluxes on diffusion coefficients are examined for ionic flows through membrane channels. The study is conducted for the setup of a simple structure defined by the profile of permanent charges with two mobile ion species, one positively charged (cation) and one negatively charged (anion). Numerical observations are obtained from analytical results established using geometric singular perturbation analysis of classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck models. For 1:1 ionic mixtures with arbitrary diffusion constants, Mofidi and Liu (arXiv:1909.01192) conducted a rigorous mathematical analysis and derived an equation for reversal potentials. We summarize and extend these results with numerical observations for biological relevant situations. The numerical investigations on profiles of the electrochemical potentials, ion concentrations, and electrical potential across ion channels are also presented for the zero-current case. Moreover, the dependence of current and fluxes on voltages and permanent charges is investigated. In the opinion of the authors, many results in the paper are not intuitive, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to reveal all cases without investigations of this type.
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Kang, Wei Min, Bo Wen Cheng, Xiao Ning Jiao, Ya Liu i Yuan Lin Ren. "Research on Polypropylene Electret Melt-Blown Nonwoven Doped with Nano-Tourmaline". Materials Science Forum 675-677 (luty 2011): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.449.

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Electret filter composed of permanently charged electret fibers is a good material for environmental protection. A novel kind of electret melt-blown nonwovens (EMNs) doped with nano-tourmaline was developed by corona charging in this paper. The structure of web, mechanical properties, surface charge density and filtration efficiency of samples were discussed. The results showed that the structure of EMNs became loose and the initial surface charge density was increased markedly. Furthermore, the EMNs exhibited higher filtration efficiency and lower pressure drop, especially the content of nano-tourmaline was about 6 wt. %.
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Jiang, Zhuolin, Xiangnan Li, Xuanze Zhou, Yuxi Wei, Jie Wei, Guangwei Xu, Shibing Long i Xiaorong Luo. "Experimental investigation on the instability for NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction-gate FETs under negative bias stress". Journal of Semiconductors 44, nr 7 (1.07.2023): 072803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/44/7/072803.

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Abstract A NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction-gate field effect transistor (HJ-FET) is fabricated and its instability mechanisms are experimentally investigated under different gate stress voltage (V G,s) and stress times (t s). Two different degradation mechanisms of the devices under negative bias stress (NBS) are identified. At low V G,s for a short t s, NiO bulk traps trapping/de-trapping electrons are responsible for decrease/recovery of the leakage current, respectively. At higher V G,s or long t s, the device transfer characteristic curves and threshold voltage (V TH) are almost permanently negatively shifted. This is because the interface dipoles are almost permanently ionized and neutralize the ionized charges in the space charge region (SCR) across the heterojunction interface, resulting in a narrowing SCR. This provides an important theoretical guide to study the reliability of NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction devices in power electronic applications.
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Molénat, F., A. Morard-Dubey i L. Roegiers. "Le sentiment de continuité en périnatalité. Concepts et outils : une élaboration progressive". Périnatalité 11, nr 4 (grudzień 2019): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rmp-2019-0068.

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Examiner les modalités actuelles de continuité périnatale dans l’organisation des soins amène à retrouver l’origine du concept « sentiment continu d’exister » à divers moments de l’histoire des idées, puis à celle des pratiques. Socle dans la construction de l’humain, les moyens de l’assurer chez l’enfant en construction mettent en jeu de multiples facteurs. La pénétration de la théorie de l’attachement dans la culture médicale et psychologique en a favorisé la diffusion. D’abord étudié au sein de la dyade mère–bébé, le cadre d’analyse s’est élargi à la place du père, et à l’environnement professionnel dans sa proximité avec les parents et l’enfant aux étapes précoces de la vie, marquées par la médicalisation des décennies précédentes. De ce fait, le monde obstétricopédiatrique s’est complexifié. Les nouvelles technologies de soins ont confronté les équipes à des charges émotionnelles incontournables. C’est dans le rapprochement des disciplines concernées par le devenir de l’enfant, tant sur le plan somatique que psychoaffectif, qu’ont pu se repérer les fossés au sein du monde professionnel. Ces écarts tiennent à la matérialité des organisations, aux conditions d’exercice fort distantes, aux cultures monodisciplinaires jusqu’alors exclusives, ainsi qu’aux langages et aux objectifs distincts. L’impact des attitudes et pratiques médicales et psychosociales en ces moments sensibles est devenu objet de recherche. Chaque terrain développe ses stratégies, aidé selon les sites par une politique de soins telle que la création des réseaux périnatals en France. Une étroite collaboration entre trois équipes française, suisse et belge a permis depuis deux décennies de coanimer l’analyse minutieuse des processus de changement psychoémotionnel chez les futurs parents, et leur retentissement sur l’enfant en devenir, à la lumière des nouvelles modalités d’accompagnement pluriprofessionnel dans la succession des étapes. Même si les politiques de santé diffèrent, un état d’esprit commun s’est dégagé, ménageant l’inventivité et le rythme de chaque site. Un effort de publication et d’enseignement s’est mené ensemble. Le schéma « APRC » (Accompagnement personnalisé en réseau coordonné), élaboré au fil des années grâce aux propositions de praticiens engagés, aux recommandations administratives, aux échanges entre régions et pays, dessine un ensemble de dispositifs légers qui organisent la communication au sein du réseau professionnel. Les éléments de discontinuité sont présents, nécessaires, et témoignent de la diversification des rôles au fil des étapes. Mais ils s’intègrent dans un contexte environnemental toujours en mouvement, formant une toile protectrice et souple autour des personnes qui pourront s’y appuyer. Mis en forme sur le site de Montpellier, l’APRC a bénéficié récemment d’une étude comparative qui en confirme l’efficacité. Il constitue une étape dans l’effort de prévention précoce, susceptible d’améliorations permanentes.
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Naka, Amanda Akemi Ribeiro, Maria Adelane Monteiro da Silva, Renata Soares Morais, Camila Martins de Oliveira, Andrea Carvalho Araújo Moreira i Viviane Oliveira Mendes Cavalcante. "Método de oficinas no processo de Educação Permanente em Saúde à luz de Charles Maguerez". Ciência & Saúde 11, nr 2 (21.08.2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1983-652x.2018.2.26841.

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Objetivo: Analisar o método de oficinas desenvolvido com base na teoria de Charles Maguerez utilizado no processo de Educação Permanente em Saúde. Além disso, conhecer a percepção dos profissionais de saúde sobre os efeitos da utilização desse método.Materiais e Métodos: Estudo exploratório e descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em um Centro de Saúde da Família (CSF) de um município do Norte do Ceará. Teve como sujeitos os profissionais da equipe de saúde do CSF de um município do Norte do Ceará.Resultados: Foram entrevistados 15 profissionais que participavam das atividades de Educação Permanente em Saúde na unidade. A análise dos dados se deu com base nos pressupostos do método do Arco de Charles Maguerez, onde foram originadas as seguintes categorias: O método utilizado no processo de Educação Permanente em Saúde; Refletindo/discutindo sobre a realidade; Apontando resolução para os problemas e transformando as práticas cotidianas; Desafios para o uso do método nos momentos de Educação Permanente em Saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Há uma valorização do método por estimular a participação da equipe e é visto como estimulador de reflexões tanto em relação à assistência prestada enquanto equipe para a comunidade quanto ao seu próprio fazer enquanto profissional. Surgiram propostas relacionadas à periodicidade das oficinas e a busca de conhecer mais o Arco de Charles Maguerez.Conclusão: O uso da teoria do Arco de Charles Maguerez na Educação Permanente em Saúde provocou envolvimento com a realidade vivenciada, com as potencialidades do território e da própria equipe.
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Zhang, Mingji. "Competition between Cations via Classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck Models with Nonzero but Small Permanent Charges". Membranes 11, nr 4 (26.03.2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040236.

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We study a one-dimensional Poisson–Nernst–Planck system for ionic flow through a membrane channel. Nonzero but small permanent charge, the major structural quantity of an ion channel, is included in the model. Two cations with the same valences and one anion are included in the model, which provides more rich and complicated correlations/interactions between ions. The cross-section area of the channel is included in the system, and it provides certain information of the geometry of the three-dimensional channel, which is critical for our analysis. Geometric singular perturbation analysis is employed to establish the existence and local uniqueness of solutions to the system for small permanent charges. Treating the permanent charge as a small parameter, through regular perturbation analysis, we are able to derive approximations of the individual fluxes explicitly, and this allows us to study the competition between two cations, which is related to the selectivity phenomena of ion channels. Numerical simulations are performed to provide a more intuitive illustration of our analytical results, and they are consistent.
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Naulin-Ifi, Chantal, i Hélène Desnoes. "Traitement orthodontique des dents permanentes traumatisées". Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale 57, nr 2 (26.05.2023): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/odf/2023018.

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Les traumatismes alvéolo- dentaires (TAD) sont très fréquents et impliquent souvent des enfants ou des adolescents nécessitant ou en cours d’un traitement d’orthopédie dento faciale. Leur incidence peut être diminuée par une prise en charge orthodontique tant sur le plan fonctionnel que sur le plan orthopédique. Le traitement orthodontique sur des dents traumatisées peut avoir des effets néfastes sur les tissus pulpaire et parodontal. Le plan de traitement des patients présentant des TAD implique donc l’évaluation de 2 facteurs : le pronostic du traumatisme et le traitement éventuel de la malocclusion. La connaissance des risques de la prise en charge des dents traumatisées pour un consentement parfaitement éclairé est capitale. Il est donc essentiel de connaître les réactions biologiques de celles-ci. Il sera parfois même nécessaire d’envisager uniquement une solution de compromis dans les objectifs de traitement ODF.
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Gray, Nia, David G. Lumsdon i Stephen Hillier. "Effect of pH on the cation exchange capacity of some halloysite nanotubes". Clay Minerals 51, nr 3 (czerwiec 2016): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.3.04.

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AbstractThe cation exchange capacity (CEC) of seven well characterized halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in the dehydrated 7 Å form has been measured using a method based on cobalt hexammine exchange. In addition to unbuffered measurements, which varied between 2.9 and 9.3 cmol(+)kg−1, CECs were also determined over a wide pH range and proton titration measurements were conducted on two samples. The data were fitted using a constant capacitance model based on the presence of two sites: permanently charged sites and pH-dependent variable charged sites. Normalization of CEC to the average specific surface area (BET) of the halloysite samples reduces considerably the variation of CEC values for the different samples particularly over the intermediate pH range (5–9) with the average value at pH 7 equal to 8.5 cmol(+)kg−1and a standard deviation of 1.17. Overall the CEC behaviour of the seven samples appears reasonably consistent throughout the set. Calculations based on proton titrations suggest a ratio of variable charge to basal sites for the dehydrated halloysite nanotubes of ∼3:1.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Charges permanentes"

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Bordeleau, Charles-Antoine. "Effet des charges lourdes sur les barrages en remblai : déformation permanente d'un noyau d'argile". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69366.

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Hydro-Québec reçoit plusieurs demandes de la part de compagnies minières pour pouvoir utiliser la crête de leurs ouvrages en remblai comme route d'accès aux ressources naturelles. La problématique liée à ces demandes d'autorisation de passage est le fait que lors de la conception d'un barrage en remblai, la circulation des charges lourdes en crête n'est pas considérée. Il est donc pertinent de développer des outils décisionnels pour les gestionnaires des barrages de manière à ce qu'ils soient en mesure d'octroyer ou d'appliquer certaines restrictions sur les passages demandés. Ces critères décisionnels doivent être basés, entres autres, sur la déformation permanente subie par le noyau du barrage. Concrètement, des instruments de mesure de contraintes et de déformations ont été installés dans l'extrémité supérieure du noyau d'argile du barrage en remblai de St-Timothée. Les contraintes horizontales et verticales mesurées lors du passage de camions en crête permettent de reproduire le cheminement de contraintes en laboratoire lors des essais de déformations permanentes. L'échantillon d'argile recompacté en laboratoire est soumis à des contraintes déviatorique cycliques allant jusqu'à des valeurs très élevées par rapport à ce qui a été enregistré sur le terrain. La contrainte axiale cyclique à laquelle l'argile accumule une certaine déformation permanente suite à sa post-compaction est de 5 kPa et celle à laquelle l'instabilité du matériau est observée correspond à 55 kPa. La charge en crête de l'ouvrage qui engendre ces incréments de contraintes axiales au sein du noyau est déterminée avec les données enregistrées avec les instruments mis en place dans le barrage. Le nombre de passages nécessaire pour engendrer des déformations permanentes de 50 mm et 100 mm au sein du noyau peut être estimé en fonction de différentes charges circulant en crête du barrage. Ceci est effectué en considérant une variation de la profondeur dans le noyau sur laquelle la charge en crête contribue à sa déformation permanente.
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Silva, Joana Mafalda Ribeiro. "O efeito do hidroperíodo na atividade e diversidade dos morcegos: comparação entre charcos temporários mediterrânicos e charcos permanentes". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21236.

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Enquadramento: Em Portugal, os morcegos constituem quase metade da fauna de mamíferos terrestres, o que lhes confere um enorme valor patrimonial natural (Rainho et al., 1998). Este grupo de espécies consome grandes quantidades de artrópodes, principalmente insetos, em sistemas agrícolas e florestais, desempenhando um papel importante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas (Palmeirim & Rodrigues, 1992; Lourenço, 2000; Heim et al., 2015). No entanto, para conseguirem caçar tal quantidade de presas, necessária para manter o seu elevado metabolismo, os morcegos percorrem vários quilómetros por noite. Estes longos voos têm um elevado gasto de energia e aumentam as necessidades de água dos morcegos. De forma a reporem estas perdas de água e a terem áreas de alimentação altamente rentáveis, os morcegos utilizam frequentemente habitats dulciaquícolas de várias tipologias (Straka et al., 2016). Assim, a presença destes habitats influencia fortemente a taxa de sobrevivência e a distribuição dos morcegos nos ecossistemas terrestres (Korine et al., 2016)...
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Farooqui, Tahira. "Interaction of permanently charged dopaminergic agonists and antagonists with D? dopamine receptors /". The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901661456.

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Fakhfakh, Slim. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux diélectriques soumis à une irradiation électronique permanente". Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000026.pdf.

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Sous irradiation électronique, les matériaux isolants sont le siège d'effets très complexes appelés " effets de charges " qui présentent deux aspects, l'un négatif et l'autre positif. Si d'une part ces effets constituent une gêne pour l'observation des matériaux isolants en microscopie électronique à balayage et pour leur l'analyse par spectroscopie d'émission X ils peuvent constituer d'autre part un outil de caractérisation et de diagnostic de ces matériaux. La présente étude exploite ce dernier aspect pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu dans les phénomènes de charge. Ce mémoire, est subdivisé en trois parties principales. Dans la première partie nous décrivons l'aspect expérimental lié aux processus d'injection d'une charge par un faisceau d'électrons dans l'isolant ainsi que les techniques de mesure dynamique de la charge accumulée dans l'isolant qui ont été mises au point. Dans la deuxième partie, la corrélation entre les propriétés physiques de l'isolant et son aptitude à accumuler une charge électrique sous irradiation électronique est discutée. L'accent est mis en particulier sur l'étude des paramètres physiques qui caractérisent le comportement électrique de l'isolant. La troisième partie est destinée à la détermination du champ électrique interne dans le cas des isolants recouverts par une couche métallique mise à la masse et à la compréhension de ses effets sur les interactions électron- matière et sur la modification chimique de l'isolant. Mots Clefs : microscope électronique à balayage, matériaux diélectriques, piégeage de charges, émission électronique secondaire, courant de fuite, énergie critique
When insulating materials are submitted to electron irradiation, the so called charging effects occur. These effects may induce changes in electron specimen interaction parameters and hence in many properties of insulator such as secondary electron emission and leakage current. From a fundamental point of view, the study of insulators allow the physical mechanisms of charging to be understood. This manuscript, is subdivided in three parts. In the first part, the experimental aspects related to the process of charge injection using an electron beam are studied. In order to study the electric behavior of the insulator under and after electron irradiation, new measurement techniques are developed and described. In the second part, the correlation between the proprieties of the insulator and its ability to charge evacuation is discussed. Moreover, the influence of the physical processes such as secondary electron emission, leakage current, etc on the electric behavior of the insulator are investigated. The third part concerns an experimental approach for characterizing the internal trapped charge and the electric field build up in grounded-coated insulators during their electron-irradiation. Key words : scanning electron microscope, dielectric materials, charge trapping, secondary electron emission, leakage current, second crossover energy
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Nguyen, Vu Hieu. "Comportement dynamique de structures non-linéaires soumises à des charges mobiles". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENPC0207.

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Ce travail a pour but l'étude de la dynamique de structures non-linéaires soumises à des Passages de véhicules. Le cas d'un demi-espace multicouche visco-élastique soumis à une charge mobile est premièrement résolu par une méthode semi-analytique. Il permet de comprendre les phénomènes physiques et peut servir à valider des approches plus complexes élaborées dans la suite. Plusieurs études sur ce problème ont été réalisées mais il en existe encore peu qui tiennent compte de la non-linéarité des matériaux. Ces non-linéarités, qui peuvent être très forte dans certains matériaux (par exemple le ballast), causent des surcharges dynamiques plus importantes. On considère ici deux types de non-linéarité : l'élasticité non-linéaire et1'unilatéralité. La structure est étudiée avec des modèles très simples en unidimensionnel ou plus complexes en tridimensionnel. La méthode des éléments finis est choisie pour les calculs. Le cas 1D consiste en un problème uniaxial d'une barre et un problème de flexion d'une poutre posée sur un système de ressorts-amortisseurs. Le cas 3D utilise un modèle de matériau ballast qui est élastique (non-linéaire) en compression et unilatéral dans les directions principales. Comme on s'intéresse au régime permanent, on écrit les équations des éléments finis et on les résout dans le repère mobile en utilisant un changement de variable. Dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge devient supersonique, la méthode des éléments finis dans le repère mobile n'est plus valable et on doit utiliser une autre approche dans laquelle le changement de variable est réalisé à partir de l'équation discrétisée. On montre aussi pour le modèle uniaxial, dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge se situe entre la vitesse de l'onde de compression et la vitesse de l'onde de tension, qu'il peut exister des ondes de chocs dans le régime permanent. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés et sont comparés avec ceux des cas linéaires. Ils montrent les influences importantes de la non-linéarité sur la réponse dynamique des structures.
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Harrold, Marc W. "Part 1, synthesis of trimetoquinol analogs as potential thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists ; Part 2, synthesis of permanently charged and permanently uncharged dopamine antagonists /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612165271.

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Ribreau, Christian. "Sur la loi d'état, la loi de perte de charge, et la nature de l'écoulement permanent en conduite collabable inclinée". Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120050.

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Une theorie unidimensionnelle des ecoulements permanents, subcritiques et super-critiques, inclines, laminaires et turbulents, d'un fluide incompressible, dans une conduite elastiquement affaissable, dite collabable, soumise a une pression exterieure uniforme est presentee. La loi de changement d'etat de la conduite, qui permet de relier entre-elles les variations de section et les variations de pression, est definie a partir du probleme conjoint de l'aplatissement inextensionnel d'une coque mince cylindrique initialement elliptique. Parallelement les coefficients de la loi de darcy-weisbach sont etablis dans les conduites cylindriques associees aux sections calculees. Les coefficients de la loi de blasius sont egalement determines pour certaines formes caracteristiques sur la base de resultats experimentaux. Une discussion sur la valeur du nombre de reynolds critique est proposee. Une resolution complete portant directement sur l'aire de section attire l'attention sur les consequences du contact parietal, telle la discontinuite du debit critique. Les resultats sont confrontes a des resultats experimentaux. Les causes de discordance sont discutees et analysees a travers les limites inherentes aux simplifications du modele de loi d'etat et de sa discretisation
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Nguyen, Vu-Hieu. "Comportement dynamique de structures non-linéaires soumises à des charges mobiles". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338921.

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Ce travail a pour but l'étude de la dynamique de structures non-linéaires soumises à des passages de véhicules. Le cas d'un demi-espace multi-couche visco-élastique soumis à une charge mobile est premièrement résolu par une méthode semi-analytique. Il permet de comprendre les phénomènes physiques et peut servir à valider des approches plus complexes élaborées dans la suite. Plusieurs études sur ce problème ont été réalisées mais il en existe encore peu qui tiennent compte de la non-linéarité des matériaux. Ces nonlinéarités, qui peuvent être très forte dans certains matériaux (par exemple le ballast), causent des surcharges dynamiques plus importantes. On considère ici deux types de non-linéarité : l'élasticité non-linéaire et l'unilatéralité. La structure est étudiée avec des modèles très simples en unidimensionnel ou plus complexes en tridimensionnel. La méthode des éléments finis est choisie pour les calculs. Le cas 1D consiste en un problème uniaxial d'une barre et un problème de flexion d'une poutre posée sur un système de ressortsamortisseurs. Le cas 3D utilise un modèle de matériau ballast qui est élastique (non-linéaire) en compression et unilatéral dans les directions principales. Comme on s'intéresse au régime permanent, on écrit les équations des éléments finis et on les résout dans le repère mobile en utilisant un changement de variable. Dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge devient supersonique, la méthode des éléments finis dans le repère mobile n'est plus valable et on doit utiliser une autre approche dans laquelle le changement de variable est réalisé à partir de l'équation discrétisée. On montre aussi pour le modèle uniaxial, dans le cas où la vitesse de la charge se situe entre la vitesse de l'onde de compression et la vitesse de l'onde de tension, qu'il peut exister des ondes de chocs dans le régime permanent. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés et sont comparés avec ceux des cas linéaires. Ils montrent les influences importantes de la non-linéarité sur la réponse dynamique des structures.
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Smar, Michael William. "Part 1: Reversible and irreversible inhibitors of aldose reductase as probes of the inhibitor binding site. Part 2: Synthesis of permanently charged and permanently uncharged dopamine agonists /". The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487597424138323.

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Dogan, Hussein. "Méthodologie de conception des machines synchrones à aimants permanents. Application au véhicule électrique avec chargeur rapide embarqué". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT039/document.

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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la méthodologie de conception des Machines Synchrones à Aimants Permanents (MSAP) avec pour application le véhicule électrique. Dans une première partie, nous avons abordé du contexte de l'étude et de la problématique du dimensionnement. A l'occasion, nous avons montré qu'il est nécessaire d'adopter une méthodologie de design appropriée en fonction de l'avancement de chaque projet dans le cadre du processus de conception. Nous avons alors proposé différents niveaux de modélisation afin de repérer la machine optimale face au cahier des charges pour ensuite la caractériser plus finement et l'optimiser. La seconde partie du rapport traite donc de la modélisation et de l'optimisation de la MSAP. En premier lieu, un modèle analytique permet d'évaluer les performances globales des centaines de machines très rapidement. Ce premier calcul permet de sélectionner les meilleures machines à l'application pour ensuite les optimiser. Puis, le second niveau de modélisation se base sur les réseaux de réluctances. Ce niveau plus fin permet d'une part de retrouver les performances affinées des MSAP et également de procéder à l'optimisation. Enfin, la dernière partie du rapport est consacrée à l'optimisation de la MSAP en vue d'améliorer grandement les performances et de satisfaire au mieux au cahier des charges
The works of this thesis concern the design methodology of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) for an electric vehicle application. The first part of this report introduces the context of the study and the problem of design. Then, we have shown that it is necessary to adopt an appropriate design methodology based on the progress of each project in the design process. Thus, we proposed different levels of modeling to identify the optimal machine against the specifications, and then characterize it more finely and optimize. The second part of the report deals with the modeling and optimization of the PMSM. First, an analytical model is employed to evaluate the overall performance of hundreds of machines very quickly. The first calculation is used to select the best machine for the application and then optimize them. Then, the second level of modeling is based on reluctance networks. This model allows finer resolution of the PMSM and also permits to perform optimization. The last part of the report is devoted to the optimization of the PMSM in order to greatly improve performances and meet the specifications
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Książki na temat "Charges permanentes"

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Centre national de recherche appliquee, en genie parasismique, C.G.S., red. Chargés permanentes et chargés d'exploitation. Alger: Centre national de recherche appliquee, en genie parasismique C.G.S, 1989.

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Commission, New York City Charter. Making our city's progress permanent: Report of the New York City Charter Revision Commission. New York: New York City Charter Commission, 2001.

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Drakidis, Philippe. La Charte de l'Atlantique (14 août 1941): Source permanente de droit des Nations Unies. Besançon: Centre de recherche et d'information politique et sociale, 1989.

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Beatrix, Pfleiderer, i American Anthropological Association. Annual Meeting,, red. Permanence and change in Asian health care traditions: Selection from a symposium organized by Charles Leslie at the 84th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988.

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Credit card practices: Fees, interest charges, and grace periods : hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, March 7, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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W, Curtis John, red. The challenge of balancing faculty careers and family work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005.

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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. Employment of dependants : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of Spain relating to the free exercise of remunerative activities by dependents of employees of diplomatic missions, Consular posts or permanent missions to international organizations : Madrid, February 8, 1990, in force July 16, 1990 with provisional effect from February 8, 1990 =: Emploi de personnes à charge : accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement du Royaume d'Espagne relativement au libre exercice d'activités rémunératrices par des personnes à la charge d'employés de missions diplomatiques, de postes consulaires et de missions permanentes auprès d'organisations internationales : Madrid, le 8 février 1990 en vigueur le 16 juillet 1990 avec effet provisoire à compter du 8 février 1990. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer for Canada = Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1995.

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To apply counterinsurgency tactics under a coordinated and targeted strategy to combat the terrorist insurgency in Mexico waged by transnational criminal organizations, and for other purposes; and to withhold twenty percent of United States assessed and voluntary contributions to the Organization of American States (OAS) for every Permanent Council meeting that takes place where Article 20 of the Inter-American Charter is not invoked with regard to Venezuela's recent constitutional reforms, and for other purposes: Markup before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, on H.R. 3401 and H.R. 2542, December 15, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.

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Kaynia, Amir M. Analysis of Pile Foundations Subject to Static and Dynamic Loading. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Kaynia, Amir M. Analysis of Pile Foundations Subject to Static and Dynamic Loading. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Części książek na temat "Charges permanentes"

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McAbee, Donovan. "“A permanent disruption”". W Charles Simic and the Poetics of Uncertainty, 85–108. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367814830-4.

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Jennissen, Roel, Mark Bovens, Godfried Engbersen i Meike Bokhorst. "Better Local Reception and Civic Integration". W Research for Policy, 79–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14224-6_5.

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AbstractEach year a wide variety of immigrants arrive in the Netherlands, from all parts of the world. Some move on after a short time, others shuttle back and forth to their homeland and others still stay permanently. All these new residents make a home somewhere in the country. For most labour migrants, that is a free choice. Family migrants usually move in with a partner, and asylum migrants are assigned permanent accommodation in a particular municipality once they have been granted official refugee status. For all, however, the local government is the primary authority charged with helping them find their way in Dutch society.
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Wandrey, Christine, i Hamideh Ahmadloo. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of Synthetic Permanently Charged Polyelectrolytes". W Analytical Ultracentrifugation, 251–68. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55985-6_13.

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Guise, Nicholas D., Samuel M. Brewer i Joseph N. Tan. "Highly Charged Ions in Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Penning Traps". W New Trends in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 39–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38167-6_3.

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Bharti, Bhuvnesh. "Permanent Supracolloidal Biparticle Assembly Triggered by an Electric Field". W Adsorption, Aggregation and Structure Formation in Systems of Charged Particles, 131–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07737-6_9.

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Pretz, Jörg. "Measurement of permanent electric dipole moments of charged hadrons in storage rings". W SSP 2012, 111–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6485-9_15.

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Fałkowski, Wojciech. "La monarchie en crise permanente. Les Carolingiens après la mort de Charles le Chauve". W Culture et société médiévales, 333–55. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.csm-eb.3.1589.

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Liu, Longjian, Kexun Yu, Xianfei Xie, Zhijian Liu i Cheng Guo. "Analysis of Repetition Capacitor Charge System Based on Permanent Magnet Excited Homopolar Inductor Alternator". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 200–206. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1351-6_21.

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Gagnol, Laurent. "Identify, Search and Monitor by Tracks: Elements of Analysis of Pastoral Know-How in Saharan-Sahelian Societies". W Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks, 363–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_19.

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AbstractThis article deals with the knowledge and skills related to tracks in the sand among nomadic and semi-nomadic populations with a predominantly pastoral focus in the Sahara and Sahel. Identifying a sought-after individual, interpreting the associated clues, catching up with it by following the trail – all this is an essentially pastoral know-how. The punctual examination of the footprint aims at identifying the individual who produced it, and the search for clues associated with the footprint enables the tracker to discern other elements interpreting more generally the behaviour of this individual in movement. Through the understanding of the spatial and temporal context, linear tracking of footprints, by implementing a hodological strategy, makes it possible to catch up with the individual in question. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the power structures between the men who are in charge of tracking as well as the confirmation, assurance or subversion of the social order it implies. Finally, the permanence and transformation of this common and essential know-how in the process of becoming sedentary are analysed.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., i Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Chemistry". W Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0006.

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Soil chemistry deals with the chemical properties and reactions of soils. It is essentially the application of electrochemistry and colloid chemistry to soil systems. Major topics include surface charge properties of soil colloids, cation and anion sorption and exchange, soil acidity, soil alkalinity, soil salinity, and the effects of these chemical properties and processes on soil biological activity, plant growth, and environmental quality. The ability of the electrically charged surface of soil colloids to retain nutrient cations and anions is an important chemical property affecting the fertility status of the soil. There are two major sources of electrical charges on soil organic and inorganic colloids, namely, permanent or constant charges and variable or pH-dependent charges. Permanent or constant charges are the result of the charge imbalance brought about by isomorphous substitution in a mineral structure of one cation by another of similar size but differing valence (see also section 2.3.2). For example, the substitution of Mg2+ for Al3+ that occurs in Al-dominated octahedral sheets of 2:1 clay minerals results in a negative surface charge in smectite, vermiculite, and chlorite. The excess negative charges are then balanced by adsorbed cations to maintain electrical neutrality. Permanent negative charges of all 2:1 silicate minerals arise from isomorphous substitutions. The l:l-type clay mineral, kaolinite, has only a minor amount of permanent charge due to isomorphic substitution. The negative charges on kaolinite originate from surface hydroxyl groups on the edge of the mineral structure and are pH-dependent. Variable or pH-dependent charges occur on the surfaces of Fe and Al oxides, allophanes, and organic soil colloids. This type of surface charge originates from hydroxyl groups and other functional groups by releasing or accepting H+ ions, resulting in either negative or positive charges. Other functional groups are hydroxyl (OH) groups of Fe and/or Al oxides and allophanes and the COOH and OH groups of soil organic matter. Variable-charge soil colloids bear either a positive or a negative net surface charge depending on the pH of the soil. The magnitude of the charge varies with the electrolyte concentration of the soil solution.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Charges permanentes"

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Guette, table ronde animée par Henri. "L’armée noire, « un joyeux bordel de création permanente »". W Charles Pennequin : poésie tapage. Fabula, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58282/colloques.7804.

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Jeong, S. I., J. Seyed-Yagoobi i P. Atten. "Experimental Study of Electrohydrodynamic Pumping Through Conduction Phenomenon". W ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1521.

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Abstract In an isothermal liquid, only the Coulomb force which is the force acting on the free charges, can contribute to permanent electrohydrodynamic motion. In the absence of a direct charge injection, pumping can be achieved due to the charges associated with the heterocharge layers of finite thickness in the vicinity of the electrodes which are based on the process of dissociation of a neutral electrolytic species and recombination of the generated ions. This type of pumping is referred to as pure conduction pumping. The conduction pumping mechanism is experimentally investigated here with three different electrode designs. Sufficient pressure heads are generated with very low electric power requirements making the EHD conduction pumping attractive to certain applications such as capillary pumped loops and heat pipes.
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Lesche, B., F. C. Garcia, E. N. Hering, L. C. G. Valente, W. Margulis, I. C. S. Carvalho, A. Asseh i F. Laurell. "Etching Studies of Frequency Doubling Glass Systems". W The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.ctuc2.

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It is possible to induce second order nonlinear effects in glass systems, such as fibres, films or bulk silica samples by recording a permanent electric field optically, or by poling the samples with high voltages and heat. Characterising the charge distribution is central to understanding the mechanisms involved. We recently imaged frequency doubling gratings in fibres previously prepared for SHG, by etched the fibres until close to the core. Due to the presence of charges, etching is nonuniform, and the period of the grating can be unambiguously identified. Here, we present a simple technique to determine the charge distribution in poled glasses with submicron resolution. An interference pattern was formed by the reflections of a HeNe beam on the faces of a 1 mm thick poled slice of SiO2(3 KV, 280 °C). One of the faces was etched in HF, while the other was used as a reference, and the intensity of one fringe was monitored in real time. The optical path of the light reflected off the surface being etched was altered. When the glass was not poled, the etching rate was constant and a periodic variation of the fringe intensity was seen. When the glass was poled, a strong frequency modulation was observed. Positive charge resulted in slower etching, and negative charge caused faster etching [1].
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Germer, Maxim, Uwe Marschner i Andreas Richter. "Combined Finite Element Method (FEM) and Network Simulation of a Nonlinear Electromagnetic Energy Harvester". W ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2407.

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Abstract Combined finite element and network modeling methods provide a time efficient instrument to simulate multi-physics systems. In this work, the Combined Simulation is applied to a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester with electrical interface circuit and capacitive energy storage. The energy harvester consists of two cylindrical permanent magnets placed in a cylinder with opposite directions to each other, whereas one magnet is fixed and the other magnet is freely movable in the vertical direction within the cylinder. A coil surrounds the cylinder and transforms the magneto-mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of electromagnetic induction. An external force with a certain wave-form excites the system. Finite element and network modeling methods are combined to determine concentrated and distributed network parameters and to describe the nonlinear system as an equivalent circuit, whereas Finite element modeling of the two permanent magnets reveals the repulsive force at different distances. The position-dependent electromagnetic coupling coefficient is employed by calculating the linked magnetic flux gradient. The system performance, including the interface circuit and an energy storage component, is then predicted using the numerical network simulator LTspice. A voltage doubler is used to charge a capacitor and compared with a one-way and two-way rectifier. The voltage doubler shows the best results and charges the capacitor to the highest voltage. The presented method helped to understand the overall system behavior. Physical quantities can be quickly determined in the network. The method can be applied to other multi-physics systems and to more complex interface circuits, easily.
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Kearney, Ian, i Hank Sung. "Integrated ESD Robustness through Device Analysis of Ultra-Small Low Voltage Power MOSFETs". W ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0350.

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Abstract Low voltage power MOSFETs often integrate voltage spike protection and gate oxide ESD protection. The basic concept of complete-static protection for the power MOSFETs is the prevention of static build-up where possible and the quick, reliable removal of existing charges. The power MOSFET gate is equivalent to a low voltage low leakage capacitor. The capacitor plates are formed primarily by the silicon gate and source metallization. The capacitor dielectric is the silicon oxide gate insulation. Smaller devices have less capacitance and require less charge per volt and are therefore more susceptible to ESD than larger MOSFETs. A FemtoFETTM is an ultra-small, low on-resistance MOSFET transistor for space-constrained handheld applications, such as smartphones and tablets. An ESD event, for example, between a fingertip and the communication-port connectors of a cell phone or tablet may cause permanent system damage. Through electrical characterization and global isolation by active photon emission, the authors identify and distinguish ESD failures. Thermographic analysis provided additional insight enabling further separation of ESD failmodes. This paper emphasizes the role of failure analysis in new product development from the create phase through to product ramp. Coupled with device electrical simulation, the analysis observations led to further design enhancement.
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Parris, Paul E. "Hopping mobility for charge carriers in disordered media with permanent and induced charge-dipole interactions". W Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, redaktorzy Stephen Ducharme i James W. Stasiak. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.290230.

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Zyss, Joseph, Ifor Samuel, Céline FIORINI, Fabrice Charra i Jean-Michel Nunzi. "Permanent All Optical Poling of An Octupolar Dye". W Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tue.1.

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The predominant class of molecular systems considered so-far towards applications in the realm of quadratic nonlinear optics has been derived from the all-pervading "molecular diode" template as exemplified by paranitroaniline-like molecules. The underlying basic paradigm consists in the dipolar anchoring of an interacting couple of electron donor and acceptor groups to a conjugated π electron linkage(1). The virtue of such a configuration is to provide a significant electronic charge displacement in the ground state which is further enhanced upon directional optical excitation towards the charge-transfer level. This basic mechanism has been confirmed by nearly two decades of experiments in solutions, crystals and polymer media with the two-level quantum model providing solid theoretical support(2). Both the Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (EFISH) experiment and the current poled polymer technology essentially depend on the existence and magnitude of a strong ground state dipole μ contributing to the μ.E coupling potential between individual molecules and the externally applied de poling field E.
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Aung, N., i J. Quan. "An approach to characterize charged magnet rings for permanent magnet motors". W 2017 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2017.8007642.

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Di Stefano, Roberto, i Fabrizio Marignetti. "An Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine with charged polymer stator core". W 2011 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2011.5984079.

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Asem, P., E. Detournay, B. Guzina i J. F. Labuz. "Precipitation of Calcite in a Rock Fracture". W 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0799.

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ABSTRACT A promising technology for permanently storing CO2 in the subsurface is through mineralization in mafic (e.g. basalt) and ultramafic (e.g. peridotite) rock, which are abundant in the earth's upper crust. Indeed, recent field experiments in Iceland and Washington State have demonstrated the ability of trapping carbon in mineral form by injecting CO2-charged water in the subsurface. One key question to be addressed in assessing this technology is whether the mineral replacement resulting from the combined dissolution / precipitation process will either clog the pore space or induce cracking that will expose fresh mineral surfaces to, and provide new pathways for, the reactive fluid. In other words, is the process self-limiting (clogging) or self-sustaining (cracking)? To explore this question, we designed a suite of experiments that involves injecting a solution supersaturated with respect to calcite in a rock fracture. The mixture was injected via a central hole drilled in a granite block that was fractured hydraulically. The paper reports on preliminary results of the precipitation of calcite on fracture surfaces, and resulting changes in fluid flow and fracture aperture. INTRODUCTION One option to reduce the release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere is the capture and storage of CO2 in geologic formations (Orr 2009). Although sequestration of CO2 via structural trapping in fluid-saturated porous sedimentary rock has gained much interest in the recent years, maintaining seal integrity remains a persistent issue (Benson and Cole 2008). To resolve problems associated with conventional methods for CO2 geologic storage (e.g. structural trapping; solubility trapping), permanent storage of CO2 as thermodynamically stable carbonate minerals has been suggested (Seifritz 1990; Kelemen and Matter 2008), where CO2-charged fluid is injected in Mg- and Ca-rich silicate rock. The carbon is fixed as MgCO3 or CaCO3 (Equation) Sustainable and large-scale storage of CO2 in geologic formations by mineralization (Equation 1), however, requires (i) continuous circulation of CO2-charged fluid in the rock mass, and (ii) access to fresh minerals enabling dissolution and precipitation to move forward. Potential clogging of the fracture network through vein formation, therefore, can pose significant limitations to carbon mineralization. Understanding the process of vein formation and whether a sufficiently permeable fracture network can be maintained over time by the pressure that growing crystals exert on the crack walls (Taber 1916; Rothrock 1925; Durney and Ramsay 1973; Wiltschco and Morse 2001) is an important question that should be addressed.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Charges permanentes"

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Kerwin, Donald, Robert Warren i Mike Nicholson. Proposed Public Charge Rule Would Significantly Reduce Legal Admissions and Adjustment to Lawful Permanent Resident Status of Working Class Persons. Center for Migration Studies, listopad 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14240/cmsrpt1118n2.

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Campobasso, Marissa, Musa Ibrahim, Amanda Chisholm, Julia Miazek i Martin Page. pH pivoting for algae coagulation : bench-scale experimentation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), maj 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48611.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten recreational waters and public supplies across the US, causing detrimental economic and environmental effects to communities. HABs can be mitigated with dissolved air flotation (DAF) treatment, which requires addition of pH-sensitive charged chemicals to neutralize algae, allowing them to attach to microbubbles and float to the surface. During HAB events and photosynthesis, algae raise the pH to levels that are not ideal for DAF. Traditionally, pH is reduced with a strong acid; however, this adds operational cost and permanently adjusts the water’s pH. This study assessed an approach that might allow for infusing CO₂ from diesel-powered electricity generators into the water prior to DAF treatment. It was hypothesized that formation of carbonic acid could temporarily reduce the pH. Results showed that 2.5%–5.0% CO₂ mixed within compressed air can achieve pH levels between 6–7 in algal water with an initial pH of 9–11 and alkalinity of 150 mg/L as CaCO₃. Further, dosing CO₂ before chemical addition yielded a 31% improvement in water clarification. Returning the pH back to natural levels was not achieved using ambient air microbubbles; however, coarse bubble air spargers should be tested to provide more volumetric capacity for CO₂ absorption.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh i Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.

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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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