Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Charge vs energy transfer

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Charge vs energy transfer”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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Ricciarelli, Damiano, Daniele Meggiolaro, Paola Belanzoni, Asma A. Alothman, Edoardo Mosconi i Filippo De Angelis. "Energy vs Charge Transfer in Manganese-Doped Lead Halide Perovskites". ACS Energy Letters 6, nr 5 (23.04.2021): 1869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00553.

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K. R., Pradeep, i Ranjani Viswanatha. "Mechanism of Mn emission: Energy transfer vs charge transfer dynamics in Mn-doped quantum dots". APL Materials 8, nr 2 (1.02.2020): 020901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140888.

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Mostafa, Gamal A. E., Tarek A. Yousef, Samir T. Gaballah, Atef M. Homoda, Rashad Al-Salahi, Haya I. Aljohar i Haitham AlRabiah. "Quinine Charge Transfer Complexes with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-Benzoquinone and 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane: Spectroscopic Characterization and Theoretical Study". Applied Sciences 12, nr 3 (18.01.2022): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12030978.

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The molecular charge transfer reactions of quinine (Q) with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as a π-acceptor to form charge transfer (CT) complexes have been studied. The CT complexes were characterized by infrared spectra, NMR, mass spectrometry, conductometry and spectrometry. The Q-DDQ and Q-TCNQ charge transfer complexes were monitored at 480 and 843 nm, respectively. The results confirm the formation of CT complexes. The molar ratio of Q:DDQ and Q: TCNQ assessed using Job’s method was 1:1, which agrees with the results obtained by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The stability of the formed CT complexes was assessed by measuring different spectroscopic parameters such as oscillator strength, transition dipole moment, ionization potential, the energy of CT complex, resonance energy, dissociation energy and standard free energy change. The DFT geometry optimization of quinine, DDQ and TCNQ, its charge transfer complex, and UV theoretical vs. experimental comparative study were carried out. The theoretical and experimental results agreed. DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory was used for the investigation of charge transfer between quinine as electron donor and (DDQ and TNCQ) as electron acceptors. The geometric structures, orbital energies, HOMO, LUMO and energy gaps were determined. The transition energies of the charge transfer complexes were computed using the TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The computed parameters were comparable to the experimental parameters, and the computational results aided in the analysis of the data.
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Lacy, W. B., K. L. Rowlen i J. M. Harris. "Quantitative Investigation of Charge-Trapping Effects on Raman Spectra Acquired Using Charge-Coupled-Device (CCD) Detectors". Applied Spectroscopy 45, nr 10 (grudzień 1991): 1598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702914335373.

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Changes in spectral band parameters (width, center frequency, intensity) which arise from charge-trapping artifacts in the Thomson TH 7882 charge-coupled-device (CCD) detector are reported. These parameters are measured for a Raman scattering band of carbon tetrachloride with respect to CCD geometry (parallel vs. serial binning), in the presence and absence of preflash, vs. changes in integration time (variation in detected light level). The dependence of the spectral parameters on detector temperature was also measured. The degree of charge trapping and the charge transfer efficiency were estimated from the change in peak width and intensity vs. integration time, respectively, and were found to vary with detector temperature according to an Arrhenius relationship for the serial-binning geometry; from these results, the energy barriers to charge trapping and loss in the serial register were estimated. Practical guidelines for acquisition of binned spectra with this detector are suggested.
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Myers, Alexis, i Jeff Blackburn. "Fundamental Charge Transfer Dynamics in 2D TMDCs for Use in Novel Heterostructures". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 12 (7.07.2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0112865mtgabs.

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Efficient transfer of charge carriers and/or excitons between small organic molecules and two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor interfaces is being explored for applications in photovoltaics and quantum information processing. Interfaces of small molecules and 2D semiconductors such as graphene, nanocrystals, quantum dots and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are capable of charge, energy, and spin singlet transfer. The long excited state lifetimes of spin triplet excitons makes triplet exciton transfer across such interfaces advantageous for exciton harvesting and photon upconversion. However, to date, triplet energy transfer between physisorbed small molecules and monolayer TMDCs has only been reported in a single study. To our knowledge, the process where photoexcitation of a TMDC/organic interface yields triplet excitons in the TMDC layer has not been reported. In quantum dot (QD) systems, direct covalent attachment of organic molecules to QD surfaces has shown to facilitate triplet energy transfer across the QD/molecule interface, but this covalent approach has not been widely applied to TMDC/molecule interfaces. Here we present a systematic study of covalently functionalized TMDC/molecule interfaces employing synthetically tailored thiolated acenes. We create tunable amounts of sulfur vacancies, which allows for subsequent covalent acene functionalization. We study the impact of covalent bonding on the charge transfer (CT) dynamics of TMDC/organic interfaces with energy level offsets suitable for charge and energy transfer (ET) as well as triplet acceptance and sensitization. We characterize the interfaces with a variety of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques and initial results show success in selective isolation of CT vs ET pathways. Figure 1
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Mandal, Arkalekha. "Tuning p-type to n-type semiconductor nature by charge transfer cocrystallization: effect of transfer integral vs. reorganization energy". CrystEngComm 24, nr 11 (2022): 2072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ce00006g.

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Rodrı́guez-Fernández, Jonathan, Koen Lauwaet, David Écija, Roberto Otero, Rodolfo Miranda i José M. Gallego. "Metal-Coordination Network vs Charge Transfer Complex: The Importance of the Surface". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, nr 14 (16.03.2020): 7922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02166.

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Luo, Peng, Paul-Ludovic Karsenti, Benoit Marsan i Pierre D. Harvey. "Triplet energy vs. electron transfers in porphyrin- and tetrabenzoporphyrin-carboxylates/Pd3(dppm)3(CO)2+ cluster assemblies; a question of negative charge". New Journal of Chemistry 42, nr 10 (2018): 8160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03943c.

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Alkorta, Ibon, Jose Elguero i Josep M. Oliva-Enrich. "Hydrogen vs. Halogen Bonds in 1-Halo-Closo-Carboranes". Materials 13, nr 9 (7.05.2020): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092163.

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A theoretical study of the hydrogen bond (HB) and halogen bond (XB) complexes between 1-halo-closo-carboranes and hydrogen cyanide (NCH) as HB and XB probe has been carried out at the MP2 computational level. The energy results show that the HB complexes are more stable than the XBs for the same system, with the exception of the isoenergetic iodine derivatives. The analysis of the electron density with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) shows the presence of a unique intermolecular bond critical point with the typical features of weak noncovalent interactions (small values of the electron density and positive Laplacian and total energy density). The natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) of the complexes shows that the HB and XB complexes are dominated by the charge-transfer and polarization terms, respectively. The work has been complemented with a search in the CSD database of analogous complexes and the comparison of the results, with those of the 1-halobenzene:NCH complexes showing smaller binding energies and larger intermolecular distances as compared to the 1-halo-closo-carboranes:NCH complexes.
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Dong, Rui Zhi. "Comparative Studies on VS2 Bilayer and VS2/Graphene Heterostructure as the Anodes of Li Ion Battery". Key Engineering Materials 894 (27.07.2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.894.61.

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Due to the development of various mobile electronic devices, such as electric vehicles, rechargeable ion batteries are becoming more and more important. However, the current commercial lithium-ion batteries have obvious defects, including poor safety from Li dendrite and flammable electrolyte, quick capacity loss and low charging and discharging rate. It is very important to find a better two-dimensional material as the anode of the battery to recover the disadvantages. In this paper, first principles calculations are used to explore the performances of VS2 bilayer and VS2 / graphene heterostructure as the anodes of Li ion batteries. Based on the calculation of the valences, binding energy, intercalation voltage, charge transfer and diffusion barrier of Li, it is found that the latter can be used as a better anode material from the perspective of insertion voltage and binding energy. At the same time, the former one is better in terms of diffusion barrier. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding on VS2 based 2D anodes.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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Gillespie, Peter N. O. "Theory of charge transfer in solar energy materials". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22771/.

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Canola, Sofia <1989&gt. "Modeling charge and energy transfer in organic molecular materials". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8131/1/Canola_Sofia_tesi.pdf.

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The understanding of nanoscale physics, chemistry and biology still poses unanswered questions such as how the optical and electrical properties of materials evolve from those of individual molecules, and organic semiconductors fall in this class of materials. The main processes occurring in such systems are both charge and energy transfer, responsible for the practical operation of electronic devices. Therefore, an understanding at a fundamental level of the electronic properties of the involved molecules can help the optimization of each process, for a better global performance of the material. My three years PhD activity was developed along two major lines of research: charge and energy transport, both based on the computational investigation of intramolecular properties and intermolecular interactions. Strictly related to energy transport are the optical properties of condensed phase materials and how they evolve from those of isolated molecular components. The charge transport properties were investigated for several organic molecular crystals showing semiconducting behavior, whose experimental crystal structure and charge mobilities are available. As the same interactions that drive the transport of charge play also a role in determining the optical properties and the energy transport in molecular aggregates, in my research activity I investigated such processes as well. In this regard, I took into account a dimer of perylene-bisimide, with the aim of elucidating the role of charge transfer states and their effect on optoelectronic properties. Additionally, to assess the propagation of excited states in a molecular material a kinetic constant is required, similarly to charge transport, but the expression in this case includes the overlap between the absorption spectrum of the acceptor and the emission spectrum of the donor. To this end I also developed a code devoted to the simulation of linear absorption and emission spectra of an isolated molecule, starting from computed quantum mechanical properties.
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Huang, Zhongjie. "Investigation of Interfacial Charge Transfer Processes in Energy Conversion Devices". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1448663899.

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Byrne, Ciaran Martin. "Energy loss and charge transfer effects of low energy protons in thin organic films". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393732.

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Bdžoch, Juraj [Verfasser]. "Ultrafast energy and charge transfer in D2O/Ru(0001) / Juraj Bdžoch". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025169107/34.

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Mutz, Niklas. "Energy and Charge Transfer at Hybrid Interfaces Probed by Optical Spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22797.

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Hybride anorganisch/organischen Systeme können die individuellen Vorteile, etwa eine hohe elektronische Mobilität in anorganischen und starke Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung in organischen Halbleitern, kombinieren. Ein sinnvoller Nutzen dieser Heterostrukturen benötigt ein umfassendes Verständnis der Grenzfläche. Zwei Grenzflächenprozesse werden in dieser Arbeit behandelt. Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (FRET) wird zwischen einem InGaN/GaN Quantengraben und dem Polymer Cn-ether PPV untersucht. Trotz des hohen internen elektrischen Feldes im Quantengraben, ist effizienter Energietransfer möglich, solange andere nicht-strahlende Zerfallsprozesse unterdrückt werden. Dies wird mittels temperaturabhängiger PL und PLE Spektroskopie gezeigt. PLE demonstriert eine eindeutige Erhöhung der Emission des Akzeptors. Bei höheren Temperaturen dominieren nicht-strahlende Zerfallskanäle. Ladungstransfer wird zwischen MoS2 und dem Molekül H2Pc untersucht. Die Kombination mit organischen Molekülen kann die Funktionalität von MoS2 erweitern. Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) zeigt einen Typ-II Heteroübergang an der MoS2/H2Pc Grenzfläche. Angeregte Elektronen gehen von den H2Pc Molekülen in die MoS2 Monolage über, wie mittels einer Verkürzung der PL Lebenszeit von H2Pc gezeigt wird. Photostrommessungen demonstrieren zudem, dass die transferierten Elektronen zu einer erhöhten Photoleitfähigkeit beitragen. Zusätzlich werden auch einzelne 2D Übergangsmetall Dichalkogenide (TMDCs) untersucht. Um TMDCs von hoher Qualität herzustellen, wurde intern eine Wachstumsmethode entwickelt. Mittels PL Spektroskopie werden die so hergestellten Schichten charakterisiert. Die Vielseitigkeit der Methode wird anhand des Wachstums von Mischkristallen und Heterostrukturen gezeigt. Der Einfluss der dielektrischen Funktion des Substrates wird erforscht. Durch die Kombination von PES und Reflexionsmessungen kann eine gleichzeitige Abnahme sowohl der Bandlücke als auch der Exzitonen Bindungsenergie gezeigt werden.
Hybrid inorganic/organic systems can combine the advantages of both materials such as high carrier mobilities in inorganic semiconductors and large light-matter interaction in organic ones. In order to benefit from these heterostructures, a thorough understanding of the interface is needed. Two processes occurring at the interface are looked at in this thesis. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is studied between a single InGaN/GaN quantum well and the polymer Cn-ether PPV. Despite the large internal electric fields in the quantum well, efficient FRET is possible as long as other non-radiative decay channels are suppressed. This is shown by temperature dependent PL and PLE spectroscopy. PLE spectra clearly demonstrate an enhanced light emission from the acceptor. At elevated temperatures, non-radiative decay pathways become dominant. Excited-state charge transfer is studied on MoS2 in combination with the molecule H2Pc. The combination with molecules can extend the functionality of MoS2. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) reveals a type II energy level alignment at the MoS2/H2Pc interface. Excited electrons are transferred from H2Pc to MoS2, deduced from a shortening of the H2Pc PL decay time. Photocurrent spectra further show that the transferred electrons contribute to an enhanced photoconductivity. Additionally, bare 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are studied. In order to fabricate high-quality TMDC monolayers, a growth method was developed in-house. The grown monolayers are characterised by optical spectroscopy. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by the growth of alloys and heterostructures. The influence of the substrate dielectric function is investigated by comparing band-gaps measured by PES with the exciton transition energies obtained by reflectance measurements. An almost equal reduction in both energies with the substrate dielectric constant is seen.
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Weber, Fabian [Verfasser]. "Structure-Property Relationships for Energy- and Charge-Transfer Processes / Fabian Weber". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204429324/34.

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Guo, Fangyeong. "High energy excited states in conjugated polymers and charge-transfer solids". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186708.

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Within the framework of the extended-Hubbard model, theoretical studies on the intensities of two-photon absorption (TPA) of the even-parity states in conjugated polymers show relatively large contributions from the exciton mA(g) state. The TPA intensities due to the 2A(g) as well as other sub-gap even-parity states are demonstrated to be extremely weak in the long chain limit, independent of their locations relative to the optically allowed exciton. We show our results have important implications for the interpretation of third harmonic generation (THG) and TPA spectra of several conjugated polymers. We have also probed the higher energy states that are reached by two-electron excitations from the ground state. Evidence for the biexciton, a bound state of two excitons that occurs below the two-electron continuum, is found. The lowest biexciton state is of even parity, call be reached by optical excitation from the 1Bᵤ exciton, and also by two-photon excitation from the ground state. Interpretation of a recent picosecond photoinduced absorption experiment on polyparavinylene (PPV) and TPA on polysilanes (PS) in terms of the biexciton will be given. Multiexciton states have experimentally found in a linear chain mixed-stack charge-transfer solid. Our theoretical studies based on the extended-Hubbard Hamiltonian demonstrate that such stable multiexciton states in this class of organic systems are due to the Coulomb interactions.
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Menting, Raoul. "Light-induced energy and charge transfer processes in artificial photosynthetic systems". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16656.

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Der Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von photoinduzierten Energietransferprozessen (EET) und Elektronentransferprozessen (ET) in Modellsystemen, die als potentiell geeignet für eine Nutzung in der artifiziellen Photosynthese angesehen werden. Den beiden wesentlichen Zugängen zur Architektur artifizieller Photosynthese-Systeme entsprechend wurden vergleichend kovalente und sich selbst organisierende Systeme untersucht. In beiden Zugängen wurden ähnliche chemische Komponenten als optisch aktive Moleküle eingesetzt, insbesondere Phthalocyanine mit einem Silizium-Zentralatom (SiPc). Durch eine Kombination von stationären und zeitaufgelösten optisch-spektroskopischen Methoden konnten die lichtinduzierten ET- und EET-Prozesse identifiziert und quantifiziert werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden mehrere kovalent gebundene Triaden und eine Pentade untersucht. In allen Systemen finden sehr effiziente ET und EET Prozesse statt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass das Lösungsmittel großen Einfluss auf die photophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Systeme ausübt. Die Lebensdauer des ladungsseparierten Zustandes variiert von 1,7 ns in Toluol bis 30 ps in DMF. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde erstmals gezeigt, dass sich in wässriger Lösung ein supramolekularer Komplex, bestehend aus einem Beta-Cyklodextrin (CD), einem konjugierten Subphthylocyanin (SubPc), einem Porphyrin (Por) und einem SiPc bilden kann. Letzteres wurde über unterschiedliche Ketten an zwei CDs kovalent gebunden. Die Selbstorganisation wird über hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen vermittelt und die Bildung der Komplexe ist sehr effizient. Nach selektiver Anregung von SubPc finden sequenzielle ET- und EET-Prozesse von SubPc zu SiPc statt. Das Por spielt die Rolle einer energetischen und elektronischen Brücke und ermöglicht die ET und EET-Prozesse von SubPc zu SiPc. Die Ladungsrekombination in den Grundzustand geschieht innerhalb von 1,7 ns.
The main objective of the present thesis was to conduct investigations of photo-induced electron transfer (ET) and excitation energy transfer (EET) processes in model compounds that are considered potentially appropriate for use in artificial photosynthesis. Two approaches have been used to construct the artificial photosynthetic systems, namely covalent and supramolecular approach. In both systems similar optically active molecules have been employed, particularly silicon-based phthalocyanines (SiPc). A comparative study between the covalently-linked and self-assembled systems had been conducted. For these purposes, thorough spectroscopic measurements in the UV/Vis range had been performed on these conjugates. A combination of steady-state and time-resolved experiments allowed an identification and quantification of the photo-induced ET and EET processes. In the first part of the work several covalently bound triads and a pentad bearing a central SiPc unit were studied. In all systems highly efficient ET and EET processes take place. It was found that the solvent exerts great influence on the photophysical properties of the systems. The lifetime of the charge-separated state varied from 1.7 ns (toluene) down to 30 ps (DMF). In the second part of the thesis, for the first time the formation of ternary supramolecular complexes consisting of a beta-cyclodextrin (CD), a conjugated subphthalocyanine (SubPc), a porphyrin (Por) and a series of SiPcs substituted axially with two CDs via different spacers was shown. These components are held in water by host-guest interactions and the formation of these host-guest complexes was found to be very efficient. Upon excitation of the SubPc-part of the complex sequential ET and EET processes from SubPc to SiPc take place. The Por dye acts as a transfer bridge enabling these processes. The probability of ET is controlled by the linker between CD and SiPc. Charge recombination to the ground state occurs within 1.7 ns.
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Nam, Yoon Sung. "Nanostructures templated on biological scaffolds for light harvesting, energy transfer, charge transfer, and redox reactions". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60784.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-160).
Solar energy provides an unparalleled promise to generate enormous amounts of clean energy. As the solar industry grows rapidly with a focus on power generation, new, but equally important challenges are emerging, including how to store and transfer the generated solar energy. Light-driven water splitting to generate hydrogen has received increasing attention as a means of storing solar energy. However, in order to evolve hydrogen with no energy input beyond sunlight, it is important to develop a stable and efficient catalytic system for water oxidation, which is the more challenging half-reaction of photocatalytic water splitting. Over several billion years, cyanobacteria and plants have evolved highly organized photosynthetic systems for the efficient oxidation of water. Water oxidation by mimicking photosynthesis has been pursued since the early 1970s; however, the approaches have been primarily limited to the extraction and reconstitution of the existing natural pigments, photosystems, and photosynthetic organisms, which suffer from instability. Metal oxide catalysts, often coupled with pigments, are similar to the reaction centers in natural photosystems and have been shown to photochemically oxidize water. Unfortunately, various approaches involving molecular design of ligands, surface modification, and immobilization still show low catalytic efficiencies unless they are used under relatively harsh conditions (i.e., in highly alkaline or acidic solutions under ultraviolet radiation). The current work aims to demonstrate the impact of nano-scale assembly of organic and inorganic molecules on energy and charge transfers, and related redox reactions. Genetically modified M13 viruses are explored as biological scaffolds to guide the formation of metal oxide catalysts-pigments hybrid nanostructures that enable efficient transports of both energy and electrons for photochemical water oxidation. This dissertation deals with three aspects of the virus-templated nanostructures - photonic, photochemical, and electrochemical properties. First, organic pigments are arranged into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna on the M13 virus. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to the M13 virus induces spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red-shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures a hypothetical model is suggested to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated on the virus. Second, through further genetic engineering of M13 viruses, iridium oxide hydrosol clusters (catalysts) are co-assembled with zinc porphyrins. When illuminated with visible light, this system evolves about 100 oxygen molecules per surface iridium molecule per minute in a prolonged manner. In addition, porous polymer microgels are used as an immobilization matrix to improve the structural durability of the assembled nanostructures and enable the recycling of the materials. The system also maintains a substantial level of its catalytic performance after repeated uses, producing about 1,200 oxygen molecules per molecule of catalyst during 4 cycles. These results suggest that the multiscale assembly of functional components, which can improve energy transfer and structural stability, should be a promising route for significant improvement of photocatalytic water oxidation. Lastly, electrochemical properties of the virus-templated iridium oxide nanowires are examined as an electrochromic film on a transparent conductive electrode. The prepared nanowire film has a highly open porous morphology that facilitates ion transport, and the redox responses of the nanowires are limited by the electron mobility of the nanowire film. These results demonstrate that a bio-templating approach provides a versatile platform for designing complex nanostructures that can facilitate the transport of electrochemical molecules in a broad range of photoelectrochemical devices.
by Yoon Sung Nam.
Ph.D.
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Książki na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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May, Volkhard, i Oliver Kühn. Charge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633791.

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May, Volkhard. Charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems. Wyd. 3. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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Oliver, Kühn, red. Charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems. Wyd. 2. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004.

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Oliver, Kühn, red. Charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems. Wyd. 3. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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1946-, Schuster G. B., i Angelov Dimitŭr Simeonov, red. Long-range charge transfer in DNA. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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Oliver, Kühn, red. Charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems: A theoretical introduction. Berlin: Wiley-VCH, 2000.

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Boris, Levin. Charge migration in dna: Perspectives from physics chemistry, and. [Place of publication not identified]: Springer, 2010.

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V, May, Micha David A, Bittner E. R i SpringerLink (Online service), red. Energy Transfer Dynamics in Biomaterial Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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Baldassare, Di Bartolo, Chen Xuesheng i International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (1999 : Erice, Italy), red. Advances in energy transfer processes: Proceedings of the 16th course of the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Erice, Sicily, Italy, 17 June-1 July, 1999. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2001.

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Baldassare, Di Bartolo, Chen Xuesheng i International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, red. Advances in energy transfer processes: Proceedings of the 16th course of the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy : Erice, Sicily, Italy, 17 June-1 July, 1999. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2001.

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Części książek na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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Mauer, Ralf, Ian A. Howard i Frédéric Laquai. "Energy and Charge Transfer". W Semiconducting Polymer Composites, 107–43. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527648689.ch4.

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Persico, Maurizio, i Giovanni Granucci. "Charge and Energy Transfer Processes". W Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modelling, 179–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89972-5_6.

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Pethig, R. "Hopping Charge Carriers in Molecular Crystals and Biopolymers: The Fröhlich Connection". W Energy Transfer Dynamics, 257–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71867-0_25.

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Monazzah, Amir Mahdi Hosseini, Amir M. Rahmani, Antonio Miele i Nikil Dutt. "Exploiting Memory Resilience for Emerging Technologies: An Energy-Aware Resilience Exemplar for STT-RAM Memories". W Dependable Embedded Systems, 505–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_21.

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AbstractDue to the consistent pressing quest of larger on-chip memories and caches of multicore and manycore architectures, Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM or STT-RAM) has been proposed as a promising technology to replace classical SRAMs in near-future devices. Main advantages of STT-RAMs are a considerably higher transistor density and a negligible leakage power compared with SRAM technology. However, the drawback of this technology is the high probability of errors occurring especially in write operations. Such errors are asymmetric and transition-dependent, where 0 → 1 is the most critical one, and is high subjected to the amount and current (voltage) supplied to the memory during the write operation. As a consequence, STT-RAMs present an intrinsic trade-off between energy consumption vs. reliability that needs to be properly tuned w.r.t. the currently running application and its reliability requirement. This chapter proposes FlexRel, an energy-aware reliability improvement architectural scheme for STT-RAM cache memories. FlexRel considers a memory architecture provided with Error Correction Codes (ECCs) and a custom current regulator for the various cache ways and conducts a trade-off between reliability and energy consumption. FlexRel cache controller dynamically profiles the number of 0 → 1 transitions of each individual bit write operation in a cache block and based on that selects the most-suitable cache way and current level to guarantee the necessary error rate threshold (in terms of occurred write errors) while minimizing the energy consumption. We experimentally evaluated the efficiency of FlexRel against the most efficient uniform protection scheme from reliability, energy, area, and performance perspectives. Experimental simulations performed by using gem5 has demonstrated that while FlexRel satisfies the given error rate threshold, it delivers up to 13.2% energy saving. From the area footprint perspective, FlexRel delivers up to 7.9% cache ways’ area saving. Furthermore, the performance overhead of the FlexRel algorithm which changes the traffic patterns of the cache ways during the executions is 1.7%, on average.
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Mäntele, W. "Energy and charge transfer in photosynthesis". W Nonlinear Excitations in Biomolecules, 295–316. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08994-1_23.

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Kasha, Michael. "Energy Transfer, Charge Transfer, and Proton Transfer in Molecular Composite Systems". W Physical and Chemical Mechanisms in Molecular Radiation Biology, 231–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7627-9_8.

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Laki, K., S. Suhai i J. C. Kertesz. "Energy Bands and Charge Transfer in Proteins". W Novartis Foundation Symposia, 33–50. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470720493.ch4.

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Barber, J. "Regulation of Thylakoid Membrane Structure by Surface Electrical Charge". W Ion Interactions in Energy Transfer Biomembranes, 15–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8410-6_3.

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Sidis, V. "Diabatic Potential Energy Surfaces for Charge-Transfer Processes". W Advances in Chemical Physics, 73–134. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470141403.ch2.

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Miller, Adam D., Matthieu Gervais, Jai Krishnamurthy, Leon Dyers, Xiaobing Zhu, Ravindra Potrekar, Xin Fei, Adam Weber i John B. Kerr. "Polymer Materials for Charge Transfer in Energy Devices". W Polymers for Energy Storage and Delivery: Polyelectrolytes for Batteries and Fuel Cells, 165–74. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1096.ch010.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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O’Neil, Michael P., George L. Gaines, Walter A. Svec, Mark P. Niemczek i Michael R. Wasielewski. "Low Temperature Ultrafast Charge Separation; Rate vs Free Energy". W International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1990.mc27.

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Photoinduced charge separation reactions in a large series of rigid porphyrin-triptycene-quinone (donor-spacer-acceptor) molecules were studied with picosecond transient absorbance and fluorescence techniques in polar and non-polar solvent at room temperature and at 77K in MTHF glass. At 77k the fluorescence yield as a function of free energy sharply inflects at 0.6eV. However at room temperature in toluene a less pronounced inflection occurs at 0.3eV. These inflection points represent the driving force where the rates of electron transfer approach the fluorescence decay rate of the porphyrin. Only when the energy of the ion pair state is lower than the lowest excited singlet state of the porphyrin may electron transfer occur.
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Subrahmaniyam, S., A. Pavan Sai Kumar i Divya Namuduri. "Natural Convection Effects on Freezing in Vertical Cylinders". W ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76170.

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Freezing is an important thermal process with solar applications. The Phase Change Material (PCM) undergoes freezing process and the rate of freezing is influenced by natural convection in the melt if it is above the melting point. Experimental study was conducted on two PCMs namely Paraffin wax (m.p 63–65°C) and n-octadecane (m.p 27.7 °C). Steel and copper containers with insulation at both bottom and top by thermocol (1 cm thick) and acrylic plates (1 cm thick) are used to allow only radial heat flux. The PCMs were separately heated in a container to a known superheat and placed in an isothermal bath (± 1°C) containing the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). Water is used as HTF in this case. The temperature distributions in the PCM were measured using PT100 sensors with digital indicator to cover 10–16 points in radial and axial locations. In another separate set of experiments, the PCM under identical initial conditions of superheat is placed in the cylindrical metal container without any temperature sensors. Separating the frozen mass and unfrozen liquid at different time intervals and weighing, generate the frozen mass vs. time data following Sparrow et al (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 24, 273–284,1981). The range of parameters studied are given below: • Container L/D ratio: 0.6–5.4; • Initial Superheat of PCM: 5–35 °C; • Range of water temperature: 5–25 °C; • Volume of PCMs: 35–500 ml. From the experimental data of temperature distributions, frozen mass vs. time data were generated following El Dessouky et al (Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of ASME, 121, 98–109, 1999), whose data pertains to melting outside tubes. The data of melt separation and weighing of n-octadecane and paraffin wax are compared with temperature-based data. A tentative correlation of entire data is presented.
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Lim, Celine S. L., Vivek R. Pawar i Sarvenaz Sobhansarbandi. "Thermal Performance Analysis of a Novel U-Tube Evacuated Tube Solar Collector". W ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1674.

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Abstract Solar water heating (SWH) systems are the most common application of renewable energy technology that converts solar radiation into useful energy for domestic/industrial activities. The novelty of this study is the design of a new SWH that combines the heat transfer and storage both in a single unit. The selected type of collector for this purpose is an evacuated tube solar collector (ETC). The new design of the ETC has been developed by applying a U-tube inside the collector which contains the heat transfer fluid (HTF). The HTF flows into an external heat exchanger that transfers heat to the water. The implementation of sugar alcohol namely Erythritol (C4H10O4) as the HTF for moderate operating temperature applications was investigated. Moreover, the utilization of solid-liquid phase change material, Tritriacontane paraffin (C33H68), inside the ETC, allows direct heat storage on the system and delayed release of heat. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of a single U-tube ETC is performed using ANSYS Fluent in stagnation (on-demand) operation. A 3D model of the ETC is developed and the appropriate boundary conditions are applied. Moreover, the thermal performance comparison of U-tube vs heat pipe ETC has been done. The results from this study shows the maximum fin temperature difference of 46°C of U-tube ETC compared with heat pipe ETC.
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Talapatra, Siddharth, Jiarong Hong, Jian Sheng, Becky Waggett, Pat Tester i Joseph Katz. "A Study of Grazing Behavior of Copepods Using Digital Holographic Cinematography". W ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55196.

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Generating proper feeding currents for entraining prey is one of the important features in the grazing behavior of (∼1mm) copepods. These feeding currents vary with the copepod species, as well as with the species or strains and concentration of prey (∼10 μm) dinoflagellates. Calanoid copepods also hover for a while, while slowly sinking, and then intermittently jump to a different location. In our study, we employed high speed digital holographic cinematography to measure elements of the flow field around copepods in an environment seeded with dinoflagellates. In most cases, the flow field and feeding currents were characterized based on the trajectories of the dinoflagellates. However, in some of the tests we also added neutrally buoyant 20 μm particles as independent flow tracers. At low magnifications, we simultaneously recorded two perpendicular views to obtain the same spatial resolution in all directions. Data were recorded at varying magnifications and frame rates. In recent experiments, we exposed the copepods to different strains of the same dinoflagellate species that have varying levels of toxicity, and measured the resulting changes to the grazing behavior of the copepods. Here we present results from two of these experimental setups: Acartia tonsa with Karlodinium veneficum (non toxic strain) and Acartia tonsa in particle seeded flow. Issues such as swimming characteristics, feeding classification (raptorial vs. filter feeding approaches) and copepod response to different environmental settings were addressed.
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Basu, Sumit, Yuan Zheng i Jay P. Gore. "Chemical Kinetics Parameter Estimation for Ammonia Borane Hydrolysis". W ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56139.

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Onboard hydrogen storage is an enabling factor in the development of fuel cell powered passenger cars. Ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis is one of the potential technologies for onboard hydrogen storage. In this study, kinetics of catalyzed ammonia borane hydrolysis using ruthenium-supported-on-carbon has been measured. For reacting flows, chemical kinetics determines the rates of heat generation and species production or consumption in the overall energy and mass balances respectively. Kinetic measurements under isothermal conditions provide critical data for the design of hydrolysis reactors. It is, however, not always possible to eliminate the effects of internal diffusion in a heterogeneous chemical reaction. In such cases, the reaction efficiency (η), which depends on the effective liquid phase diffusivity (Deff) in the catalyst medium, should be determined. Determination of intrinsic kinetic parameters using apparent kinetics data is, thus, a challenge. In this study, the change in AB concentration (CAB) with reaction time (t) has been directly measured. It was observed that the AB hydrolysis reaction had orders between zero and one in a temperature range of 26°C to 55°C. A unified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model has been adopted to describe the reaction kinetics. The intrinsic kinetic parameters (A, Ea, ΔHads, K0) as well as Deff need to be estimated by inverse analysis of the measured CAB vs t data. Conventionally, kinetic parameters are determined using linear fitting. Sometimes, however, it is impossible to converge to a unique value by using the linear fitting approach as there are several values providing regression coefficients greater than 0.99. In this study, the multiple-variable inverse problem has been solved using a nonlinear fitting algorithm based on Powell’s conjugate-gradient error minimization. This algorithm minimizes errors without using derivatives. As a result, the uncertainties in the kinetic parameter estimation have been significantly reduced by the new approach.
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Beshouri, Greg, i Henry Lam. "Field Test of a Cooper LSVB-20GDT Engine Operating on Biodiesel". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90102.

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NRG Energy Center Paxton LLC (NRG-ECP) operates two Cooper LSVB-20GDT gas-diesel engines at a combined heat and power facility in Harrisburg, PA. NRG-ECP commissioned Advanced Engine Technologies Corporation (AETC) to conduct a literature review on the impacts of operating these engines on Biodiesel. Based on the somewhat favorable results of the review, NRG-ECP with support from AETC performed single cylinder and then full engine testing on one engine to assess the impact of Biodiesel operation on engine performance, emissions and operability as an alternative to full diesel operation. The results showed the engine exhibited no major differences in combustion performance or engine operability when running on Biodiesel in comparison to standard diesel fuel. During single cylinder testing the switch between diesel and Biodiesel was virtually undetectable. In the full engine Biodiesel test the unit started, idled, synchronized and loaded identical to diesel fuel. From a combustion perspective, the differences in Biodiesel vs. diesel operation are primarily attributable to the difference in air/fuel ratio due to the different fuel compositions. Fuel injection performance did not appear to change significantly or impact engine emissions.
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Bradshaw, Robert W., i Nathan P. Siegel. "Molten Nitrate Salt Development for Thermal Energy Storage in Parabolic Trough Solar Power Systems". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54174.

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Thermal energy storage can enhance the utility of parabolic trough solar power plants by providing the ability to match electrical output to peak demand periods. An important component of thermal energy storage system optimization is selecting the working fluid used as the storage media and/or heat transfer fluid. Large quantities of the working fluid are required for power plants at the scale of 100-MW, so maximizing heat transfer fluid performance while minimizing material cost is important. This paper reports recent developments of multi-component molten salt formulations consisting of common alkali nitrate and alkaline earth nitrate salts that have advantageous properties for applications as heat transfer fluids in parabolic trough systems. A primary disadvantage of molten salt heat transfer fluids is relatively high freeze-onset temperature compared to organic heat transfer oil. Experimental results are reported for formulations of inorganic molten salt mixtures that display freeze-onset temperatures below 100°C. In addition to phase-change behavior, several properties of these molten salts that significantly affect their suitability as thermal energy storage fluids were evaluated, including chemical stability and viscosity. These alternative molten salts have demonstrated chemical stability in the presence of air up to approximately 500°C in laboratory testing and display chemical equilibrium behavior similar to Solar Salt. The capability to operate at temperatures up to 500°C may allow an increase in maximum temperature operating capability vs. organic fluids in existing trough systems and will enable increased power cycle efficiency. Experimental measurements of viscosity were performed from near the freeze-onset temperature to about 200°C. Viscosities can exceed 100 cP at the lowest temperature but are less than 10 cP in the primary temperature range at which the mixtures would be used in a thermal energy storage system. Quantitative cost figures of constituent salts and blends are not currently available, although, these molten salt mixtures are expected to be inexpensive compared to synthetic organic heat transfer fluids. Experiments are in progress to confirm that the corrosion behavior of readily available alloys is satisfactory for long-term use.
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Razi, Neda. "An Optimization Model for the Energy Consumption vs. Gas Cooling Requirements in a Large NPS 56 Gas Transmission System". W 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10596.

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Optimization of a large gas transmission pipeline results in reduced fuel consumption or higher capability and improves pipeline operation. In the current study, we have done an extensive research to optimize the operation of a huge NPS 56 pipeline system using gas cooling. This gas transmission line (the 4th major gas transmission pipeline of the National Iranian Gas Company, NIGC, or IGAT4) is designed to move over 110 MMSCMD (4.0 BCFD) of natural gas from the Assaluyeh Gas Refinery. This gas refinery which in turn receives gas from the huge gas reservoir of the South Pars Field (Iranian off-shore) is located in the south of Iran. The length of this system is over 800 kms (500 miles) with over 700 MW of compression power and aerial coolers at all compressor stations. This system passes through a very tortuous terrain with significant changes in elevation and ambient temperature which makes the optimization process even more challenging. The main objective of this project was to develop a customized tool to optimize the operation (energy consumption) of this gas transmission pipeline with all the existing system variables. The emphasis was on the impact of gas cooling (effective operation of aerial coolers) on the optimization process which in turn leads to the fuel minimization or higher capability. In this process, the impact of ambient temperature, soil temperature throughout the entire route of the pipeline, cost of electricity & fuel gas, heat transfer and Joule-Thompson effect were carefully considered. The tool was finally developed and was successfully tested on this gas transmission system which resulted in extremely accurate results. This tool could be further generalized to be used for other transmission systems.
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Martinez Villarreal, Paola Elizabeth, Ana Katherine Escobar Patron, Eder Jean Rosales Ballesteros i Stephen Schreck. "Comparative Results for ESP Applications in Gassy Wells when Using Single Gas Handling Systems vs. Multiple Gas Handling Systems for Pioneer Natural Resources". W SPE Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition - Americas. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209739-ms.

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Abstract Electric submersible pumps (ESPs) have historically been limited when operating in gassy conditions. Studies and evidence gathered during failure analysis confirm the effects of gas on the performance of ESPs. Gas locking, mechanical wear, and low efficiency due to challenging environments have made operators change from a standardized string to a string that can mitigate the effects of gas, which can help maximize the production and increase the pump's run life. The impellers of the centrifugal pump require a minimum amount of liquid mass in the impeller vanes to transfer the kinetic energy to the fluid mixture. This energy will be transformed to potential energy in the diffuser, but if the mass mixture in the impeller cannot perform an efficient energy transfer for the mixture, only the liquid phase will be pushed out the vanes of the pump and most of the gas will stay behind, filling the vanes of the impeller and creating a gas-lock condition. In environments with a high presence of gas, additional equipment such as rotary gas separators are used to remove as much gas as possible before the fluids enter the pump. Gas separators have been proved as effective. However, when the conditions are extreme, such as in unconventional reservoirs, additional devices will be required to maintain a stable operation of the ESP, pump as much as possible a homogenous fluid, and minimize the downtime due to unnecessary trips to maximize the overall performance and run life of the ESP system, and optimize production and total cost of ownership for artificial lift operations. This paper presents the comparative results of the performance of a group of ESPs installed in unconventional wells of a leading Midland basin operator with challenging conditions to operate an ESP. It will analyze the performance of the ESPs and compare the trends of the downhole parameters while operating with a standard string with a single gas separator and gas-handling system with those of an upgraded string that includes a tandem gas separator, an advanced gas-handling system, and a multiphase gas-handling system equipped with helico-axial-flow stages. This change in designs and configuration has improved the run life of the ESPs for unconventional wells with high gas volume fractions.
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Han, Weiji, i Liang Zhang. "Charge transfer and energy transfer analysis of battery charge equalization". W 2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2015.7294250.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Charge vs energy transfer"

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Milinazzo, Jared Joseph. Energy Transfer of a Shaped Charge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1334941.

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John F. Endicott. Photoinduced Charge and Energy Transfer Processes in Molecular Aggregates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/966130.

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Edward C. Lim. INTRAMOLECULAR CHARGE AND ENERGY TRANSFER IN MULTICHROMOPHORIC AROMATIC SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/936771.

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Lim, E. C. Dynamics of charge-transfer excited states relevant to photochemical energy conversion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6013396.

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Lim, E. C. Dynamics of charge-transfer excited states relevant to photochemical energy conversion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6853117.

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Isborn, Christine, Aurora Clark i Thomas Markland. Development of Approaches to Model Excited State Charge and Energy Transfer in Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756053.

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Vanden Bout, David A. Final Technical Report for the Energy Frontier Research Center Understanding Charge Separation and Transfer at Interfaces in Energy Materials (EFRC:CST). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1214421.

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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein i Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, maj 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.

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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.
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Lim, E. C. Dynamics of charge-transfer excited states relevant to photochemical energy conversion. Technical report, June 1, 1992--March 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10152349.

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Prezhdo, Oleg. Atomistic Time-Domain Simulations of Light-Harvesting and Charge-Transfer Dynamics in Novel Nanoscale Materials for Solar Energy Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1179082.

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