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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Charge transfer device”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Charge transfer device"

Deters, R. A., i R. L. Gutshall. "Charge transfer device star tracker applications". Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.20186.

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Sweedler, Jonathan V., Robert B. Bilhorn, Patrick M. Epperson, Gary R. Sims i M. Bonner Denton. "High-performance charge transfer device detectors". Analytical Chemistry 60, nr 4 (15.02.1988): 282A—291A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00155a002.

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Touron, Pierre, Francois Roy, Pierre Magnan, Olivier Marcelot, Stephane Demiguel i Cedric Virmontois. "Capacitive Trench-Based Charge Transfer Device". IEEE Electron Device Letters 41, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 1388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2020.3014431.

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Onlaor, Korakot, S. Khantham, B. Tunhoo, T. Thiwawong i J. Nukeaw. "Charge Transfer Mechanism in Organic Memory Device". Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (styczeń 2010): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.235.

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In this paper, the conduction mechanism in organic bistable memory device was investigated by both experimental and theoretical method. The current voltage (J-V) characteristics showed the electrical bistable properties between an initial low-conductivity state and a high-conductivity state upon application of an external electric field at room temperature. The current transition exhibited a very narrow voltage range that causes an abrupt increase of current. The on-state and the off-state were proposed by space-charge-limited current and thermionic emission model, respectively. That supported by the experimental data to explained the charge transfer mechanism in organic memory device.

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LeNoble, M., J. V. Cresswell i R. R. Johnson. "Two-phase GaAs cermet-gate charge-coupled devices". Canadian Journal of Physics 69, nr 3-4 (1.03.1991): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-037.

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A nonplanar 64-pixel, 2-phase GaAs cermet-gate charge-coupled device (CMCCD) and a planar 128-pixel, 2-phase GaAs CMCCD are described. The former device employs a castellation to provide the "built-in" electric field for controlling the flow of signal charge within the channel, whereas, the latter device uses externally applied electric fields to achieve this control. Both devices have been operated at 46 MHz, demonstrating charge transfer efficiencies of 0.996 and in excess of 0.999, respectively. The application of the planar 2-phase GaAs CMCCD in a 500 or 7.81 MHz transient digitizer module for acquisition and transfer of dc to 250 MHz band-limited signals will also be presented.

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van Niekerk, Daniel, i Pitshou Bokoro. "A Durability Model for Analysis of Switching Direct Current Surge Degradation of Metal Oxide Varistors". Electronics 11, nr 9 (22.04.2022): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091329.

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In this study, a durability model for predicting the lifetime of MOV devices used to prevent DC switch damage due to occasional switching surges is proposed and validated. In addition, MOV devices are subjected to induced switching DC surges of a constant amplitude and variable time durations. Each MOV of the 270 selected devices sourced from three different manufacturers with similar size and electrical specifications was subjected to 5000 degrading surges. Three samples of 30 of the selected MOV devices from each manufacturer were degraded by induced switching DC surge durations of 2, 3, and 4 ms in order to reach an undesirable degradation level of 10% change in V1 mA. A statistical analysis of the three MOV manufacturer sample averages of the accumulated conduction charge transfer at 10% change in V1 mA supported the proposed durability model irrespective of the surge charge content variation and MOV material differences. The results show that MOV device durability or resilience may be more accurately modelled by using the surge average accumulated conduction charge transfer of a statistically significant MOV device sample.

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Peng, Zhang Zhu, i Bo Yin. "Research on Human Implantable Wireless Energy Transfer System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (sierpień 2014): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.405.

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Advances in medical technology and promote the human implantable wireless energy transfer devices are widely used. Traditional human implantable wireless energy transfer device have some problems of low charging efficiency, blindly charging and data transmission difficult. On the basis of the conventional electromagnetic induction, in this paper, we proposed the use of magnetically coupled resonant way on human implantable device for charging, this method can greatly improve the efficiency of wireless charging. The system gets the CPU’s unique ID of human implantable devices to identifying the device. We can artificially control human implantable device’s charging device number, so as to solve the problems caused by the blind charge. Meanwhile, the system uses an electromagnetic carrier approach for data transmission, both to simplify the complexity of hardware devices and improve the communication efficiency of the device.

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Watson, C. P., i D. M. Taylor. "Demonstration of interfacial charge transfer in an organic charge injection device". Applied Physics Letters 99, nr 22 (28.11.2011): 223304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3665190.

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Davidson, D. A., i O. Berolo. "GaAs charge-coupled devices". Canadian Journal of Physics 67, nr 4 (1.04.1989): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-040.

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This paper reports on the first Canadian involvement in the design, process development, fabrication, and evaluation of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) charge-coupled device (CCD). The project is applications driven, and is eventually expected to yield devices capable of performing at microwave frequencies with broad bandwidths. The devices were originally designed to operate in a transient digitizer for high-energy nuclear-event analysis at the the Tri- University Meson Facility (TRIUMF) in B.C.The prototype device consists of a 32-stage, four-phase GaAs CCD intended to function at radio-frequencies (if). The work that has been undertaken will be discussed under the following aspects: device design, layout description, and substrate-material specifications. This discussion will be supported by an in-depth explanation of the functioning and operation of the GaAs CCD, and how the above considerations affect it. A description will be given of the procedures, methodology, and the test-bed utilized to evaluate the devices. Results will be given for CCDs operating close to 1 GHz. The rf waveform will be analyzed in the context of charge-transfer efficiency (CTE) and the presence of clock feedthrough. Because of the need for an eventual integration of the GaAs CCD on-chip with other essential auxiliary electronic circuitry, results will be given for devices working in conjunction with other GaAs digital and analog circuits, such as a broad-band four-phase clock generator and a sample-and-hold circuit.

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Tian, Hai Chuan, Feng Xu, Guo Li Yang i Teng Fei Wu. "The Heat Charge and Discharge Characteristics Simulation of Phase Change Thermal Storage Device". Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (styczeń 2011): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.239.

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The two-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model is been established. Analyzing on heat storage-release property of phase change thermal storage device within the fluid parallel spiral pipes in various conditions, suggestions are put forward to strengthen thermal storage for the device.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Charge transfer device"

Beggs, Bruce Cameron. "Optical charge injection into a gallium arsenide acoustic charge transport device". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26681.

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There is a need for monolithic devices capable of spatial resolution in imaging and ionizing radiation detection. In this thesis, a GaAs acoustic charge transport device (ACT) was studied for this purpose. A new method of charge injection has been demonstrated for the ACT. Using near-infrared optical pulses incident through thin semi-transparent chromium windows, electron-hole-pairs were separated by the electric field in a depleted n-type channel region of the device. For light penetration less than the depth of the electron potential minimum, and for small injection levels, calculations indicated that electrons and holes were separated at their saturation velocities. Holes moving toward the surface of the substrate could recombine with electrons at an evaporated Schottky metal plate. Electrons moving toward the channel centre were bunched and transported by the electric field coupled to a <110> propagating surface acoustic wave (SAW) on (100) cut GaAs. Quantum efficiency, defined as the number of electrons collected at the output per incident photon on the GaAs surface, was greater than 9% at an optical wavelength of 730 nm. When compensation was made for the loss and reflection due to the chromium windows, the quantum efficiency was in excess of 24%. Charge transfer efficiency was greater than 0.992 with the ACT clocked at 360 MHz. The demonstrated optical injection technique may be of use in future ACT imaging devices.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Tsung, Ka Kin. "Transport and device application of triarylamine-based organic semiconductor". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1013.

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Sweedler, Jonathan VanSyckle. "The use of charge transfer device detectors and spatial interferometry for analytical spectroscopy". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184683.

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The research described in this dissertation conclusively demonstrates the superior qualitative and quantitative performance of spectroscopic systems which employ a new class of optical detectors--charge transfer device (CTD) detectors. An overview of the operation and characteristics of these detectors, as well as theoretical models predicting their performance are presented. The evaluation of a unique prototype single element CID detector, a commercially available linear CCD detector, and a prototype two-dimensional CCD detector are described. Outstanding characteristics include the ability of the single element CID to quantitate photon fluxes ranging over eleven orders of magnitude, a quantum efficiency of the linear CCD in excess of 90%, and a read noise of the two-dimensional CCD of under 5 electrons. In addition, the use of the linear CCD for molecular fluorescence spectroscopy is demonstrated. A direct comparison of CCD and CID detection for atomic emission spectroscopy using a custom echelle system is described. The second part of these investigations focus on the design of spectrometers compatible with the format of these multichannel detectors. While a large number of spectrometer designs exist, the spectrometer and detector combination which produces the highest possible signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spectra for a given experimental system is almost always desired. The investigations into optimum spectrometer design have led to the use of a unique spatial interferometer system. The performance of a common path interferometer using a linear charge-coupled device detectors is presented and compared to conventional dispersive systems. The throughput, resolution, and other practical factors are discussed. The common path system has a much larger light gathering ability compared to dispersive systems; however, spatial interferometry suffers from the multiplex disadvantages encountered with other forms of UV/Vis interferometry. A unique crossed interferometric dispersive arrangement allows the simultaneous acquisition of the spectral information while greatly reducing these multiplex disadvantages. Preliminary work on the crossed interferometric system is presented demonstrating significant reduction of these multiplex disadvantages.

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Faist, Mark Anton. "Spectroscopic studies of the charge transfer state and device performance of polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11191.

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In organic solar cells, the understanding of loss mechanisms, especially the energetic losses driven by the offset at type-II heterojunction and recombination, are crucial to improve the device performance. The best-performing organic solar cells are polymer:fullerene blends, and despite an abundance of donor materials, phenyl-C61/71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) remains the most-used acceptor material. In this thesis, we use fullerene multiadducts as new acceptor materials that allow us to study energetic losses in polymer:fullerene blends by tuning the offset at the heterojunction. In addition, we analyse their performance in blends with high-performance polymer donors. The first chapter of results addresses design rules for fullerene multiadducts and energetic disorder. By adding multiple sidechains to the fullerene cage, the LUMO level can be raised by up to 400 meV compared to PCBM, which allows increased open circuit voltages. Fullerene multiadducts, however, are a mixture of different isomers with increased packing and energetic disorder and show reduced electron transport. Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry measurements, we quantify the amount of energetic disorder present in a variety of fullerene multiadducts. In the second results chapter, the fullerene multiadducts are employed in photovoltaic devices with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and other donor polymers. While most fullerene multiadducts perform reasonably well with P3HT as donor, their performance in blends with other donor polymers is usually much lower when compared to blends with PCBM as acceptor. We find that for many polymer:fullerene blends with multiadducts, the offset of the organic heterojunction is too small to allow efficient charge generation, especially for donor polymers optimised for PCBM. Even if the offset in the blend is sufficiently high, the lower electron mobility of the fullerene multiadducts is likely to reduce device performance, only donors featuring high hole mobility and high crystallinity show reasonable performance. Energetic losses in organic solar cells and limits of the charge transfer (CT) state energy are studied in the third results chapter of the thesis. We establish that electroluminescence (EL) from the CT state originates from transport levels in the density of states and that the spectrum shifts very little with increased injection currents. This allows us to use the EL emission peak as a proxy for the energy of the CT state. By employing indenofullerene multiadducts in blends with various polymers, we consistently find an additional loss pathway via polymer or fullerene exciton formation. If the energy of the CT state approaches the smaller optical bandgap of either component in the blends (Eopt,min), photocurrent and fill factor are likely to be reduced by increased recombination. We find this reduced performance in a number of blends, which allows us to empirically determine an limit of the open circuit voltage for efficient solar cell relative to Eopt,min for these systems.

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Baker, Mark Edwin. "Spatial and spectroscopic imaging for chemical analysis utilizing scientifically operated charge transfer device array detectors". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186603.

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The use of scientifically operated charge-transfer device array detectors are investigated for several spatial and spectroscopic optical imaging applications in chemical analysis and are described in this dissertation. The improved optical detection capabilities of this class of solid state detectors, made up of both charge-injection and charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors, offers a number of significant advantages over previous optical detection technologies utilized for these applications. The results obtained from the investigation of the use of a scientifically operated charge-injection device based echelle spectrograph system for the on-line monitoring of heteropoly acids, after chromatographic separation, for the indirect determination of phosphate, silicate and arsenate are presented. The obtained results represent an improvement over direct aspiration into an emission source for these nonmetals, showing excellent linearity over three orders of magnitude. Results from the evaluation of a scientific CCD detector based technique for the luminescence imaging of latent fingerprint residues on glass and paper, after chemical treatment with fluorescence enhancement agents, is presented. The use of a scientific CCD for fingerprint imaging is demonstrated to be a viable alternative to those methodologies requiring the use of high power laser excitation sources and photographic film imaging. Results of the use of a scientific CCD for the spectroscopic determination of seawater pH are also presented. Discussion is given to general system design, detector characteristics and modes of operation which will result in a ship board instrument capable of making both sensitive fluorometric and precise absorbance measurements. Additional investigations presented include the use of a scientific CCD for the in situ detection of DNA fragments separated in agarose electrophoretic slab gels and aflatoxins separated on thin-layer chromatographic plates. Scientific CCD detection, in contrast to previous optical detection techniques, is demonstrated here to provide for a competitive means of component detection in these media, offering significant advantages in speed, precision and ease of analysis.

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Planells, Dillundé Miquel Angel. "Design and synthesis of organic sensitizers for dye solar cells: molecular structure vs device performance". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9054.

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La present tesi esta focalitzada tant en la síntesi de molècules orgàniques òpticament actives així com en la seva aplicació i caracterització en dispositius fotovoltaics, concretament per a les cel·les solars sensibilitzades amb colorant (DSSC en anglès). Les DSSC són cel·les foto-electroquímiques formades per colorant ancorat a un semiconductor (normalment TiO2) i en presencia d'un electròlit. En aquests dispositius, cada component té un efecte clau en la eficiència final de la cel·la, degut als processos de transferència electrònica que tenen lloc la interfície TiO2/colorant/electròlit. Aquests processos varen ser estudiat en gran detall utilitzant porfirines, perilens i D -  - A com a colorants, per poder així definir uns paràmetres amb els quals l'eficiència final del dispositiu es pugui correlacionar amb l'estructura molecular del colorant. Entendre aquesta relació entre l'estructura química i l'eficiència del dispositiu permet un millor diseny de futures molecules per a DSSC.
The present thesis focuses on the synthesis of organic chromophores as well as their use in optoelectronic devices, particulary in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). This kind of solar cell is based on a photoactive unit, a dye, anchored to a nanostructured metal-oxide semiconductor, usually TiO2, in a redox electrolyte media and sandwiched between two contact electrodes. In DSSC devices, each component (semiconductor, sensitizer and electrolyte) plays an important role in determining the final device efficiency, in a large part due to the charge transfer processes that take place at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface. Therefore, these charge transfer kinetics were studied using porphyrins, perylenes and donor -  - acceptor organic dyes in order to understand and establish a relationship between the molecular structure and the device performance. Improved understanding of this relationship is crucial for improved molecular design of future dyes for DSSC.

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Körner, Christian. "Oligothiophene Materials for Organic Solar Cells - Photophysics and Device Properties". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-121509.

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The rapidly increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) above 10% were made possible by concerted international research activities in the last few years, aiming to understand the processes that lead to the generation of free charge carriers following photon absorption. Despite these efforts, many details are still unknown, especially how these processes can be improved already at the drawing board of molecular design. To unveil this information, dicyanovinyl end-capped oligothiophene derivatives (DCVnTs) are used as a model system in this thesis, allowing to investigate the impact of small structural changes on the molecular properties and the final solar cells. On thin films of a methylated DCV4T derivative, the influence of the measurement temperature on the charge carrier generation process is investigated. The observed temperature activation in photoinduced absorption (PIA) measurements is attributed to an increased charge carrier mobility, increasing the distance between the charges at the donor/acceptor (D/A) interface and, thus, facilitating their final dissociation. The correlation between the activation energy and the mobility is confirmed using a DCV6T derivative with lower mobility , exhibiting a higher activation energy for charge carrier generation. Another parameter to influence the charge carrier generation process is the molecular structure. Here, alkyl side chains with varying length are introduced and their influence on the intramolecular energy levels as well as the absorption and emission properties in pristine and blend films with the acceptor C60 are examined. The observed differences in intermolecular order (higher order for shorter side chains) and phase separation in blend layers (larger phase separation for shorter side chains) are confirmed in PIA measurements upon comparing the temperature dependence of the triplet exciton lifetimes. A proposed correlation between the side chain length and the coupling between D and A, which is crucial for efficient charge transfer, is not confirmed. The presented flat heterojunction solar cells underline this conclusion, giving similar photocurrent densities for all compounds. Differences in PCE are related to shifts of the energy levels and the morphology of the blend layer in bulk heterojunction devices. Furthermore, the impact of the electric field on the charge carrier generation yield is investigated in a proof-of-principle study, introducing PIA measurements in transmission geometry realized using semitransparent solar cells. The recombination analysis of the photogenerated charge carriers reveals two recombination components. Trapped charge carriers or bound charge pairs at the D/A interface are proposed as an explanation for this result. The miscibility of D and A, which can be influenced by heating the substrate during layer deposition, is of crucial importance to obtain high PCEs. In this work, the unusual negative influence of the substrate temperature on DCV4T:C60 blend layers in solar cells is investigated. By using optical measurements and structure determination tools, a rearrangement of the DCV4T crystallites is found to be responsible for the reduced absorption and, therefore, photocurrent at higher substrate temperature. The proposed blend morphology at a substrate temperature of 90° C is characterized by a nearly complete demixing of the D and A phases. This investigation is of particular relevance, because it shows the microscopic origins of a behavior that is contrary to the increase of the PCE upon substrate heating usually reported in literature. Finally, the optimization steps to achieve a record PCE of 7.7% using a DCV5T derivative as donor material are presented, including the optimization of the substrate temperature, the active layer thickness, and the transport layers
Der rasante Anstieg des Wirkungsgrads von organischen Solarzellen über die Marke von 10% war nur durch länderübergreifende Forschungsaktivitäten während der letzten Jahre möglich. Trotz der gemeinsamen Anstrengungen, die Prozesse, die zwischen der Absorption der Photonen und der Ladungsträgererzeugung liegen, genauer zu verstehen, sind einige Fragen jedoch immer noch ungelöst, z.B. wie diese Prozesse schon auf dem Reißbrett durch die gezielte Änderung bestimmter Molekülstrukturen optimiert werden können. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden in dieser Arbeit Dicyanovinyl-substituierte Oligothiophene (DCVnTs) verwendet. Diese Materialien bieten die Möglichkeit, kleine strukturelle Änderungen vorzunehmen, deren Einfluss auf die molekularen und auf die Solarzelleneigenschaften untersucht werden soll. Der Einfluss der Messtemperatur auf den Prozess der Ladungsträgertrennung wird hier an einer methylierten DCV4T-Verbindung in einer dünnen Schicht untersucht. Die bei photoinduzierter Absorptionsspektroskopie (PIA) beobachtete Aktivierung dieses Prozesses mit zunehmender Temperatur wird auf eine erhöhte Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit zurückgeführt. Der dadurch erhöhte effektive Abstand der Ladungen an der Grenzfläche zwischen Donator (D) und Akzeptor (A) erleichtert die endgültige Trennung der Ladungsträger. Durch den Vergleich mit einer DCV6T-Verbindung wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Aktivierungsenergie und der Beweglichkeit bekräftigt. Die kleinere Beweglichkeit äußert sich dabei in einer größeren Aktivierungsenergie. Darüber hinaus kann der Ladungsträgergenerationsprozess auch von der Molekülstruktur abhängen. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie sich die Länge von Alkylseitenketten auf die Energieniveaus der Moleküle, aber auch auf die Absorptions- und Lumineszenzeigenschaften der Materialien in reinen und in Mischschichten mit dem Akzeptor C60 äußert. Die ermittelten Unterschiede bezüglich der Molekülordnung (geordneter für kürzere Seitenketten) und der Phasengrößen in Mischschichten (größere Phasen bei kürzerer Kettenlänge) werden in der Untersuchung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Lebensdauer von Triplettexzitonen mittels PIA-Messungen bestätigt. Für Solarzellen ist von Bedeutung, ob sich die Seitenkettenlänge auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen D und A auswirkt. Der vermutete Zusammenhang wird hier nicht bestätigt. Ein ähnlicher Photostrom für alle untersuchten Verbindungen in Solarzellen mit planaren Heteroübergängen unterstreicht diese Schlussfolgerung. Unterschiede im Wirkungsgrad werden auf Änderungen der Energieniveaus und die Morphologie in Mischschichtsolarzellen zurückgeführt. Des Weiteren wird in einer Machbarkeitsstudie der Einfluss des elektrischen Felds auf die Generationsausbeute freier Ladungsträger untersucht. Dafür werden halbtransparente Solarzellen verwendet, die es ermöglichen, PIA-Messungen in Transmissionsgeometrie durchzuführen. Als mögliche Erklärung für das Auftreten zweier Rekombinationskomponenten in der Analyse des Rekombinationsverhaltens der durch Licht erzeugten Ladungsträger werden eingefangene Ladungsträger und gebundene Ladungsträgerpaare an der D/A-Grenzfläche genannt. Das Mischverhalten von D und A kann durch ein Heizen des Substrates während des Verdampfungsprozesses eingestellt werden, was von entscheidender Bedeutung für eine weitere Steigerung des Wirkungsgrades ist. Für DCV4T:C60-Mischschichtsolarzellen wird jedoch eine Verschlechterung des Wirkungsgrads zu höheren Substrattemperaturen beobachtet. Durch optische Messungen und Methoden zur Schichtstrukturbestimmung wird dieser Effekt auf eine Umordnung der DCV4T-Kristallite für hohe Substrattemperaturen und die damit verbundene Verringerung der Absorption und damit auch des Photostroms zurückgeführt. Bei einer Substrattemperatur von 90° C sind die D- und A-Komponenten fast vollständig entmischt. Dieses Beispiel ist von besonderer Bedeutung, weil hier die Ursachen für ein Verhalten aufgezeigt werden, das entgegen den Beispielen aus der Literatur eine Abnahme des Wirkungsgrads beim Aufdampfen der aktiven Schicht auf ein geheiztes Substrat zeigt. Schließlich werden die Optimierungsschritte dargelegt, mit denen Solarzellen mit einer DCV5T-Verbindung als Donatormaterial auf einen Rekordwirkungsgrad von 7,7% gebracht werden. Dabei wird die Substrattemperatur, die Dicke der aktiven Schicht und die Transportschichten angepasst

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Lefebvre, Stéphane. "Contribution à la caractérisation de l'IGBT en commutation à zéro de courant". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DENS0009.

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Cette étude analyse la commutation de blocage d'un igbt utilise en commutation quasi-résonnante a zéro de courant. Deux igbt de structure technologique différente ont été étudiés, le premier est à base non homogène et a couche tampon, le second à base homogène et contrôlé d'injection de charges par l'émetteur. L'évolution de la charge stockée dans la base du transistor bipolaire interne au blocage est suivie et analysée à l'aide de simulations et d'expérimentations. Différents éléments interviennent sur l'évacuation de la charge stockée donc sur les pertes au blocage, qu'ils soient propres au composant (coefficients d'injection ou durées de vie) ou a sa commande (maintien du canal lors de la conduction de la diode antiparallèle). Ce qui permet de comprendre pourquoi les pertes au blocage sont plus faibles en commutation a zero de courant qu'en commutation commandée. Une caractérisation électrique et thermique de l'igbt permet ensuite de quantifier l'influence des conditions de commutation sur les pertes au blocage. Des limites de fonctionnement sont ainsi définies, pour s'affranchir de l'emballement thermique, principale cause de destruction des igbt a couche tampon en zcs a fréquence de découpage élevée

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Ebenhoch, Bernd. "Organic solar cells : novel materials, charge transport and plasmonic studies". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7814.

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Organic solar cells have great potential for cost-effective and large area electricity production, but their applicability is limited by the relatively low efficiency. In this dissertation I report investigations of novel materials and the underlying principles of organic solar cells, carried out at the University of St Andrews between 2011 and 2015. Key results of this investigation: • The charge carrier mobility of organic semiconductors in the active layer of polymer solar cells has a rather small influence on the power conversion efficiency. Cooling solar cells of the polymer:fullerene blend PTB7:PC₇₁BM from room temperature to 77 K decreased the hole mobility by a factor of thousand but the device efficiency only halved. • Subphthalocyanine molecules, which are commonly used as electron donor materials in vacuum-deposited active layers of organic solar cells, can, by a slight structural modification, also be used as efficient electron acceptor materials in solution-deposited active layers. Additionally these acceptors offer, compared to standard fullerene acceptors,advantages of a stronger light absorption at the peak of the solar spectrum. • A low band-gap polymer donor material requires a careful selection of the acceptor material in order to achieve efficient charge separation and a maximum open circuit voltage. • Metal structures in nanometer-size can efficiently enhance the electric field and light absorption in organic semiconductors by plasmonic resonance. The fluorescence of a P3HT polymer film above silver nanowires, separated by PEDOT:PSS, increased by factor of two. This could be clearly assigned to an enhanced absorption as the radiative transition of P3HT was identical beside the nanowires. • The use of a processing additive in the casting solution for the active layer of organic solar cells of PTB7:PC₇₁BM strongly influences the morphology, which leads not only to an optimum of charge separation but also to optimal charge collection.

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BILHORN, ROBERT BYERS. "ANALYTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC CAPABILITIES OF OPTICAL IMAGING CHARGE TRANSFER DEVICES". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184186.

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The investigations described within this dissertation foretell the imminent revolution in optical analytical spectroscopy and conclusively demonstrate superior qualitative and quantitative analysis performance of a new system for atomic spectroscopy as compared to present, state-of-the-art instrumentation. The advent of a new class of multichannel detectors, the silicon charge transfer devices (CTDs) is shown to significantly impact ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared analytical spectroscopy. An overview of the operation, characteristics, and performance of CTDs is presented including the results of the characteristics of a CTD detector system developed during these investigations. Theoretical comparisons of the performance obtainable in spectroscopic systems employing CTD detectors versus conventional detectors, including equations identifying the factors limiting sensitivity, demonstrate that CTDs offer superior performance. The second part of this dissertation describes the application of a particular CTD, the charge injection device (CID), to a very challenging spectroscopic problem, as far as light detection is concerned, simultaneous multielement analytical atomic emission spectroscopy. This widely employed technique for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis requires sensitive and wide dynamic range detection of a large number of spectral resolution elements. This research resulted in the development of a novel echelle spectrometer employing a CID detector which has been demonstrated to be capable of solving many of the problems currently encountered in analytical atomic spectroscopy. The system achieves superior sample throughput rates, flexibility, accuracy and precision as compared to sequential spectrometers employing a single detector and to polychromators employing relatively few fixed detectors. The research included the development of a unique method of operating the CID, which is used to cope with the very wide dynamic range signals encountered in atomic spectroscopy, and has resulted in a spectroscopic instrument able to qualify simultaneously major and trace components of extremely complex samples with greater sensitivity and accuracy than possible with conventional instrumentation. New, very flexible, and extremely rapid methods of qualitative analysis have also been developed which virtually eliminate the possibility of spectral line misassignment. The atomic emission spectroscopic system is applicable in a variety of analytical areas as diversified as high sensitivity detection of near infrared spectral lines and element-specific detection of chromatographic eluents.

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Książki na temat "Charge transfer device"

Miller, Robert L. Acoustic charge transport: Device technology and applications. Boston: Artech House, 1992.

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Schroeder, Dietmar. Modelling of interface carrier transport for device simulation. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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V, Sweedler Jonathan, Ratzlaff Kenneth L i Denton M. Bonner, red. Charge-transfer devices in spectroscopy. New York: VCH, 1994.

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Jerome, Joseph W. Analysis of charge transport: A mathematical study of semiconductor devices. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1996.

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Italy) International Conference on "Mass and Charge Transport in Inorganic Materials: Fundamentals to Devices" (2000 Venice. Mass and charge transport in inorganic materials: Fundamentals to devices : proceedings of the International Conference on "Mass and Charge Transport in Inorganic Materials: Fundamentals to Devices", Lido di Jesolo, Venice, Italy, May 28- June 2, 2000. Faenza (Ravenna): Techna, 2000.

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Siebbeles, Laurens D. A., i Ferdinand Cornelius Grozema. Charge and exciton transport through molecular wires. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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Bali͡akin, I. A. Pribory s perenosom zari͡ada v radiotekhnicheskikh ustroĭstvakh obrabotki informat͡sii. Moskva: "Radio i svi͡azʹ", 1987.

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Herrmann, Martin. Charge loss modeling for EPROMs with ONO interpoly dielectric. Konstanz, [Germany]: Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 1994.

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Ying-quan, Peng, red. Charge carrier transport in organic semiconductor thin film devices. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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Krumbein, Ulrich. Simulation of carrier generation in advanced silicon devices. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1996.

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Więcej źródeł

Części książek na temat "Charge transfer device"

Tamuliene, J., M. L. Balevicius, A. Tamulis i V. Tamulis. "Charge Transfer in Molecular Logical Device Possessing Different Molecular Bridges". W Organic Nanophotonics, 73–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0103-8_7.

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Chen, Yajie, Steve Hall, Liam McDaid, Octavian Buiu i Peter Kelly. "A Silicon Synapse Based on a Charge Transfer Device for Spiking Neural Network Application". W Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, 1366–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11760191_198.

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Rudan, Massimo, Susanna Reggiani i Giorgio Baccarani. "MOS Capacitors, MOS Transistors, and Charge-Transfer Devices". W Springer Handbook of Semiconductor Devices, 331–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79827-7_10.

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Miller, Adam D., Matthieu Gervais, Jai Krishnamurthy, Leon Dyers, Xiaobing Zhu, Ravindra Potrekar, Xin Fei, Adam Weber i John B. Kerr. "Polymer Materials for Charge Transfer in Energy Devices". W Polymers for Energy Storage and Delivery: Polyelectrolytes for Batteries and Fuel Cells, 165–74. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1096.ch010.

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Fassl, Matthias, Michaela Neumayr, Oliver Schedler i Katharina Krombholz. "Transferring Update Behavior from Smartphones to Smart Consumer Devices". W Computer Security. ESORICS 2021 International Workshops, 357–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95484-0_21.

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AbstractAutomatic updates are becoming increasingly common, which minimizes the amount of update decisions that users have to make. Rapidly deployed important updates have a major impact on security. However, automatic updates also reduce the users’ opportunities to build useful mental models which makes decision-making harder on other consumer devices without automatic updates. Users generally transfer their understanding from domains that they know well (i.e. smartphones) to others. We investigate how well this transfer process works with respect to updates and if users with automatic updates fare worse than those with manual updates.We conducted a formative field study ($$N = 52$$ N = 52 ) to observe users’ update settings on smartphones and examine reasons for their (de-)activation. Based on the results, we conducted an online survey ($$N = 91$$ N = 91 ) to compare how users perceive update notifications for smartphones and smart consumer devices. One of our main findings is that update decisions based on expected changes do not apply well to these devices since participants do not expect meaningful and visual changes. We suggest naming updates for such devices ‘maintenance’ to move users’ expectations from ‘new features’ to ‘ensuring future functionality’.

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Wang, Zuowei, Hong Zhang, Dongchao Liu, Shiping E., Kanjun Zhang, Haitao Li, Hengxuan Li i Zhigang Chen. "New Principle of Fault Data Synchronization for Intelligent Protection Based on Wavelet Analysis". W Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 850–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_87.

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AbstractIn order to eliminate the influence of the delay error of the sampled value in the data link on the longitudinal differential protection device, this paper proposes a protection data self-healing synchronization algorithm based on wavelet transform to calculate the moment of sudden change. First, calculate the mutation amount of the sampled data at each end in real time. When the mutation amount threshold is exceeded, it is determined that the multi-terminal system has a short-circuit fault. Then, according to the sudden change characteristics of the collected current waveform, the wavelet modulus maximum value is used to extract the fault sudden change time of each end data, based on the fault time at one terminal, the automatic compensation for the time differences between this terminal and others are realized, thus a new sampling sequence is formed. The resynchronized sampling sequences are used to calculate the differential current and braking current after fault to ensure the correct action of the protective device. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified; in addition, it is shown that this algorithm can improve the reliability of actions by the intelligent protection device, thus realizing protections such as multi-terminal differential, wide-area differential, etc.

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Curran, James, i Mike Fray. "An Efficiency Evaluation of Different Hoisting Devices to Complete Three Frequent Patient Transfers". W Health and Social Care Systems of the Future: Demographic Changes, Digital Age and Human Factors, 37–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24067-7_5.

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Voigt, Immanuel, Axel Fickert, Hajo Wiemer i Welf-Guntram Drossel. "Experimental Investigation of Passive Thermal Error Compensation Approach for Machine Tools". W Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 265–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34486-2_19.

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AbstractConventional approaches to counteract thermal issues in machine tools often require a significant amount of electrical energy input, such as in active cooling systems. An energy-efficient way for reducing thermal errors is to use passive components that redistribute heat introduced by feed drives and other internal heat sources. On the one hand, latent heat storage units can be integrated into the machine to enhance the thermal stability within the phase transition temperature range of the underlying phase change material. By using latent heat storage units, the impact of highly time-varying heat flows on the thermal displacement of the tool center point can be reduced. On the other hand, passive heat-transfer devices such as heat pipes allow for an increased heat exchange within the machine tool or between the machine tool and the environment. Heat pipes exhibit a very high effective thermal heat conductivity and can be used to transfer heat from machine-internal heat sources to additionally integrated heat sinks. A compensation system is presented combining latent heat storage units and heat pipe systems. To evaluate the effect of the corresponding components on thermally induced displacements, experimental investigations of the system within a machine tool are conducted. By means of temperature and displacement measurements it is demonstrated that the proposed compensation approach allows for partial compensation of the thermal error of the machine tool.

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Farías, Oscar, Pablo Cornejo, Cristian Cuevas, Jorge Jimenez, Meylí Valín, Claudio Garcés i Sebastian Gallardo. "Design of a Condensing Heat Recovery Integrated with an Electrostatic Precipitator for Wood Heaters". W Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 210–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_31.

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AbstractHigh emission of particulate matter from fixed sources of biomass combustion and the effects on the health of the population have driven the implementation of public policies for changes in the energy matrix and a technological replacement in Chile. Due to this, a prototype of a condensing heat exchanger is developed integrating an electrostatic precipitator, seeking to enhance the positive effects of these technologies in a single and relatively compact device. The state of the art shows similar developments, but with high levels of complexity in construction, as a shell and tube heat exchanger, that is why the concept of a thermocannon was optimized to condense the moisture present in the fumes and reduce smoke emissions through an electric field. It is expected that using an electrostatic precipitator, up to 90% of particulate matter emissions will be captured, and thermal efficiencies of an additional 9%. For its design, heat transfer and thermodynamics models were used and validated through CFD modeling.

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Monazzah, Amir Mahdi Hosseini, Amir M. Rahmani, Antonio Miele i Nikil Dutt. "Exploiting Memory Resilience for Emerging Technologies: An Energy-Aware Resilience Exemplar for STT-RAM Memories". W Dependable Embedded Systems, 505–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_21.

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AbstractDue to the consistent pressing quest of larger on-chip memories and caches of multicore and manycore architectures, Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM or STT-RAM) has been proposed as a promising technology to replace classical SRAMs in near-future devices. Main advantages of STT-RAMs are a considerably higher transistor density and a negligible leakage power compared with SRAM technology. However, the drawback of this technology is the high probability of errors occurring especially in write operations. Such errors are asymmetric and transition-dependent, where 0 → 1 is the most critical one, and is high subjected to the amount and current (voltage) supplied to the memory during the write operation. As a consequence, STT-RAMs present an intrinsic trade-off between energy consumption vs. reliability that needs to be properly tuned w.r.t. the currently running application and its reliability requirement. This chapter proposes FlexRel, an energy-aware reliability improvement architectural scheme for STT-RAM cache memories. FlexRel considers a memory architecture provided with Error Correction Codes (ECCs) and a custom current regulator for the various cache ways and conducts a trade-off between reliability and energy consumption. FlexRel cache controller dynamically profiles the number of 0 → 1 transitions of each individual bit write operation in a cache block and based on that selects the most-suitable cache way and current level to guarantee the necessary error rate threshold (in terms of occurred write errors) while minimizing the energy consumption. We experimentally evaluated the efficiency of FlexRel against the most efficient uniform protection scheme from reliability, energy, area, and performance perspectives. Experimental simulations performed by using gem5 has demonstrated that while FlexRel satisfies the given error rate threshold, it delivers up to 13.2% energy saving. From the area footprint perspective, FlexRel delivers up to 7.9% cache ways’ area saving. Furthermore, the performance overhead of the FlexRel algorithm which changes the traffic patterns of the cache ways during the executions is 1.7%, on average.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Charge transfer device"

Harshitha, H. M., Sricharan Sureshkumar, Sheryl Stacey A, Syed Ismail Zabiulla i R. Ravi Kumar. "Wireless Power Transfer to Charge Low Power Device". W 2021 International Conference on Design Innovations for 3Cs Compute Communicate Control (ICDI3C). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdi3c53598.2021.00021.

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Hall, David J., Andrew Holland, Neil Murray, Jason Gow i Andrew Clarke. "Modelling charge transfer in a radiation damaged charge coupled device for Euclid". W SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, redaktorzy Andrew D. Holland i James W. Beletic. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.925394.

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Singh, V., H. Inokawa i H. Satoh. "Low-Frequency Noise in MOSFET-based Charge-Transfer Device". W 2009 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2009.p-9-4.

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Hiller, W. J., i T. A. Kowalewski. "Application Of The Frame-Transfer Charge-Coupled Device For High Speed Imaging". W 18th Intl Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics, redaktor DaHeng Wang. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.969201.

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Nongthombam, Sumitra, Sayantan Sinha, Naorem Aruna Devi, Sadhna Rai, Rabina Bhujel, W. Ishwarchand Singh i Bibhu Prasad Swain. "Charge Transfer Mechanism of Gallium Nitrite/Reduced Graphene Oxide (GaN/rGO) Nanocomposite". W 2020 IEEE VLSI Device Circuit and System (VLSI DCS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsidcs47293.2020.9179877.

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Neubert, William J., Jim L. McGarvey i George F. Green. "Measurement of bifocal intraocular lens modulation transfer function using a charge-coupled device". W OE/LASE '94, redaktor Donn M. Silberman. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.176830.

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Denton, M. Bonner. "Present and future roles of high-performance charge transfer device detectors in spectrochemical analysis". W Spectroscopy '90, 4-6 June, Los Cruces, redaktorzy Bernard J. McNamara i Jeremy M. Lerner. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.22099.

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Lee, Kangmu M., Atsushi Ohoka i Peter M. Asbeck. "Charge transfer region at the edge of metal contacts on graphene and its impact on contact resistance measurement". W 2011 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdrs.2011.6135256.

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Pelamatti, Alice, Vincent Goiffon, Aziouz Chabane, Pierre Magnan, Cedric Virmontois, Olivier Saint-Pe i Michel Breart de Boisanger. "Charge transfer speed analysis in pinned photodiode CMOS image sensors based on a pulsed storage-gate method". W ESSDERC 2015 - 45th European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324737.

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Hollander, Matthew J., Nikhil Shukla, Nidhi Agrawal, Himanshu Madan, Joshua A. Robinson i Suman Datta. "Reduction of charge transfer region using graphene nano-ribbon geometry for improved complementary FET performance at sub-micron channel length". W 2013 71st Annual Device Research Conference (DRC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2013.6633838.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Charge transfer device"

Thompson, Marshall, i David Lippert. Flexible Pavement Design (Full-depth Asphalt and Rubblization): A Summary of Activities. Illinois Center for Transportation, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-021.

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This report summarizes activities undertaken to support and ensure that the Illinois Department of Transportation utilizes the best demonstrated available technology for design and construction of full-depth hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and HMA pavements on rubblized Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP). To achieve this goal, the researchers reviewed pavement design and special provisions for full-depth asphalt and rubblization projects as well as full-depth asphalt and rubblization project performance via condition surveys and deflection measurements. They also modified design inputs as needed from the review of literature and responded to specific issues related to full-depth asphalt and rubblization design and construction. The researchers studied 32 rubblization projects on the interstate system and found this rehabilitation technique is providing good to excellent performance that exceeds design expectations. They provided input on proposed changes to full-depth hot-mix asphalt pavement on rubblized PCCP specifications as well as provided input on the RoadTec 1105e material transfer device. Analysis of traffic speed deflectometer data obtained on several hot-mix asphalt and rubblized pavements resulted in the development of analysis algorithms.

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Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.

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Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.

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