Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Charbon – Environnement”
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Zellagui, Sami. "Pyrolyse et combustion de solides pulvérisés sous forts gradients thermiques : Caractérisation de la dévolatilisation, des matières particulaires générées et modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9599.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoal is the most economically attractive fossil fuel and the main resource used for electricity production. However, the main issue with coal combustion is the greenhouse gas as well as other gases and particulates matter leading to environmental and human concerns. In order to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilization, researches are conducted to improve the combustion process and to use other carbon-based fuels. The first approach includes the oxy-fuel combustion that can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage process (CCS). The second approach promotes the partial substitution of coal by carbon-neutral fuels, such as biomasses, which are promising fuels.For the evaluation of the application of these technologies, an experimental device was developed. This device is a drop tube furnace (DTF) in which high particle heating rate (approximately 104–105 K s−1) has to be achieved in order to characterize solid fuels under conditions similar to those taking place in power plant furnaces. DTF allowed to investigate pyrolysis reaction involving coal and/or biomass particles at different temperatures (600-1400 °C). The comparison between the oxy-combustion and the conventional air combustion process starts with the investigation of the pyrolysis step. The impact of N2 (for conventional air combustion) and CO2 (for oxy-fuel combustion) atmospheres during pyrolysis of different coals at different temperatures was investigated. Results showed that the coal devolatilization is influenced by the gas under which the fuel devolatilization is carried out (N2 or CO2) only at high temperatures (>1200 °C). The influence of different operating conditions on PM2.5 emission were experimented for coals or biomass, including combustion atmosphere (air or oxy-fuel conditions), particle residence time and temperature. A kinetic study of the pyrolysis was carried out and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by modeling from several kinetic reaction schemes
Benetto, Enrico. "Evaluation de l'incertitude des impacts environnementaux du cycle de vie (EI²CV) et la conception de l'éco-innovation : application à la filière charbon". Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAL0106.
Pełny tekst źródłaIt's widely accepted that the key drivers of the next decades of socio-economic development will be an unprecedented population increase, the environmental stress due to human activities and the value creation by means of product, service and process (PSP) innovation. The importance of environmental assessment, that gained an increasing important role in design and innovation during the last years, is expected to grown further in the next future. Several concepts such as Sustainable Development, Industrial Ecology and Eco-Efficiency and tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management and Risk Assessment have been developed so far to contribute to eco-innovation, i. E. The environmental based innovation. Unfortunately, the implementation of these concepts and tools still face two critical drawbacks: the results of the tools, mainly for Life Cycle Assessment, are debatable due to the ignorance about the uncertainties involved; moreover, these uncertainties are hardly classified in an overall framework and the tools for their analysis are lacking; the application of the tools in the design and innovation of PSP is lacking of a sound methodological framework and of practicable rules; eco-innovation methodologies are fragmented and not completely structured. Our contribution to solve these problems consist in : a method for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in an uncertain environment in order to model the whole set of uncertainties (imprecision, variability and uncertainty sensu stricto) in a comprehensive framework, an outline of a method for the design and eco-innovation of PSP taking into account the uncertain impact assessment. The feasibility of the methods is partially tested in the application of LCA to 9 scenarios of electricity production by the combustion and co-combustion of coal and biomass
Atheba, Grah Patrick. "Traitement des eaux par action combinée de la photocatalyse solaire et de l'adsorption sur charbon actif : conception et réalisation du procédé". Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ032S/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur studies have focused on the development of a simple photoreactor hand-made from polymer wastes and recover the coconut shell waste tuning them into activated carbon for the treatment of wastewater. The first part of our study, the photoreactor allowed for the photodegradation of Diuron (abundant in herbicides used in agriculture), under artificial (UV lamp) and natural (sunlight) irradiation. The tests were conducted on two commercial supported catalysts (the Quartzel for Saint-Gobain Quartz and cellulosic support for Ahlstrom). The photodegradation of Diuron kinetics follows a pseudo-first order. The cellulosic support is suitable of our photoreactor even if the Quartzel is more efficient than the cellulosic support. The photodégradation under both two irradiation sources is the same. In order to recover the waste agricultural on Côte d'Ivoire (mainly final waste coconut shell), active carbons were prepared from them by physical activation. We have developed a method that takes into account the cost factor and product performance. Tests of physical and chemical characterizations were performed. Our coal "optimized" has a specific surface of 750 m² per gram about is essentially microporous and contains features acids and bases on its surface. Kinetic studies of adsorption of Diuron showed that the optimized coal has a good affinity with the probe molecule. We have in the last part of our study combined the two processes (photocatalysis followed by adsorption on activated carbon). Preliminary studies on the photo-reactors were carried out. These tests have allowed us to establish the experimental protocol used, which was to make the photodegradation for 90 minutes and then pass the solution through a cartridge of activated carbon prepared by ourselves. A comparative study of three methods was performed and we observed the benefits of coupling TiO2/CA. We could eliminate 10 % of Diuron, and by-products of photodegradation of Diuron remained on the solution. Also technically we can do the process by the day by Photocatalysis and by night by adsorption
Danatoiu, Cristina. "Étude des phénomènes d'adsorption et désorption de composes organiques volatils sur charbon actif : Application to the improvement of industrial atmospheres". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0118.
Pełny tekst źródłaA study of the adsorption and desorption processes of organic volatile compounds on active charcoal vas performed, in order to improve the quality of the atmosphere in car painting places. This work was done with solvents that already exist in these atmospheres, particularly toluene, butanol, n-butyl-acetate, xylene and cyclohexanone, onto four active charcoals, two Romanian: RCAFS and AD3 commercialised by ROMCARBON and two french ones, AC35 and AC40, commercialised by CECA. Several analysis techniques were used: gas-chromatography, thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The study takes into account the theoretical aspects of the retention processes of the solvents onto porous solids, at microscopical level, with the help of adsorption isotherms of the toluene on the charcoals. The breakthrough of the charcoals by the pure solvents was obtained, in order to determine the optimal conditions and the values of the constants that intervene in the modelisation of an adsorber. The desorption with hot air was also studied, aiming to the regeneration of the charcoals and in the same time the recuperation of the sol vents. The adsorption-desorption cycles permitted also the verification of the behaviour of the charcoals intime. Coupling thermogravimetrical analysis with mass spectrometry (DTG-DTP/SM) allowed to perform a programmed temperature study who retrieved the fabrication tar (naphthenic compound) in greater or smaller quantities, depending on the charcoal used. The desorption energies were also evaluated. The association of all the results made possible the calculation of the working of an adsorber provided with these active charcoals
Rohr, Valentin Monceau Daniel Schütze Michael. "Développement de revêtements pour les aciers d'échangeurs thermiques et amélioration de leur résistance à la corrosion en environnement simulant les fumées de combustion et de charbon". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000234.
Pełny tekst źródłaRohr, Valentin. "Développement de revêtements pour les aciers d'échangeurs thermiques et amélioration de leur résistance à la corrosion en environnement simulant les fumées de combustion et de charbon". Toulouse, INPT, 2005. https://hal.science/tel-04595756.
Pełny tekst źródłaImproving the efficiencies of thermal power plants requires an increase of the corrosion resistance of heat exchanger materials. The aim of this study is to develop protective coatings using the pack cementation process on a 17Cr/13Ni austenitic steel and three ferritic-martensitic steels : P91, P92 and HCM12A. The austenite was aluminised at 950°C. The ferritic-marensitic steels were coated at temperature as low as 650°C, in order to maintain their initial microstructure. A mechanism of the coating formation at low temperature is proposed. The corrosion resistances of coated and bare steels are compared in simulated coal firing environment for durations up to 2000 h at 650°C. All coatings offer a significant corrosion protection. The performance of coated 9-12%Cr steels is no longer limited by corrosion but by coating substrate interdiffusion
Gueguen, Yann. "Étude des mouvements de surface en environnement minier à partir d'interférométrie radar et identification des origines des déformations : l'exemple du bassin Nord/Pas-de-Calais". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0365.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe needs in fossil energy during the industrial area lead to the intensive exploitation of the resources of the Nord/Pas-de-Calais carboniferous basin (France). The extraction of these materials induces disorders of the geological structures which introduce depressions in surface. If the greatest part of the subsidence occurs during the extraction, a small part persists during a more or less long period after the end of the exploitations corresponding to the residual subsidence. Charbonnages de France is in charge of the monitoring of this phenomenon in the Nord/Pas-de-Calais area since December 21, 1990, completion date of mining work. Using high precision levellings, CdF is rapidly confronted with the limitations of this method (cost, duration…). In this context, we used the radar interferometric methods in order to propose an efficient tool to characterize and quantify the soil movements, and determine the part of the residual subsidence with respect to others phenomena. The results provided by these methods agree with the known orders of magnitude of displacements and bring new information on the shape and the extent of the mining origins subsidence areas. The description of other phenomena which can involve movements of the same order of magnitude was also carried out and allowed a better account in the study of surface motion in the Nord/Pas-de-Calais basin
Newton, Claire. "Environnement végétal et économie en Haute-Egypte à Adai͏̈ma au Prédynastique. Approches archéobotaniques comparatives de la IIe dynastie à l'époque romaine". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20178.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoobadar, Aneeza. "Impacts agronomiques et environnementaux de l'épandage de vinasse et de cendre de charbon/bagasse sur les terres agricoles de l'Île Maurice". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464233.
Pełny tekst źródłaZimmer, Alexis. "Brouillards mortels : une histoire de la production de météores industriels, 19e/20e siècles : le cas de la vallée de la Meuse". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAB014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrom the 1st to the 5th December 1930, a thick fog spread in the Meuse valley. Many losing their lives. One year later, experts came to conclusions: coal and sulphuric compound of it combustion were implicated. But how does "coal" come to participate in the production of fogs and to befoul, fatally, the lungs of those forced to inhale it ? The « coal - toxic fog - lungs » links is not obvious. This study aims to reconstitute the historic conditions of their construction. By considering this disaster over the period necessary for its production - as a process and not as an hiatus - ; by following the trail of the materials of its constitution - their progress and the technical, social, political and discursive assemblies - necessary for their transformation; by studying the role and the effects of the scientific practices, this work allows an understanding of the joint transformation, by the industrialization, of bodies and environments and the production of new meteorological phenomena
Combettes, Claire. "Découvrir et occuper un archipel : dynamique des relations des premiers habitants au Vanuatu avec le milieu naturel : étude palynologique de dépôts holocènes". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe first settlers reached the Remote Oceania (east of the Solomon Islands) quite recently, around 3000 yr BP. There are several hypotheses concerning the causes of these migrations, and environmental changes have to be taken into account in the settlement proceeding. The arrival of populations on pristine islands has an influence on the native fauna and flora, but landscape responses to human impact vary for each site examined. The aims of this research are to describe the human influence on the environment since the first migrations, to discriminate the climate impact, which causes theses migrations and the landscape modification during the late Holocene; then, to characterize the human behaviour and adaptation on pristine island. To answer this problem, two palustrine cores, collected in Efate Island (central Vanuatu) were studied: the Emaotfer Swamp and the Otas Lake.I have mainly used pollen and micro-charcoal analyses to reconstruct the arboreal and herbaceous vegetation found around the sites. I have also conducted of past temperatures and rainfalls reconstructions thanks to density probability functions. At the climatic level, these analyses highlight a warm and wet period until 3700 cal yr BP. Then, a increase in magnitude and number of El Niño events caused a drier environment. Between 1950 and 750-600 cal yr BP, the results reveal a more humid climate, associated with the decrease in El Niño frequency and magnitude. The climatic variations recorded by the Otas Lake and the Emaotfer Swamp vegetation show a new dry period after 750-600 cal yr BP, corresponding to the Little Ice Age.Lapita people reached Efate Island ca. 3000 cal yr BP under frequent and sustained El Niño events. During this period, easterly winds stopped and favoured eastward sail. These results support the hypothesis of eastward migrations under low trade winds. The first settlers were seafarers and fishers-gatherers, they had little impact on the environment. A new population settled the Emaotfer Swamp from 1500-1300 cal yr BP, developed medicinal, ceremonial and food plants cultivations and has probably practiced slash and burn agriculture. This group lived under humid climate, also more suitable to the development of horticulture. Our results show the adaptive capacity of populations to new environmental and climatic constraints. The complementary of the pollen and micro-charcoal analyses deliver rather complete information on the palaeoenvironment, the Human-climate-vegetation relations and the emergence of the human impact. For future researches, it will be necessary to obtain more information on the pollen rain for a maximum of taxa, the ecological needs of plant species and the specific climate parameters for each island, to develop a robust model of past landscapes, climates and land-use (project LandCover6k)
Yan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon". Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnselmi, Hélène. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale d’une unité de captage de CO₂ intégrée à un procédé industriel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0080.
Pełny tekst źródłaLimiting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a major global issue, particularly for the energy, chemical and metallurgical industries. To this end, CO2 capture technologies have been developed in recent decades. In this study, we focused on three types of CO2 capture technologies: chemical absorption by MEA, membrane separation and activated carbon adsorption. The CO2 considered is emitted by a coal-fired power station and then directly valorized within a manufacturing process on the same site. The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental benefits of installing a CO2 capture technology in comparison to the current configuration, without CO2 capture. Our approach combined process modeling and life cycle assessment. The methodology adopted was to model the complete system (the power plant, the manufacturing process and the various capture units) using a flowsheeting software (Aspen Plus), then to determine the environmental impacts by LCA. The results show that the MEA chemical adsorption process is strongly penalized by the use of the solvent, both regarding the energy consumption and the environmental impacts. The membrane process exhibits significant environmental impacts, despite a much lower energy consumption, due to the massive use of polymers (membrane materials). Finally, the activated carbon adsorption process has lower environmental impacts than the other two processes in the vast majority of impact categories
Zheng, Yaqing. "Elimination du sulfure d'hydrogène et de mercaptans par absorption et oxydation catalytique sur charbons actifs et charbons actifs modifiés". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20282.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnselmi, Hélène. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale d’une unité de captage de CO₂ intégrée à un procédé industriel". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0080.
Pełny tekst źródłaLimiting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a major global issue, particularly for the energy, chemical and metallurgical industries. To this end, CO2 capture technologies have been developed in recent decades. In this study, we focused on three types of CO2 capture technologies: chemical absorption by MEA, membrane separation and activated carbon adsorption. The CO2 considered is emitted by a coal-fired power station and then directly valorized within a manufacturing process on the same site. The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental benefits of installing a CO2 capture technology in comparison to the current configuration, without CO2 capture. Our approach combined process modeling and life cycle assessment. The methodology adopted was to model the complete system (the power plant, the manufacturing process and the various capture units) using a flowsheeting software (Aspen Plus), then to determine the environmental impacts by LCA. The results show that the MEA chemical adsorption process is strongly penalized by the use of the solvent, both regarding the energy consumption and the environmental impacts. The membrane process exhibits significant environmental impacts, despite a much lower energy consumption, due to the massive use of polymers (membrane materials). Finally, the activated carbon adsorption process has lower environmental impacts than the other two processes in the vast majority of impact categories
Ligouis, Bertrand. "La grande couche de bourran du bassin stephanien de decazeville (aveyron) : petrologie et environnements de depot du charbon, genese d'une veine puissante". Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2027.
Pełny tekst źródłaLigouis, Bertrand. "La Grande couche de Bourran du bassin stéphanien de Decazeville, Aveyron pétrologie et environnements de dépôt du charbon : genèse d'une veine puissante /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376152459.
Pełny tekst źródłaTardy, Christophe. "Paléoincendies naturels, feux anthropiques et environnements forestiers de Guyane française du tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène récent : approches chronologique et anthracologique". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20275.
Pełny tekst źródłaJoly, Nicolas. "Les territoires renouvelés de l'après-charbon : loisirs et cadre de vie dans le Nord - Pas-de-Calais". Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50377-2001-15-1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaHeinz, Christine. "Dynamique des végétations holocènes en Méditerranée nord occidentale d'après l'anthracoanalyse de sites préhistoriques : méthodologie et paléoécologie". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20217.
Pełny tekst źródłaZellagui, Sami. "Pyrolyse et combustion de solides pulvérisés sous forts gradients thermiques : Caractérisation de la dévolatilisation, des matières particulaires générées et modélisation". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9599/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoal is the most economically attractive fossil fuel and the main resource used for electricity production. However, the main issue with coal combustion is the greenhouse gas as well as other gases and particulates matter leading to environmental and human concerns. In order to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilization, researches are conducted to improve the combustion process and to use other carbon-based fuels. The first approach includes the oxy-fuel combustion that can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage process (CCS). The second approach promotes the partial substitution of coal by carbon-neutral fuels, such as biomasses, which are promising fuels.For the evaluation of the application of these technologies, an experimental device was developed. This device is a drop tube furnace (DTF) in which high particle heating rate (approximately 104–105 K s−1) has to be achieved in order to characterize solid fuels under conditions similar to those taking place in power plant furnaces. DTF allowed to investigate pyrolysis reaction involving coal and/or biomass particles at different temperatures (600-1400 °C). The comparison between the oxy-combustion and the conventional air combustion process starts with the investigation of the pyrolysis step. The impact of N2 (for conventional air combustion) and CO2 (for oxy-fuel combustion) atmospheres during pyrolysis of different coals at different temperatures was investigated. Results showed that the coal devolatilization is influenced by the gas under which the fuel devolatilization is carried out (N2 or CO2) only at high temperatures (>1200 °C). The influence of different operating conditions on PM2.5 emission were experimented for coals or biomass, including combustion atmosphere (air or oxy-fuel conditions), particle residence time and temperature. A kinetic study of the pyrolysis was carried out and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by modeling from several kinetic reaction schemes
Gairoard, Stéphanie. "Contribution à l'étude de l'impact des anciens travaux miniers de charbon sur les eaux souterraines : application à la région d'Alès (Gard)". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL035N/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is a contribution to the knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative impacts, linked to the abandonment of the mining works on Alès coal basin. This work consisted in analysis and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative data on the waters outflows of former coal mines in order to determine the chemical composition of groundwaters outflows and the water chemistry. For that, we used principal component analysis, diagrams of Piper and Schoeller-Berkalov on all waters outflows. Secondly, we analyzed the temporal evolution of concentrations of each element for the waters outflows. The quantitative aspect is therefore considered by the synthesis of knowledge available on the mining reservoir of Fontanes (geology, spatial distribution, pumping data and piezometrics levels). Some groundwaters outflows have a quality that makes their direct discharge into the environment impossible and it is important, in this situation, to define the affected body of the water. For that, we have developed a hydrodynamical model by sequential automaton. It is applied to the former works of Rochebelle-St-Martin de Valgalgues leading to the determination of the parameters permeability and thickness of mining aquifer recovery of piezometric level of the reservoir while taking into account a pumping still maintained. This model will lead to a better comprehension of the parameters defining the aquifer in the mining perspective to exploit this reserve. The mine water has a poor quality. After a better knowledge obtained by a hydrodynamical modeling, it becomes realistic to propose a recovery of this water by use of its calories from geothermal and knowing the geometry of the tank mine
Shuku, Onemba Nicolas. "Impact de l'utilisation de l'énergie-bois dans la ville province de Kinshasa en République démocratique du Congo (RDC)". Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4598/1/M12010.pdf.
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