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El cumpleaños de Bob. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster Libros Para Niños, 2004.
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Jain, Umesh Ravi. The personality constructs of adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder as measured by the temperament and character inventory. 2003.
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Jack, Jordynn. Interpreting Gender. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038372.003.0002.
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This chapter explores how the gendered character of the refrigerator mother offered an interpretive lens through which experts viewed autism when it was first identified as a unique disorder. Character sketches of these early “autism mothers” emerged from a set of topoi—culturally available ideas and images—about mothers in the 1960s and were found lacking compared to the standard of a warm, devoted, and loving mother. The chapter shows that typified gendered characters can be interpreted as explanations for autism, thereby functioning as heuristics for scientific theorizing. It then considers how mothers began to counter this character and construct a new one that would grant them greater epistemic authority.
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Parashar, Swati. The Postcolonial/Emotional State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644031.003.0010.
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If mainstream theorizings on the state have paid little attention to its gendered aspects (how the state demonstrates and constructs gender and how gender determines the character of the state), emotions have been far from everyday concerns of the state and its manifestations. This chapter adopts a feminist perspective to argue that, contrary to mainstream views, the state conscripts gendered emotions in its efforts to seek/retain legitimacy and to police citizens to conform to its ideological and developmental moorings. The chapter draws on the Naxalite/Maoist insurgency in India to highlight the gendered emotional language of the postcolonial state which is in violent conflict with its own citizens challenging its legitimacy and sovereignty.
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Bronstein, Michaela. Character and Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655396.003.0003.
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What is the appeal and use of a charismatic character? Henry James’s attempt to preserve an ideal of vivid character associated with older genres like romance becomes part of James Baldwin’s set of rhetorical tools for demanding recognition of gay and black humanity. James shows the contagion of personality among characters not to reject a Victorian style of defined characterization, but as material for his protagonists’ decisive acts of self-definition. When Baldwin rejects the protest novel for failing to recognize the agency of individuals in resisting the roles society casts them in, it is through a Jamesian ideal of identity constructed out of, but not trapped within, one’s social context. The charismatically individual character provides a template for resisting the influence of social convention.
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Ferguson, Sam. Le Journal des Faux-monnayeurs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814535.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the complex relationship between Gide’s 1925 novel Les Faux-monnayeurs (in which a fictional character, who is also an author, writes a diary) and Gide’s own diary of the composition of this novel, Le Journal des faux-monnayeurs. This relationship demonstrates the diary’s potential role as a supplement to the literary œuvre (in the sense discussed in the Introduction with reference to Derrida), which functions as follows: the novel Les Faux-monnayeurs presents itself as a total, self-sufficient literary œuvre; Le Journal des faux-monnayeurs is partly conceived as an independent work, but this diary itself deliberates on its relation to the novel, and constructs a model of a composite structure encompassing both works, which is more complete than the novel alone. This greater, composite structure simultaneously critiques the supposed self-sufficiency of the novel and leads to a more open kind of œuvre, with the capacity for endless reinterpretation by readers.
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Tweedie, James. Old Haunts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873875.003.0008.
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Agnès Varda’s Vagabond (1985) begins and frequently returns to images of the French landscape, and it constructs an allegory that binds the stories and images of its main character, the nation, and the land. At the heart of this and Varda’s subsequent films is an engagement with the significance of the land as a fragile part of an ecosystem, a gendered space, and a powerful symbol of the nation and its patrimony. Rather than view the landscape as an unbreakable link between the nation and the national past preserved in nature, she frames the natural world as a modern phenomenon in a state of ruin and develops an aesthetic of the landscape attuned to this condition. In Vagabond and her later digital documentaries Varda imagines her relationship to the land and history as a process of gleaning from the vibrant possibilities left behind after the process of modernization has run its course.
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Ferrol, Paul. Essays On The Human Intellect: As Constructed By God, And On Our Savior, Considered In His Character Of Man. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Ferrol, Paul. Essays On The Human Intellect: As Constructed By God, And On Our Savior, Considered In His Character Of Man. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Higher Order Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0005.
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Rosenthal's rendition of representationalism denies intentionalism. His higher order theory instead asserts that a perceptual state's phenomenal character is set by that state's being related to, because represented by, another, but higher order, cognitive state. The theory arises from the doubtful supposition of unconscious perception and mistakenly construes intrinsic phenomenal character extrinsically, as one state's serving as the content of another. Yet it remains mysterious how and why a higher order state might be so potent as to determine phenomenal character at all. Better to resist higher order theory’s embrace of dubious unconscious perceptual states and account for states so-called simply in terms of humdrum mnemonic malfeasance. Moreover, since the suspect theory allows higher order misrepresentation, it implies sufferance of impossible phenomenal character. Equally problematic, representationalism pitched at the higher order entails the existence of bogus phenomenal character when upstairs states represent downstairs nonperceptual states.
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Habel, Norman C. Reading the Landscape in Biblical Narrative. Redaktor Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.41.
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The title of this chapter derives from Aboriginal elders, whose rich cultural tradition survives, not in written texts, such as the Bible, but in their remarkable ability to “read” the stories/Dreamings, songlines, spiritual presences, sacred sites, and laws “written” on the Australian landscape. Borrowing from this hermeneutical tradition, the chapter focuses on how the narrator of a biblical narrative “reads the landscape,” constructing, and relating characters to, the environment in the context of the plot and perspectives espoused in the plot. It explores the phenomenon of “place” as crucial for an appreciation of location in reading the environment and considers examples of “emplacement,” “displacement” and “re-placement” in key narratives of the Pentateuch. “Place” is ultimately where characters belong in the ecosystem of the narrative. By reading the landscape the chapter examines how the narrator constructs the environment in relation to the plot, characters, and the focus of the narrative.
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Preiss, Richard. Interiority. Redaktor Henry S. Turner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641352.013.3.
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This chapter traces the history of theatrical interiority and shows when and why early modern theatre became invested in it. More specifically, it examines the way the enclosure of the theatres made possible not only a newly commercialized drama but also characterization and plot-structure that depended on an implied but unrevealed depth. The chapter first considers the analogy between round amphitheatres and ‘round’, complex characters before discussing the culture of the money box to establish the link between early modern theatrical economics and its aesthetics. It then looks at the play’s resistance to closure, its messiness and overcomplication, and the ‘interiority’ of its characters and how characters in later revenge plays construct interiority as negative space. It argues that characters are not people so much as playhouses, propagating the illusion of depth after depth has run out, and explains how ‘interiority’ in the early modern theatre begins as merely its exterior reinscribed—its circle reduced into the body of the actor until it became a point, elemental and ‘inviolate’.
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Lombardi, Elena. Bea(ta Lec)trix. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818960.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at Dante’s great textual invention, Beatrice, as both the empowered beloved turned addressee as discussed in Chapter 2 and a powerful textual construct as seen in Chapter 3. I argue that Beatrice’s unique trait is what I call her ‘lyric irreducibility’—a rather resistant aspect of her character, which follows her all the way to the vision of God. Such a trait is posited already in a figure that lays in the archaeology of Beatrice, the unsteady joining of the lyrical and the doctrinal in Dante’s first and failed rendition of his woman interlocutor: the donna gentile-Lady Philosophy, who complexly negotiates the ending of the Vita Nova and the beginning of the Convivio. The chapter follows Beatrice in her development as a non-silent lyric addressee (in Inferno), as textual construct that talks back (in Purgatorio), and as glossator and lector (in Paradiso).
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Gow, James. The Essence of Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0015.
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The theoretical element that runs through Freedman’s scholarship and the world of strategy is constructivist realism, the implicit theoretical mechanism that underpins Freedman’s scholarship and practice. A form of analysis that combines realism and constructivism presents a ‘distinctive and beneficial’ approach to the study of issues of war and peace – one that runs throughout Freedman’s work and is consciously present in Strategy, where social theory is favored and rational actors are demolished. The chapter discusses each concept, including the constructed character of realism, and attempts to bring them together, arguing that necessity is the quality that sits at the heart of a constructivist realist approach, where the socially generated character of issues and sober acknowledgement that power (and other empirical realities) combine to offer an approach with which flux and stasis in international society and international security can be profitably studied in policy-friendly ways.
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de Beauvoir, Simone, Janella D. Moy i Joe Feigl. The Novel and the Theater. Tłumacz Marybeth Timmermann. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036347.003.0006.
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The novel and the theater are two forms of fiction: in both cases, it is a matter of creating an imaginary world, and making characters, whose story constitutes what is called the plot, enter into this world. In order for the impact of the work to surpass that of simple entertainment, the story must also have a signification. Through carefully constructed lies, the book, like the play, strives to communicate a general human truth, but they do not rely on the same devices, and they do not seek the same type of truth....
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Meyer, Stephen. Fashioning Dense Masculine Space. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040054.003.0006.
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This chapter demonstrates how American workers created and maintained a dense masculine culture at the workplace. Though a variety of masculine cultures existed, age, ethnicity, and race determined their construction. Most important, the dominant culture was white and male. Workers constructed and reconstructed their public postures of manhood in their relations with each other, with their employers, and with women. At the workplace, the male culture of aggression flourished; fighting, cursing, drinking, and all manner of manly misbehavior prevailed. Numerous union grievances captured the dense male culture that revealed the details of the male character of the shop floor, and many such grievances often typified workers' manly quest for dignity and worth.
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Clarke, Katherine. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.003.0008.
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This chapter recalls the way in which landscapes are constructed, both in literary terms and in physical terms by characters within Herodotus’ narrative. It explores some modern parallels, such as the Kerch bridge which will link Crimea to Russia, for the manipulation of landscape through monumental engineering works as a symbol of imperial ambitions. It suggests, therefore, that the narrative of Herodotus, with its subtle and differentiated presentation of man’s interaction with the natural world, especially in the context of imperial projects, and its underlying proposition that the map of empire is constantly evolving, remains of immediate relevance to the modern world.
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Sammons, Benjamin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.003.0008.
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The conclusions include a brief reconstruction of each cyclic epic, with emphasis on points suggested by the arguments in each chapter. Comparison of the cyclic epics among themselves shows that catalogues and doublets were especially important compositional elements. Two-fold structure in particular seems to have been highly characteristic of poems of medium length, with smaller elements such as the aristeia being used to reinforce large-scale structure. Character roles, divine activity, and thematic correlations were used to bring unity to the more compendious poems. Comparison of cyclic epics with the Homeric poems shows that the crucial difference lies in the function of shared compositional devices relative to the overall scale of poems. Devices that are used to structure relatively small parts of the Homeric poems could be used to construct very large portions of shorter epics, if not entire poems.
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Valeriano, Brandon. The United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0007.
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This chapter analyzes US cyber strategy and coercion against rival states. First, the chapter situates the US approach to cyber in the larger intellectual history surrounding a preference for precision strike and how it alters the character of war for US strategists. Second, the chapter connects this logic to the emergence of information warfare concepts in the early 1990s, when US practitioners began to integrate cyber into larger visions of precision strike. Next, the chapter shifts to outline the American approach to cyber coercion. We offer a portrait of how the leading cyber power uses covert coercive cyber actions to shape rival behavior in the digital domain. These insights highlight the importance of the reconnaissance-strike as a strategic construct. They also demonstrate the US approach toward cyber espionage and turning defensive measures into attack vectors through deception.
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Maldonado, Robert D. Reading Others as the Subject(s) of Biblical Narrative. Redaktor Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.37.
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This chapter explores the concept of Otherness in the composition and hermeneutics of biblical narrative. It argues that throughout history human discourse has used otherness to construct identity. In the late twentieth century, Otherness was theorized as an explicit interpretive category drawing on feminist/gender, race/ethnic, and cultural studies. Practitioners foregrounded the presence of Others within the biblical narrative and assessed the politics and ethics of the use of the biblical text in othering Others. The Othered themselves became readers of Otherness within the texts. Homer’s Odyssey, the book of Esther, and the Gospel according to Mark illustrate these dynamics. All three betray ambivalence in the ethics of negotiating otherness: Homer in the construction of female identity; Esther in ethnic/religious identity under empire; and Mark in the ambiguity of power, silence, and voice, especially within the character of Jesus.
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Fabris, Flavia. Waddington’s Processual Epigenetics and the Debate over Cryptic Variability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0012.
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This chapter reappraises Waddington’s processual theory of epigenetics and examines its implications for contemporary evolutionary biology. It focuses in particular on the ontological difference between two conflicting assumptions that have been conflated in the recent debate over the nature of cryptic variability: a substance view that is consistent with the modern synthesis and construes variability as a preexisting pool of random genetic variation; and a processual view, which derives from Waddington’s conception of developmental canalization and understands variability as an epigenetic process. The chapter also discusses how these opposing interpretations fare in their capacity to explain the genetic assimilation of acquired characters.
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Sammons, Benjamin. Narrative Doublets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.003.0004.
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This chapter argues that a specific compositional device well known from the Homeric poems, the so-called anticipatory doublet, can be detected in nearly every poem of the Trojan Cycle. Although doublets can be used on either a small or a large scale, it is particularly the latter function that comes out most clearly in the evidence. It may be that some poems were essentially constructed from large-scale narrative doublets (especially the Aethiopis, Nostoi, and Telegony). It is notable that different poems use the same conventional elements (e.g., aristeiai, prophetic speeches, divine epiphanies) to develop these structures. Several examples suggest sustained thematic intensification across doublet structures and use of the device to emphasize character roles, in particular that of the epigone Neoptolemus.
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Hill, Peter, i Elizabeth K. Laney. Beyond Self-Interest. Redaktorzy Kirk Warren Brown i Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.16.
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Not to be confused with modesty or low self-esteem, humility is a multifaceted construct that is quite different from the misguided caricature that humble people are weak or timid and do not value themselves. In contrast, humility is a hypo-egoic phenomenon that involves a nondefensive willingness to see oneself accurately by acknowledging one’s personal limitations, combined with an appreciation for the strengths and contributions of other people from which one can learn. Research is reviewed that investigates humility both as a general dispositional characteristic, as well as in terms of the two specific domains of intellectual and relational humility. Although research clearly portrays humility primarily as a positive character strength, the potential liabilities of humility are also noted. The chapter also examines efforts to measure humility through self-reports and alternative approaches, along with the significant challenges of creating valid measures of humility.
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Ferguson, Sam. Les Cahiers d’André Walter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814535.003.0002.
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Gide’s first publication of diary-writing, Les Cahiers d’André Walter, explores the potential of the journal intime to contribute to an author’s literary œuvre, and help construct their textual author-figure. It was initially presented as the real diary of a real André Walter (an ‘auteur supposé’ rather than a mere pseudonym). When read as if it were a real journal intime, it appears as an innovative, partly literary diary-writing project, and manifests a new concept of the intime. André Walter’s own theoretical deliberations in this work explore themes of contingency (associated with the journal intime) and necessity (associated with literature), and anticipate his own actual transition from supposedly real author to fictional character. Once the illusion of the auteur supposé is revealed, and the work is read as fiction, Walter’s desires and diary-writing project are viewed ironically as a partial failure, and call for further experiments with diary-writing.
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Mastroianni, George R. Personality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638238.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 considers the role of personality in the Holocaust. The idea that psychopathology or insanity characterized the individual leaders of the Third Reich or the German population was simply not supported by the evidence. Perhaps these leaders, or even the German population as a whole, were not characterized by a psychological disorder but were nevertheless different from other people in some important way. The authoritarian personality, a construct derived from Freudian thought, was suggested as a possible explanation. German child-rearing practices were implicated in the production of this personality, which was thought to be related to perpetrator behavior. Defining and measuring the authoritarian personality has posed some challenges, and researchers have not convincingly tied authoritarian traits to perpetrator behavior. The concept of “national character,” a kind of societal-level personality, has similarly been difficult to define and connect to perpetrator behavior. Personality approaches have also been applied to the study of rescuers.
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Umbach, Gaby. Measuring (Global) Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793342.003.0003.
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The chapter questions how we can measure global governance. It critically examines existing approaches to the measurement of global governance. It pays particular attention to key conceptual and methodological concerns of the overall endeavour to quantify and/or qualify global governance. The chapter focuses on the measurement of global governance as a multidimensional paradigm of international political and institutional practice that, being not measurable per se, requires complex aggregations of indicators and statistical data to serve as proxies to capture its broad conceptual character. As constructed proxies they not only measure, but naturally also frame the reality they are set out to measure, partially in a rather prescriptive way. The chapter discusses the conceptual quality of governance and its related measurement tools; their relevance and use as well as key methodological issues involved in measuring governance, ‘good’ governance, and global governance.
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Honig, Jan Willem. Uncomfortable Visions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0003.
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This chapter interrogates strategy and warfare, in particular the themes of ‘limited war’ and influence. It argues that war is what we and our militaries make of it, paraphrasing Alexander Wendt’s constructivist version of anarchy in international society. The notion of ‘comfortable’ and ‘uncomfortable’ wars is explored. ‘Comfortable’ refers to the way societies and militaries accept the idea of war that is very violent and for national survival, or some other ‘necessary’ reason. In contrast, the idea of limited war with limited means as a way of influencing enemies and opponents proves to be ‘uncomfortable’ because it does not fit the prevailing intellectual and cultural template – to say nothing of the practical issues that many limited wars have faced, from Vietnam to the twenty-first century. That reinforces the constructed character of warfare and the salience of interaction and interrelationships, bounded by the realities of physical and social force
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Heslin, Peter J. Programmatics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541577.003.0002.
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The three sections of this chapter offer readings of the major mythological passages in the first three poems of Propertius’ first book, each of which has important programmatic significance for the way the poet deploys myth. In the first, Milanion establishes the polemic with Virgil as a major theme of Propertius’ project, while also demonstrating his technique of playing upon the subtle differences between alternative versions of a myth. In the second, Propertius thematizes the use of myth as poetic ornament, both articulating and exemplifying a technique by which exempla that appear to be thrown together casually are constructed with consummate care. In the third, the mapping of myth onto the characters of elegy proves to be unstable and evades the control of the narrator, flipping to reveal Cynthia’s perspective.
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Biffis, Giulia. Nostos, a Journey towards Identity in Athenian Tragedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811428.003.0007.
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This chapter investigates tragedy engagement with stories of heroes’ returns, nostoi, and the idea of nostos. Surveying all occurrences of the word nostos and its cognates in tragedy, it shows how these relate to characteristic traits of nostos tales and to the building or consolidation of identity. Euripides’ Iphigeneia in Tauris is singled out, as it offers the chance to explore different strands of analysis at once: how return narratives, usually presented in diegetic mode, can be reinterpreted in a mimetic genre; how the characters’ identity is constructed through self-referential first-person speech narratives that describe a separation from home and the desire to return to it; how these narratives have at their centre the mutual relationship between the narrating subject and his/her own community (family ties included); and finally, how these autobiographical narratives in particular articulate nostoi motifs from a female perspective, being mainly uttered by women.
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Clarke, Katherine. Shaping the Geography of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.001.0001.
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This is a book about the multiple worlds that Herodotus creates in his narrative. The constructed landscape in Herodotus’ work incorporates his literary representation of the natural world from the broadest scope of continents right down to the location of specific episodes. His ‘charging’ of those settings through mythological associations and spatial parallels adds further depth and resonance. The physical world of the Histories is in turn altered by characters in the narrative whose interactions with the natural world form part of Herodotus’ inquiry, and add another dimension to the meaning given to space, combining notions of landscape as physical reality and as constructed reality. Geographical space is not a neutral backdrop, nor simply to be seen as Herodotus’ ‘creation’, but it is brought to life as a player in the narrative, the interaction with which reinforces the positive or negative characterizations of the protagonists. Analysis of focalization is embedded in this study of Herodotean geography in two ways—firstly, in the configurations of space contributed by different viewpoints on the world; and secondly, in the opinions about human interaction with geographical space which emerge from different narrative voices. The multivocal nature of the narrative complicates whether we can identify a single ‘Herodotean’ world, still less one containing consistent moral judgements. Furthermore, the mutability of fortune renders impossible a static Herodotean world, as successive imperial powers emerge. The exercise of political power, manifested metaphorically and literally through control over the natural world, generates a constantly evolving map of imperial geography.
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Nijhawan, Amita. Of Snake Dances, Overseas Brides, and Miss World Pageants. Redaktor Melissa Blanco Borelli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199897827.013.003.
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InPride and Prejudice, author Jane Austen shows us nineteenth-century British class hierarchy. On one level, this hierarchy is established through wealth and means, but on another, it is through differences between characters created by breeding and manners. In the book, conversations and habits are signs of these differences, and therefore, signs of worth. InBride and Prejudice: A Bollywood Musical, using the basic narrative of the novel, director Gurinder Chadha gives us a colorful picture of global-political economics. Differences between countries like India, Britain, and the United States are established through signs of wealth and consumerism, but also through dance and body movements. A Bollywood staple of song-and-dance is deployed here as a marker of difference between India and others, and between an old India with stifling economic practices and a new one that welcomes its tourists, investors, and bridegrooms with open arms and legs. While on the one hand, Chadha seems to consciously point out the problems of global economic inequality and imperialism, in other ways, she seems complicit in the plot to attract India's others to get a little taste of India, by using female bodies to construct a modern, seductive picture of the country.
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Brück, Joanna. Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.001.0001.
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The Bronze Age is frequently framed in social evolutionary terms. Viewed as the period which saw the emergence of social differentiation, the development of long-distance trade, and the intensification of agricultural production, it is seen as the precursor and origin-point for significant aspects of the modern world. This book presents a very different image of Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the wealth of material from recent excavations, as well as a long history of research, it explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment 'othering' of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. There is much to suggest that the conceptual boundary between the active human subject and the passive world of objects, so familiar from our own cultural context, was not drawn in this categorical way in the Bronze Age; the self was constructed in relational rather than individualistic terms, and aspects of the non-human world such as pots, houses, and mountains were considered animate entities with their own spirit or soul. In a series of thematic chapters on the human body, artefacts, settlements, and landscapes, this book considers the character of Bronze Age personhood, the relationship between individual and society, and ideas around agency and social power. The treatment and deposition of things such as querns, axes, and human remains provides insights into the meanings and values ascribed to objects and places, and the ways in which such items acted as social agents in the Bronze Age world.
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Lombardi, Elena. Imagining the Woman Reader in the Age of Dante. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818960.001.0001.
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The literature of the Italian Due- and Trecento frequently calls into play the figure of a woman reader. From Guittone d’Arezzo’s piercing critic, the ‘villainous woman’, to the mysterious Lady who bids Guido Cavalcanti to write his grand philosophical song, to Dante’s female co-editors in the Vita Nova and his great characters of female readers, such as Francesca and Beatrice in the Comedy, all the way to Boccaccio’s overtly female audience, this particular sort of interlocutor appears to be central to the construct of textuality and the construction of literary authority in these times. The aim of this book is to shed light on this figure by contextualizing her within the history of female literacy, the material culture of the book, and the ways in which writers and poets of earlier traditions (in particular Occitan and French) imagined her. Its argument is that these figures of women readers are not mere veneers between a male author and a ‘real’ male readership, but that, although fictional, they bring several advantages to their vernacular authors, such as orality, the mother tongue, the recollection of the delights of early education, literality, freedom in interpretation, absence of teleology, the beauties of ornamentation and amplification, a reduced preoccupation with the fixity of the text, the pleasure of making mistakes, dialogue with the other, the extension of desire, original simplicity, and new and more flexible forms of authority.
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Proudfoot, Diane, i B. Jack Copeland. Artificial Intelligence. Redaktorzy Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels i Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0007.
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In this article the central philosophical issues concerning human-level artificial intelligence (AI) are presented. AI largely changed direction in the 1980s and 1990s, concentrating on building domain-specific systems and on sub-goals such as self-organization, self-repair, and reliability. Computer scientists aimed to construct intelligence amplifiers for human beings, rather than imitation humans. Turing based his test on a computer-imitates-human game, describing three versions of this game in 1948, 1950, and 1952. The famous version appears in a 1950 article inMind, ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (Turing 1950). The interpretation of Turing's test is that it provides an operational definition of intelligence (or thinking) in machines, in terms of behavior. ‘Intelligent Machinery’ sets out the thesis that whether an entity is intelligent is determined in part by our responses to the entity's behavior. Wittgenstein frequently employed the idea of a human being acting like a reliable machine. A ‘living reading-machine’ is a human being or other creature that is given written signs, for example Chinese characters, arithmetical symbols, logical symbols, or musical notation, and who produces text spoken aloud, solutions to arithmetical problems, and proofs of logical theorems. Wittgenstein mentions that an entity that manipulates symbols genuinely reads only if he or she has a particular history, involving learning and training, and participates in a social environment that includes normative constraints and further uses of the symbols.
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Tanner, Laura E. The Elusive Everyday in the Fiction of Marilynne Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896360.001.0001.
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Framing Robinson’s fiction within the dynamics of everyday life, this study highlights the tensions of form and content that haunt moments of transcendence in her work. Robinson’s novels, it argues, construct a world that is mimetic as well as symbolic and revelatory. Although the heightened apprehension of the quotidian in Robinson’s novels often registers powerfully and beautifully in representational terms, its aesthetic intensity is enacted at the expense of characters who patrol the margins of the ordinary with unceasing vigilance. Inhabiting the everyday self-consciously, her protagonists perform a forced relationship to the ordinary that seldom relaxes into the natural or the familiar; scarred by grief, illness, aging, and trauma, they inhabit a world of transcendent beauty suffused with the terrifying threat of loss. The signature acts of transfiguration that punctuate Robinson’s narratives originate from and anticipate the inevitability of absence: the death of loved ones (Housekeeping), the impending death of the self (Gilead), the fracture of family (Home), the repetition of trauma and abandonment (Lila), and the prohibition of everyday intimacy in interracial romance (Jack). Highlighting the tensions of the uncomfortable ordinary that disrupt a trajectory of transcendence in her fiction, this book situates Robinson’s novels within sociological, psychological, and phenomenological studies of trauma, grief, aging, race, and gender, as well as narrative theory and everyday life studies. Focusing on the experiential dynamics of the lived worlds her novels invoke, The Elusive Everyday argues for the complexity, relevance, and contemporaneity of Robinson’s fiction.
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Bross, Kristina. “Would India had beene never knowne”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665135.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes two representations of women based on the print record of a 1623 incident in which English traders were tortured and killed by their Dutch rivals on the island of Amboyna in the East Indies. William Sanderson imagined the reaction of one “Amboyna widow” in a pair of publications in the 1650s, and John Dryden created characters for his 1673 play Amboyna based on reports published years earlier. If we consider these works as early modern examples of historical fiction we can see that the writers construct the role of colonial women in the seventeenth-century English imagination as a symbol of the righteousness of English imperial actions and colonizing claims. Taken together, the “wives’ tales” of this chapter suggest that the reach of the East India Companies—both English and Dutch—and of their governments into people’s lives was powerful. Yet the stories of these women suggested by their traces in the archives indicate the limits of that power and the limits of the archival function to control the stories of marginalized people. Dryden’s play in particular points readers back to the archives and suggests what they tell us (or fail to tell us) about the subjects of the English global fantasies inscribed in the literature and other print records of the seventeenth century. The coda pieces together contextual and archival material to speculate on the experiences of a woman, held as a slave by the Dutch, who was intimately connected to the Amboyna incident.
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Mazer, Sharon. Professional Wrestling. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496826862.001.0001.
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Professional wrestling is one of the most popular performance practices in the United States and around the world, drawing millions of spectators to live events and televised broadcasts. The displays of violence, simulated and actual, may be the obvious appeal, but that is just the beginning. Fans debate performance choices with as much energy as they argue about their favorite wrestlers. The ongoing scenarios and presentations of manly and not so-manly characters—from the flamboyantly feminine to the hypermasculine—simultaneously celebrate and critique, parody and affirm, the American dream and the masculine ideal. Sharon Mazer looks at the world of professional wrestling from a fan’s-eye-view high in the stands and from ringside in the wrestlers’ gym. She investigates how performances are constructed and sold to spectators, both on a local level and in the “big leagues” of the WWF/E. She shares a close-up view of a group of wrestlers as they work out, get their faces pushed to the mat as part of their initiation into the fraternity of the ring, and dream of stardom. In later chapters, Mazer explores professional wrestling’s carnivalesque presentation of masculinities ranging from the cute to the brute, as well as the way in which the performances of women wrestlers often enter into the realm of pornographic. Finally, she explores the question of the “real” and the “fake” as the fans themselves confront it. First published in 1998, this new edition of Professional Wrestling: Sport and Spectacle both preserves the original’s snapshot of the wrestling scene of the 1980s and 1990s and features an up-to-date perspective on the current state of play.
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Inayatullah, Naeem, i David L. Blaney. Units, Markets, Relations, and Flow: Beyond Interacting Parts to Unfolding Wholes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.272.
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Heterodox work in Global Political Economy (GPE) finds its motive force in challenging the ontological atomism of International Political Economy (IPE) orthodoxy. Various strains of heterodoxy that have grown out of dependency theory and World-Systems Theory (WST), for example, emphasize the social whole: Individual parts are given form and meaning within social relations of domination produced by a history of violence and colonial conquest. An atomistic approach, they stress, seems designed to ignore this history of violence and relations of domination by making bargaining among independent units the key to explaining the current state of international institutions. For IPE, it is precisely this atomistic approach, largely inspired by the ostensible success of neoclassical economics, which justifies its claims to scientific rigor. International relations can be modeled as a market-like space, in which individual actors, with given preferences and endowments, bargain over the character of international institutional arrangements. Heterodox scholars’ treatment of social processes as indivisible wholes places them beyond the pale of acceptable scientific practice. Heterodoxy appears, then, as the constitutive outside of IPE orthodoxy.Heterodox GPE perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s. Just as heterodox work was being cast out from the temple of International Relations (IR), heterodox scholars, building on earlier work, produced magisterial studies that continue to merit our attention. We focus on three texts: K. N. Chaudhuri’s Asia Before Europe (1990), Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982), and L. S. Stavrianos’s Global Rift (1981). We select these texts for their temporal and geographical sweep and their intellectual acuity. While Chaudhuri limits his scope to the Indian Ocean over a millennium, Wolf and Stavrianos attempt an anthropology and a history, respectively, of European expansion, colonialism, and the rise of capitalism in the modern era. Though the authors combine different elements of material, political, and social life, all three illustrate the power of seeing the “social process” as an “indivisible whole,” as Schumpeter discusses in the epigram below. “Economic facts,” the region, or time period they extract for detailed scrutiny are never disconnected from the “great stream” or process of social relations. More specifically, Chaudhuri’s work shows notably that we cannot take for granted the distinct units that comprise a social whole, as does the IPE orthodoxy. Rather, such units must be carefully assembled by the scholar from historical evidence, just as the institutions, practices, and material infrastructure that comprise the unit were and are constructed by people over the longue durée. Wolf starts with a world of interaction, but shows that European expansion and the rise and spread of capitalism intensified cultural encounters, encompassing them all within a global division of labor that conditioned the developmental prospects of each in relation to the others. Stavrianos carries out a systematic and relational history of the First and Third Worlds, in which both appear as structural positions conditioned by a capitalist political economy. By way of conclusion, we suggest that these three works collectively inspire an effort to overcome the reification and dualism of agents and structures that inform IR theory and arrive instead at “flow.”
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Redmond, Diane, i Hot Animation. El cumpleaños de Bob (Bob's Birthday) (Bob the Builder). Libros Para Ninos, 2004.
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