Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „CERNA NETWORK”

Social networks are commonly seen as a global trend that allows users to search and contact others with similar interests, write a post, reply, like or share content, create groups and organize events. This said, there is much more that can be done to exploit the full potential of social media. In order to improve the business, providing employees, customers and partners the best tools to cooperate and gain value from the whole community, many organizations are taking the matter in their own hands, using Enterprise Social Networks. Close analysis of case studies and comprehensive statistics shows why it is important to pursue this path. At CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, where the number of employees, students and volunteers that everyday work in partnership both on site and through the network reaches the thousands, a new kind of platform has been deployed, able to exploit the social knowledge of the personnel. The thesis will describe the case study of CERN to understand not only why it is essential to become a social organization but also how a social environment can be developed. The last chapters will focus on examining my work on the platform, considering a mobile responsive design, realized to make the environment adapt to any screen size, an integrated resource planning tool, which gives the scientists the mean to easily manage the everyday work on the particle accelerators, and the platform’s Application Programming Interface, which allows anyone with the right credentials to include content from the enterprise social network into a personal or departmental webpage, giving everyone an even easier way to participate.

The Activity Coordination Tool (ACT) is a web application designed to automate theplanning and coordination of work packages. In the CMS experiment at CERN it isimportant that work packages in the underground facilities are properly planned inorder to not jeopardize time schedules, equipments, budgets and safety. The subjectof this thesis is the development of the database schema used by the ACT application.The schema has been developed from scratch in order to best fit the needs of CMS andto cover all aspects of the planning and coordination process not found in other CERNdatabases.Models and diagrams of the database schema are based on a step by step descriptionof the work package process. This step by step description was used to organize thedata, to make the data and data relationships consistency, and to make the databasestructure flexible for extensions in the future. These models would eventually be usedto implement the schema in the CMS online database.Another database at CERN has many similarities with the ACT database. These twodatabases will eventually merge due to common interest, and the ACT database schemaneeded therefore to resemble some tables in this database in order to facilitate themerging. Some problems with network traversal and security needs to be solved beforethese two databases can be merged.The architecture and usage of the database schema can affect the database performancebut it doesn’t contribute to the reliability of the databases system. The hardware andsoftware components making up the database system itself are usually the main contributorsto this. The CMS online network work hard to keep the performance and reliabilityof their database system as good as possible. Everything from disks to networkconnections is redundant. In addition to component redundancy are features providedby Oracle used to improve performance. The amount of server redundancy does howeverseem a bit exaggerated, and the performance could be slightly improved if otherOracle features were used.

This thesis considers how advances in optical network and optoelectronic technologies may be utilised in particle physics applications. The research is carried out within a certain framework; CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) upgrade. The focus is on the upgrade of the "last-tier" data links, those residing between the last information-processing stage and the accelerator. For that purpose, different network architectures, based on the Passive Optical Network (PON) architectural paradigm, are designed and evaluated. Firstly, a Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) PON targeting timing, trigger and control applications is designed. The bi-directional, point-to-multipoint nature of the architecture leads to infrastructure efficiency increase. A custom protocol is developed and implemented using FPGAs. It is experimentally verified that the network design can deliver significantly higher data rate than the current infrastructure and meet the stringent latency requirements of the targeted application. Consequently, the design of a network that can be utilised to transmit all types of information at the upgraded LHC, the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is discussed. The most challenging requirement is that of the high upstream data rate. As WDM offers virtual point-to-point connectivity, the possibility of using a Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) PON is theoretically investigated. The shortcomings of this solution are identified; these include high cost and complexity, therefore a simpler architecture is designed. This is also based on the PON paradigm and features the use of Reflective Electroabsorption Modulators (REAM) at the front-end (close to the particle collision point). Its performance is experimentally investigated and shown to meet the requirements of a unified architecture at the HL-LHC from a networking perspective. Finally, since the radiation resistance of optoelectronic components used at the front-end is of major importance, the REAM radiation hardness is experimentally investigated. Their radiation resistance limits are established, while new insights into the radiation damage mechanism are gained.

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Computer vision is the science that aims to give computers the capability of see- ing the world around them. Among its tasks, object recognition intends to classify objects and to identify where each object is in a given image. As objects tend to occur in particular environments, their contextual association can be useful to improve the object recognition task. To address the contextual awareness on object recognition task, the proposed ap- proach performs the identification of the scene context separately from the identification of the object, fusing both information in order to improve the object detection. In order to do so, we propose a novel architecture composed of two convolutional neural networks running in parallel: one for object identification and the other to the identification of the context where the object is located. Finally, the information of the two-streams architecture is concatenated to perform the object classification. The evaluation is performed using PASCAL VOC 2007 and MS COCO public datasets, by comparing the performance of our proposed approach with architectures that do not use the scene context to perform the classification of the ob- jects. Results show that our approach is able to raise in-context object scores, and reduces out-of-context objects scores.
A vis?o computacional ? a ci?ncia que permite fornecer aos computadores a ca- pacidade de verem o mundo em sua volta. Entre as tarefas, o reconhecimento de objetos pretende classificar objetos e identificar a posi??o onde cada objeto est? em uma imagem. Como objetos costumam ocorrer em ambientes particulares, a utiliza??o de seus contex- tos pode ser vantajosa para melhorar a tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos. Para utilizar o contexto na tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos, a abordagem proposta realiza a iden- tifica??o do contexto da cena separadamente da identifica??o do objeto, fundindo ambas informa??es para a melhora da detec??o do objeto. Para tanto, propomos uma nova arquite- tura composta de duas redes neurais convolucionais em paralelo: uma para a identifica??o do objeto e outra para a identifica??o do contexto no qual o objeto est? inserido. Por fim, a informa??o de ambas as redes ? concatenada para realizar a classifica??o do objeto. Ava- liamos a arquitetura proposta com os datasets p?blicos PASCAL VOC 2007 e o MS COCO, comparando o desempenho da abordagem proposta com abordagens que n?o utilizam o contexto. Os resultados mostram que nossa abordagem ? capaz de aumentar a probabili- dade de classifica??o para objetos que est?o em contexto e reduzir para objetos que est?o fora de contexto.

Il rivelatore ALICE studia collisioni di ioni pesanti ultrarelativistici in modo da creare e di conseguenza studiare lo stato della materia chiamato plasma di quark e gluoni. Questo obiettivo risulta difficoltoso data la sua vita breve, quindi facciamo riferimento a misure indirette per la prova della sua esistenza. In questa tesi abbiamo sfruttato tecniche di machine learning per studiare il decadimento del barione charmato Λc per dedurre alcune sue proprietà. In particolare abbiamo usato il metodo delle reti neurali per ricavare tutte le informazioni possibili con la tecninca di un'analisi multivariata.

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A Rede Cegonha foi uma iniciativa pública governamental instituída em 2011 com o foco na atenção à saúde materna e infantil. Surgiu enquanto uma promessa de campanha e foi constituída oficialmente no mandato de Dilma Rousseff que a caracterizaria como uma corrente de cuidados especiais. O processo de constituição desta agenda política foi perpassado por controvérsias que evidenciavam diferenças sobre o que seria uma agenda pública de saúde voltada para as mulheres, além de divergências sobre o como se construir uma política de saúde na área da mulher. Assim, em torno destas controvérsias a própria concepção de saúde da mulher e saúde reprodutiva estavam em debate. A perspectiva de configuração da política é compreendida dinamicamente, desnaturalizando a própria concepção de Estado, abandonando o pressuposto de sua universalidade. Assim, observar a dinâmica de constituição da Rede Cegonha, entendendo-a enquanto um processo aberto. De outro modo, as controvérsias também funcionaram como uma entrada no estudo da própria política, funcionando como um forjar estranho. Os adversários contribuem para a desconstrução de verdades, assim, práticas e crenças são colocadas em análise. Para esta finalidade alguns procedimentos metodológicos foram escolhidos. O primeiro deles foi a pesquisa em dois blogs que se destacaram por acolher e divulgar opiniões sobre a Rede Cegonha. Também foram realizadas entrevistas a atores-chave e realizada leituras de documentos oficiais da política. A trajetória de constituição da política é narrada em dois pontos. O primeiro construído a partir da fala daqueles que contribuíram na sua formulação e/ou execução da política. O segundo a partir de uma fala que a confronta. Ambas apresentações serão cotejadas pelos documentos públicos oficiais. O processo de constituição da Rede Cegonha foi perpassado por controvérsias sobre diferentes concepções de políticas de saúde reprodutiva. Novos sujeitos políticos se articularam a partir destas controvérsias, tal seja, movimentos pro-vida, movimentos pela humanização do parto, blogueiras maternistas, movimentos feministas se posicionaram neste processo.
Rede Cegonha was a government public initiative established in 2011 with the focus on attention to maternal and child health. Emerged as a campaign promise and was officially incorporated in the Rousseffs mandate that would characterize as "stream of special care". The process of formation of this policy agenda was permeated by controversies which exhibited differences on what would be a public health agenda focused on women, as well as disagreements over how to make health policy in the area of women. Thus, these controversies surrounding the conception of women's health and reproductive health were debated. The prospect of policy configuration is dynamically understood, by denaturalizing the concept of the State, abandoning the assumption of universality of the State. Thus observe the dynamics of constitution of Rede Cegonha, understanding it as an open process . On the other hand, disputes also functioned as an entry in the study of politics itself, acting as a forge " weird." Opponents contribute to the deconstruction of truths , thus practices and beliefs are put into analysis. For this purpose some methodological procedures were chosen . The first was the research on two blogs that stood out to welcome and disseminate opinions about Rede Cegonha. Interviews were also carried out to key stakeholders and held readings of official policy documents. The trajectory this policy is told in two points. The first was constructed from the speech of those who contributed to its formulation and or implementation of policy. The second from a speech that confronts. Both presentations will be complemented by the official public documents. The process of establishment of the Rede Cegonha was permeated by controversies about different conceptions of reproductive health policies. New political subjects were articulated from these controversies, this is, pro-life movements, movements for the humanization of birth, Mom Bloguers, feminist movements have positioned themselves in the process.

This thesis contains a study of the robustness of the artificial neural network used in the ATLAS track reconstruction algorithm as a tool to recover tracks in dense environments. Different variations, motivated by potential discrepancies between data and simulation, are performed to the neural network’s input while monitoring the corresponding change in the output. Within reasonable variation magnitudes, the neural networks prove to be robust to most variations. In addition, a measurement of charged particle distributions is summarised. This is one of the first such measurements carried out for proton-proton colli- sions at √s = 13 TeV, limited to a phase space defined by transverse momentum pT > 100 MeV and absolute pseudorapidity |η| < 2.5. Tracks are corrected for de- tector inefficiencies and unfolded to particle-level. The result is compared to the prediction of different models. Overall, the EPOS and Pythia 8 A2 models show the best agreement with the data.
Spår från elektriskt laddade partiklar rekonstrueras i ATLAS genom att kombinera mätningar från de innersta subdetektorerna. I de extrema miljöer som skapas i proton-proton-kollisionerna i Large Hadron Collider vid CERN är det av yttersta vikt att algoritmen för att rekonstruera spår är högpresterande. Uppgiften är särskilt svår i partikelrika miljöer där flera partiklar färdas nära varandra, åtskilda av avstånd jämförbara med storleken på detektorns utläsningselement. Ett artificiellt neuralt nätverk används i algoritmen för att klassificera mätdata från pixeldetektorn, belägen närmast interaktionspunkten, för att lyckas identifiera spår i partikelrika miljöer som annars hade gått förlorade. I denna avhandling utreds det neurala nätverkets stabilitet. Dess känslighet studeras genom att manuellt manipulera dess indata och därefter utvärdera dess resultat. Nätverket tränas med simulerad data. Variationerna i indata är utformade för att undersöka skillnader mellan data och simulering, orsakade av osäkerheter i simuleringsmodellen eller osäkerheter i pixeldetektorns kalibrering. Av de undersökta variationerna har en osäkerhet i skalan eller utläsningströskeln för pixeldetektorns kalibrering den största effekten på nätverkets resultat. Andra variationer har en betydligt mindre påverkan. Avhandlingen presenterar också en studie av distributioner av elektriskt laddade partiklar producerade i proton-proton-kollisioner. Det är en av de första studierna av partikeldistributioner för Large Hadron Colliders andra körning med mass-centrum-energi √s = 13 TeV. Mätningen är begränsad till fasrymden definierad av en transversell rörelsemängd pT > 100 MeV, och absolut rapiditet |η| < 2.5. Spår av partiklar rekonstrueras och korrigeras för detektorns ineffektiviteter för att presenteras på partikelnivå. Dessa jämförs sedan med förutsägelser från olika modeller. Modellerna EPOS och Pythia 8 A2 är generellt de som bäst överensstämmer med data. Författaren har undersökt partiklar som migrerar in och ut ur fasrymden. Andelen spår associerade till partiklar som migrerat utifrån uppskattas med simulerad data, till som mest 10% nära fasrymdens gränser. Osäkerheten på denna andel uppskattas till att vara som mest 4.5%, huvudsakligen orsakad av osäkerheten på mängden material i de innersta subdetektorerna.

QC 20160817

Proteins and RNAs are two of the most versatile macromolecules that carry out almost all functions within living organisms. In this thesis I have explored evolutionary and regulatory aspects of proteins and RNAs by studying their structures, modifications and interactions. In the first chapter of my thesis I investigate domain atrophy, a term I coined to describe large-scale deletions of core structural elements within protein domains. By looking into truncated domain boundaries across several domain families using Pfam, I was able to identify rare cases of domains that showed atrophy. Given that even point mutations can be deleterious, it is surprising that proteins can tolerate such large-scale deletions. Some of the structures of atrophied domains show novel protein-protein interaction interfaces that appear to compensate and stabilise their folds. Protein-protein interactions are largely influenced by the surface and charge complementarity, while RNA-RNA interactions are governed by base-pair complementarity; both interaction types are inherently different and these differences might be observed in their interaction networks. Based on this hypothesis I have explored the protein-protein, RNA-protein and the RNA-RNA interaction networks of yeast in the second chapter. By analysing the three networks I found no major differences in their network properties, which indicates an underlying uniformity in their interactomes despite their individual differences. In the third chapter I focus on RNA-protein interactions by investigating post-translational modifications (PTMs) in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). By comparing occurrences of PTMs, I observe that RBPs significantly undergo more PTMs than non-RBPs. I also found that within RBPs, PTMs are more frequently targeted at regions that directly interact with RNA compared to regions that do not. Moreover disorderedness and amino acid composition were not observed to significantly influence the differential PTMs observed between RBPs and nonRBPs. The results point to a direct regulatory role of PTMs in RNA-protein interactions of RBPs. In the last chapter, I explore regulatory RNA-RNA interactions. Using differential expression data of mRNAs and lncRNAs from mouse models of hereditary hemochromatosis, I investigated competing regulatory interactions between mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA. A mutual interaction network was created from the predicted miRNA interaction sites on mRNAs and lncRNAs to identify regulatory RNAs in the disease. I also observed interesting relations between the sense-antisense mRNA-lncRNA pairs that indicate mutual regulation of expression levels through a yet unknown mechanism.

This thesis deals with the water price in relation to the costs of rebuilding of water infrastructure in use. Although the price of water has been very much discussed in the last few years, but mainly in terms of profits. This paper describes the method by which, when using data from property and operating records, it is calculated how much of the gained money should be deferred each year. This amount is for both the whole company and each municipality. As part of this work, I evaluated six water companies and compared the results to each other.

Depuis la découverte du boson de Higgs en 2012, les expériences du LHC testent les prévisions du modèle standard avec des mesures de haute précision. Les mesures des couplages du boson de Higgs hors résonance permettront d'éliminer certaines dégénérescences qui ne peuvent pas être résolues avec les mesures sur résonance, comme la sonde de la largeur du boson de Higgs, ce qui pourrait donner des indications pour la nouvelle physique. Une partie de cette thèse se concentre sur la mesure des couplages hors résonance du boson de Higgs produit par la fusion du boson vecteur et se décomposant en quatre leptons. Ce canal de désintégration offre une occasion unique de sonder le boson de Higgs dans son régime hors résonance grâce à des sections efficaces augmentées au-delà de 2Mz (deux fois la masse du boson Z) de la région des quatre leptons. L'importante interférence quantique entre le signal et les processus de fond rend le concept d'"étiquettes de classe" mal défini, et pose un défi aux méthodes traditionnelles et aux modèles génériques de classification par apprentissage machine utilisés pour optimiser une mesure de la force du signal. Une nouvelle famille de stratégies d'inférence sans fonction de vraisemblance basées sur l'apprentissage machine, qui exploitent des informations supplémentaires pouvant être extraites du simulateur, a été adaptée à un problème de mesure de la force du signal. L'étude montre des résultats prometteurs par rapport aux techniques de base sur un ensemble de données de simulation rapide avec Delphes. Dans ce contexte, on a également introduit le réseau aspiration, un algorithme d'adverse amélioré pour la formation tout en maintenant l'invariance par rapport aux caractéristiques choisies. Les mesures de l'expérience ATLAS reposent sur de grandes quantités de données simulées précisément. Le logiciel de simulation actuel de Geant4 est trop coûteux en termes de calculs pour supporter la grande quantité de données simulées nécessaires aux analyses futures prévues. Autre partie de cette thèse se concentre sur une nouvelle approche de la simulation rapide utilisant un réseau advers génératif (GAN). La simulation de gerbe en cascade du calorimètre complexe d'ATLAS est la partie la plus lente de la chaîne de simulation utilisant Geant4. Son remplacement par un réseau de neurones qui a appris la distribution de probabilité des gerbes de particules en fonction des propriétés des particules incidentes et de la géométrie locale du détecteur augmente la vitesse de simulation de plusieurs ordres de grandeur, même sur des CPU à cœur unique, et ouvre la porte à une accélération supplémentaire sur les GPU. L'intégration dans le logiciel ATLAS permet pour la première fois de faire des comparaisons réalistes avec des simulations rapides paramétrées "à la main''. L'étude est réalisée sur une petite section du détecteur (0,20<|η|<0,25) en utilisant des photons et compare les distributions en utilisant des échantillons simulés par le modèle autonome ainsi qu'après intégration dans le logiciel ATLAS avec des échantillons Geant4 entièrement simulés. Des leçons importantes sur les mérites et les inconvénients des différentes stratégies, profitent à l'objectif ultime de simuler l'ensemble du calorimètre ATLAS avec des modèles générateurs profonds. L'étude révèle également un problème inhérent à le GAN de Wasserstein basé sur une pénalité de gradient, et propose une solution
Since the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, experiments at the LHC have been testing Standard Model predictions with high precision measurements. Measurements of the off-shell couplings of the Higgs boson will remove certain degeneracies that cannot be resolved with the current on-shell measurements, such as probing the Higgs boson width, which may lead to hints for new physics. One part of this thesis focuses on the measurement of the off-shell couplings of the Higgs boson produced by vector boson fusion and decaying to four leptons. This decay channel provides a unique opportunity to probe the Higgs in its off-shell regime due to enhanced cross-sections beyond 2Mz (twice the mass of the Z boson) region of the four lepton mass. The significant quantum interference between the signal and background processes renders the concept of `class labels' ill-defined, and poses a challenge to traditional methods and generic machine learning classification models used to optimise a signal strength measurement. A new family of machine learning based likelihood-free inference strategies, which leverage additional information that can be extracted from the simulator, were adapted to a signal strength measurement problem. The study shows promising results compared to baseline techniques on a fast simulated Delphes dataset. Also introduced in this context is the aspiration network, an improved adversarial algorithm for training while maintaining invariance with respect to chosen features. Measurements in the ATLAS experiment rely on large amounts of precise simulated data. The current Geant4 simulation software is computationally too expensive to sustain the large amount of simulated data required for planned future analyses. The other part of this thesis focuses on a new approach to fast simulation using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The cascading shower simulation of the complex ATLAS calorimeter is the slowest part of the simulation chain using Geant4. Replacing it with a neural network that has learnt the probability distribution of the particle showers as a function of the incident particle properties and local detector geometry increases the simulation speed by several orders of magnitude, even on single core CPUs, and opens to door the further speed up on GPUs. The integration into the ATLAS software allows for the first time to make realistic comparisons to hand-designed fast simulation frameworks. The study is performed on a small section of the detector (0,20<|η|<0,25) using photons and compares distributions using samples simulated by the model standalone as well as after integration into the ATLAS software against fully simulated Geant4 samples. Important lessons on the merits and demerits of various strategies, benefit the ultimate goal of simulating the entire ATLAS calorimeter with a few deep generative models. The study also reveals an inherent problem with the popular gradient penalty based Wasserstein GAN, and proposes a solution

The village paradigm presents some benefits compared with the library paradigm; people can adapt the answer content as a function of who is requesting the information, or furthermore, people can perform clarifications of the answer content; at the same time, the explanations in documents remain static and are the same for all of the readers, and no clarifications can be performed. The proliferation of online social networks along with the advances in artificial intelligence allow us to consider village paradigm automation. The contributions of this doctoral dissertation are the following: to analyze the village paradigm, seeking the aspects that might be automated; the Asknext social search protocol, which uses stop messages; to study the effect of social network topologies on the proposed protocol; the algorithm Question Waves, which contributes in improving the relevance of the received answers
El paradigma del poble presenta alguns beneficis enfront al de la biblioteca, com que les persones poden adaptar el contingut de la resposta en funció de qui tenen davant o fins i tot poden fer aclariments sobre el contingut, mentre el contingut dels textos es manté estàtic. La proliferació de les xarxes socials, conjuntament amb els avenços en intel·ligència artificial, permeten considerar l’automatització del paradigma del poble. Les contribucions d’aquesta tesi són: analitzar el paradigma del poble per veure quins aspectes són automatitzables; el protocol de cerca social Asknext, que utilitza missatges d’aturada; estudiar l’efecte de les característiques de les topologies de les xarxes socials en el protocol Asknext; l’algorisme Question Waves, que contribueix en millorar la rellevància de les respostes rebudes en el procés de cerca

The proposed research in this dissertation has the following question problem: “what were the conditions of emergence of Popfuzz colletive, the dynamics of its operation and its role in the formation of performance circuits of artists and rock bands from Maceió?” Thus, from a sociological perspective, it is tried to constitute a study of the relations that condition a rock band circuit held in the network in the state of Alagoas, focusing on the Popfuzz Collective and its performance throughout its events performed, especially as a part of the Fora do Eixo circuit. This work can provides an overview of how the components agents from the network of artists in Alagoas has organized and dealt with the impacts of changes in the context of the music field, particularly in light of cultural policies that dialogue with organization of artistic performances and the searching of a sustainable market for the genre of alternative music.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A pesquisa proposta para esta dissertação tem como problema a seguinte questão: “quais foram as condições de surgimento do coletivo Popfuzz, as dinâmicas de seu funcionamento, e seu papel na formação de circuitos de apresentações de artistas e bandas de rock em Maceió?” Dessa forma, a partir de uma perspectiva sociológica, buscar-se-á constituir um estudo sobre as relações que condicionam um circuito de bandas de rock realizada em rede no estado de Alagoas, tendo como foco o Coletivo Popfuzz e sua atuação ao longo de seus eventos realizados, sobretudo enquanto parte do Circuito Fora do Eixo. O trabalho poderá oferecer um panorama de como os agentes componentes da rede de artistas em Alagoas tem se organizado e lidado com os impactos das transformações no campo da música, sobretudo diante de políticas culturais que dialogam com a organização de performances artísticas, além da busca por um mercado viável para o gênero da música alternativa.

En l'actual ambient empresarial competitiu i globalitzat, una organització constantment ha d´innovar per seguir sent exitosa. En la recerca de la innovació, les organitzacions estan participant progressivament en les xarxes interorganitzatives. Xarxes d'innovació es caracteritzen per la diversitat d'actors que la componen. Aquesta diversitat no només és rellevant per a la generació d'innovació, sinó també es torna molt difícil, ja que fa que la col·laboració per a la innovació sigui plena de barreres, paradoxes i contradiccions. Moltes d'aquestes xarxes fallen a causa de la falta de coordinació, el que indica que, tot i que la coordinació de les xarxes d'innovació no és una tasca senzilla, és una cosa de gran importància per guiar les activitats d'innovació en xarxa i aconseguir resultats positius. No obstant això, pocs estudis empírics han estat capaços d'explicar com es coordinen aquestes xarxes. Aquesta manca d'investigació pot ser explicada per la complexitat de gestió de les xarxes d'innovació, per la falta de comprensió del seu funcionament intern i en quins diferents situacions coordinació funcionaria millor, o fins i tot el caràcter dinàmic i ambigu de la col·laboració. Per donar llum sobre aquestes llacunes investigatives, l'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi és investigar com la diversitat i els conflictes en les xarxes d'innovació afecten els mecanismes de coordinació empleats. Per tant, primer s'ha de reconèixer quin tipus de xarxa d'innovació s'està tractant, observant amb atenció la diversitat dels membres de la xarxa i els seus conflictes interns, per després reconèixer fins a quin punt un actor individual (o grup d'actors) pot afectar la direcció en que la xarxa es desplaça. A través d'una metodologia d'investigació qualitativa, s'investiguen dos casos d'estudi: KIC InnoEnergy i Experiment ATLAS del CERN. KIC InnoEnergy és una xarxa interorganitzacional formada amb el propòsit d'oferir productes i serveis innovadors en el camp de l'energia sostenible a Europa. Experiment ATLAS del CERN és una xarxa interorganitzacional en què s'han desenvolupat tecnologies i arquitectures innovadores per a la realització de la investigació bàsica en física d'altes energies. Aquests dos casos són considerats com xarxes d'innovació ja que el seu enfocament principal està en el foment d'un entorn on es promou la col·laboració entre els diversos membres amb l'objectiu de facilitar la innovació. Per això, s'han creat elements innovadors que han permès que la col·laboració entre els seus membres tinguessin lloc. No obstant, aquestes xarxes es van establir en diferents entorns, i tenen diferents propòsits, característiques i estats de desenvolupament. Per tant, es creu que amb la comparació d'aquests dos casos, es poden fer aportacions interessants en el debat sobre els mecanismes de coordinació de les xarxes d'innovació. Els resultats d'aquesta investigació indiquen diferències entre els dos casos en relació a l'ús dels mecanismes (complementaris) de coordinació, a causa de les diferents característiques de les xarxes d'innovació investigades (inclosa la seva etapa de desenvolupament) i els seus membres, al costat dels conflictes causats per la diversitat (o diferències) dels membres de la xarxa. D'aquesta manera, i contràriament al que la majoria dels estudis sobre coordinació en xarxes d'innovació diu, els resultats de la investigació mostren que els dos mecanismes formals i informals en coordinació es poden veure com a formes complementàries de coordinació de les xarxes d'innovació. Així, el focus d'atenció ha de ser, no si les xarxes d'innovació poden o no ser coordinades, sinó quin tipus de solució és la més adequada per als diferents tipus de xarxes d'innovació.
En el actual ambiente empresarial competitivo y globalizado, cualquier organización constantemente tiene que innovar para seguir siendo exitosa. En la búsqueda de innovación, las organizaciones están participando progresivamente en redes inter-organizacionales. Las redes de innovación se caracterizan por la diversidad de actores que la componen. Dicha diversidad, no sólo es relevante por la generación de innovación, sino también se vuelve algo muy difícil, ya que hace que la colaboración para la innovación sea llena de barreras, paradojas y contradicciones. Muchas de estas redes fallan debido a la falta de coordinación, lo que indica que, a pesar de que la coordinación de las redes de innovación no es una tarea sencilla, es algo de gran importancia para guiar las actividades de innovación en red y lograr resultados positivos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios empíricos han sido capaces de explicar cómo se coordinan estas redes. Esta falta de investigación puede explicarse por la complejidad de gestión de las redes de innovación, poca comprensión de su funcionamiento interno y en qué diferentes situaciones la coordinación funcionaría mejor, o incluso el carácter dinámico y ambiguo de la colaboración. Para arrojar luz sobre estas lagunas investigativas, el objetivo principal de este estudio es investigar cómo la diversidad y los conflictos en las redes de innovación afectan a los mecanismos de coordinación empleados. Por lo tanto, primero se debe reconocer qué tipo de red de innovación se está tratando, prestando atención a la diversidad de los miembros de la red y de sus conflictos internos, y luego reconocer hasta qué punto un actor individual (o grupo de actores) puede afectar en la dirección que la red se desplaza. A través de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, se investigan dos casos de estudio: KIC InnoEnergy y Experimento ATLAS del CERN. KIC InnoEnergy es una red interorganizacional formada con el propósito de ofrecer productos y servicios innovadores en el campo de la energía sostenible en Europa. Experimento ATLAS del CERN es una red interorganizacional en que se ha desarrollado tecnologías y arquitecturas innovadoras para la realización de la investigación básica en física de altas energías. Estos dos casos son considerados como redes de innovación pues su enfoque principal está en el fomento de un entorno donde se promueve la colaboración entre los diversos miembros, con el objetivo de facilitar la innovación. Para ello, se han creado elementos innovadores que han permitido que la colaboración entre sus miembros tuvieran lugar. No obstante, estas redes se establecieron en diferentes entornos, y tienen diferentes propósitos, características y estados de desarrollo. Por lo tanto, se cree que con la comparación de estos dos casos, se pueden hacer aportaciones interesantes en el debate sobre los mecanismos de coordinación de las redes de innovación. Los resultados de esta investigación indican diferencias entre los dos casos en relación al uso de los mecanismos (complementarios) de coordinación, debido a las diferentes características de las redes de innovación estudiadas (incluida su etapa de desarrollo) y sus miembros, junto a los conflictos causados por la diversidad (o diferencias) de los miembros de la red. De este modo, y contrariamente a lo que la mayoría de los estudios sobre coordinación en redes de innovación dice, los resultados de la investigación muestran que ambos mecanismos formales e informales de coordinación se pueden ver como formas complementarias de coordinación de las redes de innovación. Así, el foco de atención debe ser, no si las redes de innovación pueden o no ser coordinadas, sino qué tipo de solución es la más adecuada para los diferentes tipos de redes de innovación.
In the currently highly competitive and largely globalised business environment, organisation needs to constantly innovate in order to remain successful. In the pursuit of innovation, organisations are progressively engaging in interorganisational networks. Innovation networks are characterised by the diversity of actors composing it. Such diversity is not only relevant for generation of innovation, but it is also very challenging as it turns collaborating for innovation full of barriers, paradoxes and contradictions. Many of these networks fail due to poor coordination, what indicates that, although coordinating innovation networks is not a straightforward task, it is of utterly importance for guiding the networked innovation activities and accomplishing positive outcomes. Nevertheless, few empirical studies have been able to explain how these networks are coordinated. This lack of research may be explained by the managerial complexity of innovation networks, little understanding of their internal operations and in which situations different forms of coordination would function best, or even the dynamic and ambiguous nature of collaboration. To shed light on these research gaps, the main research objective of this study is to investigate how does diversity and conflicts in innovation networks affect the coordination mechanisms employed. Thus, it first needs to recognise which type of innovation network is being dealt with, paying attention to the diversity of network members and its internal conflicts, and then to acknowledge to what extent an individual actor (or group of actors) can affect the direction that the network moves to. Through a qualitative research methodology, two case studies are investigated: KIC InnoEnergy and ATLAS Experiment at CERN. KIC InnoEnergy is an interorganisational network formed with the purpose of providing innovative products and services in the field of sustainable energy in Europe. ATLAS Experiment at CERN is an interorganisational network that has developed innovative technologies and architecture for conducting basic research on high-energy physics. These two cases are considered as innovation networks as their primary focus is on fostering an environment where collaboration among diverse members is promoted with the goal of enabling innovation. To do so, these networks have created innovative elements so collaboration could take place. Notwithstanding, they are settled in different environments, and have different network purposes, characteristics and stage of development. Therefore, it is believed that in comparing these two cases one may make interesting contributions into the debate on coordination mechanisms in innovation networks. Research findings indicate differences between the two cases in relation to the use of (complementary) coordination mechanisms due to the different characteristics of the innovation networks studied (including its stage of development) and its members, alongside the conflicts caused due to the diversity (or differences) of network members. In this way, and contrary to what most studies on innovation network coordination says, research findings illustrate that both formal and informal coordination mechanisms could be seen as complementary forms of coordinating innovation networks. The focus of attention should be not on whether innovation networks can or cannot be coordinated, but what kind of solution is most suitable for different types of innovation networks.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a certain overview of tourism services provided currently for free. The theoretical part enlightens the theory of price, its marketing mix functions, price tactics, strategies and its impact on a company image. Furthermore, the benefits of tourism are described as well as the satellite travel account and the unofficial account of WTTC. In connection with this the multiplying effect, grey and shared economy are introduced. In the practical part an overview of services provided for free is created and the implications are also stated. Those were found out via academic studies, interviews and e-mail communication with respondents. The result of this thesis is a summary of implications connected with each type of free tourism services.

Els sistemes de còmput complexos com els Serveis de Motors de Cerca proveeixen serveis a milions d'usuaris, i la seva demanda pot canviar sobtadament. Aquesta inestable demanda impacta significativament als components del servei (com xarxa de dades i nodes). El sistema hauria de ser capaç de gestionar escenaris inesperats, d'altra manera, els usuaris es podrien veure forçats a deixar el sistema. Un motor de cerca té una típica arquitectura composta per un Front Service que processa les sol·licituds dels usuaris, un Index Service que emmagatzema la informació recopilada d'Internet i un Cache Service que gestiona l'accés eficient al contingut d'ús més freqüent. Els avanços científics que proveeixen aquests serveis són en general tecnologia emergent. Els serveis de xarxa d'un motor de cerca requereixen una planificació especialitzada; la present investigació es desenvolupa amb l'estudi del patró de tràfic d'un motor de cerca i el disseny d'un model de enrutament dels missatges entre els nodes de la xarxa basats en les condicions de fluxos de dades del motor de cerca. El resultat esperat és un servei de xarxa especialitzat en el tràfic d'un motor de cerca que assigni els recursos de la xarxa de forma eficient segons sigui la demanda que suporta en temps real. La verificació del patró de tràfic va permetre identificar condicions de desequilibri de la xarxa de dades i congestió de missatges, així que es va dissenyar un model que combina diferents models de enrutament de la literatura i nous criteris basats en les condicions específiques del tràfic del motor de cerca. Per al disseny d'aquesta proposta ha estat necessari dissenyar un model a escala del motor de cerca utilitzant tècniques de simulació i s'ha usat tràfic d'un sistema real que ha permès verificar de forma precisa el model proposat i comparar-lo amb models de enrutament actualment disponibles a la literatura i tecnologia actual. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que el model proposat millora el rendiment de la xarxa del motor de cerca en termes de latència i throughput de la xarxa.
Los sistemas de cómputo complejos como los Servicios de Motores de Búsqueda proveen servicios a miles de usuarios, y su demanda puede cambiar repentinamente. Esta inestable demanda impacta significativamente a los componentes del servicio (como red de datos y nodos). El sistema debería ser capaz de gestionar escenarios inesperados, de otro modo, los usuarios se podrían ver forzados a dejar el sistema. Un motor de búsqueda tiene una típica arquitectura compuesta por un Front Service que procesa las solicitudes de usuarios, un Index Service que almacena la información recopilada de Internet y un Cache Service que gestiona el acceso eficiente a contenido de uso más frecuente. Los avances científicos que proveen estos servicios son en general tecnología emergente. Los servicios de red de un motor de búsqueda requieren de una planificación especializada; la presente investigación se lleva a cabo con el estudio del patrón de tráfico de un motor de búsqueda y el diseño de un modelo de enrutamiento de los mensajes entre los nodos de la red basado en las condiciones de flujo de datos del motor de búsqueda. El resultado esperado es un servicio de red especializado en el tráfico de un motor de búsqueda que asigne los recursos de red de forma eficiente según sea la demanda que soporta en tiempo real. La evaluación del patrón de tráfico permitió identificar condiciones de desbalance de la red de datos y congestión de mensajes, de modo que se diseñó un modelo que combina diferentes modelos de enrutamiento de la literatura y nuevos criterios basados en las condiciones específicas del tráfico del motor de búsqueda. Para el diseño de ésta propuesta ha sido necesario diseñar un modelo a escala del motor de búsqueda utilizando técnicas de simulación y se ha utilizado tráfico de un sistema real que ha permitido evaluar de forma precisa el modelo propuesto y compararlo con modelos de enrutamiento actualmente disponibles en la literatura y tecnología actual. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el modelo propuesto mejora el rendimiento de la red del motor de búsqueda en términos de latencia y throughput de la red.
Large-scale computer systems like Search Engines provide services to thousands of users, and their user demand can change suddenly. This unstable demand impacts sensitively to the service components (like network and hosts). The system should be able to address unexpected scenarios; otherwise, users would be forced to leave the service. A search engine has a typical architecture consisting of a Front Service, that processes the requests of users, an Index Service that stores the information collected from the internet and a Cache Service that manages the efficient access to content frequently used. The scientific advances that provide these services are in general emergent technology. The network services of a search engine require specialized planning; This research is carried out by studying the traffic pattern of a Search Engine and designing a routing model for messages between network nodes based on the data flow conditions of the Search Engine Service. The expected result is a network service specialized in the traffic of a Search Engine that allocates network resources efficiently according to demand it supports in real time. The evaluation of the traffic pattern allowed us to identify conditions of unbalance of the network and congestion of messages. Therefore model designed combines different routing models of the literature and a new criteria based on the specific conditions of the traffic of the Search Engine. For the design of this proposal it has been necessary to design a scale model of a Search Engine using simulation techniques and It has has used traffic from a real system that allowed us to accurately evaluate the proposed model and compare it with currently available routing models in the literature and technology. The results show that the proposed model improves the performance of the Search Engine network in terms of latency and network throughput.

Le LHC (Large Hadron Collider) fournit aux expériences du CERN (Laboratoire Européen pour la Physique des Particules) des collisions proton-proton avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse depuis fin Mars 2010. Le LHC a en particulier été conçu pour permettre la recherche du boson de Higgs, particule prédite par le modèle standard encore jamais observée à ce jour, dans toute la gamme de masse où il est attendu. Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à la recherche du boson de Higgs dans CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), l'un des quatre grands détecteurs placés auprès du LHC, et développe plusieurs outils qui permettent la mesure des bruits de fonds et l'amélioration du potentiel de découverte. Un nouvel outil de récupération des photons émis par les leptons dans l'état final de la désintégration H --> ZZ(*) ->4$\ll (\ll= e\ mu)$ a été développé dans cette thèse. Cette méthode permet la récupération d'un nombre variable de photons par événements, donne une meilleure performance que la méthode précédemment utilisée dans CMS et permet l'amélioration de la résolution sur la masse des bosons Z0 et du boson de Higgs, ainsi qu'un gain de 5% sur la significance d'une observation du boson de Higgs dans ce canal. La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite de l'étude des bruits de fond et de la recherche d'un boson de Higgs léger (110 < mH < 140 GeV) dans le canal H --> $\gamma\gamma$. Un nouvel outil de discrimination $\gamma/\pi^i0$ à l'aide d'un réseau de neurone a été mis au point pour le rejet des photons provenant de la désintégration des $\pi^0$ produits copieusement dans les jets de QCD. Les performances du réseau de neurone sont examinées dans le détail. Le réseau de neurone est alors utilisé comme variable "template" permettant la mesure du processus $\gamma$+X à partir des données avec 10 nb−1 de luminosité intégrée dans CMS. La mesure du processus $\gamma\gamma+X$ est aussi préparée à partir de la simulation dans l'hypothèse d'une luminosité intégrée de 10 pb−1. La prise en compte des effets cinématiques aux ordres supérieurs, nécessaire pour la prédiction la plus précise possible du signal H -> $\gamma\gamma$ et du bruit de fond, est effectuée dans cette thèse par la méthode de repondération, pour le gg -> H $\gamma\gamma$ processus au NNLO et pour la première fois pour le processus $\gamma\gamma$ +X au NLO, dans les deux cas à l'aide de distributions doublement différentielles. Les outils de repondération et de discrimination $\gamma/\pi^0$ sont ensuite intégrés dans l'analyse pour améliorer la sensibilité de CMS à la recherche du boson de Higgs dans le canal H->$\gamma\gamma$ dans le modèle standard et au-delà, grâce à une paramétrisation effective développée par des phénoménologues avec lesquels nous avons travaillé.

The rapid adoption of Internet and web technologies has created an opportunity for making music collaboratively by sharing information online. However, current applications for online music making do not take advantage of the potential of shared information. The goal of this dissertation is to provide and evaluate algorithms and representations for interacting with large audio databases that facilitate music creation by online communities. This work has been developed in the context of Freesound, a large-scale, community-driven database of audio recordings shared under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. The diversity of sounds available through this kind of platform is unprecedented. At the same time, the unstructured nature of community-driven processes poses new challenges for indexing and retrieving information to support musical creativity. In this dissertation we propose and evaluate algorithms and representations for dealing with the main elements required by online music making applications based on large-scale audio databases: sound files, including time-varying and aggregate representations, taxonomies for retrieving sounds, music representations and community models. As a generic low-level representation for audio signals, we analyze the framework of cepstral coefficients, evaluating their performance with example classification tasks. We found that switching to more recent auditory filter such as gammatone filters improves, at large scales, on traditional representations based on the mel scale. We then consider common types of sounds for obtaining aggregated representations. We show that several time series analysis features computed from the cepstral coefficients complement traditional statistics for improved performance. For interacting with large databases of sounds, we propose a novel unsupervised algorithm that automatically generates taxonomical organizations based on the low-level signal representations. Based on user studies, we show that our approach can be used in place of traditional supervised classification approaches for providing a lexicon of acoustic categories suitable for creative applications. Next, a computational representation is described for music based on audio samples. We demonstrate through a user experiment that it facilitates collaborative creation and supports computational analysis using the lexicons generated by sound taxonomies. Finally, we deal with representation and analysis of user communities. We propose a method for measuring collective creativity in audio sharing. By analyzing the activity of the Freesound community over a period of more than 5 years, we show that the proposed creativity measures can be significantly related to social structure characterized by network analysis.
La ràpida adopció dInternet i de les tecnologies web ha creat una oportunitat per fer música col•laborativa mitjançant l'intercanvi d'informació en línia. No obstant això, les aplicacions actuals per fer música en línia no aprofiten el potencial de la informació compartida. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proporcionar i avaluar algorismes i representacions per a interactuar amb grans bases de dades d'àudio que facilitin la creació de música per part de comunitats virtuals. Aquest treball ha estat desenvolupat en el context de Freesound, una base de dades d'enregistraments sonors compartits sota llicència Creative Commons (CC) a gran escala, impulsada per la comunitat d'usuaris. La diversitat de sons disponibles a través d'aquest tipus de plataforma no té precedents. Alhora, la naturalesa desestructurada dels processos impulsats per comunitats planteja nous reptes per a la indexació i recuperació d'informació que dona suport a la creativitat musical. En aquesta tesi proposem i avaluem algorismes i representacions per tractar amb els principals elements requerits per les aplicacions de creació musical en línia basades en bases de dades d'àudio a gran escala: els arxius de so, incloent representacions temporals i agregades, taxonomies per a cercar sons, representacions musicals i models de comunitat. Com a representació de baix nivell genèrica per a senyals d'àudio, s'analitza el marc dels coeficients cepstrum, avaluant el seu rendiment en tasques de classificació d'exemple. Hem trobat que el canvi a un filtre auditiu més recent com els filtres de gammatons millora, a gran escala, respecte de les representacions tradicionals basades en l'escala mel. Després considerem tres tipus comuns de sons per a l'obtenció de representacions agregades. Es demostra que diverses funcions d'anàlisi de sèries temporals calculades a partir dels coeficients cepstrum complementen les estadístiques tradicionals per a un millor rendiment. Per interactuar amb grans bases de dades de sons, es proposa un nou algorisme no supervisat que genera automàticament organitzacions taxonòmiques basades en les representacions de senyal de baix nivell. Em base a estudis amb usuaris, mostrem que el sistema proposat es pot utilitzar en lloc dels sistemes tradicionals de classificació supervisada per proporcionar un lèxic de categories acústiques adequades per a aplicacions creatives. A continuació, es descriu una representació computacional per a música creada a partir de mostres d'àudio. Demostrem a través d'un experiment amb usuaris que facilita la creació col•laborativa i dóna suport l'anàlisi computacional usant els lèxics generats per les taxonomies de so. Finalment, ens centrem en la representació i anàlisi de comunitats d'usuaris. Proposem un mètode per mesurar la creativitat col•lectiva en l'intercanvi d'àudio. Mitjançant l'anàlisi de l'activitat de la comunitat Freesound durant un període de més de 5 anys, es mostra que les mesures proposades de creativitat es poden relacionar significativament amb l'estructura social descrita mitjançant l'anàlisi de xarxes.
La rápida adopción de Internet y de las tecnologías web ha creado una oportunidad para hacer música colaborativa mediante el intercambio de información en línea. Sin embargo, las aplicaciones actuales para hacer música en línea no aprovechan el potencial de la información compartida. El objetivo de esta tesis es proporcionar y evaluar algoritmos y representaciones para interactuar con grandes bases de datos de audio que faciliten la creación de música por parte de comunidades virtuales. Este trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el contexto de Freesound, una base de datos de grabaciones sonoras compartidos bajo licencia Creative Commons (CC) a gran escala, impulsada por la comunidad de usuarios. La diversidad de sonidos disponibles a través de este tipo de plataforma no tiene precedentes. Al mismo tiempo, la naturaleza desestructurada de los procesos impulsados por comunidades plantea nuevos retos para la indexación y recuperación de información en apoyo de la creatividad musical. En esta tesis proponemos y evaluamos algoritmos y representaciones para tratar con los principales elementos requeridos por las aplicaciones de creación musical en línea basadas en bases de datos de audio a gran escala: archivos de sonido, incluyendo representaciones temporales y agregadas, taxonomías para buscar sonidos, representaciones musicales y modelos de comunidad. Como representación de bajo nivel genérica para señales de audio, se analiza el marco de los coeficientes cepstrum, evaluando su rendimiento en tareas de clasificación. Encontramos que el cambio a un filtro auditivo más reciente como los filtros de gammatonos mejora, a gran escala, respecto de las representaciones tradicionales basadas en la escala mel. Después consideramos tres tipos comunes de sonidos para la obtención de representaciones agregadas. Se demuestra que varias funciones de análisis de series temporales calculadas a partir de los coeficientes cepstrum complementan las estadísticas tradicionales para un mejor rendimiento. Para interactuar con grandes bases de datos de sonidos, se propone un nuevo algoritmo no supervisado que genera automáticamente organizaciones taxonómicas basadas en las representaciones de señal de bajo nivel. En base a estudios con usuarios, mostramos que nuestro enfoque se puede utilizar en lugar de los sistemas tradicionales de clasificación supervisada para proporcionar un léxico de categorías acústicas adecuadas para aplicaciones creativas. A continuación, se describe una representación computacional para música creada a partir de muestras de audio. Demostramos, a través de un experimento con usuarios, que facilita la creación colaborativa y posibilita el análisis computacional usando los léxicos generados por las taxonomías de sonido. Finalmente, nos centramos en la representación y análisis de comunidades de usuarios. Proponemos un método para medir la creatividad colectiva en el intercambio de audio. Mediante un análisis de la actividad de la comunidad Freesound durante un periodo de más de 5 años, se muestra que las medidas propuestas de creatividad se pueden relacionar significativamente con la estructura social descrita mediante análisis de redes.

Neste trabalho estudamos os type-dependent stochastic spin models propostos por Fernández et al., os que chamaremos de modelos de spins estocástico dependentes de tipo, e que foram usados para modelar redes de sinalização biológica. A modelagem original descreve a evolução macroscópica de um modelo de spin-flip de tamanho finito com k tipos de spins, possuindo um número arbitrário de estados internos, que interagem através de uma dinâmica estocástica não reversível. No limite termodinânico foi provado que, em um intervalo de tempo finito as trajetórias convergem quase certamente para uma trajetória determinística, dada por uma equação diferencial de primeira ordem. Os comportamentos destes sistemas dinâmicos podem incluir bifurcações, relacionadas às transições de fase do modelo. O nosso objetivo principal foi de estender os modelos de spins com dinâmica de Glauber utiliza- dos pelos autores, permitindo trocas múltiplas dos spins. No contexto biológico tentamos incluir situações nas quais moléculas de tipos diferentes trocam simultaneamente os seus estados internos. Utilizando diversas técnicas, como as de grandes desvíos e acoplamento, tem sido possível demonstrar a convergência para o sistema dinâmico associado.
We study type-dependent stochastic spin models proposed by Fernández et al., which were used to model biological signaling networks. The original modeling setup describes the macroscopic evolution of a finite-size spin-flip model with k types of spins with arbitrary number of internal states interacting through a non-reversible stochastic dynamics. In the thermodynamic limit it was proved that, within arbitrary finite time-intervals, the path converges almost surely to a deterministic trajectory determined by a first-order (non-linear) differential equation. The behavior of the associated dynamical system may include bifurcations, associated to phase transitions in the statistical mechanical setting. Our aim is to extend the spin model with Glauber dynamics, to allow multiple spin-flips. In the biological context we included situations in which molecules of different types simultaneously change their internal states. Using several methods, such as large deviations and coupling, we prove the convergence theorem.

The thesis discuses an integration of photovoltaic power stations to electric network. The first part describes connecting conditions of small sources to distribution system, including administrative requirements, feasibility study, and requirements to the energy meters, measuring, control devices, switching devices and protection. The second part is aimed to describe problems of the photovoltaic system. Solar radiation generating and reducing of its intensity incident upon the earth surface are described in this part. The quantum of produced electric power depends on climatic conditions in the fixed area, seasons, etc. This work also discusses the types of photovoltaic cells and their actual efficiency. Inverters are further important components of the photovoltaic system. The parameters of the inverters have a great influence on the total actual efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Different methods of the photovoltaic panels’ connection with the inverters and their advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. The supporting structure of the photovoltaic panels and eventually transformer are further important components of photovoltaic system. The work also analyze the methods of connection of the photovoltaic power station to distributive low voltage and medium voltage network, electric energy accumulation and possibilities of the sale of produced electric energy. The large number of the connected photovoltaic power stations has negative influences to electric network. The third part contains the design of a photovoltaic power plant with a capacity of 516,24 kWp on the scoped area in southern Bohemia. The project documentation for the location where the power plant is designed is also made. It contains the design of photovoltaic panels, the design of the inverters to get an optimal power load. This part also contains a calculation of the photovoltaic system losses and the design of transformer and the cable junction calculation of the distributive system. The feasibility study of the power plant connected to distributive system is also conducted. Its delivery rate will be connected to the distribution point Řípov (110/22 kV). The calculation results show us that this photovoltaic power plant can be linked to the distribution system. The final part of this paper contains an economic estimate of the photovoltaic power plant operating and the calculation of the return. An Economic return is influenced by the wide range of values that affect the total return rate. The calculation of an operating economy is made for several variants. The return rate in refer to contemporary redemption price for 2010 with no consideration for a bank loan is 7 years. If we consider the bank loan it would be 12 years. The penetrative reduction of the redemption price is expected for 2011. Calculation works with the decline of 30 %. It would extend the rate of return to 11 years without a bank loan or to 22 years with the bank loan. The bank loan is considered to cover 80 % of the investment.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second leading progressive neurodegenerative disorder among elderly people. Dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta is believed to cause the motor dysfunction in this disease. Accumulation of toxic Lewy bodies which is rich in insoluble α-Synuclein fibrils is found in several regions of the brain which could have been the reason for neuronal apoptosis. Exact cause of the neuronal loss has not been established till date. Micro RNAs and circular RNAs are the non-coding RNAs which were found having abundant expression in brain and can express aberrantly in diseased condition. They have role in neuronal differentiation, proliferation and development. Micro RNA can regulate the gene expression. Circular RNAs can act as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) which can compete for shared micro RNA (miRNA) recognition element and can sequester miRNAs thus inhibiting miRNA from binding to the genes for expression regulation. Using in-silico analysis we have tried to identify circRNAs, which could be responsible for sponging miRNAs that are dysregulated in PD thus affecting expression of many genes. Also analysis of publicly available microarray datasets identified hub genes and hub modules that could show potential significance in the pathogenesis of PD.

碩士
國立中正大學
生命科學系分子生物研究所
105
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in the female reproductive system. Our previous mathematical modeling and biological experiments suggested that miR-193a might be transcriptionally silenced by EZH2 and E2F6 in ovarian cancer cells. As E2F6 is also a target of miR-193a, thus it is interesting to explore how this auto-regulatory network and possible ceRNA mechanism contribute to ovarian carcinogenesis. In this regard, we derepressed miR-193a expression by reversing the epigenetic machinery and examined genes that are differentially expressed in CP70 ovarian cancer cells depleted with EZH2 or E2F6. Integrated RNA-Seq and computational analysis found that several miR-193a targets including PBX1, a transcriptional activator of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), were down-regulated in the knockdown cells. We therefore hypothesize that E2F6 may suppress anti-tumor immune response of dendritic cell through E2F6 mediated ceRNA network. To confirm our results, overexpression of miR-193a suppressed E2F6, PBX1 as well as IL10 in ovarian cancer cell lines. Overexpression of E2F6 3’UTR but not miR-193a MRE mutant increased the expression of PBX1 and IL10 in ovarian cancer cells. ELISA also found that IL10 level was higher in ovarian cancer patients with higher EZH2 and ovarian cancer cells overexpressed with E2F6 3’UTR. Importantly, differentiation and T-cells activating function of THP-1 derived dendritic cell was inhibited by conditional media from CP70 cells overexpressing E2F6 3’UTR but not MRE mutant. Taken together, our results showed that E2F6 may suppress anti-tumor immune response of dendritic cell through miR-193a mediated ceRNA network. Epigenetic intervention in restoring the expression of miR-193a may be able to enhance anti-tumor immune response against ovarian cancer.

碩士
國立陽明大學
生物醫學資訊研究所
103
Recently, non-coding RNAs are of growing interests and more scientists attach importance to research on their functions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. We already knew that lncRNA are related to cancers and will be dysregulated within them. But most of their functions are still left to further study. A new mechanism of RNA regulation, known as “competing endogenous RNAs” (ceRNA), has been proposed to explain the complex relationships among mRNAs and lncRNAs by competing for binding with shared microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we collected a large-scale gene expression dataset of 407 samples from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients, each consisted of the expression profiles of 10207 lncRNAs, 18319 mRNAs and 534 miRNAs, and proposed an analysis framework to interrogate them. We expected to uncover the underlying ceRNA modules and the key modulatory lncRNAs. Firstly, we used similarity network fusion (SNF) method to combine three expression data types and classified the 407 GBM patients into two subtypes. Secondly, we computed Spearman rank correlation coefficients among lncRNAs, mRNAs and miRNAs for the two subtypes, respectively. Thirdly, we constructed three bipartite co-expression networks according to z-scores for individual subtypes. Then, we used the bipartite networks to measure the similarity between genes by various kinds of association indices and identified gene pairs with consistent association similarity. Finally, we applied a modulatory analysis to infer the ceRNA effects among mRNA and lncRNA, and performed functional analysis to reveal the possible modulatory mechanisms in the two GBM subtypes.

One of the dominant backgrounds in new physics searches at the Large Hadron Collider comes from the leptonic decays of Standard Model W and Z bosons recoiling off jets associated with the underlying event. The ratio of the W+jets and Z+jets cross sections, Rn, is predicted with high precision due to the similar masses and production mechanisms of the W and Z bosons. Any significant departures of Rn from predicted values would be an indication of new physics. This thesis studies a strategy to enhance the sensitivity of Rn to a specific type of signal. A measurement of the ratio Rn is presented, and its sensitivity to pair production of top quarks and leptoquarks is studied. Using a set of topology-discriminating variables, based upon calorimeter topoclusters, the sensitivity of Rn to top quark and leptoquark signals is enhanced using multivariate analysis techniques.
Graduate

Esta dissertação inscreve-se no âmbito dos estudos urbanos, da sociologia das artes e da cultura, propondo uma leitura renovada da criação musical e do seu enraizamento territorial nas áreas metropolitanas de Lisboa e do Porto. É nosso principal objetivo a compreensão da construção de carreiras na música independente, "no" e "para" o espaço urbano. Adotando uma metodologia essencialmente qualitativa e assente na articulação de técnicas de recolha e análise da informação diferenciadas, problematizamos esta construção no Portugal contemporâneo partindo de três dimensões analíticas. Em primeiro lugar, centrando-nos nos músicos e outros atores do meio musical, nos seus trajetos profissionais, nas estratégias convocadas para os construir e gerir e nas suas condições de trabalho. A este nível, mostramos que uma carreira na música independente pressupõe a combinação de estratégias e fontes de rendimento várias, estando fortemente alicerçada num exercício de multiplicação e desdobramento de papéis assumidos na esfera musical, de ocupações e atividades profissionais, de projetos e de formas de estar na música e em lógicas de ação assentes no "do-it-yourself". Em segundo lugar, e partindo de uma abordagem relacional da música, consideramos as redes que compõem o mundo da música independente e os posicionamentos assumidos pelos seus diferentes intervenientes. Verificamos que o trabalho em rede e o estabelecimento de relações, sobretudo com atores que atuam como "gatekeepers", são reconhecidos e mobilizados enquanto ferramentas cruciais para a construção e consolidação de carreiras na música independente, sendo comuns as práticas de colaboração e o estabelecimento de relações com os atores reconhecidos como mais importantes e influentes. Por fim, procuramos mostrar como estas carreiras estão ancoradas nos territórios nos quais se consubstanciam, evidenciando a importância da vivência da cidade e das cenas musicais locais para a entrada no meio musical e para os trajetos de profissionalização na música. Ao mesmo tempo, e ainda que estes possam ser politicamente reconhecidos como importantes ferramentas de "marketing" urbano, são poucos os casos em que os diversos atores do mundo da música independente se sentem verdadeiramente envolvidos na definição de políticas culturais locais. De referir ainda que um dos resultados desta investigação é a criação do podcast "Corda Bamba", em torno das condições de trabalho e do dia-a-dia dos artistas em Portugal.
This dissertation is developed in the context of urban studies, sociology of arts and culture, proposing a renewed reading of musical creation and its territorial rooting in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. Our main objective is to understand the construction of careers in independent music, "in" and "for" urban space. Adopting an essentially qualitative methodology and based on the articulation of different techniques of information gathering and analysis, we problematize this construction in contemporary Portugal based on three analytical dimensions. In the first place, focusing on musicians and other actors of the musical environment, their professional careers, the strategies called upon to build and manage them and their working conditions. At this level, we show that a career in independent music implies the combination of several strategies and sources of income, being strongly based on an exercise of multiplication and unfolding of roles assumed in the musical sphere, occupations and professional activities, projects and ways of being in music and in logics of action based on do-it-yourself. Secondly, and taking a relational approach to music, we consider the networks that compose the world of independent music and the positions taken by its different actors. We verify that networking and the establishment of relationships, especially with actors who act as gatekeepers, are recognized and mobilized as crucial tools for the construction and consolidation of careers in independent music, being common practices of collaboration and the establishment of relationships with actors recognized as more important and influential. Finally, we try to show how these careers are anchored in the territories in which they are materialized, highlighting the importance of the city's experience and the local musical scenes for the entrance in the musical environment and for the professionalization paths in music. At the same time, and although these can be politically recognized as important urban marketing tools, there are few cases in which the various actors of the independent music world feel truly involved in the definition of local cultural policies. It should also be noted that one of the results of this research is the creation of the podcast "Corda Bamba", about the working conditions and daily life of artists in Portugal.

The thesis examines whether the media content that won the Award for Solutions Journalism meets the basic criteria of this particular journalistic approach. The qualitative content analysis is complemented by a multi-case study, which was prepared on the basis of interviews with the winners of the Journalism Award for Solutions Journalism and popularizers of this journalistic method in the Czech Republic. A multi-case study examined whether journalists deliberately developed award-winning media content using this method. The work also provides information on the conditions under which the approach has established itself in the Czech Republic while it outlines its future. The theoretical part contains the definition of Solutions Journalism, describes its classification among other journalistic approaches and its development. It briefly introduces non-profit organizations that seek to create awareness of Solutions Journalism in the Czech Republic. The main goal of the research is to confirm that in the Czech Republic the media content has been created within the framework of this journalistic approach, but it was not named as Solutions Journalism. The awarding of the Journalist Award for Solutions Journalism serves primarily as a way to raise awareness of this method.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is designed to search for new physics by colliding protons with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The ATLAS detector is a multipurpose particle detector built to record these proton-proton collisions. In order to improve sensitivity to new physics at the LHC, luminosity increases are planned for 2018 and beyond. With this greater luminosity comes an increase in the number of simultaneous proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing (pile-up). This extra pile-up has adverse effects on algorithms for clustering the ATLAS detector's calorimeter cells. These adverse effects stem from overlapping energy deposits originating from distinct particles and could lead to difficulties in accurately reconstructing events. Machine learning algorithms provide a new tool that has potential to improve clustering performance. Recent developments in computer science have given rise to new set of machine learning algorithms that, in many circumstances, out-perform more conventional algorithms. One of these algorithms, convolutional neural networks, has been shown to have impressive performance when identifying objects in 2d or 3d arrays. This thesis will develop a convolutional neural network model for calorimeter cell clustering and compare it to the standard ATLAS clustering algorithm.
Graduate

LHCb experiment is a specialised b-physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It has a broad physics program with the primary objective being the search for CP violations that would explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. LHCb studies very rare phenomena, making it necessary to process millions of collision events per second to gather enough data in a reasonable time frame. Thus software and data analysis tools are essential for the success of the experiment. Particle identification (PID) is a crucial ingredient of most of the LHCb results. The quality of the particle identification depends a lot on the data processing algorithms. This dissertation aims to leverage the recent advances in machine learning field to improve the PID at LHCb. The thesis contribution consists of four essential parts related to LHCb internal projects. Muon identification aims to quickly separate muons from the other charged particles using only information from the Muon subsystem. The second contribution is a method that takes into account a priori information on label noise and improves the accuracy of a machine learning model for classification of this data. Such data are common in high-energy physics and, in particular, is used to develop the data-driven muon identification methods. Global PID combines information from different subdetectors into a single set of PID variables. Cherenkov detector fast simulation aims to improve the speed of the PID variables simulation in Monte-Carlo.

Il settore del commercio elettronico è un settore in sempre più ampio e rapido sviluppo. Le motivazioni possono essere molteplici ma sono sicuramente legate al cambiamento dello stile di vita delle persone e alla possibilità di accedere all’acquisto di beni che altrimenti sarebbe stato pressoché impossibile acquistare. La disciplina riguardante questo settore è anch’essa stata elaborata mano a mano che questo settore si è evoluto, per rispondere di volta in volta alle diverse necessità che si sono presentate. La disciplina è tutt’oggi ancora in evoluzione, soprattutto a causa del fatto che in questo settore ci sono molteplici forme contrattuali che vengono utilizzate per creare accordi commerciali dei più vari tipi, e ognuno dei quali prospetta problematiche diverse. In questo lavoro si parte dalla nascita e dallo sviluppo del commercio elettronico per analizzare l’evoluzione della disciplina associata. Dopodiché si analizza il tipo di contratto posto in essere tra la Santoni S.p.A. (noto marchio di calzature di alta gamma) e la Filoblu s.rl. (società veneta che si occupa della creazione e gestione di piattaforme e-commerce) per valutarne i punti cruciali. Dopo aver analizzato in dettaglio gli aspetti sopra citati, viene illustrata la disciplina delle denunce per difetto di conformità del bene e come queste vengono gestite dalla Santoni S.p.A., per passare poi all’analisi delle denunce per difetto di conformità degli ultimi 3 anni. Questo perché, come si noterà, questo è un campo in cui le problematiche sono controverse e gran parte della gestione viene lasciata alle ditte produttrici che si trovano di volta in volta di fronte alla scelta su come gestire il caso per rendere il cliente soddisfatto del servizio. La disciplina segue i suoi sviluppi e cerca di prevenire (per quanto possibile) situazioni sgradevoli sia per il fornitore del bene che per l’acquirente. L’entusiasmo mostrato dagli acquirenti per la comodità e la facilità dell’acquisto on-line, viene molto spesso smorzato dall’impossibilità di vedere e toccare con mano il bene oggetto della transazione, creando un senso di inquietudine legata alla qualità del bene che si sta acquistando. Per questo motivo, nel momento in cui un acquirente denuncia un difetto di conformità sul bene acquistato on-line o semplicemente la sua insoddisfazione su determinati aspetti del bene (colore, calzata, forma, ecc.), si attiva un meccanismo volto a valutare la presenza o meno di un eventuale difetto sul bene e di risolverlo nel modo più soddisfacente per l’acquirente. Dopotutto per un’azienda, gestire un negozio on-line equivale ad avere una vetrina di sé stessa attiva 24 ore su 24 e visibile a chiunque abbia un accesso al mondo di internet, e per questo motivo gestire i clienti che utilizzano questo tipo di servizio significa migliorare o peggiorare, in maniera esponenziale rispetto a quanto può avvenire in un negozio fisico, l’immagine percepita da ogni singolo acquirente. C’è però da dire che, in molti casi registrati, nonostante una perizia tecnica effettuata da operai specializzati sul prodotto venduto, la poca conoscenza dei processi di produzione dei singoli clienti, mette i venditori in situazioni difficili da gestire, in quanto il cliente non riesce a capire che quello che lui percepisce come un difetto in realtà non lo è, e che quindi non è imputabile all’azienda quello che lui crede che lo sia. Generalmente in questi casi, sempre per cercare di limitare degli inevitabili danni d’immagine, si offrono al cliente soluzioni alternative come resi gratuiti, omaggi di piccoli prodotti complementari o buoni sconto su acquisti successivi, ma sarebbe sicuramente necessaria una normativa completa e definitiva, che indichi in maniera risoluta come gestire casistiche particolari che si presentano frequentemente nella fase post-vendita. Viste le innumerevoli problematiche che si riscontrano frequentemente in questo ambito, la normativa a tutt’oggi presente non risulta essere sufficientemente soddisfacente per lo scopo a cui è stata creata. Come detto precedentemente, tutto il meccanismo che viene messo in atto all’interno di ogni azienda dopo una denuncia di difetto di conformità, si innesca per risolvere il problema ed evitare un inevitabile danno d’immagine, quindi si può concludere che, nonostante la presenza di una normativa (anche se ancora in via di sviluppo), l’arma migliore che un consumatore on-line può mettere in atto e che spaventa di più i venditori è sicuramente il danno d’immagine. Una cattiva recensione su un blog, un social network, o semplicemente un racconto di una brutta esperienza derivante da un acquisto on-line, può vanificare tutti gli sforzi fatti dal venditore per raggiungere una buona percezione del proprio marchio, e innestare un meccanismo a catena che non giova all’immagine aziendale.