Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Centralized transaction systems

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Centralized transaction systems”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Centralized transaction systems"

YAKOVCHUK, MYKOLA, VITALY MIKHALEVSKY i TETYANA SKRYPNYK. "COMPARISON OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IN DECENTRALIZED AND CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 301, nr 5 (październik 2021): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-301-5-41-44.

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This article describes and investigates the difference between a decentralized and a centralized information system. The efficiency of use and introduction of new technologies in production is studied. The construction of blockchain-based systems and their efficiency in solving the tasks are analyzed. Conclusions are formed about the tendency that the introduction of decentralization proves the need for digital management systems. At a time when the implementation of blockchain technology has greatly simplified the construction of new decentralized systems, which is a current trend in the world. The basis of blockchain technology is in a distributed information storage. It allows you to store important information simultaneously on many servers, and therefore keep them open and safe. For example, on the basis of this technology it is possible store both the history of customers’ bank transactions, voting results, and database of contracts, fingerprints or medical histories. And the information that stored simultaneously in many places, it is impossible to steal it, because in any case they can be restored from the original sources. As already mentioned, a blockchain, a block of transactions, is a structure for writing transaction groups. Transactions are carried out only when it is considered confirmed. It is reliable and convenient when it comes to making payments or the transfer of confidential data. So that the transaction is considered confirmed, its format and signatures must be verified. After that, the group transactions are recorded in a special block. In these blocks, all data is fast to verify. And in each subsequent information about the previous is stored. For example, in transactions on cryptocurrencies, the chain contains blocks information about all actions ever performed with bitcoins. The block includes a header and a list of transactions. The title of the block has its own hash, previous block hash, transaction hash and other additional official information. The first thing that is specified in the transaction block is getting a commission that will be as a reward, so the user who actually and will create this block. For transactions in the block tree hashing was used.

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Milev, Aleksandar, i Svetlana Vasileva. "MODELLING OF CENTRALIZED TWO-PHASE LOCKING WITH INTEGRATED MECHANISM OF TIMESTAMPS BY THE “WAIT – DIE” METHOD". Journal scientific and applied research 4, nr 1 (10.10.2013): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v4i1.82.

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This paper presents an algorithm for two-phase locking (2PL) in which deadlocks of distributed transactions for distributed database management systems (DDBMS) are avoided. The method of timestamps is chosen for solving deadlocks and the centralized 2PL algorithm is implemented in DDBMS. The „wait - die” strategy of timestamps mechanism for deadlocks avoiding is presented in this paper. The simulation results of modeling “wait-die” algorithm are given by using GPSS World Personal Version for two and three elements length of distributed transaction.

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Joglekar, Prof Dr Pushkar, Vedant Parvekar, Aditya Sabde, Omkar Rasal i Yogesh Rasal. "Blockchain Based Transaction Management System". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 4 (30.04.2023): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50029.

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Abstract: The technology that supports bitcoin, known as blockchain, is still in its development. Blockchain technology has the potential to improve existing corporate procedures to make them more collaborative, transparent, secure, and effective.. The banking sector is among the first to take advantage of this technology's disruptive potential. One of the most intricate bank payment systems in the entire globe is the Indian banking system. The current infrastructure that the Indian banking system uses is centralized and based on the real-time gross settlement system. This centralized architecture causes transactions to process slowly and result in wasting. Additionally, it costs a lot for security and recovery considerations. Systems for real-time gross contracts should indeed meet high expectations for speed, stability, and security. The primary objective is to develop a system that provides security, confidentiality, and a decentralized money lending mechanism rather than converting old system to the blockchain platform. Here, a novel strategy that encourages a decentralized system and services built on the Ethereum blockchain is progressed. The system enables a number of services using distributed ledger technology, including loan checking, money transfer, and money deposit, among others.

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Dodmane, Radhakrishna, Raghunandan K. R., Krishnaraj Rao N. S., Bhavya Kallapu., Surendra Shetty, Muhammad Aslam i Syeda Fizzah Jilani. "Blockchain-Based Automated Market Makers for a Decentralized Stock Exchange". Information 14, nr 5 (9.05.2023): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14050280.

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The advancements in communication speeds have enabled the centralized financial market to be faster and more complex than ever. The speed of the order execution has become exponentially faster when compared to the early days of electronic markets. Though the transaction speed has increased, the underlying architecture or models behind the markets have remained the same. These models come with their own disadvantages. The disadvantages are usually faced by non-institutional or small traders. The bigger players, such as financial institutions, have an advantage over smaller players because of factors such as information asymmetry and access to better infrastructure, which give them an advantage in terms of the speed of execution. This makes the centralized stock market an uneven playing field. This paper discusses the limitations of centralized financial markets, particularly the disadvantage faced by non-institutional or small traders due to information asymmetry and better infrastructure access by financial institutions. The authors propose the usage of blockchain technology and the data highway protocol to create a decentralized stock exchange that can potentially eliminate these disadvantages. The data highway protocol is used to generate new blocks with a flexible finality condition that allows for the consensus mechanism to configure security thresholds more freely. The proposed framework is compared with existing frameworks to confirm its effectiveness and identify areas that require improvement. The evaluation of the proposed approach showed that the improved highway protocol boosted the transaction rate compared to the other two mechanisms (PoS and PoW). Specifically, the transaction rate of the proposed model was found to be 2.2 times higher than that of PoS and 12 times higher than that of the PoW consensus model.

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Xu, Cheng, Ce Zhang, Jianliang Xu i Jian Pei. "SlimChain". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, nr 11 (lipiec 2021): 2314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476283.

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Blockchain technology has emerged as the cornerstone of many decentralized applications operating among otherwise untrusted peers. However, it is well known that existing blockchain systems do not scale well. Transactions are often executed and committed sequentially in order to maintain the same view of the total order. Furthermore, it is necessary to duplicate both transaction data and their executions in every node in the blockchain network for integrity assurance. Such storage and computation requirements put significant burdens on the blockchain system, not only limiting system scalability but also undermining system security and robustness by making the network more centralized. To tackle these problems, in this paper, we propose SlimChain, a novel blockchain system that scales transactions through off-chain storage and parallel processing. Advocating a stateless design, SlimChain maintains only the short commitments of ledger states on-chain while dedicating transaction executions and data storage to off-chain nodes. To realize SlimChain, we propose new schemes for off-chain smart contract execution, on-chain transaction validation, and state commitment. We also propose optimizations to reduce network transmissions and a new sharding technique to improve system scalability further. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed SlimChain system. Compared with the existing systems, SlimChain reduces the on-chain storage requirements by 97% ~ 99%, while also improving the peak throughput by 1.4× ~ 15.6×.

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Liu, Jianhua, Shengbo Sun, Zheng Chang, Bo Zhou, Yongli Wang, Jingyan Wang i Shuo Wang. "Application of blockchain in integrated energy system transactions". E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016501014.

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Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin, which is fair, transparent and decentralized. The integrated energy system has the characteristics of open interconnection, user-centered and distributed peer-to-peer sharing, and its energy trading model will also be developed centrally to distributed. The characteristics of blockchain technology make it naturally applicable to energy transactions in integrated energy systems. This article first analyzes the characteristics of the integrated energy system market and summarizes the participants in the market. Then, based on the existing research and analysis, a blockchain-based energy transaction architecture is designed, and a weakly centralized management method is introduced. finally, the problems and challenges faced by the application of blockchain in energy transactions are analyzed.

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Xiao, Yuanyuan, Chuangming Zhou, Xinpeng Guo, Yafei Song i Chen Chen. "A Novel Decentralized E-Commerce Transaction System Based on Blockchain". Applied Sciences 12, nr 12 (7.06.2022): 5770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125770.

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With the rapid development of e-commerce systems, the centralized service model gradually fails to meet the needs of SMEs. In the existing centralized e-commerce system, users’ transaction data and reputation scores are stored in a centralized cloud server, which has high storage cost, low processing efficiency, and the data is vulnerable to attacks and leaks. However, the existing decentralized e-commerce systems more than its reputation system to store the average credit score evaluation are receiving unfair evaluations against risk. The system of malicious nodes and no disciplinary measures, is not conducive to system development. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a blockchain-based decentralized e-commerce transaction system. The system commodity information is stored in the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) and the returned commodity addresses are stored in the blockchain to enhance the service performance. This paper proposes a reputation evaluation model based on multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), which can effectively resist unfair evaluation and collusion attacks, and proposes an incentive mechanism based on reputation value to reward and punish nodes, thus promoting the good circulation of the system. We implement the proposed system based on Ethereum. The experimental results show that the system has a small communication cost, accurately reflects the user’s reputation value, and has good availability and reliability.

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Gu, Yonggen, Dingding Hou, Xiaohong Wu, Jie Tao i Yanqiong Zhang. "Decentralized Transaction Mechanism Based on Smart Contract in Distributed Data Storage". Information 9, nr 11 (17.11.2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9110286.

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Distributed data storage has received more attention due to its advantages in reliability, availability and scalability, and it brings both opportunities and challenges for distributed data storage transaction. The traditional transaction system of storage resources, which generally runs in a centralized mode, results in high cost, vendor lock-in and single point failure risk. To overcome the above shortcomings, considering the storage policy with erasure coding, in this paper we propose a decentralized transaction method for cloud storage based on a smart contract, which takes into account the resource cost for distributed data storage. First, to guarantee the availability and decrease the storing cost, a reverse Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) based auction mechanism is proposed for storage resource selection and transaction. Then we deploy and implement the proposed mechanism by designing a corresponding smart contract. Especially, we address the problem of how to implement a VCG-like mechanism in a blockchain environment. Based on the private chain of Ethereum, we make the simulation for the proposed storage transaction method. The results of simulation show that the proposed transaction model can realize competitive trading of storage resources and ensure the safe and economic operation of resource trading.

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Vishwakarma, Jaychand. "Transaction Processing Environment Kernelized Architecture in Multilevel Secure Application Policies". International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8, nr 2 (28.02.2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i2.577.

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Multilevel security poses many challenging problems for transaction processing. The challenges are due to the conflicting requirements imposed by confidentiality, integrity, and availability} the three components of security. We identify these requirements on transaction processing in Multilevel Secure (MLS) database management systems (DBMSs) and survey the efforts of a number of researchers to meet these requirements .While our emphasis on centralized system based on kernelized Architecture, we briefly overview the research in the distributed MLS DBMSs as well.

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Jha, Sudan, Nishant Jha, Deepak Prashar, Sultan Ahmad, Bader Alouffi i Abdullah Alharbi. "Integrated IoT-Based Secure and Efficient Key Management Framework Using Hashgraphs for Autonomous Vehicles to Ensure Road Safety". Sensors 22, nr 7 (25.03.2022): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072529.

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Autonomous vehicles offer various advantages to both vehicle owners and automobile companies. However, despite the advantages, there are various risks associated with these vehicles. These vehicles interact with each other by forming a vehicular network, also known as VANET, in a centralized manner. This centralized network is vulnerable to cyber-attacks which can cause data loss, resulting in road accidents. Thus, to prevent the vehicular network from being attacked and to prevent the privacy of the data, key management is used. However, key management alone over a centralized network is not effective in ensuring data integrity in a vehicular network. To resolve this issue, various studies have introduced a blockchain-based approach and enabled key management over a decentralized network. This technique is also found effective in ensuring the privacy of all the stakeholders involved in a vehicular network. Furthermore, a blockchain-based key management system can also help in storing a large amount of data over a distributed network, which can encourage a faster exchange of information between vehicles in a network. However, there are certain limitations of blockchain technology that may affect the efficient working of autonomous vehicles. Most of the existing blockchain-based systems are implemented over Ethereum or Bitcoin. The transaction-processing capability of these blockchains is in the range of 5 to 20 transactions per second, whereas hashgraphs are capable of processing thousands of transactions per second as the data are processed exponentially. Furthermore, a hashgraph prevents the user from altering the order of the transactions being processed, and they do not need high computational powers to operate, which may help in reducing the overall cost of the system. Due to the advantages offered by a hashgraph, an advanced key management framework based on a hashgraph for secure communication between the vehicles is suggested in this paper. The framework is developed using the concept of Leaving of Vehicles based on a Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) and Batch Rekeying. The system is tested and compared with other closely related systems on the basis of the transaction compilation time and change in traffic rates.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Centralized transaction systems"

Rustagi, Ram Prakash. "Studies in concurrency control for centralized, distributed and nested transaction systems". Thesis, 1998. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/2211.

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Części książek na temat "Centralized transaction systems"

Hanyu, Mao. "Central Bank Digital Currency Cross-Border Payment Model Based on Blockchain Technology". W Financial Mathematics and Fintech, 191–202. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2366-3_10.

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AbstractSince the turn of the twenty-first century, the growth of the globalized economy and trade has accelerated, and the cross-border payment system, which is an essential component of the international financial infrastructure, has played a significant role in the global economy and trade. However, traditional cross-border payments present risks and challenges, such as expensive processing fees, limited payment efficiency, information asymmetry in the trade process, and reliance on a highly centralized cross-border payment system. This chapter is based on consortium blockchain technology and utilizes Polkadot’s Parachain, Relay chain, and cross-chain technologies as references; a scalable, high-efficiency, high-security, and privacy-protecting central bank digital currency cross-border payment model is designed. Analyzed the usage of hash digest technology and CoinJoin technology to avoid the tracing of transactions in order to protect privacy. The issuance of multi-country central bank digital currency or stablecoin anchored to a basket of fiat currencies is discussed as the currency in circulation in the model. Finally, the central bank digital currency cross-border payment development trend is summarized and forecasted.

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Haraty, R. A. "Security Issues in Distributed Transaction Processing Systems". W Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition, 2455–58. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch434.

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Transaction-processing systems (TPS) are becoming increasingly more available as commercial products. However, the approaches to the issues associated with using TPS in multilevel secure environments are still in the research stage. In this article, we address the issues of multilevel security in distributed transaction-processing systems. A distributed transaction-processing system (DTPS) is a collection of a finite number of centralized transaction-processing systems connected by a computer network. Each of these transaction-processing systems is controlled by a software layer and can be accessed both remotely and locally. Properties of a DTPS, such as data replication, may have a substantial effect on the security of the system. The security policies and integrity constraints adopted at each site may result in global security having inconsistent states. We address the issues of achieving a multilevel secure DTPS, and discuss the security constraints and data replication.

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Haraty, R. A. "Security Issues in Distributed Transaction Processing Systems". W Information Security and Ethics, 3572–76. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-937-3.ch240.

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Sansiya, Rohit, Pushpendra Kumar, Ramjeevan Singh Thakur i Abdulhai Mohammadi. "Integrate Hybrid Cloud Computing Server With Automated Remote Monitoring for Blockchain as a Service". W Blockchain Applications in IoT Security, 203–18. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2414-5.ch012.

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Blockchain is also used for bitcoin transactions as a technology for accumulating data files in the cloud for key distribution and file manipulation in distributed fashion. It is a service of cloud that manages elasticity of compute cloud, storage, and technology of network security (i.e., secure solution to store and share information by offering a distributed ledger service). In distributed systems, abandoned events are much more frequent than centralized system. This concept causes a number of issues including data reliability, high economical cost, and information system security. In this chapter, the authors present a new framework in blockchain to supervise the cloud server for administration of blockchain, which is verified the transaction reliability in peer-to-peer networks for sharing of data files in centralized manner. Each transaction can be generated keys for server authentication to verify all the connected members for monitoring the web server.

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Ajay, Usha B., i Sangeetha K. Nanjundaswamy. "Bank Data Certification and Repurposing Using Blockchain". W Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 222–45. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9257-0.ch011.

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Privacy protection is one of the basic needs for supporting a good interaction in a globally interconnected society. It is important not just for business and government but also to a huge and increasing body of electronic or online societies. In such situations, a traditional digital ledger storage systems seems more centralized. Security of traditional digital ledger system has always been a greater concern when considered for implementing at a huge scale. When such sensitive data is at stake, there should be nothing doubtable about the system's strength to secure data and withhold itself against any potential attacks. Blockchain is one way through which such potential security issues can be solved. A blockchain, actually block chain, is basically a continuously increasing list of records, which are called blocks; these blocks are linked and secured mainly using cryptography. Every block typically has a cryptographic hash of the block previous to it, along with a timestamp and data of the transaction.

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Ajay, Usha B., i Sangeetha K. Nanjundaswamy. "Bank Data Certification and Repurposing Using Blockchain". W Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government, 81–104. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch005.

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Makka, Shanthi, Gagandeep Arora i B. B. Sagar. "Consequent Formation in Security With Blockchain in Digital Transformation". W Impact of Digital Transformation on Security Policies and Standards, 122–44. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2367-4.ch008.

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Blockchain technology makes use of a centralized, peer-to-peer (P2P) network of databases, also called nodes, to validate and record digital transactions between individual users located anywhere across the globe. These transactions often take place through the exchange of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoins, Ethereum, and Ripple, etc. The security and transparency that is inherently present in digital transactions place blockchain technology in high demand across various industrial applications. Each node updates its database in real-time as and when transactions occur. The transaction gets authorized only when a majority of the nodes in the network validate the transaction. Once the verification is complete, a block, consisting of hash and keys, is generated for each new transaction and is linked to previous transactions in every database. Every node updates its database with the new block. A hacker would have to break down every node in the system to commit fraud. Blockchain could play a major role in maintaining the cyber security of digital transactions in the future.

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Makka, Shanthi, Gagandeep Arora i B. B. Sagar. "Consequent Formation in Security With Blockchain in Digital Transformation". W Research Anthology on Convergence of Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Security, 142–61. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7132-6.ch009.

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Dhanda, Namrata, i Anushka Garg. "Revolutionizing the Stock Market With Blockchain". W Revolutionary Applications of Blockchain-Enabled Privacy and Access Control, 119–33. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7589-5.ch006.

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This chapter explores the drawbacks of conventional centralized share exchange frameworks, like those of higher transaction costs, central and vulnerable regulation to exploitation, and lack of revelation to business behavior and practices by introducing a revolutionary model that utilizes blockchain to establish a decentralized stock exchange and a transparent persistent economy. The suggested model utilizes exclusive contracts to implement the validity of the privileges of the owner and the proper accomplishment and settlement of the transactions, thereby mitigating the need for a centralized authority to ensure the accuracy of the stock exchange mechanism. The experimental findings convincingly demonstrate that the decentralized solution can provide lower transaction costs by progressively replacing brokerage costs and centralized officials' commissions with mining charges, which reward the miners for their backbreaking work in maintaining the system and enforcing the laws.

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Ahmad, Feroz Ahmad, Prashant Kumar, Gulshan Shrivastava i Med Salim Bouhlel. "Bitcoin". W Handbook of Research on Network Forensics and Analysis Techniques, 395–415. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4100-4.ch021.

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In this chapter, a digital decentralized cryptocurrency system where transactions are secured by cryptography and are independent of any centralized third party is discussed. The different characteristics of bitcoins and how transactions occur between two bitcoin users along with some facts and examples are also discussed. The rapid internet development facilitates cyber-attacks to all type of online transactions and also to bitcoin network transactions. Some security issues are also discussed in the chapter along with the cyber-crimes and their punishments.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Centralized transaction systems"

Chi, Cheng, Hai Zhao, Jinsong Liu, Bin Li, Yue Han i Wei Fan. "Research on Transaction and Control Technology for New Power System Presenting Centralized-Distributed Pattern". W 2021 11th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems (ICPES). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpes53652.2021.9683800.

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Battisti, João, Maurício Pillon, Guilherme Koslovski i Charles Miers. "Análise de Segurança dos Mecanismos de Consenso no PBFT usando Multichain e PoW usando Ethereum Aplicados em Redes Blockchain Privadas/Consórcio". W Computer on the Beach. Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v11n1.p118-125.

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A considerable number of electronic transaction systems employ classicapproaches based on centralized trust mechanisms, not exploitingthe latest technological advances. Alternatively, the concept ofblockchain stands out, elaborated without the need for this centralizedtrust, but rather dependent on securely chained technologies in whichthe elements involved can conduct secure negotiations. Blockchain isdesigned to address security and distributed system issues through theuse of encryption, algorithms, P2P networks, and consensus mechanisms.This paper presents a Denial of Service (DoS) security analysisof the more traditional Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)and Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanisms available onMultichain and Ethereum solutions based on a private / consortiumblockchain scenario. We present our results of a controlled DoSattack, revealing the importance and need for security-relatedanalysis of blockchain implementations of private / consortiumblockchains.

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Sun, Yifan, Lin Wang, Yaoxian Jiang, Ziyun Xu, Wenbin Xu i Yinsen Zhao. "Distributed energy centralized transaction method and system based on blockchain". W International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering, Big Data, and Computer Technology (EIBDCT 2022), redaktorzy Xuexia Ye i Guoqiang Zhong. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2635681.

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Deng, Xing, Zijun Yang i Xue Li. "Research on the Distributed Transaction of Weakly Centralized Massive Flexible Resources". W 2022 Power System and Green Energy Conference (PSGEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psgec54663.2022.9881164.

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Prousalidis, J., V. Georgiou, D. Spathis, D. Lyridis, F. Kanellos, P. Mitrou i S. Dallas. "Elaborating Sustainable Port services for Greener Shipping". W International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.018.

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The paper deals with the new development perspectives of modern smart ports in an attempt to offer premium services to ships, passengers, commercial business, the environment even the society fully exploiting the smart grid concept. Besides highlighting the courses of actions towards such reformation, it is discussed that of major importance is the proper design of a centralized energy management system providing supervisory monitoring and control of all energy transactions among providers and consumers as well as their optimized co-operation.

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Yang, Dongmei, Gang Liu, Qi Wang i Jiaqi Ju. "Weakly-centralized Transaction Strategy of Multi-microgrid Integrated Energy System from the Perspective of Energy Market". W 2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceect55960.2022.10030645.

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Sakız, Burcu, i E. Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain Technology and Sustainability". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02375.

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Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the presumed pseudonymous person or persons believed to be the inventor of cryptocurrency Bitcoin, came up with the concept of blockchain as a core component of it when published a white paper on “BitCoin: A peer to peer electronic cash system” in 2008, blockchain technology made its public debut. Bitcoin is generally considered the first decentralized cryptocurrency and since the release of it, over 6,000 altcoins have been created. Cryptocurrencies use decentralized control as opposed to well-known, traditional centralized digital currency and also central banking systems. The decentralized control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a blockchain. Blockchain is a system that in which a record of transactions made in cryptocurrencies are maintained across several computers/servers that are linked in a peer-to-peer network. Blockchain based applications provides many opportunities to create a more sustainable world. This paper contribute to the discussion on future avenues for sustainability especially in terms of cryptocurrencies and blockchain based platforms and services.

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Meriacri, Stefanida. "Cryptocurrency and NFT investments". W Conferința științifică internațională studențească „Provocările contabilității în viziunea tinerilor cercetători”, ediția VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/issc2023.49.

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Criptocurrency is a digital currency in which transactions are verified and recorded by a decentralized system using cryptography, rather than by a centralized authority. This ones attracted people from simple investors to academic people to do many researches about how this market works and how can be a modern alternative to our actual currency market which is formed from currencies of each traded country. This market started to develop in august 2008 and has a real growth in 2011 when apeared other criptocurrencies near principal currency – Bitcoin. After that, in january 2021 on this market the global cap exceedes 1 trillion dollars and was in a continue growth durring the first qurter of 2021 until his global cap reached the number of 2 trillion dollars. After all, in 2015 apeared the first mention about NFT in blockchain register of Ethereum. This ones has a special particularity compared to existing cryptos until then- the lack of need to store or hold an asset, which leads to a certain degree of anonymity south by a large number of investors, and the speed of training of assets. Therefore, the goal of this is to find the main factors that determine the growth of investments in this market, especialy when this market is a little bit sensitive after the fall from May 2022, when Terra token fell in 48 hours by approximately 99.8 %. In this context, the results once again convinced us that many of investors see this market an oportunity to invest where and when they want, to make fast transactions whithout paying exorbitant bank fees, anonymity of transactions and last but not least curiosity.

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Almedallah, Mohammed K., Naif J. Alqahtani i Stuart D. C. Walsh. "A Consortium Blockchain for Smart Contracts in Oil and Gas Projects". W International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22115-ms.

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Abstract The task of managing petroleum projects is often cumbersome and complex, as these projects involve a vast number of activities that are often conducted in remote and potentially dispersed locations. In addition, petroleum projects must reconcile the many transactions that occur between multiple stakeholders, including the developer and their contractors. Due to this nature of business, projects are subject to fraudulent activity, cyber-attacks and lost time. To alleviate these issues, this paper presents a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consortium blockchain that executes and tracks oil and gas project tasks, while providing secured and transparent documentation and time stamping for all the project activities. Historically, many companies have worked on technologies to improve scheduling and project management by implementing intelligent and digitized information system solutions. Yet, these solutions require a centralized entity to monitor the activities - leading to errors and fraud. The approach adopted here overcomes these limitations by suggesting a smart contract decentralized blockchain that can solve many of the problems preventing management efficiency. The process utilizes a web-based framework that scans record tamper-evident transactions based on peer-to-peer network involving the developer and the contractor machines. The approach also creates a web interface to allow stakeholders to interact with the blockchain and store schedule updates and completion certificates. As there is no paperwork to process, and no time wasted on reconciling errors associated with filing these documents, the proposed application demonstrates a promising tool to improve speed, efficiency, and accuracy. It can enforce the contract conditions and manage the tracking of complex oil and gas activities. Employees within the developer and contractor companies can record a transaction in the network and ensure that the data within the block is not tampered with and contain a secured timestamp. The record is stored in the multiple machines available in the network and serves as a digital signature for each activity completed in the project. However, because the network is open to all stakeholders, the process requires regulation to prevent adverse events, such as members posting without restrictions. To overcome this limitation, each member is required to have a public and private key to post in the application. The paper also discusses other potential limitations to this approach to project management, and strategies that can be employed to make this use of blockchain technology viable in commercial settings. Because the data stored in the proposed blockchain is immutable, secured, and transparent, the blockchain application has the potential to transform the traditional process by tracking and digitally time-stamping all the project deliverables required by the stakeholders involved. Nevertheless, the paper argues that there are several technical, security and legal limitations needed to be addressed before having the application as mainstream.

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Garrocho, Charles, Celio Marcio Soares Ferreira, Ailton Junior, Carlos Frederico Cavalcanti i Ricardo R. Oliveira. "Industry 4.0: Smart Contract-based Industrial Internet of Things Process Management". W IX Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbesc_estendido.2019.8649.

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Through the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), a smart factory has entered the boom period expecting significant investments. In this new environment, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication has shown immediate potential in IIoT applications. However, most M2M communication implementations use the centralized model in which it requires a reliable intermediary for transactions between machines. Using smart contracts in M2M communication would allow a decentralized network to be used without the need for a trusted intermediary. In order to provide security, privacy, and decentralization in M2M communication and IIoT processes, a middleware based on a smart contract is proposed. Such a proposal is analyzed at the industrial level and evaluated for impacts against the stringent communication requirements that industrial applications require. Experimental results show that the application of smart contracts offers greater security and privacy than traditional proposals, but time requirements of real-time systems must still be optimized for smart contracts to be applied at the industrial field.

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