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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Central America”

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Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

Stahler-Sholk, Richard. "Central America". Latin American Perspectives 26, nr 2 (marzec 1999): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x9902600201.

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2

Gudmundson, Lowell. "Central America". Americas 50, nr 4 (kwiecień 1994): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150002126x.

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3

Urquhart, Gordon. "Understanding Central America:Understanding Central America." Latin American Anthropology Review 4, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlat.1992.4.1.24.

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4

Colburn, Forrest D. "Liberalism Takes Root in Central America". Current History 103, nr 670 (1.02.2004): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.670.74.

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Central America's unlikely route to liberal democracy may not have been perceived as leading to durable regimes. However, democracy has been resilient and even stable in Central America. Indeed, Central Americans, accustomed to being perceived as poor and unstable by their Mexican and South American brethren, have been smug about the locus of Latin America's ills being shifted to South America.
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5

Anderberg, Mary M. "On Central America". Current History 86, nr 524 (1.12.1987): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1987.86.524.429.

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Anderberg, Mary M. "On Central America". Current History 87, nr 533 (1.12.1988): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1988.87.533.429.

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7

Wake, Bronwyn. "Central America drying". Nature Climate Change 11, nr 11 (29.10.2021): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01210-7.

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8

Lowenthal, Abraham F., John A. Booth i Thomas W. Walker. "Understanding Central America". Foreign Affairs 69, nr 2 (1990): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044348.

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9

Clarke, Colin, John A. Booth i Thomas W. Walker. "Understanding Central America". Bulletin of Latin American Research 9, nr 2 (1990): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338495.

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10

Urquhart, Gordon. "Understanding Central America". Latin American Anthropology Review 4, nr 1 (28.06.2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1992.4.1.24.

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11

North, Liisa, John A. Booth i Thomas W. Walker. "Understanding Central America". International Journal 46, nr 2 (1991): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202870.

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12

Cordero, P. M. "3. Central America". Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs016.

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13

Madrigal Cordero, Patricia. "3. Central America". Yearbook of International Environmental Law 22, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs095.

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14

Cordero, Patricia Madrigal. "3. Central America". Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvt027.

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15

Cordero, Patricia Madrigal. "3. Central America". Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, nr 1 (1.01.2013): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvu019.

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16

Woodward, Ralph Lee, John A. Booth, Thomas W. Walker i Dario Moreno. "Understanding Central America." Hispanic American Historical Review 71, nr 3 (sierpień 1991): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515930.

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17

Zerio, John, Pablo Benitez, Gabriel Areas, Apostolos Dokianos i Sheela Satpute. "BAT Central America". Thunderbird International Business Review 46, nr 2 (2004): 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.20000.

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18

Clarke, Colin. "Studies in the economics of Central America and Central America". International Affairs 67, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621324.

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19

Thomas, W. W. "The American genera of Simaroubaceae and their distribution". Acta Botanica Brasilica 4, nr 1 (lipiec 1990): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33061990000100002.

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A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies of Simaroubaceae is presented and the distribution patterns of the American genera are discussed. Engler's six subfamilies are evaluated and the three subfamilies represented in the Americas and their included genera are discussed in detail. The eight American genera fall into three broad distributional categories: widely distributed throughout the neotropics, limited to northern South America, and disjunct between the West Indies, Central America and Mexico and southern South America. These distributions are discussed and interpreted.
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20

Yang, Jun-Chao, Xiaopei Lin i Shang-Ping Xie. "A Transbasin Mode of Interannual Variability of the Central American Gap Winds: Seasonality and Large-Scale Forcing". Journal of Climate 30, nr 20 (13.09.2017): 8223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0021.1.

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Abstract A transbasin mode (TBM) is identified as the leading mode of interannual surface wind variability over the Intra-Americas Seas across Central America based on empirical orthogonal function analysis. The TBM is associated with variability in Central American gap winds, most closely with the Papagayo jet but with considerable signals over the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Panama. Although El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main large-scale forcing, the TBM features a distinct seasonality due to sea level pressure (SLP) adjustments across the Pacific and Atlantic. During July–September, ENSO causes meridional SLP gradient anomalies across Central America, intensifying anomalous geostrophic winds funneling through Papagayo to form the TBM. During wintertime, ENSO peaks but imparts little anomalous SLP gradient across Central America with a weak projection on the TBM because of the competing effects of the Pacific–North American teleconnection and tropospheric Kelvin waves. Besides ENSO, tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies make a weak contribution to the TBM in boreal summer by strengthening the cross-basin gradient. ENSO and the Atlantic forcing constitute a cross-basin seesaw pattern in SLP, manifested as an anomalous Walker circulation across the tropical Americas. The TBM appears to be part of the low-level branch of the anomalous Walker circulation, which modulates Central American wind jets by orographic effect. This study highlights the seasonality of gap wind variability, and calls for further research into its influence on regional climate.
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21

Kipnis, Renato. "Early hunter-gatherers in the Americas: perspectives from central Brazil". Antiquity 72, nr 277 (wrzesień 1998): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087019.

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There is a preconception among American archaeologists that the late Pleistocene (c. 12,000-10,000 hap.) and early Holocene human occupation of the Americas would have had highly formalized and diagnostic technologies (Bryan 1986), as seen in bifacial fluted projectiles (Clovis and/or Folsom points) or Palaeoarctic microblades. This bias carries with it two presumptions which have no reason to exist:• Clovis and related industries had to be diffused throughout the Americas; and• there should be a ‘big-game hunting’ horizon in South America.
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22

Woodward, Ralph Lee. "Understanding Central AmericaU. S. Policy in Central America: The Endless Debate". Hispanic American Historical Review 71, nr 3 (1.08.1991): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-71.3.659.

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23

Baturaygil, Ali, i Karl Schmid. "Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation". Agronomy 12, nr 2 (17.02.2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020505.

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Grain amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) are ancient crops from the Americas that are consumed as pseudo-cereals and vegetables. Two grain amaranths, A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus, originated in Central America, and A. caudatus in South America. Flowering time variation plays a central role in their uses as seed, vegetable and biomass crops. We characterized phenotypic variation for plant height, flowering time and seed setting among 253 genebank accessions including three grain and two wild ancestor species (A. hybridus and A. quitensis) in the temperate climatic and long-day conditions of Germany. Among grain amaranths, A. cruentus flowered early and 88% of the accessions set seed. A. hypochondriacus accessions were mildly or highly photoperiod-sensitive with a lower proportion of seed setting (31%). A. caudatus accessions were mildly photoperiod-sensitive and failed seed production. Photoperiod-insensitive accessions set seed regardless of their origin, and mildly photoperiod-sensitive accessions set seed if they originated from regions with higher temperatures. Overall, Central American accessions of both wild and domesticated amaranths showed large variation in flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity, whereas variation among South American wild and domesticated amaranths was limited to mild photoperiod sensitivity. This observation is consistent with a model of independent domestication in Central and South America, and suggests a potential Central American origin of A. hybridus followed by migration to and selection against high photoperiod sensitivity in South America. Our results provide useful information for the design of breeding programs for different uses, and provide insights into grain amaranth domestication by considering flowering time as an adaptive trait.
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24

Carias, M. C. Pineda De. "Education and Research in Astronomy in Central America". Highlights of Astronomy 11, nr 2 (1998): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019018.

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Recently, important efforts have been made to organize and consolidate the Assembly of Central American Astronomers (AAAC), an organization created to contribute to the development of astronomy and astrophysics in Central America, with the help of international cooperation; the Central American Courses in Astronomy and Astrophysics, have been hosted each year by a different national university in Central America (1995: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, 1996: Universidad de El Salvador, 1997: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, and 1998: Universidad de Panama). These courses aimed to provide an exchange of knowledge and experience among university staff and students interested in continuing studies in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Regional Observational Campaigns have been organized to train young astronomers in the use of astronomical equipment and observational techniques. It seems that the broad development of astronomy and astrophysics in Central American as a whole, will be possible only when nuclei of astronomers in each of the countries concerned begin to develop many more activities, countries As part of the III Central American Course on Astronomy and Astrophysics (III-CURCAA, April 1997, Guatemala), in a forum about Education and Research in Astronomy in Central America, several important conclusions were stated. In this paper we present the six most relevant conclusions discussed there.
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25

Frautschi, Schuyler. "Understanding HIV-Specific Laws in Central America**". International Journal of Legal Information 38, nr 1 (2010): 43–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500005540.

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AbstractThis article explores HIV-specific laws in Central America: why they exist, where their terms come from, what choices have been made, and what the laws do. Part I outlines the influential work and standards of the U.N. and USAID. Part II presents contours of debate over AIDS law and policy in the United States. Part III reports on the HIV epidemics in Central America. Part IV compares the Central American laws, applying some of the lessons and theories presented in earlier Parts. The article concludes that HIV laws in the region do not function to provide the basis for claims of individual rights or impositions of responsibilities, the way U.S. laws often have. Rather, the Central American laws represent national aspirations toward a reasonable response to the epidemics. Central American aspirations toward safeguarding individual rights, while tracking heightening international standards, nonetheless are profoundly challenged as the epidemic is measured and expands: the law in Nicaragua, with its very low measured incidence of HIV infection, is very “rights” oriented, while the law in Honduras, where HIV incidence is relatively high, is very “duties” oriented.
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26

Faisal Javaid. "American Interests in Central Asian Region during 2001-2015: An Analytical Study". Central Asia 89, Winter (21.03.2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-89.152.

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After 9/11, the Central Asian region got Geo-strategic and geopolitical attention to the United States of America. Initially, Russia, China, and the leaders of regional states criticized the attacks and welcomed America in the region. The landlocked region has enormous energy resources and its border attached to Afghanistan, China, Russia, and the Caspian Sea. American policymakers gave special importance to this region. So, America established Airbases to fight against terrorism in Afghanistan and invested billions of dollars in different areas. After social revolutions in the region, the leaders of Central Asia states, Russia and China viewed America as a threat. This article examines American interests in the Central Asian region after announcing the war against terrorism and also investigates the strategic importance of the Central Asian region for America.
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27

Molineri, Carlos, Oscar Ascuntar-Osnas, María del Carmen Zúñiga i Blanca Cecilia Ramos. "Phylogenetic biogeography of Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)". Insect Systematics & Evolution 53, nr 1 (19.10.2021): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-bja10023.

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Abstract Leptohyphes Eaton is one of the most species-rich American genera in Ephemeroptera, with 45 valid species distributed from south-central USA to Patagonia. Most species are distributed in central and northern Andes. Nymphs are frequent and abundant in mountain streams. We present a parsimony-based morphological phylogeny for the genus. Specific geographic records were studied using Hovenkamp’s protocol (barrier biogeography). Leptohyphes was recovered as a monophyletic group. The most ancient disjunction found in Leptohyphes separated Tepui-area from the rest of the Americas. Other interesting vicariant events were found, including the separation of eastern Atlantic mountains (Mata Atlantica) from the Andes; oriental and occidental slopes of the Andes; northern from central Andes; and northern Andes from Central and North America. An ancient tropical South American origin for the genus is supported, with a more recent diversification due to Andean orogeny. Clades and terminals reaching North America include few independent events of more recent range expansions.
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28

Bookmiller, Kirsten Nakjavani. "North America, Central America and Caribbean (2019)". Yearbook of International Disaster Law Online 2, nr 1 (19.02.2021): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26662531_00201_021.

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29

Peel, John. "South America, Central America and the Caribbean". International Affairs 73, nr 3 (lipiec 1997): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624349.

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30

Bookmiller, Kirsten Nakjavani. "North America, Central America and Caribbean (2018)". Yearbook of International Disaster Law 1, nr 1 (7.11.2019): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26662531-01001021.

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31

Yundt, Keith W. "The Organization of American States and Legal Protection to Political Refugees in Central America". International Migration Review 23, nr 2 (czerwiec 1989): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300202.

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Since 1978, massive influxes of asylum seekers have placed great strain upon recipient states in Central America. At the global level, protection and assistance to refugees is entrusted to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). At the regional level, one would expect involvement by the Organization of American States with Central America refugees; either to supplement UNHCR activities or to enforce independent inter-American standards. This article reviews inter-American standards and agencies of concern for asylum seekers and refugees. Special attention is given to the inter-American human rights regime as the mechanism best suited to supplement or complement UNHCR activities in Central America.
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32

Torres, Dr Jayguer Vásquez, i Dr Luis Joyanes Aguilar. "Tendencias, Oportunidades y Retos del uso de las Redes Sociales en Latinoamerica: Caso Centroamerica y Panamá". KnE Engineering 3, nr 1 (11.02.2018): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1513.

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Our research shows a review of different studies that show us the evolution of social networks in Latin America, with a special focus on Central America and Panama, both at the general user level and at the corporate level. In the development of this research, we identify new perspectives and trends in the use of the Internet and social networks in the Latin American region. Central America and the Caribbean is a region that evolves exponentially in the use of Social Networks.Keywords: Social Media, Latin America, Central America, Panama.
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33

Immerman, Richard H., i Austin Hoyt. "Crisis in Central America". Journal of American History 73, nr 3 (grudzień 1986): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1903127.

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34

Kruijt, Dirk. "Post-War Central America". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies | Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, nr 75 (15.10.2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9698.

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35

Gallimore, Nicole. "Conflict in Central America". International Affairs 63, nr 4 (1987): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2619771.

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36

Maynes, Charles William. "America Discovers Central Asia". Foreign Affairs 82, nr 2 (2003): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033508.

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37

Woodard, Colin. "Central America: Border brawl". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56, nr 6 (1.11.2000): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/056006005.

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38

Dixon, James R. "Reptiles of Central America". Copeia 2004, nr 2 (maj 2004): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2004)004[0429:br]2.0.co;2.

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39

Cohen, J. "Mexico & Central America". Science 313, nr 5786 (28.07.2006): 477a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.313.5786.477a.

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40

Bronfman, Mario. "Mexico and Central America". International Migration 36, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 609–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00061.

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41

Krauss, Clifford. "Revolution in Central America?" Foreign Affairs 65, nr 3 (1986): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043081.

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42

Robinson, Linda. "Peace in Central America?" Foreign Affairs 66, nr 3 (1987): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043468.

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43

Ottemöller, L. "LgwaveQtomography in Central America". Geophysical Journal International 150, nr 1 (lipiec 2002): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01715.x.

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44

Pletcher, David M. "Central America since Independence". History: Reviews of New Books 22, nr 1 (lipiec 1993): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1993.9950802.

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45

Dada, Carlos. "Central America Dismantles Democracy". Dissent 67, nr 4 (2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2020.0088.

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46

Moreno, Edgardo. "Brucellosis in Central America". Veterinary Microbiology 90, nr 1-4 (grudzień 2002): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00242-0.

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E.J.S. "Essays From Central America". Americas 55, nr 2 (październik 1998): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500027693.

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48

Leogrande, William M. "Central America: Counterinsurgency Revisited". NACLA Report on the Americas 21, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.1987.11723380.

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49

Knutson, L. "Pests of Central America". Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 33, nr 4 (1.12.1987): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/33.4.258a.

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50

Ellison, Aaron M. "Wetlands of Central America". Wetlands Ecology and Management 12, nr 1 (luty 2004): 3–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wetl.0000016809.95746.b1.

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