Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Cenci family”

Percy Shelley responded to the 1819 Peterloo Massacre by declaring the government’s response “a bloody murderous oppression.” As Shelley’s language suggests, this was a seminal event in the socially conscious life of the poet. Thereafter, Shelley devoted much of his writing to delineating the sociopolitical milieu of 1819 in political and confrontational works, including The Cenci, a verse drama that I argue portrays the coercive violence implicit in nationalism, or, as I term it, national trauma. In displaying the historical Roman Cenci family in starkly vituperous manner, that is, Shelley reveals his drive to speak to the historical moment, as he creates parallels between the tyranny that the Roman pater familias exhibits toward his family and the repression occurring during the time of emergent nationhood in Hanoverian England, which numerous scholars have addressed. While scholars have noted discrete acts of trauma in The Cenci and other Romantic works, there has been little sustained criticism from the theoretical point of view of trauma theory, which inhabits the intersections of history, cultural memory, and trauma, and which I explore as national trauma. Through The Cenci, Shelley implies that national trauma inheres within British nationhood in the multiple traumas of tyrannical rule, shored up by the nation’s cultural memory and history, instantiated in oppressive ancestral order and patrilineage. Viewing The Cenci from the perspective of national trauma, however, I conclude that Shelley’s revulsion at coercive governance and nationalism loses itself in the contemplation of the beautiful pathos of the effects of national trauma witnessed in Beatrice, as he instead turns to a more traditional national narrative.

The story of The Cenci’s first production is intriguing, since the play, based on the true story of a sixteenth-century Roman family and revolving around the theme of parricide, was published in 1819 but was denied a licence for many years. The Shelley Society finally presented it in 1886, although it was vetoed by the Lord Chamberlain, and to avoid censorship it had to be proclaimed as a private event. This article examines the political and social context of the production, especially the reception of actress’s Alma Murray’s rendition of Beatrice, the parricide, thus probing the ways in which The Cenci question was reframed, and placed in the public sphere, despite censorship. The staging of the play became the site of a political debate and the performance – an act of defiance against institutionalised power, but also an act of defiance against the alleged tyranny of mass culture.

Descemet’s Stripping Only (DSO) is a surgical technique that utilizes the peripheral corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) migration for wound closure. Ripasudil, a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, has shown potential in DSO treatment; however, its mechanism in promoting CEnC migration remains unclear. We observed that ripasudil-treated immortalized normal and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) cells exhibited significantly enhanced migration and wound healing, particularly effective in FECD cells. Ripasudil upregulated mRNA expression of Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor (SNAI1/2) and Vimentin (VIM) while decreasing Cadherin (CDH1), indicating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation. Ripasudil activated Rac1, driving the actin-related protein complex (ARPC2) to the leading edge, facilitating enhanced migration. Ex vivo studies on cadaveric and FECD Descemet’s membrane (DM) showed increased migration and proliferation of CEnCs after ripasudil treatment. An ex vivo DSO model demonstrated enhanced migration from the DM to the stroma with ripasudil. Coating small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) tissues with an FNC coating mix and treating the cells in conjunction with ripasudil further improved migration and resulted in a monolayer formation, as detected by the ZO-1 junctional marker, thereby leading to the reduction in EMT. In conclusion, ripasudil effectively enhanced cellular migration, particularly in a novel ex vivo DSO model, when the stromal microenvironment was modulated. This suggests ripasudil as a promising adjuvant for DSO treatment, highlighting its potential clinical significance.

Two new genera and species of Dermaptera are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China: Applanatiforceps angustus gen. et sp. nov. in the archidermapteran family Protodiplatyidae, and Ekpagloderma gracilentum gen et sp. nov. in the eodermapteran family Semenoviolidae. Applanatiforceps shares the typical characters of the extinct suborder Archidermaptera (e.g., pentamerous meta tarsi, filiform and multimerous cerci) and externalized ovipositor. The family identity of the Protodiplatyidae can be further distinguished by comparing this new genus with other genera of the Protodiplatyidae. As a result of its large compound eyes, tegmina without venation, body sparsely setose, legs rather short and slender, and shape of the veinless tegmina, Ekpagloderma is classified in the subfamily Aglyptodermatinae. Ekpagloderma not only has the typical features of the Aglyptodermatinae, but also exhibits a more primitive slender segmented cerci, which is different from all other genera of Eodermaptera. In fact, the diversity of Eodermaptera as known today indicates some of the challenges in understanding the suborder and whether or not it is monophyletic as historically construed, or if the separation of Turanodermaptera is justified.

Two new species of bristletails of the family Machilidae are described from caves in the Western Caucasus (troglophile Coryphophthalmus troglophilus sp. nov.) and in the Eastern Carpathians (trogloxene Trigoniophthalmus ukrainensis sp. nov.). The main morphological adaptations of C. troglophilus sp. nov. to life in caves include green eye color; weak body pigmentation; well-developed arolium and claws; relatively long cerci, tarsae and tibiae of the hind legs; long apical needles of the urostyli; large sublateral spines on urocoxites IX. C. troglophilus sp. nov. resembles C. abchasicus (Kaplin, 2017), but they are distinguishable in color of eyes, ratio of eye contact to length, length of cerci, structures of the labial palps, legs, urocoxites IX, ovipositor, and parameres. Trigoniophthalmus ukrainensis sp. nov. has no recognized morphological adaptations to life in caves. This species resembles T. alternatus (Silvestri, 1910), but they are easily distinguished in the number of annuli in distal chains of flagellum, ratio of width to length of paired ocelli, chaetotaxy of male maxillary and labial palps.

Nymphomyia allissae sp. nov. from the approximately 100 million years old Burmese amber is described and figured. The species is distinguished from other known taxa by the scimitar shaped wing, and the well sclerotized female terminalia with large cerci.

Fuziidae is an indigenous Chinese family known from the Middle Jurassic sediments. So far, only three genera have been described from Daohugou locality in Inner Mongolia, China. Arcofuzia cana gen. et sp. n., attributed to the family Fuziidae, is described herein from the Jiulongshan Formation, based on its autapomorphic large body size, distinct forceps-like grasping male cerci, distinct pattern of very wide forewing markings, thick Sc and rich forewing venation with many small but very distinct crossvein-like reticulations.

A new fossil stonefly genus and species of the family Perlidae, Pinguisoperla yangzhouensis gen. et sp. nov., is proposed as the second known genus from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new genus is characterized by its dark coloration and the basally enlarged and curved cerci. Morphological characters of the new genus and species are described, illustrated, and compared with related taxa.

Two new species of Archidermaptera are described and figured from the Middle Jurassic Jiulonghsan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Aneuroderma oiodesgen. & sp. nov. is described in the family Protodiplatyidae and Sinopalaeodermata concavumsp. nov. is established in the family Dermapteridae. Both new species share the typical characters of the extinct suborder Archidermaptera (e.g., pentamerous metatarsi, filiform and multimerous cerci, externalized ovipositor). Aneurodermagen. nov. is compared with other genera of the Protodiplatyidae, while S. concavumsp. nov. allows us to emend the diagnosis of the genus Sinopalaeodermata. We briefly discuss the diversity of Archidermaptera and challenges to understanding relationships among this mid-Mesozoic diversity.

Another earliest representative of the family Encyrtidae, Sakhalinencyrtus leleji Simutnik gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male specimen from the middle Eocene Sakhalinian amber. Similarly to other Encyrtidae from Sakhalinian amber, the new fossil fundamentally differs from encyrtids from late Eocene European ambers as well as from modern ones. Moreover, it probably belongs to a stem group of the family. The new genus is characterized by extremely apical position of cerci, long veins of the forewing with expanded parastigma, stigmal vein with long uncus, and absence of filum spinosum. The forewing venation of the new genus is very similar to that of Sugonjaevia Simutnik, 2015, but these genera differ by the structure of Mt8, hypopygium, genitalia, and clava.

AbstractThe larva of Aeshna williamsoniana Calvert, 1905 is described in detail, illustrated, and compared with other larvae of the genus and family. It is distinguished from its congeners by its granular integument, body mostly lacking hairlike setae, cerci with a row of spiniform setae along the lateroexternal margins, and dorsomedial margin of female epiproct with a row of spiniform setae. It does not particularly resemble any other larva of Aeshna or related genera described to date. The larval habitat is described for the first time.

FourCentaureaspecies, diffuse knapweed (C.diffusaLam. # CENDI, spotted knapweed (C.maculosaLam. # CENMA), yellow starthistle (C.solstitatilisL. # CENSO), and the closely related Russian knapweed [Acroptilon repens(L.) DC. syn.Centaurea repensL. # CENRE] are serious introduced weeds which infest extensive areas of pasture and rangeland in Canada and the United States (1, 10, 14, 17, 18, 26, 30). Russian knapweed and yellow starthistle are also troublesome in cultivated land (1, 14, 26). These four species are members of the Cardueae tribe of the Asteraceae family and have been accidentally introduced from Eurasia as contaminants in crop seed.

A new genus and species of true dragonfly Hongtaous caii gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. It is assigned to the family Aktasiidae based on the following: large and broad wings; narrow postnodal area with many cells distal of elongated pterostigma; very long and straight IR1; and widened area between RP1 and RP2, which is the oldest member of this family to date. Hongtaous caii sp. nov. differs from other genera by the configuration of wing venation such as: two rows of cells between RA and RP1 at level of Pt, and extending to the end of the wing; an elongated IR1, not distally vanishing; discoidal triangle and subdiscoidal triangle divided into multiple cells by transverse veins; presence of Rspl. In addition, its special cerci are simply discussed.

English In this article, the authors contend that trauma needs to be viewed not only from an individual and family perspective, but also from a community perspective. This would necessitate the combined use of trauma theory, family therapy theory and community family therapy approaches. French Dans cet article, les auteurs soutiennent que les traumas nécessitent d'être vus non seulement à partir d'une perspective individuelle et familiale mais aussi à partir d'une perspective communautaire. Ceci nécessite l'utilisation combinée de la théorie du trauma, de la théorie de la thérapie familiale et des approches communautaires de la thérapie familiale. Spanish En este artículo, los autores sostienen que el trauma necesita ser visto no sólo desde la perspectiva individual y familiar, sino también desde la perspectiva comunitaria. Esto requeriría del uso combinado de la teoría del trauma, la teoría de la terapia familiar y los acercamientos a la terapia familiar comunitaria.

Flowerhorn fish has been known as a breed of fish produced by artificial hybridization between several cichlid fish. Other ornamental cichlid fish generally known to be crossed to make flowerhorn variant includes Amphilophus citrinelus, Amphilophus labiatus, Vieja melanurus, and Amphilophus trimaculatus. Our study identified a variety of flowerhorn samples with distinct morphotypes, dubbed as Cencu (LH1CC), Kamfa (LH2KF), Thai Silk (LH3TS), Kirin (LH4KR), Parrot (LH5PR), and Vieja (LH6VJ) using mtDNA COI-based DNA barcoding. Molecular analysis and phylogenetics showed that all sample had 0% genetic divergence and conspecific with A. trimaculatus sequence. Hence, we concluded that despite having varied morphotypes, all flowerhorn samples were identified as A. trimaculatus and were a variation of flowerhorn from A. trimaculatus lineage. The findings should be used as a precaution as the fish is identified as an invasive species.

Résumé Depuis les dernières années, les problèmes relatifs à la maisonnée ont assumé une place de plus en plus prépondérante en histoire sociale. Des recherches récentes ont d'ailleurs démontré que, loin d'être réduites à leur état nucléaire de par les impératifs du capitalisme industriel, les maisonnées ont au contraire gagné en complexité en plusieurs endroits au début de la période d'industrialisation. Ainsi, dans plusieurs maisonnées du XIXe siècle, la famille nucléaire fut augmentée de d'autres membres de la parenté, de pensionnaires ou même de locataires. Voire, certaines maisonnées ont été encore plus complexes puisqu'elles étaient formées de plus d'une famille ou de plus d'un couple non apparentés. Ce sont ces derniers aspects de la complexité des maisonnées que les auteurs privilégient dans cet article. A partir d'un échantillonnage de 10 000 maisonnées tiré du recensement canadien de 1871, ils étudient les quelque 1022 ménages composés de plus d'un couple ou de plus d'une famille non liés par des liens de parenté. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse porte sur la répartition de ces maisonnées par province, sur leur appartenance aux milieux rural ou urbain et sur la composition même des familles qu'elles comprenaient. Dans un deuxième temps, les auteurs étudient l'incidence possible de la présence parmi elles de membres d'une famille-souche en dépit de noms différents: par exemple, celle d'une fille et de son époux vivant avec les parents de celle-ci. Ils se penchent ensuite sur les cycles de vie de ces familles et, enfin, ils examinent les différents aspects des rapports qui ont pu les lier en relevant, entre autres éléments, l'occupation des chefs de famille et leur origine ethnique. Il ressort de tout ceci que la corésidence de familles non apparentées était beaucoup plus répandue au pays qu'on ne l'avait soupçonné jusqu'à date. De plus, la composition des maisonnées était également plus complexe que ce que l'on avait escompté. Bien souvent, en effet, les familles qui corésidaient comptaient des adolescents en âge de travailler et, parfois aussi, ces familles étaient issues d'un milieu bourgeois. En somme, ce sont là des incidences qui obligent à remettre en question certaines idées reçues et, en particulier, celle qui veut que les familles du XIXe siècle n'aient corésidé que dans des moments de difficultés économiques.

Advanced morphology and behaviour of extinct earwig-like cockroaches (Blattida: Fuziidae fam. nov.)We describe the extinct cockroach family Fuziidae fam. nov., represented byFuzia dadaogen. et sp. nov. from the ?Bathonian (168 Ma) Middle Jurassic sediments of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Males are characterized by unique, long and narrow bodies with a notch on forceps of earwig-like cerci, which attaches to the long external ovipositor during courtship. In a combination with the presence of male tergal glands, it appears the most advanced form of reproduction in the nearly 300 Myr history of long external ovipositor-bearing cockroaches. Its advanced morphology significantly supports attribution of living and fossil cockroaches within a single order Blattida.

The genus Camelobaetidius Demoulin, 1966 has 37 species distributed throughout the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, being one of the most studied genera of the family Baetidae. The nymphs are common in lotic habitats, can often be found on top of rocks, and can be easily recognized by the presence of the spatulate tarsal claws. Based on material from Southeastern Brazil, the aim of the present paper is to describe two new species with the terminal filament as long as the cerci (C. juparana sp. nov. and C. spinosus sp. nov.), to describe the female of C. anubis (Traver & Edmunds, 1968), to describe new characters for the male of this species, and to present new records for the genus in southeastern Brazil.

Mutations in the solute linked carrier family 4 member 11 (SLC4A11) gene are associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy type 4 (FECD4), both characterized by corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) dysfunction and/or cell loss leading to corneal edema and visual impairment. In this study, we characterize the impact of CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations on CEnC function and SLC4A11 protein localization by generating and comparing human CEnC (hCEnC) lines expressing wild type SLC4A11 (SLC4A11WT) or mutant SLC4A11 harboring CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations (SLC4A11MU). SLC4A11WT and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines were generated to express either SLC4A11 variant 2 (V2WT and V2MU) or variant 3 (V3WT and V3MU), the two major variants expressed in ex vivo hCEnC. Functional assays were performed to assess cell barrier, proliferation, viability, migration, and NH3-induced membrane conductance. We demonstrate SLC4A11-/- and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines exhibited increased migration rates, altered proliferation and decreased cell viability compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Additionally, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC demonstrated decreased cell-substrate adhesion and membrane capacitances compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Induction with 10mM NH4Cl led SLC4A11WT hCEnC to depolarize; conversely, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC hyperpolarized and the majority of SLC4A11MU hCEnC either hyperpolarized or had minimal membrane potential changes following NH4Cl induction. Immunostaining of primary hCEnC and SLC4A11WT hCEnC lines for SLC4A11 demonstrated predominately plasma membrane staining with poor or partial colocalization with mitochondrial marker COX4 within a subset of punctate subcellular structures. Overall, our findings suggest CHED-associated SLC4A11 mutations likely lead to hCEnC dysfunction, and ultimately CHED, by interfering with cell migration, proliferation, viability, membrane conductance, barrier function, and/or cell surface localization of the SLC4A11 protein in hCEnC. Additionally, based on their similar subcellular localization and exhibiting similar cell functional profiles, protein isoforms encoded by SLC4A11 variant 2 and variant 3 likely have highly overlapping functional roles in hCEnC.

Two new genera, each with a new species, Perissoderma triangulum gen. et sp. nov. and Abrderma gracilentum gen. et sp. nov., of the family Protodiplatyidae are described from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. They are the first records of Protodiplatyidae from the latest Middle Jurassic Daohugou locality. Both new genera are assigned to Protodiplatyidae based mainly on diagnostic characters of antennae, pronotum, tegmina, tarsi and the distinct long, slender, multi-segmented cerci. We summarize the distributions and ages of all described fossil Archidermaptera and infer that the Dermaptera might have originated in Eurasia and started their diversification and migration to a worldwide distribution. The new taxon of Abrderma gracilentum gen. et sp. nov. provides one more example of an early earwig with well-preserved pentamerous tarsi on the hind leg.

<b>Cel</b>: Celem badania była próba określenia wizerunku starości i osób starszych oraz ich miejsca w rodzinie. <b>Metody</b>: Za narzędzie posłużył autorski kwestionariusz ilościowo-jakościowy. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród młodzieży na poziomie szkoły podstawowej w środowisku wiejskim. <b>Wyniki</b>: Wyniki wskazują, że największy odsetek badanych kojarzy słowo „starość” z własnymi dziadkami, a główne wartości, za które ankietowana młodzież ceni i szanuje osoby starsze, są realizowane w środowisku rodzinnym i należą do nich ciepłe uczucia, dzielenie się mądrością życiową oraz pomoc w wychowywaniu wnuków. Podobnie jak wśród młodzieży w środowisku miejskim, wizerunek starości jest negatywny, natomiast deklarowane postawy wobec osób starszych prawie wyłącznie życzliwe, w znacznej mierze odnoszące się do starszych członków rodziny. Co ważne, głównym źródłem doświadczenia i wiedzy na temat starości dla zdecydowanej większości ankietowanych uczniów jest życie rodzinne, a także fakt, że mieszkali bądź wciąż mieszkają ze swoimi dziadkami. <b>Wnioski</b>: W związku z tym, to na rodzinie ciąży największa odpowiedzialność za kształtowanie wizerunku starości oraz postaw wobec osób starszych, zwłaszcza wśród dzieci i młodzieży.

Résumé Durant les années 1870, Montréal est une ville en transition ; depuis deux décennies déjà, elle se fabrique un nouveau profil géographique et on assiste à une réorganisation du monde du travail qui va modifier les bases mêmes de la vie familiale. Cet article se propose d'examiner l'économie familiale dans deux quartiers distincts de la ville — Sainte-Anne qui est déjà fortement industrialisé et Saint-Jacques qui est demeuré beaucoup plus artisanal — dans le but de mieux cerner la relation qui existe entre la famille et l'organisation des moyens de production. Selon l'auteur, cette relation est complexe et bi-dimensionnelle. D'une part, la nature du travail disponible va déterminer quels membres de la famille sont plus susceptibles de travailler et ceci peut varier d'un quartier à l'autre ; d'autre part, la démographie et les attitudes culturelles des familles montréalaises vont tout également influencer les moyens de production. Ainsi, parce qu'il y a un grand nombre de femmes et d'enfants disponibles, les industries du textile et de la chaussure atteignent une place de choix dans l'économie de la ville ; par contre, le fait que tant de femmes et d'enfants travaillent dans ces industries fait baisser le salaire et nuit à la main-d'oeuvre spécialisée. Dans la plupart des familles ouvrières, l'insuffisance des salaires, le chômage saisonnier et le surplus de main-d'oeuvre vont faire en sorte qu'il faudra plus d'un travailleur par famille pour assurer la subsistance. Règle générale, on semble avoir préféré mettre les garçons au travail plutôt que les femmes et les filles ; dans le quartier Sainte-Anne, il n'y a que les veuves et les femmes seules qui ont un emploi alors que dans Saint-Jacques, les femmes qui travaillent le font à la maison de par le système du travail au noir. Il arrive également, dans le cas des familles qui n'ont encore que de très jeunes enfants, qu'on tente de boucler le budget en prenant des pensionnaires ou en logeant avec la parenté. En somme, dans la ville qui s'industrialise, le cycle de la vie familiale, la disponibilité du travail et les valeurs culturelles ont, tour à tour, contribué à façonner tant la structure de la maisonnée que le modèle du travail familial.

With an aging population and an increasing number of people living with chronic disease, Canada’s primary care system is in need of change. Healthcare must better incorporate prevention and patient education in the battle against chronic disease. This article exploresthe growing role of Physician Assistants (PAs) in enhancing access to appropriate care for the chronically ill, using an example of a PA working as part of a family physician practice in Northern Ontario to improve the care of its diabetic patients. Avec une population vieillissante et un nombre croissant de personnes vivant avec une maladie chronique, le système de soins primaires canadien est en besoin de changement. Les soins de santé doivent mieux intégrer la prévention et l’éducation des patients dans la lutte contre les maladies chroniques. Cet article explore le rôle croissant des adjoints au médecin (AM) dans l’amélioration de l’accès aux soins appropriés pour les patients vivants avec des malades chroniques. Ceci sera illustré par le biais d’un exemple d’un AM travaillant dans une pratique de médecine familiale au Nord de l’Ontario pour améliorer les soins de ses patients diabétiques.

Abstract In the tribe Pyrgotini, a monophyletic lineage is considered as the subtribe Adapsiliina Rondani, 1869, revised rank; it includes the genera Adapsilia Waga, 1842, Campylocera Macquart, 1843, Euphya Wulp, 1885, Eupyrgota Coquillett, 1899, Geloemyia Hendel, 1908, Hendelpyrgota Vanschuytbroek 1963, Plectrobrachys Enderlein, 1942, Porpomastix Enderlein, 1942, Pyrgotomyia Hendel, 1934, Siridapha Enderlein, 1942, Trichopeltia Wulp, 1885, and an unnamed and unplaced genus-group taxon (represented by the group of species related to Adapsilia hirtoscutellata Hendel, 1933). Based on having at least two synapomorphies: the incomplete costa not reaching apex of medial vein, and male cerci flattened dorsoventrally, large, slightly longer and wider than epandrium, the broadest concept of the genus Campylocera Macquart, 1843 is proposed. In the Afrotropical Region, it therefore includes also all the species assigned by Steyskal (1980) to the genera Clemaxia Enderlein, 1942, Congopyrgota Aczel, 1958, syn. n., Diasteneura Hendel, 1908, syn. n., Dicrostira Enderlein, 1942, Hexamerinx Enderlein, 1942, Hypotyphla Loew, 1873, syn. n., Hypotyphlina Enderlein, 1942, syn. n., Lygiohypotyphla Enderlein, 1942, and Prohypotyphla Hendel, 1934, syn. n. The other important characters of Campylocera are the low epistome, subocular sclerite well expressed, and femoral organ on female mid femur always lacking. The following synonymy is established: Campylocera ferruginea Macquart, 1843 = Prohypotyphla omissa Hendel, 1934, syn. n.; Campylocera hyalipennis (Aczel, 1958, comb. n.) = Congopyrgota hyalipennis Aczel, 1958 = Congopyrgota kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1963, syn. n. = Congopyrgota ethiopica Steyskal, 1972, syn. n.; Campylocera latigenis Hendel, 1914 = Prohypotyphla obtusicornis Hendel, 1934, syn. n. = Dicrostira partitigena Enderlein, 1942, syn. n.; Campylocera loewi (Hendel, 1908), comb. n. = Hypotyphla loewi Hendel, 1908 = Prohypotyphla (Hypotyphlina) saegeri Aczel, 1958, syn. n.; Campylocera caudata (Hendel, 1914), comb. n. = Hypotyphla caudata Hendel, 1914 = Lygiohypotyphla hyalipennis Vanschuytbroeck, 1963, syn. n. = Lygiohypotyphla ruwenzoriensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1963, syn. n.; Campylocera basilewskyi (Vanschuytbroeck, 1963), comb. n. (= Diasteneura basilewskyi Vanschuytbroeck, 1963), Campylocera laticeps (Hendel, 1908), comb. n. (= Diasteneura laticeps Hendel, 1908), Campylocera obscura (Vanschuytbroeck, 1963), comb. n. (= Diasteneura obscura Vanschuytbroeck, 1963), Campylocera similis (Steyskal, 1963), comb. n. (= Diasteneura similis Steyskal, 1963), Campylocera variceps (Curran, 1928), comb. n. (= Diasteneura variceps Curran, 1928), Campylocera nigripennis (Hendel, 1934) comb. n. (= Prohypotyphla nigripennis Hendel, 1934), Campylocera scalaris (Hendel, 1934) comb. n. (= Prohypotyphla scalaris Hendel, 1934).

Abstract NK cells lyse tumor cells and virally infected cells, but the molecular basis for this phenomenon has not been defined. A mAb specific for the rat cell surface molecule, NKR-P1, stimulates rat NK cell lytic activity and is reactive with all rat NK cells, suggesting that this molecule may play a significant role in NK cell function. We have previously described another NK cell-specific Ag, Ly-49, that belongs to a family of cross-hybridizing genes on distal mouse chromosome 6. The rat NKR-P1 Ag shares several features with the mouse Ly-49 Ag, including selective cell surface expression on NK cells, homology to the C-type lectins, expression as a type II integral membrane protein, and disulfide-linked homodimeric structure. To further examine the relationship of NKR-P1 to Ly-49, we have cloned the cDNA encoding a mouse homologue of NKR-P1 (mNKR-P1). The mouse and rat NKR-P1-deduced polypeptide sequences are highly conserved, suggesting a similar tertiary structure. By examination of DNA from informative recombinant inbred mice with Southern blot analysis, we have determined that mNKR-P1 is encoded by a distinct gene that is genetically linked to the Ly-49 locus, lying within 0.5 centi-Morgan (cM) of Ly-49. Although the deduced amino acid sequences of mNKR-P1 and Ly-49 reveal that these proteins are structurally similar, they are only 24% identical at the amino acid level and the cDNA sequences do not demonstrate significant nucleotide homology. Our studies suggest that we have identified a region on mouse chromosome 6 that includes distinct NK-specific genes that encode structurally related proteins (type II integral membrane proteins, C-type lectin super-gene family) but which demonstrate considerable heterogeneity. We have termed this genetic region the NK complex.

The subfamily Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 is polyphyletic in the traditional treatment. None of the genera attributed to the subfamily is closely related to the type-genus Platycrana Gray, 1835, which has already been suggested by morphological studies. The main key feature of Platycraninae traditionally used to characterize the subfamily, the remarkably large head and strongly enlarged genae (“cheeks”), is not true for Platycrana. Consequently, all other genera, the true “Palm Stick Insects” need to be removed from Platycraninae and are here accommodated in Megacraniinae subfam. nov.. Megacrania Kaup, 1871 is chosen as the type-genus of this new subfamily, because the name very well describes the main characteristic of this clade. Previous molecular studies have shown Megacraniinae subfam. nov. to be a member of the Old World family Phasmatidae s. str. (= Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001), which is characterized by the enlarged, laterally flattened and foliaceous or lanceolate cerci and by the male anal segment longitudinally split into two movable, interiorly dentate hemi-tergites that serve as a clasping apparatus to grasp the female abdomen during copulation and makes lacking a vomer. Neither character is true for Platycrana and Platycraninae sensu nov. respectively. Molecular studies have revealed Platycraninae sensu novo as the sister group of Phasmatidae s. str. (= Lanceocercata). The tribe Stephanacridini Günther, which has previously been without a subfamilar affiliation is transferred as a subordinate taxon of Platycraninae sensu novo. Platycraninae is characterized and distinguished from Phasmatidae s. str. (= Lanceocercata) by the small cylindrical cerci, simple anal segment and presence of a vomer in males, as well as the strongly keeled subgenital plate and remarkably elongated, filiform gonapophysis VIII of females, which greatly project over the apex of the abdomen. Characterizations are presented for Megacraniinae subfam. nov. as well as Platycraninae sensu nov. and its two tribes Platycranini and Stephanacridini. Lists of genera are provided for the three taxa. Three genera are removed from Platycraninae and Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: The Australian Echetlus Stål, 1875 is transferred to Phasmatinae: Acanthomimini and Redtenbacherus Özdikmen & Darilmaz, 2008 and Elicius Günther, 1935 are transferred to Lonchodidae: Necrosciinae. The male of Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 as well as the eggs of Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002, Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, Ophicrania apterus (Redtenbacher, 1908), Ophicrania nigroplagiatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792) and Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908) are illustrated for the first time. Xenomaches moderata (Kirby, 1884) from the island of Ambon is synonymised with Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792) (syn. nov.).

The author argues that the well-being of families in Canada’s future is uncertain because families are losing the central position that was traditionally theirs. Most of the changes that occurred in and around families over the last third of the 20th century came from changes in values (from survival to personal development, from collectivity-oriented to individual-oriented), in gender relations (rising education, labour force participation, and economic independence of women), and in the legal framework that deals with family life. Such changes are still having an impact on families and this impact will likely not diminish. But more than anything else, Canadian society is moving towards a model in which immigration rather than reproduction is the main source of population growth, thus reducing the importance of the family for the development of policies. This, and the increasing political importance given to environmental issues, might further displace the family as a priority for policymaking and the allocation of public resources, and thus impair the future well-being of families.L’auteur soutient que le bien-être des familles canadiennes des familles est loin d’être assuré à long terme parce que la famille, en tant qu’institution, perd aujourd’hui la position centrale qui était traditionnellement la sienne. La plupart des changements survenus dans et autour des familles au cours du dernier tiers du XX e siècle ont été la conséquence de changements dans les valeurs (de la primauté de la survie à celle du développement personnel, de la collectivité à l’individu), dans les rapports entre les sexes (l’éducation des femmes, leur activité et leur indépendance économique) et dans l’encadrement juridique de la vie familiale. Ces transformations se poursuivent et leur impact sur les familles ne diminuera probablement pas. À ceci s’ajoute le fait que la société canadienne a adopté un modèle où l’immigration remplace la reproduction comme source principale de la croissance démographique, réduisant encore plus l’importance de la famille pour l’élaboration des politiques. Ce changement, et l’importance croissante accordée aux questions environnementales, pourrait encore réduire la place de la famille en tant que priorité pour l’élaboration des politiques et l’allocation des ressources publiques, et ainsi compromettre le bien-être futur des familles.

ABSTRACT The family IV cellulose-binding domain of Clostridium thermocellum CelK (CBDCelK) was expressed inEscherichia coli and purified. It binds to acid-swollen cellulose (ASC) and bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC) with capacities of 16.03 and 3.95 μmol/g of cellulose and relative affinities (K r) of 2.33 and 9.87 liters/g, respectively. The CBDCelK is the first representative of family IV CBDs to exhibit an affinity for BMCC. The CBDCelKalso binds to the soluble polysaccharides lichenin, glucomannan, and barley β-glucan, which are substrates for CelK. It does not bind to xylan, galactomannan, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The CBDCelK contains 1 mol of calcium per mol. The CBDCelK has three thiol groups and one disulfide, reduction of which results in total loss of cellulose-binding ability. To reveal amino acid residues important for biological function of the domain and to investigate the role of calcium in the CBDCelK four highly conserved aromatic residues (Trp56, Trp94, Tyr111, and Tyr136) and Asp192 were mutated into alanines, giving the mutants W56A, W94A, Y111A, Y136A, and D192A. In addition 14 N-terminal amino acids were deleted, giving the CBD-NCelK. The CBD-NCelK and D192A retained binding parameters close to that of the intact CBDCelK, W56A and W94A totally lost the ability to bind to cellulose, Y136A bound to both ASC and BMCC but with significantly reduced binding capacity and K rand Y111A bound weakly to ASC and did not bind to BMCC. Mutations of the aromatic residues in the CBDCelK led to structural changes revealed by studying solubility, circular-dichroism spectra, dimer formation, and aggregation. Calcium content was drastically decreased in D192A. The results suggest that Asp192 is in the calcium-binding site of the CBDCelK and that calcium does not affect binding to cellulose. The 14 amino acids from the N terminus of the CBDCelK are not important for binding. Tyr136, corresponding to Cellulomonas fimi CenC CBDN1Y85, located near the binding cleft, might be involved in the formation of the binding surface, while Y111, W56A, and W94A are essential for the binding process by keeping the CBDCelK correctly folded.

Context and objective. UV radiation is a known risk factor for photoinduced carcinoma in albinos in high sunlight environments. The present study assessed the extent of photoinduced carcinoma and investigated its main determinants in subjects with albino phototype in Kinshasa.Methods. In a cross-sectional study, subjects of albino phototype recruited consecutively, were examined from January1, 2020 to September 30, 2020 in the Dermatology Department of the Kinshasa University Hospital. The carcinoma frequency and determinants were estimated using logistic regression analysis.Results. One hundred albino phototype subjects were involved in the study. Almost 1 in 2 albinos (44 %) developed carcinoma. In multivariate analysis, age >30 years (OR : 2,68 ; IC95% :1,65-11,10 ; p=0,017), actinic keratosis presence (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 1.43-7.23; p=0.023) a family history of non-cutaneous cancer (OR : 2,40 ; IC 95% : 1,47-12,35 ; p=0,29), a carcinoma family history (OR : 4,99 ; IC95% :3,0-9,29 ;p < 0,0001) and a polytransfusion personal history (OR :2,30 ; IC95% :1,26-6,20 ;p=0,045) were identified as the main photo-induced carcinoma determinants.Conclusion. Almost 1 in 2 albinos has photoinduced carcinoma. This justifies the intensification of behavioral and preventive measures against the development of skin cancers, particularly targeting albinos under the age of 30, with actinic keratosis and those with a family history of cancers (carcinoma and others). Contexte et objectif. Les rayonnements ultra-violets constituent un facteur connu de risque de carcinome photo-induit chez l’albinos en milieu à fort ensoleillement. La présente étude a évalué l’ampleur du carcinome photo-induit et a recherché les principaux déterminants chez les sujets de phototype albinos à Kinshasa.Méthodes. Dans une étude transversale, des sujets de phototype albinos recrutés de manière consécutive, ont été examinés du 1er janvier 2020 au 30 septembre 2020 au Service de dermatologie des Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa. La fréquence du carcinome a été estimée et ses déterminants recherchés à l’aide d’une analyse de régression logistique.Résultats. Au total 100 albinos ont été inclus. Près d’un albinos sur deux (44 %) a développé un carcinome. En analyse multivariée, l’âge > 0 ans (OR : 2,68 ; IC 95% :1,65-11,10 ; p=0,017), la présence des kératoses actiniques (OR: 3.80; IC 95%: 1.43-7.23; p=0.023), un antécédent familial de cancer non cutané (OR : 2,40 ; IC95% : 1,47-12,35 ; p=0,29), un antécédent familial de carcinome (OR : 4,99 ; IC95% :3,0-9,29 ;p=0,000) et un antécédent personnel de polytransfusion (OR :2,30 ; IC 95% :1,26-6,20 ;p=0,045) ont été identifiés comme les principaux déterminants du carcinome photo-induit.Conclusion. Près d’un albinos sur deux présente un carcinome photo-induit. Ceci justifie l’intensification des mesures comportementales et préventives contre le développement des cancers cutanés ciblant particulièrement les albinos âgés de moins de 30 ans, présentant des kératoses actiniques et ceux avec antécédents familiaux de cancer (carcinome et autres).

Las interrogantes que abordamos son: ¿Qué ocurre en el ámbito familiar y las relaciones entre sus integrantes cuando las mujeres se insertan como trabajadoras de plantas maquiladoras? ¿Cuáles son los motivos que las impulsan a mantenerse en sus empleos o por qué los abandonan? ¿Qué significado le confieren a su trabajo? ¿Cuál es el rol de la familia en la decisión de que las mujeres se incorporen al mercado de trabajo? ¿Qué sucede cuando son despedidas o cuando las maquiladoras cierran? ¿Cómo repercute la pérdida de empleo en sus familias y en sus relaciones con sus miembros? Todo ello contemplado desde la heterogeneidad del mercado de trabajo, de la contracción del empleo acentuada en Yucatán y de los conflictos que se generan entre el mundo laboral y sus hogares.Abstract: The questions we address are: What happens in the family field and relations among their members when women are inserted as workers in maquiladora plants? Which are the reasons for them to stay in their jobs or why do they leave them? What is the meaning of their work? What is the role of the family in deciding whether women should enter or not the labor market? What happens when they are fired or when the maquiladoras are closed? What is the impact of job loss in their families and the relationship with their members? All of this is contemplated from the heterogeneity of the labor market, the sharp contraction of employment in the Yucatan state and conflicts that occur between the workplace and their homes.Résumé : Les questions traitées dans cet article sont les suivantes : Quelles sont les conséquences sur la famille et les relations entre ses membres de l’intégration des femmes en tant que travailleuses dans les usines maquiladoras ? Quelles sont les raisons qui les incitent à garder leur travail ou à l’abandonner ? Quelle signification donnent-elles à leur travail ? Quel est le rôle de la famille dans la prise de décision par les femmes d’entrer sur le marché du travail ? Qu’arrive-t-il lorsqu’elles sont licenciées ou que les usines ferment ? Quel est l’impact de la perte de l’emploi sur leur famille et sur leurs relations avec ses membres ? Tout ceci est étudié en prenant en compte l’hétérogénéité du marché du travail, la forte contraction du travail dans l’état du Yucatan et les conflits générés entre le lieu de travail et leurs foyers.

Objectif : Cette étude vise à estimer les performances agronomiques de la production du mais par association à une espèce de la famille des cucurbitacaea «goussi» en vue de l’exploitation des processus écologiques. Méthodologie et résultats : les essais ont été installés en champs paysans sur un sol ferrugineux tropical dans deux (2) villages de la commune de Glazoué. Le dispositif expérimental est en blocs aléatoires complets (BAC) avec deux répétitions ou blocs. Chaque bloc est subdivisé en deux parcelles élémentaires abritant chacune un traitement. Les traitements sont du maïs en culture pure (Témoin absolu T0) et maïs en association avec goussi (Test T1). Les données climatiques, agronomiques et de rentabilité financière ont été collectées sur cette expérimentation. En matière de résultat, il ressort que l’humidité au niveau des parcelles du système de l’association de maïs et goussi est supérieure à celle des parcelles du système de culture pure de maïs et ceci durant tous les temps de collectes. Le poids des épis était le plus élevé pour l’association maïs et goussi de même que pour tous les autres paramètres (le nombre de rangées par épis, le nombre de grains par épis et le poids de 100 graines). Conclusion et application des résultats : la pratique agricole qui constitue à associer deux espèces végétales domestiquées Zea mays L. de la famille des Poaceaes et Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) de la famille des Cucurbitaceae est une des meilleures stratégies mises en place par les producteurs pour les impacts des changements climatiques. Mots clés : Mélange de culture ; variabilité climatique ; maïs-goussi ; rentabilité et Citrullus lanatus Importance of the association of crops facing climate variability in the hills in Benin ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to estimate the agronomic performance of corn production by association with a species of the cucurbitacaea family "goussi" for the exploitation of ecological processes. Methodology and results: the trials were set up in peasant fields on tropical ferruginous soil in two (2) villages in the commune of Glazoué. The experimental setup is in complete random blocks (BAC) with two repetitions or blocks. Each block is subdivided into two elementary plots, each housing a treatment. The treatments are corn in pure culture (absolute control T0) and corn in association with goussi (Test T1). Climatic, agronomic and financial profitability data were collected on this experiment. In terms of results, it appears that the humidity in the plots of the system of the association of maize and goussi is higher than that of the plots of the system of pure cultivation of corn and this during all the times of collections. The weight of the cobs was highest for the corn and goussi combination as well as for all the other parameters (the number of rows per cob, the number of grains per cob and the weight of 100 seeds). Conclusion and application of the results: the agricultural practice, which consists in associating two domesticated plant species Zea mays L. of the family Poaceae and Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) of the family Cucurbitaceae is one of the best strategies implemented by producers to the impacts of climate change. Keywords: Mixed cropping; climate variability; Maize-goussi; profitability and Citrullus lanatus

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between syntax and translatability, particularly in respect of literary texts. By translatability is meant the degree of ease with which one language lends itself to translation into another language. Through practice in the translation between Chinese and some of the major European languages, such as English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, as well as between the European languages themselves, it can be found that translating between the European languages is much easier than translating between Chinese and any one of the European languages. Of all the factors that determine whether a language translates more readily or less readily into another language, syntactic differences constitute one of the most decisive. This is because the translator is, during the translation process, constantly dealing with syntax in two directions: the syntax of the source language on the one hand and the syntax of the target language on the other. As a result, problems arising from the syntactic differences between the two languages are bound to figure more prominently than those arising from the differences between individual lexical items and phrases or between cultures. In this paper, syntax will be studied and analysed with reference to Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek texts. Finally, it will be shown that, mainly because of syntactic differences, there is a higher degree of translatability between any two of the above European languages (which are members of the Indo-European family) than between Chinese (which is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family) and any one of these European languages, and that the syntax of any one of these European languages can cope comfortably with Chinese syntax, but not the other way round. Résumé Cet article traite de la relation entre la syntaxe et la traduisibilité, en particulier, en ce qui concerne les textes littéraires. On entend par traduisibilité le degré de facilité avec laquelle une langue se prête à la traduction dans une autre. Par la pratique de la traduction entre le chinois et quelques-unes des principales langues européennes, comme l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, l’espagnol, le latin et le grec, ainsi qu’entre les langues européennes mêmes, on s’aperçoit qu’il est beaucoup plus facile de traduire entre les langues européennes qu’entre le chinois et n’importe quelle langue européenne. Parmi tous les facteurs qui déterminent si une langue se traduit plus ou moins aisément dans une autre, les différences syntactiques comptent parmi les plus décisifs. Ceci est dû au fait que le traducteur, pendant le processus de traduction, est constamment confronté à une syntaxe dans deux directions : la syntaxe de la langue source, d’une part, et la syntaxe de la langue cible, d’autre part. En conséquence, les problèmes dus à des différences syntactiques entre les deux langues doivent nécessairement apparaître de manière plus évidente que ceux provenant de différences entre les syntagmes et éléments lexicaux individuels ou entre les cultures. Dans cet article, la syntaxe sera étudiée et analysée en référence à des textes en chinois, anglais, français, allemand, italien, espagnol, latin et grec. Enfin, il montrera qu’en raison des différences syntactiques surtout, la traduisibilité est plus grande entre deux langues européennes précitées quelles qu’elles soient (qui appartiennent à la famille indo-européenne) qu’entre le chinois (qui appartient à la famille sino-tibétaine) et une quelconque de ces langues européennes. Il montrera que la syntaxe de toute langue européenne peut sans difficulté venir à bout de n’importe quelle syntaxe chinoise, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai.

L’agrobusiness répond aux besoins impérieux de sécurisation alimentaire et de croissance économique. Dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, cette innovation agricole a émergé à la faveur de la fin de l’Etat providence combinée à la faible productivité des exploitations familiales. Ceci a permis l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs avec des ambitions arrimées aux réalités contextuelles et qui impulsent la nouvelle dynamique de l’agriculture. Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser le processus de mise en place de l’agrobusiness en tant qu’innovation agricole dans la région de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal ainsi que les dynamiques d’appropriation par la diversité des entrepreneurs agricoles qui y sont présents. Des entretiens menés entre 2019 et 2020 auprès de producteurs privés installés à Thilène, Ndiaye Mbéress, Ross-Béthio et Ngomène dans le département de Dagana (région de Saint-Louis du Sénégal) et des acteurs des services étatiques de vulgarisation et de conseil agricole à savoir la Société Nationale d’Exploitation des Terres du Delta du Fleuve Sénégal et des Vallées du Fleuve Sénégal et de la Falémé (SAED) et l’Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA) ont permis d’identifier les composantes et les dynamiques d’appropriation de cette innovation qui tracent la nouvelle trajectoire de l’agriculture résolument orientée vers le marché et l’accumulation de profits. Les résultats indiquent également qu’en dehors des entreprises agroindustrielles, une catégorie d’acteurs constituée par les exploitations de taille familiale, renferme un vivier d’entrepreneurs innovateurs à même de porter les initiatives agricoles autour d’un système plus ou moins complexe en vue de moderniser la pratique agricole et de porter les ambitions d’atteinte de la sécurité alimentaire. Ils montrent aussi que le développement de l’agrobusiness dans la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal est porté par un réseau d’acteurs aux niveaux d’implication et d’interaction variés. Ils montrent enfin la trajectoire de ce long processus d’innovation ponctuée par plusieurs séquences. Agribusiness responds to the imperative needs of food security and economic growth. In the Senegal River valley, this agricultural innovation emerged thanks to the end of the welfare state combined with the low productivity of family farms. This has allowed the emergence of new actors with ambitions linked to contextual realities and who are driving the new dynamics of agriculture. This article aims to analyze the process of setting up agribusiness as an agricultural innovation in the region of the Senegal River Valley as well as the dynamics of appropriation by the diversity of agricultural entrepreneurs present there. Interviews conducted between 2019 and 2020 with private producers based in Thilène, Ndiaye Mbéress, Ross-Béthio and Ngomène in the department of Dagana (Saint-Louis a region of Senegal) and actors of the state extension and agricultural advisory services, namely the National Society for the Exploitation of Lands of the Senegal River Delta and the Valleys of Senegal and Faleme River (SAED) and the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA) have made it possible to identify the components and dynamics of appropriation of this innovation which trace the new trajectory of agriculture resolutely oriented towards the market and the accumulation of profits. The results also indicate that apart from agro-industrial companies, a category of actors made up of family-sized farms, contains a pool of innovative entrepreneurs capable of carrying agricultural initiatives around a more or less complex system with a view to modernizing agricultural practice and carrying the ambitions of achieving food security. They also show that the development of agribusiness in the Senegal River valley is driven by a network of actors with varying levels of involvement and interaction. Finally, they show the trajectory of this long process of innovation punctuated by several sequences.

La végétation contractée de l’ouest du Niger est affectée par les effets des changements climatiques, l’expansion des champs et l’exploitation anarchique du bois qui ont fortement impacté son potentiel de production et de régénération. La connaissance des paramètres de régénération est nécessaire à l’aménagement et la sauvegarde de ce milieu perturbé. L’objectif est d’étudier la régénération de la végétation contractée sur trois sites, le long d’un gradient pluviométrique et d’anthropisation. Sur chaque site, l’inventaire des ligneux adultes a été réalisé dans des placettes de 2500 m² (100 m x 25 m) disposées le long de cinq (5) transects, à raison de huit (8) placettes par transect. Chaque placette a été subdivisée en 100 placeaux de 25 m² (5 m x 5 m) pour l’inventaire et la mesure des individus de diamètre inférieur à 4 cm, diamètre minimum d’exploitation, considéré comme appartenant à la régénération. Les résultats ont montré une augmentation de la densité de régénération suivant le gradient pluviométrique et d’anthropisation. La famille des Combretaceae a révélé les meilleures capacités de régénération sur l’ensemble des sites investigués. Les autres espèces ont une importance spécifique de régénération très faible ou nulle selon le site. Malgré la péjoration des conditions climatiques et les pressions anthropiques, le taux de régénération sont supérieurs à 50 %. Ceci traduit une certaine résilience des formations végétales contractées. The contracted vegetation of western Niger is affected by the effects of climate change, the expansion of fields and the anarchic exploitation of timber, which have had a major impact on its production and regeneration potential. Knowledge of regeneration parameters is necessary for the management and protection of this disturbed environment. The aim is to study the regeneration of contracted vegetation at three sites, along a rainfall and anthropisation gradient. On each site, the inventory of adult woody plants was carried out in 2500 m² plots (100 m x 25 m) arranged along five (5) transects, with eight (8) plots per transect. Each plot was subdivided into 100 plots of 25 m² (5 m x 5 m) for the inventory and measurement of individuals with a diameter of less than 4 cm, the minimum logging diameter considered to belong to the regeneration. The results showed an increase in regeneration density along the rainfall and human settlement gradient. The Combretaceae family showed the best regeneration capacity on all the sites investigated. The other species had little or no specific regeneration potential, depending on the site. Despite worsening climatic conditions and human pressures, regeneration rates are above 50%. This indicates a certain resilience of the contracted plant formations.

Abstract: This article starts out with asking the question of where lies the heart of private law. Core societal developments and theories (like the European Union or the so-called Private Law Society) would seem to indicate what virtually all private law theorists say as well: the heart of private law is party autonomy – and, one may add, regulation guaranteeing the pre-conditions of a meaningful use of such party autonomy. The article then analyses the fact that traditional areas of the civilian tradition – torts, property, family law, and wills and estates – are much less paradigmatic for this combination than contracts and that, contrary to what the idea of a law of obligations might insinuate, there is not a very extended common core of rules. This is different between contract and company – market and firm. These are indeed the two most important institutions and modes of organization based on party autonomy and, therefore, also subject to extended regulation. In a final section, the article then analyses the cross-roads between both types of institutions and thus sheds light on phenomena of high practical importance, which are, however, too little discussed, namely long-term relationships (so important in a services society), networks of contracts that dominate modern market economies, and third-party effects of the organization – the main problem in the world’s financial crisis. Seeing contract and company as companions helps modernizing both areas. Résumé : La question de départ de cet article est de savoir quel est le pillier central du droit privé. D’après les grands concepts de droit et de la société – l’Union Européenne et la théorie d’une société de droit privé – et la théorie de droit privé dominante, ce pillier est l’autonomie privée – et, également, les règles (‘regulation’) garantissant l’exercice de cette autonomie. L’article analyse ensuite des domaines qui sont traditionnellement considérés comme constituant le noyau de la tradition civiliste et constate qu’aucun d’eux – la responsabilité extracontractuelle, le droit de la propriété, de la famille et des successions – ne s’appuie autant sur cette combinaison, autonomie et règles s’y afférant, que le droit des contrats et que, en fait, les règles communes sont peu nombreuses. Ceci est différent s’agissant du contrat et de la société – les deux institutions qui sont en fait les plus caractérisées par la combinaison entre autonomie/règle. Pour cela, l’article analyse quelques parallélismes entre droit des contrats et droit des sociétés, notamment : le concept des relations de longue durée (essentielles dans une société de services), la notion de réseau (qui domine les économies de marché de nos jours) et l’idée que ces formes d’organisation ont des effets sur les tiers (la crise financière en a apporté clairement la preuve). Mettre à jour les parallèles existant entre les notions de contratet de société devrait faire avancer la discussion dans ces deux domaines.

SummaryAmbatovaky Special Reserve was created in 1956 and is the largest lowland rainforest reserve in Madagascar, comprising more than half of the total area of this habitat represented in the country's protected area system, yet there are no measures in place actively to protect it, due to its remoteness and a lack of funds. This study in February-March 1990, part of the first faunal survey to be undertaken in the reserve, found seven threatened, five near-threatened and two other localized bird species. In itself this would make the reserve an important site for conservation. However, three of the finds are of particular note: Ambatovaky is one of only two known sites for the Red-tailed Newtonia Newtonia fanovanae which was rediscovered in 1989; a dead Madagascar Serpent-eagle Eutriorchis astur was found - the first specimen since 1930 of one of the world's rarest raptors; and the White-breasted Mesite Mesitornis variegata was discovered in rainforest where Brown Mesite M. unicolor was also present, this being the only known case of sympatry within the endemic Mesitornithidae family. Shifting cultivation threatens the habitat of all these species and an integrated plan for conservation and sustainable development for the local people is urgently needed.La Réserve Spéciale d'Ambatovaky a été crée en 1956 et représente la plus grande réserve de forêt pluviale à basse altitude de Madagascar. Elle couvre plus de la moitié de la superficie totale de cet habitat, intégrée au système de zones protégées du pays. Pourtant, à cause de l'isolement géographique et du manque de ressources financières, aucune mesure de protection active n'a pu être encore mise en place. Cette étude accom-plie en février-mars 1990, et faisant partie de la première recherche menée sur la faune de cette réserve, a permis de découvrir sept espéces d'oiseaux menacées, cinq especes presque menacees et deux espèces locales. En soi, cela suffirait pour dormer à cette réserve le statut de site important pour la conservation. Cependant, trois de ces decouvertes méritent une attention particulière: Ambatovaky est l'un des deux seuls sites connus abritant la Newtonia fanovanae qui a été redécouverte en 1989; un aigle-autour de Madagascar, l'Eutriorchis astur a été trouvé mort - le premier spécimen depuis 1930 de l'un des rapaces les plus rares au monde; et le Mesitornis variegata, découvert dans la forêt pluviale où le Mesitornis unicolor éiait également présent, ceci représentant le seul cas connu de sympatrie à l'intérieur de la famille endémique des Mesitornithidae. L'exten-sion des cultures agricoles menace l'habitat de toutes ces espèces, et il est urgent d'établir un plan de conservation et de développement pour la population locale compatible avec l a conservation des ressources naturelles.

Abstract Abstract 1737 Poster Board I-763 We previously reported the efficacy and B-cell selectivity of the natural product silvestrol in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), using both primary cells and B-cell lines. We also showed that silvestrol inhibits translation, resulting in rapid depletion of the short half-life protein Mcl-1 followed by mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Cencic et al. reported that silvestrol directly blocks translation initiation by aberrantly promoting interaction of eIF4A with capped mRNA (PLoS One 2009; 4(4):e5223). However, the loss of Mcl-1 in breast and prostate cancer cell lines is delayed relative to what we observe in B-leukemias (48 hr vs. 4-6 hr in CLL and ALL cells). Additionally, silvestrol does not reduce Mcl-1 expression in normal T-cells to the same extent that it does in B-cells, potentially explaining in part the relative resistance of T-cells to this agent. We therefore investigated cell-type differences, as well as the importance of Mcl-1, in silvestrol-mediated cytotoxicity. We incubated the ALL cell line 697 with gradually increasing concentrations of silvestrol to generate a cell line (697-R) with resistance to 30 nM silvestrol (IC50 of parental 697 < 5 nM). No differences between 697-R and the parental line were detected upon detailed immunophenotyping. However, cytogenetic analysis revealed a balanced 7q;9p translocation in 697-R not present in the parental 697 cell line that may be related to the emergence of a resistant clone. We also detected no difference in expression of multi-drug resistance proteins MDR-1 and MRP, which can contribute to resistance to complex amphipathic molecules such as silvestrol. In contrast, we found that baseline Mcl-1 protein expression is strikingly increased in 697-R cells relative to the parental line, although these cells still show similar percent-wise reduction in Mcl-1 upon re-exposure to 80 nM silvestrol. To investigate whether this resistance to silvestrol is reversible, 697-R cells were maintained without silvestrol for 6 weeks (∼18 passages). During this time, viability remained near 99%. Cells were then treated with 30 nM silvestrol. Viability was 94% at 48 hr post-treatment and returned to 99% within a week, while parental 697 cells with the same treatment were completely dead. Baseline Mcl-1 levels remained elevated in 697-R even with prolonged silvestrol-free incubation. These results indicate that the resistance phenotype is not rapidly reversible, as is seen with transient upregulation of multi-drug resistance or stress-response proteins. Additionally, silvestrol moderately induces the transcription of several pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and results in elevated levels of these proteins despite its translation inhibitory activity. Interestingly, no such activity is detected in silvestrol-treated normal T-cells. Together, these results support the hypothesis that in B-cells, silvestrol induces cell death by altering the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, and that increased Mcl-1 protein can force the balance back toward survival. This work further underscores the importance of Mcl-1 in silvestrol-mediated cytotoxicity. We are now investigating the mechanism of Mcl-1 upregulation in 697-R cells to identify a factor or pathway that can be targeted therapeutically to circumvent resistance. Silvestrol is currently undergoing preclinical pharmacology and toxicology investigation by the U.S. National Cancer Institute Drug Development Group at the Stage IIA level to facilitate its progression to Phase I clinical testing. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

RésuméLe marché domestique du bois d’œuvre, empreint d’informalité et de pratiques illégales dans les pays du Bassin du Congo en général et au Gabon en particulier, est très largement méconnu et peu documenté. C’est aussi le cas de la gouvernance relative à la gestion de ce secteur. Dans le contexte actuel de légalité préconisée dans les activités forestières, le Gabon s’est engagé à améliorer la pratique de la légalité dans ses activités forestières. Cette étude vise à analyser la législation et la réglementation en vigueur relatives à l’attribution des permis d’exploitation artisanale de bois d’œuvre au Gabon. L’approche de collecte des données est basée sur une revue de littérature suivie de l’analyse des Forces, Faiblesses, Opportunités et Menaces (FFOM) de la législation et de la réglementation en matière de gestion du secteur domestique du bois d’œuvre au Gabon. De cette analyse, il ressort que pour satisfaire les besoins des populations locales vis-à-vis des titres ou autorisations d’exploitation de type artisanal, le permis de gré à gré (PGG), la forêt communautaire (FC), l’autorisation spéciale de coupe (ASC) et l’autorisation de coupe de bois pour le sciage de long (ACBSL) ont été créés, et ceci en remplacement des coupes familiales (CF) et du permis spécial (PS). L’introduction des PGG, FC, ASC et ACBSL donnent ainsi naissance à la notion de gestion participative ou cogestion des ressources forestières, de satisfaction des droits d’usages coutumiers et de conduite des projets d’intérêts communautaires au bénéfice des populations locales. Bien que l’administration forestière demeure toujours l’institution clé dans la gestion et l’attribution des titres d’exploitation artisanale de bois d’œuvre, cependant elle tend à transférer ses pouvoirs aux autres organes de gestion. Par ailleurs, les seuls titres reconnus par le code forestier actuel (2001) au Gabon sont le PGG (bien que suspendu d’attribution depuis 2010), l’ASC, les FC et l’ACBSL. Pourtant, les CF et le PS n’ont été définitivement suspendus qu’en 2005 et 2010 respectivement alors que l’ASL continue à être délivrée, et ceci en dépit du fait que ce titre soit issu de la loi forestière n°1/82, déjà abrogée. De plus, une confusion existe dans la pratique conjuguée de l’ACBSL et l’ASL d’une part, et les concepts de PGG et de FC d’autre part. Une clarification de la pratique de ces titres est donc nécessaire, de même qu’une évaluation des impacts de la multiplicité de leurs attributions sur le terrain (secteur). Ainsi, l’atteinte de ces objectifs est indispensable si le Gabon doit officiellement continuer les négociations APV/FLEGT avec l’UE, en vue d’améliorer la gouvernance forestière et la pratique de la légalité dans ses activités forestières, particulièrement pour le marché domestique du bois d’œuvre.AbstractThe domestic lumber market, marked by informality and illegal practices in the Congo Basin countries in general and Gabon in particular, is largely unknown and poorly documented. This is also the case of governance related to the management of this sector. In the current context of legality advocated in forest activities, Gabon is committed to improving the practice of legality in its forestry activities. This study aims to analyze the legislation and regulations in force concerning the allocation of artisanal logging permits in Gabon. The data collection approach is based on a literature review followed by analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of legislation and regulations for the management of the domestic softwood lumber sector. Gabon. From this analysis, it appears that to satisfy the needs of the local populations vis-à-vis the titles or authorizations of exploitation of artisanal type, the license of mutual-agreement (PGG), the forest community (FC), the authorization Special Cutting (ASC) and Wood Cutting Permission for Long Sawing (ACBSL) were created, and this in lieu of Family Cutting (CF) and Special Permit (PS). The introduction of PGGs, FCs, ASCs and ACBSLs thus gives rise to the notion of participatory management or co-management of forest resources, satisfaction of customary use rights and the conduct of projects of community interest for the benefit of local populations.Although the forest administration is still the key institution in the management and allocation of artisanal logging titles, it tends to transfer its powers to other management bodies. In addition, the only titles recognized by the current Forest Code (2001) in Gabon are the PGG (although suspended since 2010), the CSA, the CF and the ACBSL. However, the CF and the PS were permanently suspended only in 2005 and 2010 respectively while the ASL continues to be issued, and this despite the fact that this title is derived from the forestry law n ° 1/82 , already repealed. Moreover, there is confusion in the combined practice of ACBSL and ASL on the one hand, and the concepts of PGG and FC on the other. A clarification of the practice of these titles is therefore necessary, as well as an evaluation of the impacts of the multiplicity of their attributions on the ground (sector). Thus, achieving these objectives is essential if Gabon is to formally continue the VPA / FLEGT negotiations with the EU, with a view to improving forest governance and the practice of legality in its forestry activities, particularly for the domestic market. timber.Key words: Forest governance, legality, title, artisanal timber harvesting

SIRANUSH HOVHANNISYAN - “THE CENCI” TRAGEDY BY P. B. SHELLEY THROUGH THE EYES OF THE XXI CENTURY READER The article touches upon the literary views of P. B . Shelley, representative of the Romantic period, focusing on the ideology of "The Cenci" tragedy. The core issues of the tragedy are presented in the light of the reality of the XXI century. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that the topics discussed in the tragedy are relevant in the XXI century, particularly focusing on the eternal struggle between the light and darkness, the destruction of family structures, and the vicious phenomenon of remaining indifferent towards the voice of a woman, within the context of falling victim to violence.

Abstract The figure of Beatrice Cenci was, according to Melville, the embodiment of those “two most horrible crimes possible to civilized humanity--incest and parricide." Nevertheless, she enjoyed a curious popularity as a subject in late eighteenth and nineteenth-century Atlantic-rim literary culture. Indeed, the renewed fascination with her story indicates several important psychological as well as social themes that authors as diverse as Walpole, Shelley, Swinburne, Hawthorne, Melville, Dickens, and Wharton all attempted to delineate. Although critics have analyzed the Cenci figure in Pierre and The Marble Faun before, comparing the use of this motif in relation to the earlier British works allows us a different perspective on an obvious though neglected theme in the two novels. In addition, the focus on the Cenci narrative in Atlantic-rim culture allows us to examine how a representation crosses cultures, nationalities, and ideologies in order to articulate common concerns and anxieties. In British gothic works the representation of Beatrice speaks to the horrific and corrupt power of the mother and father, both as brutal governmental force, an insane ruler, and a despotic and sadistic mater or pater familias, the head of the corrupted and polluted family. Further, the spectre of incest (sibling and parental) that stalks British gothic and romantic texts speaks to an ideologically conflicted posture. In works by Byron and Shelley, sibling incest is sometimes idealized (i.e., Manfred or Laon and Cythna), while in Shelley’s The Cenci incestuous rape by the father of his daughter (with broad suggestions of sodomy as well) is the most pernicious and evil act that can be committed. Clearly, the British romantics were of a divided mind about incest as a literary trope for the reunion of self and other. By the time the Cenci legend transmutes and reappears in America, however, Melville and Hawthorne are placing even heavier weight on the representation and its associations. Both of their works ask the questions: What is the nature of human history? What power does the past hold over the present and the future? Can Americans overthrow their European heritage and establish a new Garden in America, or is that promise blasted and futile? Both Pierre and The Marble Faun, although different from each other in their treatments of human nature and society, are particularly American works in criticizing the notion that a new order can replace the corrupt and rejected world of the fathers. Whereas Shelley's play ultimately condemns Beatrice for revenge on her father, neither Melville nor Hawthorne’s works do, although both see her as an omen predicting the failure of America to achieve its original promise.

Historical research of the noble families of the Habsburg Empire occupies an important place in the concerns of the researchers interested in the social elites. !e approach, as interesting, as necessary, is meant to contextualize and provide important data on the involvement of the nobility in the social, political and ecclesiastical life of the Empire. To fully understand the asset of nobility for the multicultural, multiethnic and multireligious space of the Banat region, it is necessary to present all the noble families, regardless of their ethnic and religious a"liation. In this context, the presentation of the family Vuchetich nobles of Brinye and Ceney can bring clari#cation also on the establishment of the Croatian families in the region of Banat, as well as on the role played by this family in the noble elites of the time.

Mothers experiencing homelessness are seldom asked about past trauma that may be causal to housing instability and poor health. There are also few validated trauma-focused interventions in family shelters. To address this gap, we tested the feasibility and acceptability of the trauma-focused clinical ethnographic narrative intervention (CENI-TF) in increasing mothers’ trauma disclosure, appraisal of its meaning in their lives, and help-seeking behaviors. We also present the qualitative findings to contextualize the intervention. Findings are organized under three major domains and nine subthemes that capture participants’ voices and experiences. The CENI-TF has the potential to promote help-seeking behaviors and interrupt recurring cycles of trauma and housing instability in this at-risk population.

Abstract: Some see in telework a way to better balance professional and personal or family responsibilities. We analyzed the data on telework in the Workplace Employee Survey (WES) and found that only a small percentage of workers indicate that they telework because of family obligations, while for two thirds, it is because of employers’ demands. Data is compared according to gender and number of children, and again this highlights the fact that work–family balance is not the main reason for working at home. The data show that it is employers’ requirements that explain the majority of hours of work done at home. Résumé : Certains voient dans le télétravail une façon de mieux concilier les responsabilités parentales et professionnelles. Nous présentons ici une analyse des données de l’Enquête sur le milieu de travail en évolution, et constatons plutôt que ce sont les exigences de l’employeur qui amènent les gens à travailler à la maison. Les données sont comparées selon le sexe, ainsi que le nombre d’enfants, et ceci permet de montrer que la conciliation emploi-famille n’est pas la principale raison pour travailler à domicile. Les données indiquent que ce sont les demandes des employeurs qui expliquent l’importance des heures de travail effectuées à domicile.

SOMMARIO: 1. Osservazioni introduttive circa la disciplina degli enti religiosi alla luce del codice del Terzo settore - 2. Cenni al binomio sport-religione - 3. Il caso del Centro Sportivo Italiano (CSI) - 4. Brevi considerazioni conclusive alla luce del documento “Dare il meglio di sé”. Religious inspired sports bodies. The ‘Centro Sportivo Italiano’ case. ABSTRACT: After an overview and highlighting of the most recent changes introduced to the Code of the Third Sector and of the wide range of interplay and frictions between religion and sport, from a legal perspective, the contribution focuses on the religious inspired sports bodies. Among these, the paper discusses the case of the Centro Sportivo Italiano and examines its statutes and association pact that outline the Catholic religious orientation. The essay ends by considering the 2018 document “Giving the best of yourself” of the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life, which can be described as the first real Catholic manifesto on the Catholic perspective on sport and human person.

Background: Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancers cases, which had been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that centromere proteins were dysregulated and involved in regulating the tumorigenesis and development of human cancers. However, the roles of centromere protein family members in NSCLC remained to be further elucidated Objective: The present study aimed to explore the roles of centromere protein family members in NSCLC. Method: GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/) was used to analyze the target's expression between normal and human cancers. We explored the prognostic value of centromere proteins in NSCLC using the Kaplan–Meier plotter (http://kmplot.com). The protein-protein interaction among centromere proteins were determined using GeneMANIA (http://www.genemania.org). TISIDB (http://cis.hku.hk/TISIDB) database was used to detect the relationship between centromere proteins expression and clinical stages, lymphocytes, immunomodulators and chemokines in NSCLC. The DAVID database (https://david.ncifcrf.gov) was used to detect potential roles of CENPK using its co-expressing genes Results: The present study for the first time showed that centromere protein family members including CENPA, CENPF, CENPH, CENPI, CENPK, CENPM, CENPN, CENPO, CENPQ, CENPU were dysregulated and correlated to the poor prognosis of patients with LUAD. CENPK showed the greatest correlation with the prognosis of patients with NSCLC. We found that CENPK was significantly highly expressed in LUAD samples and overexpression of CENPK was remarkably correlated to the shorter OS and DFS on patients with different stage NSCLC. Of note, this study for the first time showed that CENPK was significantly correlated to the lymphocytes and immunomodulators using the TISIDB database Conclusion: Therefore, CENPK may prove to be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of patients with NSCLC

Biology teaches us that organisms adapt—or don’t; sociology claims that people adapt—or don’t. We know that ideas can adapt; sometimes even institutions can adapt. Or not. Various papers in this issue attest in exciting ways to precisely such adaptations and maladaptations. (See, for example, the articles in this issue by Lelia Green, Leesa Bonniface, and Tami McMahon, by Lexey A. Bartlett, and by Debra Ferreday.) Adaptation is a part of nature and culture, but it’s the latter alone that interests me here. (However, see the article by Hutcheon and Bortolotti for a discussion of nature and culture together.) It’s no news to anyone that not only adaptations, but all art is bred of other art, though sometimes artists seem to get carried away. My favourite example of excess of association or attribution can be found in the acknowledgements page to a verse drama called Beatrice Chancy by the self-defined “maximalist” (not minimalist) poet, novelist, librettist, and critic, George Elliot Clarke. His selected list of the incarnations of the story of Beatrice Cenci, a sixteenth-century Italian noblewoman put to death for the murder of her father, includes dramas, romances, chronicles, screenplays, parodies, sculptures, photographs, and operas: dramas by Vincenzo Pieracci (1816), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1819), Juliusz Slowacki (1843), Waldter Landor (1851), Antonin Artaud (1935) and Alberto Moravia (1958); the romances by Francesco Guerrazi (1854), Henri Pierangeli (1933), Philip Lindsay (1940), Frederic Prokosch (1955) and Susanne Kircher (1976); the chronicles by Stendhal (1839), Mary Shelley (1839), Alexandre Dumas, père (1939-40), Robert Browning (1864), Charles Swinburne (1883), Corrado Ricci (1923), Sir Lionel Cust (1929), Kurt Pfister (1946) and Irene Mitchell (1991); the film/screenplay by Bertrand Tavernier and Colo O’Hagan (1988); the parody by Kathy Acker (1993); the sculpture by Harriet Hosmer (1857); the photograph by Julia Ward Cameron (1866); and the operas by Guido Pannain (1942), Berthold Goldschmidt (1951, 1995) and Havergal Brian (1962). (Beatrice Chancy, 152) He concludes the list with: “These creators have dallied with Beatrice Cenci, but I have committed indiscretions” (152). An “intertextual feast”, by Clarke’s own admission, this rewriting of Beatrice’s story—especially Percy Bysshe Shelley’s own verse play, The Cenci—illustrates brilliantly what Northrop Frye offered as the first principle of the production of literature: “literature can only derive its form from itself” (15). But in the last several decades, what has come to be called intertextuality theory has shifted thinking away from looking at this phenomenon from the point of view of authorial influences on the writing of literature (and works like Harold Bloom’s famous study of the Anxiety of Influence) and toward considering our readerly associations with literature, the connections we (not the author) make—as we read. We, the readers, have become “empowered”, as we say, and we’ve become the object of academic study in our own right. Among the many associations we inevitably make, as readers, is with adaptations of the literature we read, be it of Jane Austin novels or Beowulf. Some of us may have seen the 2006 rock opera of Beowulf done by the Irish Repertory Theatre; others await the new Neil Gaiman animated film. Some may have played the Beowulf videogame. I personally plan to miss the upcoming updated version that makes Beowulf into the son of an African explorer. But I did see Sturla Gunnarsson’s Beowulf and Grendel film, and yearned to see the comic opera at the Lincoln Centre Festival in 2006 called Grendel, the Transcendence of the Great Big Bad. I am not really interested in whether these adaptations—all in the last year or so—signify Hollywood’s need for a new “monster of the week” or are just the sign of a desire to cash in on the success of The Lord of the Rings. For all I know they might well act as an ethical reminder of the human in the alien in a time of global strife (see McGee, A4). What interests me is the impact these multiple adaptations can have on the reader of literature as well as on the production of literature. Literature, like painting, is usually thought of as what Nelson Goodman (114) calls a one-stage art form: what we read (like what we see on a canvas) is what is put there by the originating artist. Several major consequences follow from this view. First, the implication is that the work is thus an original and new creation by that artist. However, even the most original of novelists—like Salman Rushdie—are the first to tell you that stories get told and retold over and over. Indeed his controversial novel, The Satanic Verses, takes this as a major theme. Works like the Thousand and One Nights are crucial references in all of his work. As he writes in Haroun and the Sea of Stories: “no story comes from nowhere; new stories are born of old” (86). But illusion of originality is only one of the implications of seeing literature as a one-stage art form. Another is the assumption that what the writer put on paper is what we read. But entire doctoral programs in literary production and book history have been set up to study how this is not the case, in fact. Editors influence, even change, what authors want to write. Designers control how we literally see the work of literature. Beatrice Chancy’s bookend maps of historical Acadia literally frame how we read the historical story of the title’s mixed-race offspring of an African slave and a white slave owner in colonial Nova Scotia in 1801. Media interest or fashion or academic ideological focus may provoke a publisher to foreground in the physical presentation different elements of a text like this—its stress on race, or gender, or sexuality. The fact that its author won Canada’s Governor General’s Award for poetry might mean that the fact that this is a verse play is emphasised. If the book goes into a second edition, will a new preface get added, changing the framework for the reader once again? As Katherine Larson has convincingly shown, the paratextual elements that surround a work of literature like this one become a major site of meaning generation. What if literature were not a one-stage an art form at all? What if it were, rather, what Goodman calls “two-stage” (114)? What if we accept that other artists, other creators, are needed to bring it to life—editors, publishers, and indeed readers? In a very real and literal sense, from our (audience) point of view, there may be no such thing as a one-stage art work. Just as the experience of literature is made possible for readers by the writer, in conjunction with a team of professional and creative people, so, arguably all art needs its audience to be art; the un-interpreted, un-experienced art work is not worth calling art. Goodman resists this move to considering literature a two-stage art, not at all sure that readings are end products the way that performance works are (114). Plays, films, television shows, or operas would be his prime examples of two-stage arts. In each of these, a text (a playtext, a screenplay, a score, a libretto) is moved from page to stage or screen and given life, by an entire team of creative individuals: directors, actors, designers, musicians, and so on. Literary adaptations to the screen or stage are usually considered as yet another form of this kind of transcription or transposition of a written text to a performance medium. But the verbal move from the “book” to the diminutive “libretto” (in Italian, little book or booklet) is indicative of a view that sees adaptation as a step downward, a move away from a primary literary “source”. In fact, an entire negative rhetoric of “infidelity” has developed in both journalistic reviewing and academic discourse about adaptations, and it is a morally loaded rhetoric that I find surprising in its intensity. Here is the wonderfully critical description of that rhetoric by the king of film adaptation critics, Robert Stam: Terms like “infidelity,” “betrayal,” “deformation,” “violation,” “bastardisation,” “vulgarisation,” and “desecration” proliferate in adaptation discourse, each word carrying its specific charge of opprobrium. “Infidelity” carries overtones of Victorian prudishness; “betrayal” evokes ethical perfidy; “bastardisation” connotes illegitimacy; “deformation” implies aesthetic disgust and monstrosity; “violation” calls to mind sexual violence; “vulgarisation” conjures up class degradation; and “desecration” intimates religious sacrilege and blasphemy. (3) I join many others today, like Stam, in challenging the persistence of this fidelity discourse in adaptation studies, thereby providing yet another example of what, in his article here called “The Persistence of Fidelity: Adaptation Theory Today,” John Connor has called the “fidelity reflex”—the call to end an obsession with fidelity as the sole criterion for judging the success of an adaptation. But here I want to come at this same issue of the relation of adaptation to the adapted text from another angle. When considering an adaptation of a literary work, there are other reasons why the literary “source” text might be privileged. Literature has historical priority as an art form, Stam claims, and so in some people’s eyes will always be superior to other forms. But does it actually have priority? What about even earlier performative forms like ritual and song? Or to look forward, instead of back, as Tim Barker urges us to do in his article here, what about the new media’s additions to our repertoire with the advent of electronic technology? How can we retain this hierarchy of artistic forms—with literature inevitably on top—in a world like ours today? How can both the Romantic ideology of original genius and the capitalist notion of individual authorship hold up in the face of the complex reality of the production of literature today (as well as in the past)? (In “Amen to That: Sampling and Adapting the Past”, Steve Collins shows how digital technology has changed the possibilities of musical creativity in adapting/sampling.) Like many other ages before our own, adaptation is rampant today, as director Spike Jonze and screenwriter Charlie Kaufman clearly realised in creating Adaptation, their meta-cinematic illustration-as-send-up film about adaptation. But rarely has a culture denigrated the adapter as a secondary and derivative creator as much as we do the screenwriter today—as Jonze explores with great irony. Michelle McMerrin and Sergio Rizzo helpfully explain in their pieces here that one of the reasons for this is the strength of auteur theory in film criticism. But we live in a world in which works of literature have been turned into more than films. We now have literary adaptations in the forms of interactive new media works and videogames; we have theme parks; and of course, we have the more common television series, radio and stage plays, musicals, dance works, and operas. And, of course, we now have novelisations of films—and they are not given the respect that originary novels are given: it is the adaptation as adaptation that is denigrated, as Deborah Allison shows in “Film/Print: Novelisations and Capricorn One”. Adaptations across media are inevitably fraught, and for complex and multiple reasons. The financing and distribution issues of these widely different media alone inevitably challenge older capitalist models. The need or desire to appeal to a global market has consequences for adaptations of literature, especially with regard to its regional and historical specificities. These particularities are what usually get adapted or “indigenised” for new audiences—be they the particularities of the Spanish gypsy Carmen (see Ioana Furnica, “Subverting the ‘Good, Old Tune’”), those of the Japanese samurai genre (see Kevin P. Eubanks, “Becoming-Samurai: Samurai [Films], Kung-Fu [Flicks] and Hip-Hop [Soundtracks]”), of American hip hop graffiti (see Kara-Jane Lombard, “‘To Us Writers, the Differences Are Obvious’: The Adaptation of Hip Hop Graffiti to an Australian Context”) or of Jane Austen’s fiction (see Suchitra Mathur, “From British ‘Pride’ to Indian ‘Bride’: Mapping the Contours of a Globalised (Post?)Colonialism”). What happens to the literary text that is being adapted, often multiple times? Rather than being displaced by the adaptation (as is often feared), it most frequently gets a new life: new editions of the book appear, with stills from the movie adaptation on its cover. But if I buy and read the book after seeing the movie, I read it differently than I would have before I had seen the film: in effect, the book, not the adaptation, has become the second and even secondary text for me. And as I read, I can only “see” characters as imagined by the director of the film; the cinematic version has taken over, has even colonised, my reader’s imagination. The literary “source” text, in my readerly, experiential terms, becomes the secondary work. It exists on an experiential continuum, in other words, with its adaptations. It may have been created before, but I only came to know it after. What if I have read the literary work first, and then see the movie? In my imagination, I have already cast the characters: I know what Gabriel and Gretta Conroy of James Joyce’s story, “The Dead,” look and sound like—in my imagination, at least. Then along comes John Huston’s lush period piece cinematic adaptation and the director superimposes his vision upon mine; his forcibly replaces mine. But, in this particular case, Huston still arguably needs my imagination, or at least my memory—though he may not have realised it fully in making the film. When, in a central scene in the narrative, Gabriel watches his wife listening, moved, to the singing of the Irish song, “The Lass of Aughrim,” what we see on screen is a concerned, intrigued, but in the end rather blank face: Gabriel doesn’t alter his expression as he listens and watches. His expression may not change—but I know exactly what he is thinking. Huston does not tell us; indeed, without the use of voice-over, he cannot. And since the song itself is important, voice-over is impossible. But I know exactly what he is thinking: I’ve read the book. I fill in the blank, so to speak. Gabriel looks at Gretta and thinks: There was grace and mystery in her attitude as if she were a symbol of something. He asked himself what is a woman standing on the stairs in the shadow, listening to distant music, a symbol of. If he were a painter he would paint her in that attitude. … Distant Music he would call the picture if he were a painter. (210) A few pages later the narrator will tell us: At last she turned towards them and Gabriel saw that there was colour on her cheeks and that her eyes were shining. A sudden tide of joy went leaping out of his heart. (212) This joy, of course, puts him in a very different—disastrously different—state of mind than his wife, who (we later learn) is remembering a young man who sang that song to her when she was a girl—and who died, for love of her. I know this—because I’ve read the book. Watching the movie, I interpret Gabriel’s blank expression in this knowledge. Just as the director’s vision can colonise my visual and aural imagination, so too can I, as reader, supplement the film’s silence with the literary text’s inner knowledge. The question, of course, is: should I have to do so? Because I have read the book, I will. But what if I haven’t read the book? Will I substitute my own ideas, from what I’ve seen in the rest of the film, or from what I’ve experienced in my own life? Filmmakers always have to deal with this problem, of course, since the camera is resolutely externalising, and actors must reveal their inner worlds through bodily gesture or facial expression for the camera to record and for the spectator to witness and comprehend. But film is not only a visual medium: it uses music and sound, and it also uses words—spoken words within the dramatic situation, words overheard on the street, on television, but also voice-over words, spoken by a narrating figure. Stephen Dedalus escapes from Ireland at the end of Joseph Strick’s 1978 adaptation of Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man with the same words as he does in the novel, where they appear as Stephen’s diary entry: Amen. So be it. Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race. … Old father, old artificer, stand me now and ever in good stead. (253) The words from the novel also belong to the film as film, with its very different story, less about an artist than about a young Irishman finally able to escape his family, his religion and his country. What’s deliberately NOT in the movie is the irony of Joyce’s final, benign-looking textual signal to his reader: Dublin, 1904 Trieste, 1914 The first date is the time of Stephen’s leaving Dublin—and the time of his return, as we know from the novel Ulysses, the sequel, if you like, to this novel. The escape was short-lived! Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has an ironic structure that has primed its readers to expect not escape and triumph but something else. Each chapter of the novel has ended on this kind of personal triumphant high; the next has ironically opened with Stephen mired in the mundane and in failure. Stephen’s final words in both film and novel remind us that he really is an Icarus figure, following his “Old father, old artificer”, his namesake, Daedalus. And Icarus, we recall, takes a tumble. In the novel version, we are reminded that this is the portrait of the artist “as a young man”—later, in 1914, from the distance of Trieste (to which he has escaped) Joyce, writing this story, could take some ironic distance from his earlier persona. There is no such distance in the film version. However, it stands alone, on its own; Joyce’s irony is not appropriate in Strick’s vision. His is a different work, with its own message and its own, considerably more romantic and less ironic power. Literary adaptations are their own things—inspired by, based on an adapted text but something different, something other. I want to argue that these works adapted from literature are now part of our readerly experience of that literature, and for that reason deserve the same attention we give to the literary, and not only the same attention, but also the same respect. I am a literarily trained person. People like me who love words, already love plays, but shouldn’t we also love films—and operas, and musicals, and even videogames? There is no need to denigrate words that are heard (and visualised) in order to privilege words that are read. Works of literature can have afterlives in their adaptations and translations, just as they have pre-lives, in terms of influences and models, as George Eliot Clarke openly allows in those acknowledgements to Beatrice Chancy. I want to return to that Canadian work, because it raises for me many of the issues about adaptation and language that I see at the core of our literary distrust of the move away from the written, printed text. I ended my recent book on adaptation with a brief examination of this work, but I didn’t deal with this particular issue of language. So I want to return to it, as to unfinished business. Clarke is, by the way, clear in the verse drama as well as in articles and interviews that among the many intertexts to Beatrice Chancy, the most important are slave narratives, especially one called Celia, a Slave, and Shelley’s play, The Cenci. Both are stories of mistreated and subordinated women who fight back. Since Clarke himself has written at length about the slave narratives, I’m going to concentrate here on Shelley’s The Cenci. The distance from Shelley’s verse play to Clarke’s verse play is a temporal one, but it is also geographic and ideological one: from the old to the new world, and from a European to what Clarke calls an “Africadian” (African Canadian/African Acadian) perspective. Yet both poets were writing political protest plays against unjust authority and despotic power. And they have both become plays that are more read than performed—a sad fate, according to Clarke, for two works that are so concerned with voice. We know that Shelley sought to calibrate the stylistic registers of his work with various dramatic characters and effects to create a modern “mixed” style that was both a return to the ancients and offered a new drama of great range and flexibility where the expression fits what is being expressed (see Bruhn). His polemic against eighteenth-century European dramatic conventions has been seen as leading the way for realist drama later in the nineteenth century, with what has been called its “mixed style mimesis” (Bruhn) Clarke’s adaptation does not aim for Shelley’s perfect linguistic decorum. It mixes the elevated and the biblical with the idiomatic and the sensual—even the vulgar—the lushly poetic with the coarsely powerful. But perhaps Shelley’s idea of appropriate language fits, after all: Beatrice Chancy is a woman of mixed blood—the child of a slave woman and her slave owner; she has been educated by her white father in a convent school. Sometimes that educated, elevated discourse is heard; at other times, she uses the variety of discourses operative within slave society—from religious to colloquial. But all the time, words count—as in all printed and oral literature. Clarke’s verse drama was given a staged reading in Toronto in 1997, but the story’s, if not the book’s, real second life came when it was used as the basis for an opera libretto. Actually the libretto commission came first (from Queen of Puddings Theatre in Toronto), and Clarke started writing what was to be his first of many opera texts. Constantly frustrated by the art form’s demands for concision, he found himself writing two texts at once—a short libretto and a longer, five-act tragic verse play to be published separately. Since it takes considerably longer to sing than to speak (or read) a line of text, the composer James Rolfe keep asking for cuts—in the name of economy (too many singers), because of clarity of action for audience comprehension, or because of sheer length. Opera audiences have to sit in a theatre for a fixed length of time, unlike readers who can put a book down and return to it later. However, what was never sacrificed to length or to the demands of the music was the language. In fact, the double impact of the powerful mixed language and the equally potent music, increases the impact of the literary text when performed in its operatic adaptation. Here is the verse play version of the scene after Beatrice’s rape by her own father, Francis Chancey: I was black but comely. Don’t glance Upon me. This flesh is crumbling Like proved lies. I’m perfumed, ruddied Carrion. Assassinated. Screams of mucking juncos scrawled Over the chapel and my nerves, A stickiness, as when he finished Maculating my thighs and dress. My eyes seep pus; I can’t walk: the floors Are tizzy, dented by stout mauling. Suddenly I would like poison. The flesh limps from my spine. My inlets crimp. Vultures flutter, ghastly, without meaning. I can see lice swarming the air. … His scythe went shick shick shick and slashed My flowers; they lay, murdered, in heaps. (90) The biblical and the violent meet in the texture of the language. And none of that power gets lost in the opera adaptation, despite cuts and alterations for easier aural comprehension. I was black but comely. Don’t look Upon me: this flesh is dying. I’m perfumed, bleeding carrion, My eyes weep pus, my womb’s sopping With tears; I can hardly walk: the floors Are tizzy, the sick walls tumbling, Crumbling like proved lies. His scythe went shick shick shick and cut My flowers; they lay in heaps, murdered. (95) Clarke has said that he feels the libretto is less “literary” in his words than the verse play, for it removes the lines of French, Latin, Spanish and Italian that pepper the play as part of the author’s critique of the highly educated planter class in Nova Scotia: their education did not guarantee ethical behaviour (“Adaptation” 14). I have not concentrated on the music of the opera, because I wanted to keep the focus on the language. But I should say that the Rolfe’s score is as historically grounded as Clarke’s libretto: it is rooted in African Canadian music (from ring shouts to spirituals to blues) and in Scottish fiddle music and local reels of the time, not to mention bel canto Italian opera. However, the music consciously links black and white traditions in a way that Clarke’s words and story refuse: they remain stubbornly separate, set in deliberate tension with the music’s resolution. Beatrice will murder her father, and, at the very moment that Nova Scotia slaves are liberated, she and her co-conspirators will be hanged for that murder. Unlike the printed verse drama, the shorter opera libretto functions like a screenplay, if you will. It is not so much an autonomous work unto itself, but it points toward a potential enactment or embodiment in performance. Yet, even there, Clarke cannot resist the lure of words—even though they are words that no audience will ever hear. The stage directions for Act 3, scene 2 of the opera read: “The garden. Slaves, sunflowers, stars, sparks” (98). The printed verse play is full of these poetic associative stage directions, suggesting that despite his protestations to the contrary, Clarke may have thought of that version as one meant to be read by the eye. After Beatrice’s rape, the stage directions read: “A violin mopes. Invisible shovelsful of dirt thud upon the scene—as if those present were being buried alive—like ourselves” (91). Our imaginations—and emotions—go to work, assisted by the poet’s associations. There are many such textual helpers—epigraphs, photographs, notes—that we do not have when we watch and listen to the opera. We do have the music, the staged drama, the colours and sounds as well as the words of the text. As Clarke puts the difference: “as a chamber opera, Beatrice Chancy has ascended to television broadcast. But as a closet drama, it play only within the reader’s head” (“Adaptation” 14). Clarke’s work of literature, his verse drama, is a “situated utterance, produced in one medium and in one historical and social context,” to use Robert Stam’s terms. In the opera version, it was transformed into another “equally situated utterance, produced in a different context and relayed through a different medium” (45-6). I want to argue that both are worthy of study and respect by wordsmiths, by people like me. I realise I’ve loaded the dice: here neither the verse play nor the libretto is primary; neither is really the “source” text, for they were written at the same time and by the same person. But for readers and audiences (my focus and interest here), they exist on a continuum—depending on which we happen to experience first. As Ilana Shiloh explores here, the same is true about the short story and film of Memento. I am not alone in wanting to mount a defence of adaptations. Julie Sanders ends her new book called Adaptation and Appropriation with these words: “Adaptation and appropriation … are, endlessly and wonderfully, about seeing things come back to us in as many forms as possible” (160). The storytelling imagination is an adaptive mechanism—whether manifesting itself in print or on stage or on screen. The study of the production of literature should, I would like to argue, include those other forms taken by that storytelling drive. If I can be forgiven a move to the amusing—but still serious—in concluding, Terry Pratchett puts it beautifully in his fantasy story, Witches Abroad: “Stories, great flapping ribbons of shaped space-time, have been blowing and uncoiling around the universe since the beginning of time. And they have evolved. The weakest have died and the strongest have survived and they have grown fat on the retelling.” In biology as in culture, adaptations reign. References Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. Bruhn, Mark J. “’Prodigious Mixtures and Confusions Strange’: The Self-Subverting Mixed Style of The Cenci.” Poetics Today 22.4 (2001). Clarke, George Elliott. “Beatrice Chancy: A Libretto in Four Acts.” Canadian Theatre Review 96 (1998): 62-79. ———. Beatrice Chancy. Victoria, BC: Polestar, 1999. ———. “Adaptation: Love or Cannibalism? Some Personal Observations”, unpublished manuscript of article. Frye, Northrop. The Educated Imagination. Toronto: CBC, 1963. Goodman, Nelson. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968. Hutcheon, Linda, and Gary R. Bortolotti. “On the Origin of Adaptations: Rethinking Fidelity Discourse and “Success”—Biologically.” New Literary History. Forthcoming. Joyce, James. Dubliners. 1916. New York: Viking, 1967. ———. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 1916. Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1960. Larson, Katherine. “Resistance from the Margins in George Elliott Clarke’s Beatrice Chancy.” Canadian Literature 189 (2006): 103-118. McGee, Celia. “Beowulf on Demand.” New York Times, Arts and Leisure. 30 April 2006. A4. Rushdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. New York: Viking, 1988. ———. Haroun and the Sea of Stories. London: Granta/Penguin, 1990. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London and New York: Routledge, 160. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The Cenci. Ed. George Edward Woodberry. Boston and London: Heath, 1909. Stam, Robert. “Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Adaptation.” Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 1-52. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Hutcheon, Linda. "In Defence of Literary Adaptation as Cultural Production." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/01-hutcheon.php>. APA Style Hutcheon, L. (May 2007) "In Defence of Literary Adaptation as Cultural Production," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/01-hutcheon.php>.

International audience In this paper we give a graph theoretic combinatorial interpretation for the cluster variables that arise in most cluster algebras of finite type. In particular, we provide a family of graphs such that a weighted enumeration of their perfect matchings encodes the numerator of the associated Laurent polynomial while decompositions of the graphs correspond to the denominator. This complements recent work by Schiffler and Carroll-Price for a cluster expansion formula for the $A_n$ case while providing a novel interpretation for the $B_n$, $C_n$, and $D_n$ cases. Dans cet article nous donnons une interprétation combinatoire en termes de théorie des graphes pour les variables de clusters qui apparaissent dans la plupart des algèbres à clusters de type fini. En particulier, nous décrivons une famille de graphes tels qu'une énumération pondérée de leurs matchings parfaits encode le numérateur du polynôme de Laurent associé, tandis que les décompositions du graphe correspondent au dénominateur. Ceci complète les récents travaux de Schiffler et Carroll-Price qui donnent une formule pour le développement d'une variable de cluster dans le cas $A_n$, tout en fournissant une nouvelle interprétation dans les cas $B_n$, $C_n$ et $D_n$.

Introdução: As instituições de ensino têm o compromisso com a formação profissional qualificada, bem como, o de atender as demandas dos usuários que as procuram, devendo estar preparadas para resolução dos seus problemas. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil de crianças atendidas na Clínica-escola do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos/Paraíba. Material e Método: O estudo do tipo transversal descritivo e analítico foi aprovado pelo CEP/HU/UFCG sob parecer n° 2290441. Foram analisados 195 prontuários de pacientes de 2 a 12 anos atendidos no período de novembro de 2012 a maio de 2018. Variáveis demográficas, comportamentais, clínicas e terapêuticas foram coletadas e organizadas em um banco de dados para análise estatística descritiva, por meio do programa SPSS versão 21.0. Resultados: Observou-se um perfil de crianças em sua maioria do gênero feminino, com idade média 8,16 anos, estudantes de instituições públicas, morando com até 6 pessoas e procedentes de Patos/PB. Apresentam um comportamento positivo no ambiente odontológico, sendo consideradas calmas pelos pais. Quanto à procura pelo serviço, a busca por tratamento odontológico, foi relatada, com queixa de má-oclusão e dor de origem dentária, em sua maioria. O índice ceo-d e CPO-D variaram de 0 a 15, com prevalência de cárie de 84,1%. Observou-se ainda que os cuidados em saúde bucal e os hábitos alimentares das crianças eram inadequados. Conclusão: A identificação destas necessidades e a recuperação da saúde bucal, com ênfase na promoção e prevenção, são ações primordiais para o grupo em estudo, permitindo não só a melhoria, como também o controle das doenças bucaisDescritores: Saúde Bucal; Odontologia Comunitária; Odontopediatria.ReferênciasMaske TT, Van de Sande FH, Arthur RA, Huysmans MCDNJM, Cenci MS. In vitro biofilm models to study dental caries: a systematic review. Biofouling. 2017;33(8):661-75.Brasil, Ministério da Saúde. Projeto SB Brasil 2010: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal 2010. Resultados principais. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2011.Fejerskov O, Kidd E. Cárie dentária: a doença e seu tratamento clínico. São Paulo: Santos, 2011.Borges RC, Otoni TAC, Pires RCCP. Avaliação da qualidade do serviço odontológico prestado pela Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de Itaúna, MG, Brasil: visão do usuário, 2014. RFO. Passo Fundo. 2015;20(3):308-12.Uchôa EM, Andrade LHR, Valente AGLR, Tannure PN. 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International audience Recently, Diaconis, Ram and I created Markov chains out of the coproduct-then-product operator on combinatorial Hopf algebras. These chains model the breaking and recombining of combinatorial objects. Our motivating example was the riffle-shuffling of a deck of cards, for which this Hopf algebra connection allowed explicit computation of all the eigenfunctions. The present note replaces in this construction the coproduct-then-product map with convolutions of projections to the graded subspaces, effectively allowing us to dictate the distribution of sizes of the pieces in the breaking step of the previous chains. An important example is removing one “vertex” and reattaching it, in analogy with top-to-random shuffling. This larger family of Markov chains all admit analysis by Hopf-algebraic techniques. There are simple combinatorial expressions for their stationary distributions and for their eigenvalues and multiplicities and, in some cases, the eigenfunctions are also calculable. Récemment, avec Diaconis et Ram, nous avons construit des chaines de Markov à partir de l’opérateur “coproduit-puis-produit” défini sur un algèbre de Hopf combinatoire. Ces chaines modélisent la déconstruction et la construction d’objets combinatoires. La motivation était le “mélange à l’américaine”, une méthode populaire pour mélanger un jeu de cartes, pour lequel les liens avec les algèbres de Hopf combinatoires nous a permis de calculer explicitement toutes les fonctions propres. Ici, on généralise cette construction en remplaçant l’opérateur “coproduit-puis-produit” par les convolutions de projections sur les composantes graduées de l’algèbre. Ceci nous permet de stipuler les tailles des pièces dans la décomposition des objets combinatoires. Un exemple important est la suppression et l’insertion d’un “sommet”, par analogie avec la bibliothèque de Tsetlin. On constate que toutes ces chaines peuvent être analysées par des techniques provenant de la théorie des algèbres de Hopf combinatoires. On prouve des expressions combinatoires simples pour les distributions stationnaires ainsi que pour les valeurs propres et leurs multiplicités. Dans certains cas, il est possible de calculer les fonctions propres associées.