Gotowa bibliografia na temat „CCU”

Recently, in the literature, microscopic simulation is one of the most attractive methods in impact assessment of automated vehicles (AVs) on traffic flow. AVs can be divided into different categories, each having different driving characteristics. Hence, calibrating microscopic simulators for different AV categories could be challenging in AVs’ impact assessment. The PTV Vissim microscopic traffic simulation software has been calibrated for simulating diverse types of AVs in a large body of literature. There are two main streams of studies in literature adapting AVs' driving behaviors in Vissim following either internal (i.e., adjusting the parameters of the Vissim's default driving behavior models) or external (i.e., adapting AVs' behavior through external VISSIM interfaces) modeling approaches. The current paper investigates how the PTV Vissim has been internally calibrated for the simulation of different types of AVs and compares the calibrated values in the literature with default values introduced in the recent version of PTV Vissim. In the present paper, the reviewed studies are partitioned into two main categories according to the characteristics of the studied AVs, the studies focused on autonomous automated vehicles (AAVs) and the ones focused on cooperative automated vehicles (CAVs). Our findings indicate that the literature expects a lower value for parameters including standstill distance (CC0), headway time (CC1), following variation (CC2), the threshold for entering “following” (CC3), negative/positive following thresholds (CC4/CC5), speed dependency of oscillation (CC6), oscillation acceleration (CC7), safety distance reduction factor (SDRF), and minimum headway front/rear (MinHW) for AVs than conventional vehicles (CVs). Besides, the literature expects higher values for parameters including standstill acceleration (CC8), acceleration at 80 km/h (CC9), looking distances, and maximum deceleration for cooperative braking (MaxDCB) for AVs. When cautious AVs are introduced, deterring effects are expected in the literature (e.g., higher CC0). Moreover, CAVs can have higher looking distance values compared with AAVs.

Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is an intracellular food pathogen that causes listeriosis in mammals in the form of sporadic cases or large outbreaks with a high mortality rate among humans and domestic ruminants. The determination of the sequence type (ST) and the clonal complex (CC) by multilocus sequencing (MLST) and other methods in L. monocytogenes strains from different sources allowed us to establish the existence of strains with organ tropism and causing forms of listeriosis common to humans and ruminants. The purpose of the review was to generalize the available data on the distribution and genotypic diversity of L. monocytogenes strains isolated during neurolisteriosis and abortions, their adaptation in the environment to determine a possible link between listeriosis of ruminants and humans. In general, the analysis of the differential distribution of STs/CCs of L. monocytogenes associated with humans and ruminants showed their significant variation, as well as the predominance of CCs (CC1, CC2, CC4, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC14, CC29, CC37, etc.) common to the studied host groups. Neurolisterioses in humans are mainly associated with hypervirulent CC1, CC6, CC4, CC2, in ruminants - CC1 and CC4, as well as CC8-16 and CC412. A special association of ST1 (CC1) with human and bovine neurolisteriosis has been determined, indicating increased neurotropism of ST1. In small ruminants (goats, sheep), neurolisterioses are associated with various STs from phylogenetic lineages I and II. Most of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from abortions belonged to CC1, CC2, CC4, CC6, CC7, CC14 in humans and CC1, CC6, CC4-217, CC37 in ruminants. The detection of common isolates CC1, CC4-CC217, CC6, CC18, CC37 in ruminants and in their natural environment indicates that the farm environment is a reservoir for L. monocytogenes strains. In the Russian Federation, the prevalence of SТ7 isolates among all types of sources obtained on the territory of the country was noted. Future research should be aimed at studying the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes strains with an increased tendency to cause diseases in humans and ruminants for better understanding the mechanisms of infection and strengthening the control over the spread of the pathogen in various ecological niches.

Key populations (KPs), particularly female sex workers (FSWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM), are at increased risk for HIV. Namibia is a global priority for HIV prevention interventions. Marginalized communities must be provided effective and culturally appropriate means to prevent HIV, namely condom use. This cross-sectional analysis of data collected by The Society for Family Health was conducted from 2016 to 2017 in Namibia. Demographics and consistent condom use (CCU) barriers were analyzed among 621 FSWs, MSM, and Other KPs. From the data, 37% FSWs, 24% MSM, and 28% Other KPs were HIV-positive. One-quarter of FSWs and Other KPs reported CCU, while 46% MSM reported CCU. Consistent condom users were more likely to be HIV-negative, have achieved a higher education and use condom-compatible lubricant (CCL). In a multivariate model, higher education, being HIV-negative, and always using CCL remained independent correlates of CCU. Substance use and condom unavailability were the most commonly identified barriers to CCU. FSWs reported client-focused reasons for not using condoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first peer-reviewed study assessing condom use behavior and associated factors among FSWs and MSM in Namibia.

Artisanal cheeses can be sources of Listeria monocytogenes and cause disease in humans. This bacterial pathogen is a species of diverse genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The aim of the study was to characterize 32 isolates of L. monocytogenes isolated in 2014–2018 from artisanal cheeses. The isolates were characterized using whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The artisanal cheese isolates resolved to four molecular groups: 46.9% of them to IIa (1/2a-3a), 31.2% to IVb (4ab-4b-4d-4e), 12.5% to IIc (1/2c-3c), and 9.4% to IIb (1/2b-3b-7). Two evolutionary lineages emerged: lineage II having 59.4% of the isolates and lineage I having 40.6%. The sequence types (ST) totaled 18: ST6 (15.6% of the isolates), ST2, ST20, ST26, and ST199 (each 9.4%), ST7 and ST9 (each 6.3%), and ST1, ST3, ST8, ST16, ST87, ST91, ST121, ST122, ST195, ST217, and ST580 (each 3.1%). There were 15 detected clonal complexes (CC): CC6 (15.6% of isolates), CC9 (12.5%), CC2, CC20, CC26, and CC199 (each 9.4%), CC7 and CC8 (each 6.3%), and CC1, CC3, CC14, CC87, CC121, CC195, and CC217 (each 3.1%). The isolates were varied in their virulence genes and the differences concerned: inl, actA, LIPI-3, ami, gtcA, aut, vip, and lntA.

Objectives. (1) To examine the incidence and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCAs) in a large unselected patient population who underwent coronary angiography at a single tertiary academic center and (2) to evaluate a transitional change in which the cardiologist is positioned as the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) leader in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) at our local tertiary care institution. Background. IHCA is a major public health concern with increased patient morbidity and mortality. A proportion of all IHCAs occurs in the CCL. Although in-hospital resuscitation teams are often led by an Intensive Care Unit- (ICU-) trained physician and house staff, little is known on the role of a cardiologist in this setting. Methods. Between 2012 and 2016, a single-center retrospective cohort study was performed examining 63 adult patients (70 ± 10 years, 60% males) who suffered from a cardiac arrest in the CCL. The ICU-led IHCAs included 19 patients, and the Coronary Care Unit- (CCU-) led IHCAs included 44 patients. Results. Acute coronary syndrome accounted for more than 50% of cardiac arrests in the CCL. Pulseless electrical activity was the most common rhythm requiring chest compression, and cardiogenic shock most frequently initiated a code blue response. No significant differences were observed between the ICU-led and CCU-led cardiac arrests in terms of hospital length of stay and 1-year survival rate. Conclusion. In the evolving field of Critical Care Cardiology, the transition from an ICU-led to a CCU-lead code blue team in the CCL setting may lead to similar short-term and long-term outcomes.

Abstract Aims and objectives Oral health deteriorates following hospitalisation in critical care units (CCU) but there are no validated measures to assess effects on oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL). The objectives of this study were (i) to develop a tool (CCU-OHQoL) to assess OHQoL amongst patients admitted to CCU, (ii) to collect data to analyse the validity, reliability and acceptability of the CCU-OHQoL tool and (iii) to investigate patient-reported outcome measures of OHQoL in patients hospitalised in a CCU. Methods The project included three phases: (1) the development of an initial questionnaire informed by a literature review and expert panel, (2) testing of the tool in CCU (n = 18) followed by semi-structured interviews to assess acceptability, face and content validity and (3) final tool modification and testing of CCU-OHQoL questionnaire to assess validity and reliability. Results The CCU-OHQoL showed good face and content validity and was quick to administer. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.72 suggesting good internal consistency. For construct validity, the CCU-OHQoL was strongly and significantly correlated (correlation coefficients 0.71, 0.62 and 0.77, p < 0.01) with global OHQoL items. In the validation study, 37.8% of the participants reported a deterioration in self-reported oral health after CCU admission. Finally, 26.9% and 31% of the participants reported considerable negative impacts of oral health in their life overall and quality of life, respectively. Conclusions The new CCU-OHQoL tool may be of use in the assessment of oral health-related quality of life in CCU patients. Deterioration of OHQoL seems to be common in CCU patients.

The thesis focuses on CCS and CCU technologies, which could find application in industry and other sectors in the future. These technologies are used to reduce CO2 emissions, mainly from point sources. This thesis provides a comprehensive overview and division of CCS and CCU technologies and points out negative effects of its installation. Part of the work is also a comparison of individual steps of technology, both from an energetic and financial point of view. The aim is to show a wide range of influences on the final price and a significant discrepancy in the results of some scientific works. At the same time, in some parts, you can find a detailed description of individual parts of the technology.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN FINANZAS
Mediante éste informe se realizará una valoración económica de la empresa Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. (CCU) a dic-16, en base al método de flujos de caja descontados. Para ello se utilizó como principal fuente de información la información financiera del Grupo Consolidado publicada por la compañía en la Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros (SVS). Dado lo anterior, fue necesario estimar la estructura de capital objetivo de la compañía y el costo de capital para luego llevar a valor presente los flujos proyectados entre 2017 y 2021_00, y así obtener el precio de la acción a dic-16, el cual es comparado con el precio de mercado en esa fecha. Cabe mencionar que los flujos proyectados para los primeros 5 años fue conservador, en vista del desempeño obtenido por la empresa los últimos periodos derivado del escenario económico actual, sin embargo, para evitar proyectar sólo bajo escenarios negativos, se estimó un valor terminal con crecimiento de acuerdo al promedio histórico de la empresa. El Wacc obtenido fue de 9,8%, y el valor económico de la empresa de MUF 108.554 a dic-16, con ello, y luego de incluir el valor de los activos prescindibles y descontar el endeudamiento se obtuve un precio de acción de $8.062 a esa fecha. Si bien el valor encontrado es menor al de mercado a esa fecha ($6.929), es importante mencionar que el precio varía a diario y a abr-17 alcanzó los $8.540. EL bajo precio a dic-16 podría haber sido afectado por los menores resultados publicados por la compañía en la SVS los dos últimos trimestres del año. Éste documento se encuentra estructurado de la siguiente forma: (1) Descripción de las metodologías de valoración. (2) Descripción de la empresa e Industria, con el fin de contextualizar el medio donde opera la compañía, (3) Descripción del financiamiento de la empresa, (4) Estimación de la estructura de capital, (5) Estimación del costo patrimonial y de la deuda, para posteriormente realizar un (6) Análisis operacional y financiero histórico de la empresa, y luego la (7) Proyección del Estado de Resultados, (8) Flujo de caja, y (9) Patrimonio Económico del Grupo.

L’acier est produit aujourd’hui principalement en faisant appel à une technologie basée sur le procédé haut fourneau-convertisseur à l’oxygène, conduisant à trois types d’émissions principales: le gaz de haut fourneau (BFG), le gaz de cokerie (COG), et le gaz de convertisseur (BOFG). Dans le cadre du projet VALORCO, une analyse des possibilités de réduction des émissions carbonées, associée à une valorisation des émissions de la sidérurgie, a été réalisée. Une des voies étudiées est la production de composés d’intérêt industriel tel que méthanol, pouvant être produit par transformation chimique du CO et/ou CO2 contenus dans les émissions, associé à de l’hydrogène. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse consiste à évaluer les possibilités offertes par le procédé de perméation gazeuse, appliqué à la récupération sélective de ces composés dans les 3 types d’émissions. Dans un premier temps, un état de l’art des différents projets dédiés à la capture (CCS) et à la valorisation (CCU) des émissions dans l’industrie de l’acier est présenté, avec une attention particulière aux différentes technologies de séparation des gaz. Des mesures expérimentales de sélectivité et de perméance pour différentes conditions de température et de pression, réalisées sur banc dédié avec deux matériaux membranaires disponibles commercialement et sélectif à l’hydrogène (vitreux) et au CO2 (élastomère) ont permis une étude paramétrique systématique par simulation des performances de séparation du procédé appliqué au BFG, COG et BOFG. Une comparaison des procédés basés sur un seul ou plusieurs étages de perméation, y compris avec des boucles de recirculation, a ensuite été entreprise dans un environnement de type Process System Engineering (PSE, logiciel Aspen Plus). L’influence des paramètres opératoires (rapport de pression, température, taux de prélèvement) sur les performances de séparation a été réalisée, conduisant à une cartographie des compositions atteignables. La consommation énergétique et la surface membranaire nécessaires pour chaque configuration permettent au final une optimisation techno-économique du procédé, sur la base d’un modèle économique intégré aux conditions de simulation
Steel is produced today mainly in a blast furnace-oxygen converter process, leading to three main types of emissions: blast furnace gas (BFG), coke oven gas (COG), and converter gas (BOFG). In the framework of the VALORCO project, an analysis of the possibilities for reducing carbon emissions, combined with the valorization of emissions from the steel industry, was carried out. One of the routes studied is the production of compounds of industrial interest such as methanol, which can be produced by chemical transformation of the CO and / or CO2 contained in the emissions associated with hydrogen. The main objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the possibilities offered by the gas permeation process applied to the selective recovery of these compounds in the three types of emissions. Initially, a state of the art of the various projects dedicated to the capture (CCS) and the valorization (CCU) of the emissions in the steel industry is presented, with particular attention to the different gas separation technologies. Experimental measurements of selectivity and permeance for different temperature and pressure conditions, carried out on a dedicated bench with two commercially available membrane materials, one selective to hydrogen (glassy) and one to CO2 (rubbery), allowed a systematic parametric study by simulation of the separation performance of the process applied to the BFG, COG and BOFG. A comparison of the processes based on one or more permeation stages, including recirculation loops, was then undertaken in a Process System Engineering (PSE) environment (Aspen Plus software). The influence of the operating parameters (pressure ratio, temperature, stage cut) on the separation performance was evaluated, leading to a mapping of attainable compositions. The energy consumption and the membrane surface required for each configuration allow a techno-economic optimization of the process, on the basis of an economic model integrated to the simulation conditions

Background: Critical care is the term used to encompass ‘intensive care units’, ‘intensive treatment units’ and ‘high dependency units’. These units provide expert care for critically ill patients who require constant, close monitoring and specialist nursing to keep them alive. Previous research has shown that admission to critical care can be a frightening, upsetting and traumatic experience. Haematological cancer patients who receive a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) frequently require admission to critical care as a result of this potentially curative but extremely aggressive treatment. No previous research has explored the unique experience of HSCT patients admitted to critical care. Aim: To gain an in-depth understanding of the experience of cancer patients’ admission to critical care. Methods: Five HSCT patients who had been admitted to critical care completed semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: Six superordinate themes were identified: gaps in recollection, unreal experiences, being in the right place, unexpected and unprepared, role of family and life after critical care. It was clear that despite the patients recalling potentially distressing experiences from their stay in critical care, they had no regrets about having the transplant and viewed their admission as being worth it. Themes are discussed in relation to relevant literature. Conclusions: This study offered a unique insight into the experience of being admitted to critical care following stem cell transplant. Implications for the treatment and care of cancer patients admitted to critical care are discussed.

Carbon dioxide from biogas production is currently considered to be without value and isbecause of this released into the atmosphere in the biogas upgrading process. The residualgas is a potential carbon source and can create value in the biogas manufacturing process.By finding a suitable value-creating process that utilizes carbon dioxide, it can be possibleto provide both economic and environmental incentives for companies to develop theiroperations. This project explored the possibility to create value from this CO2. Through anevaluation of the technical maturity of CCU technologies, a recommendation could be givenat the end of the project. An analysis of technical barriers, such as pollutants in the gas, aswell as barriers in the form of competence and corporate culture were examined in orderto provide a reasoned recommendation. The project mapped which value-creating systemswould be suitable for biogas producers in a Swedish context. This included established methaneand carbon dioxide upgrading techniques currently in use and suitable CCU techniquesthat can interact with the selected upgrading processes and serve as value creators. Based onthis survey, it was then possible to identify common, critical variables for these systems. Thereafter,a recommendation of an appropriate CCU technology could be given depending onthe CO2 composition produced. One conclusion from the study was that carbon dioxide concentrationsfrom the residual gas was often high (approx. 97-98 %) and did not contain anycorrosive or toxic components, and that this largely depends on how the digestion reactor ishandled in the production process. Thus, questions were raised about what the actual limitationsof the CCU are, as they did not seem to be technical. CCU techniques that proved to beof particular interest were pH regulation of sewage plants, CO2 as a nutrient substrate for thecultivation of microalgae, and manufacturing of dry-ice for refrigerated transports. All of thesetechnologies currently have a sufficiently high degree of technical maturity to be installedalready today. Other CCU techniques, such as "’Power to gas”, require a high CO2 concentrationand were discarded as the literature review did not suggest the economic potential forthem as they require additional CO2 upgrading steps. Instead, CCU techniques were chosenthat could be implemented directly with the existing CO2 quality. Furthermore, it was concludedthat one reason why CCU technologies have not been widely implemented is internalbarriers between distributors and manufacturers (or users) of CCU technologies. Thus, theuse of carbon dioxide from biogas production and implementation of CCU technologies canbe promoted by eliminating barriers in companies, such as a lack of both knowledge andfinancial incentives.
Koldioxid från biogasproduktion betraktas i dagsläget som utan värde och släpps ut i atmosfärenvid uppgradering av biogas. Restgasen är en potentiell kolkälla och kan vara värdeskapandeför biogasprocessen. Genom att finna en lämplig värdeskapande process som utnyttjarkoldioxid går det att ge både ekonomiska och miljömässiga incitament till företag att utvecklasin verksamhet. I detta projekt undersöktes möjligheten att skapa värde av denna CO2.Genom en utvärdering av den tekniska mognadsgraden hos CCU-tekniker kunde en rekommendationges vid projektets slut. En analys av tekniska hinder, såsom föroreningar i gassammansättningen,såväl som hinder i form av kompetens och företagskultur undersöktes för attkunna ge en motiverad rekommendation. I projektet kartlades vilka värdeskapande systemsom skulle passa för biogasproducenter i en svensk kontext. Detta inkluderade etableradeuppgraderingstekniker för metan- och koldioxid som används i dagsläget. I projektet undersöktesäven lämpliga CCU-tekniker som kan samverka med de valda uppgraderingsprocessernaoch och agera värdeskapande. Utifrån denna kartläggning kunde det sedan anges vilkagemensamma, kritiska variabler som finns för dessa system. Därefter kunde en rekommendationav lämplig CCU-teknik ges beroende på den producerade CO2 sammansättningen. Enslutsats i projektet var att koldioxid från restgasen ofta var av hög koncentration (ca. 97-98 %)och ej innehöll några korrosiva eller toxiska komponenter, och att detta till stor del beror påhur rötkammaren är hanterad i produktionsprocessen. Således väcktes frågor kring vilka defaktiska begränsningarna för CCU är, då de inte torde vara tekniska. CCU-tekniker som visadesig vara av särskilt intresse var pH-reglering av avloppsverk, CO2 som näringssubstratför odling av mikroalger, samt tillverkning av kolsyreis för kyltransporter. Samtliga dessatekniker har tillräckligt hög teknisk mognadsgrad för att kunna installeras i dagsläget. AndraCCU-tekniker, såsom ”Power to gas”, kräver en hög CO2-koncentration och avfärdades dålitteraturstudien inte talade för den ekonomiska potentialen i dessa eftersom de kräver ytterligareuppgraderingssteg för CO2. Således valdes istället CCU-tekniker som skulle gå attimplementera direkt med den befintliga CO2 kvalitén. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att en anledningtill att CCU-tekniker inte har blivit vida implementerade till stor del är interna hindermellan distributörer och tillverkare (eller utnyttjare) av CCU-tekniker. Således kan användandetav koldioxid från biogasproduktion och implementering av CCU-tekniker främjasgenom att eliminera hinder hos företag. I projektet yttrade sig detta som bristande ekonomiskaincitament och okunskap. Ett ökat användande av CCU-tekniker kan också uppnås genomatt införa lagar och regler som begränsar användandet av föråldrade tekniker som drivs avfossila bränslen, och som kan ersättas av klimatvänliga CCU-tekniker.

This ontologically qualitative research study was conducted at Central China University (CCU, pseudonym). The purpose of this research was to (a) explore student narratives regarding their educational experiences in the CCU Business School's at-home internationalization programs; (b) provide an in-depth narrative analysis of student learning challenges and achievements; and (c) add valuable research-based knowledge of student-described experiences at CCU for use by program administrators. The findings focused on student-identified links between the challenges they encounter and their achievements. Additionally, student performance level and sex were closely associated with the challenges and achievements that students reported. In understanding the results, the concepts of student learning found in the approaches of learned optimism, growth mindset, and grit provide potentially fruitful insights. The findings of this research have powerful, instructive implications for administrators at CCU for determining how student challenges should be strategically chosen and shaped to generate specific, positive student achievements.

Mobile chest radiography remains the most appropriate test for critical care patients with cardiorespiratory changes and with patients who have chest tubes and lines as a monitoring tool, and to detect complications related to their use. However, one of the most frequent issues recognized radiographically with patients in critical care is chest tubes and lines malposition. This can be related to technical quality reasons which can affect their appearance in the chest radiography. This research considers how the technical quality of the ICU/CCU chest radiography can impact upon the appearance of chest tubes/lines and how that appearance can impact on the decision making. Results show that the methods used in the chest phantom experiment to estimate the degree of angulation have a large effect upon the appearance of anatomical structures, but it does not have a particularly large effect upon the apparent changes of tube/line position central venous catheter and endotracheal tube (CVC, ETT). The study also shows that there was a little difference between the two image processing algorithms, apart from the visualisation of sharp reproduction of the trachea and proximal bronchi, which was significantly better using the standard algorithm compared to the inverted algorithm. The two methods used to estimate the degree of angulation and the apparent position of the CVC/ETT on 17 mobile chest radiographs provide limited useful information to the image interpreter in estimating the degree of angulation and degree of malpositioning of the tube and line.

El continu increment en l'ús de les energies renovables i els objectius per a la reducció de les emissions de diòxid de carboni (CO2) requereixen canvis significatius tant a nivell tècnic com a nivell normatiu. La captura i utilització de diòxid de carboni (CCU, per les sigles en anglès) és un mètode eficaç per aconseguir la mitigació del CO2 i al mateix temps mantenir de forma segura els subministraments d'energia. Si bé la demanda a la reducció de les emissions de CO2 està augmentant, l'eficiència energètica i el cost dels processos de captura de CO2 segueixen sent un factor limitant per a les aplicacions industrials. En el present treball s'estudia l'ús del procés d'adsorció per oscil·lació de pressió i buit (VPSA, per les sigles en anglès) amb adsorbents d'alta selectivitat per separar el CO2 dels gasos de combustió, com un mètode alternatiu al procés d'absorció tradicional amb amines. Es realitza un estudi preliminar mitjançant Anàlisi Tèrmica per determinar la capacitat d’adsorció i el comportament cíclic de la captura de CO2 per deu adsorbents comercials, inclosos els tamisos moleculars de carboni (CMS) i les zeolites. L'anàlisi es va fer amb CO2 pur, N2 pur i mescles dels dos gasos en la proporció 15%/85% que correspon a la composició d’un gas de combustió normal; s’usen les zeolites comercials 13X, 5A, 4A sense i amb aglomerants i tres tamisos moleculars de carboni (CMS) en l’interval de pressió de 0 a 10 bar i a 283K, 298K, 232K i 323 K de temperatura. Els resultats s’han ajustat amb els models Toth, Sips i Dual Site Langmuir (DSL). Es va realitzar una selecció entre deu adsorbents comercials per a la captura de CO2, inclosos els tamisos moleculars de carbó (CMS, per les sigles en anglès) i les zeolites. Es van determinar les propietats texturals, la capacitat d'adsorció i el comportament cíclic dels adsorbents per comparar el seu comportament a la separació del diòxid de carboni del nitrogen. Posteriorment, es van mesurar les isotermes d'adsorció d'un sol component en la balança de suspensió magnètica a quatre temperatures diferents (283, 298, 232 i 323 K) i en un ampli marge de pressions (de 0 a 10 bara). Les dades sobre les isotermes de components purs es van correlacionar utilitzant els models Toth, Sips i Dual Site Langmuir (DSL). Es van dissenyar i construir tres unitats de laboratori per realitzar l'experimentació del procés VPSA. La primera unitat es va usar per a la producció i el control de mescles gasoses de CO2 i N2 a una pressió màxima de 9 bara. En la segona unitat es van dur a terme la determinació dels equilibris d'adsorció amb una barreja de composició semblant a la dels gasos de combustió (15/85% de CO2/N2 v/v). Amb el programa Aspen Adsorption® es va simular el sistema experimental, obtenint que les prediccions del model DSL reprodueixen suficientment bé els resultats experimentals de les corbes de ruptura i els perfils de temperatura en el llit fix. A més, es van fer estudis dinàmics per avaluar les zeolites 5ABL i 13XBL usant el procés VPSA discontinu per a la separació CO2 de N2. La unitat dos es va dotar d'un sistema de control amb una interfície PLC que facilita la seva operació i automatització, usant una estratègia de control desenvolupada en aquest treball. En base als resultats obtinguts amb la unitat dos, tant experimentals com simulats, es va trobar que la zeolita 13XBL era la més adequada per al procés VPSA proposat. Els resultats experimentals es van emprar per alimentar el disseny de la unitat dos a Aspen Adsorption® i validar el model usat que al seu torn es va utilitzar per realitzar un disseny complet d'experiències de dos factors (26) en configuració continua. La tercera unitat experimental consta de tres columnes d'adsorció on es va incloure l'estratègia de control desenvolupada per la unitat dos i es va incloure la recirculació dels corrents rics en N2 i CO2. Es van dur a terme tres experiments del procés VPSA cíclic de 8 passos canviant els paràmetres de control del procés automatitzat i usant la zeolita 13XBL com adsorbent. Es va aconseguir satisfer els objectius en termes puresa de CO2 (> 80%) i consum energètic (<2.5 kWh/kgCO2). Sobre la base dels resultats experimentals i simulats, es va realitzar una demostració a escala pilot de la captura de CO2 del gas de combustió d'una caldera de vapor en una planta industrial a situada a la província de Barcelona.La planta pilot de captura de CO2 consta d'un procés de pretractament dels gasos de combustió, una unitat VPSA acoblada amb una unitat de deshumidificació i una aplicació industrial per a l'ús del CO2. A la unitat de pretractament, els gasos de combustió es van refredar de 70ºC a 25ºC i es van desnitrificar. A la unitat de deshumidificació, es va eliminar el vapor d'aigua del gas desnitrificat mitjançant adsorció sobre alúmina. Posteriorment, es va emprar el procés VPSA de vuit passos amb tres columnes usant zeolita 13XBL, en la qual es va obtenir un corrent enriquit de CO2 de 85 a 95% de puresa de CO2, amb una recuperació del 48 a 56%, una productivitat de 0,20-0,25 gCO2/(gads·h) i un consum energètic de 1.48 kWh/kgCO2. El CO2 recuperat es va usar per reemplaçar l'ús d'àcids minerals en l'etapa de regulació del pH de la planta de tractament d'aigües residuals existent a la fàbrica. Per tant, el procés desenvolupat és una alternativa efectiva per separar el CO2 dels punts d'emissió de gasos de combustió industrial i utilitzar el CO2 recuperat com a matèria primera per a aplicacions industrials. L'ús de CO2 capturat en aquestes fonts d'emissió té dos avantatges clars. D'una banda, es van reduir les emissions de CO2 a la atmosfera. De l'altra, va permetre reutilitzar i transformar un contaminant ambiental en compostos neutres.
El continuo incremento en el uso de las energías renovables y los objetivos para la reducción de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) requieren cambios significativos tanto a nivel técnico como a nivel normativo. La captura y utilización de dióxido de carbono (CCU, por sus siglas en inglés) es un método eficaz para lograr la mitigación del CO2 y al mismo tiempo mantener de forma segura los suministros de energía. Si bien la demanda en la reducción de las emisiones de CO2 está aumentando, la eficiencia energética y el costo de los procesos de captura de CO2 siguen siendo un factor limitante para las aplicaciones industriales. En el presente trabajo se estudia el uso del proceso de adsorción por oscilación de presión y vacío (VPSA, por sus siglas en inglés) con adsorbentes de alta selectividad para separar el CO2 de los gases de combustión, como un método alternativo al proceso de absorción tradicional con aminas. Se realizó una selección entre diez adsorbentes comerciales para la captura de CO2, incluidos los tamices moleculares de carbón (CMS, por sus siglas en inglés) y las zeolitas. Se determinaron las propiedades texturales, la capacidad de adsorción y el comportamiento cíclico de los adsorbentes para comparar su comportamiento en la separación del dióxido de carbono del nitrógeno. Posteriormente, se midieron las isotermas de adsorción de un solo componente en la balanza de suspensión magnética a cuatro temperaturas diferentes (283, 298, 232 y 323 K) y en un amplio margen de presiones (de 0 a 10 bara). Los datos sobre las isotermas de componentes puros se correlacionaron utilizando los modelos Toth, Sips y Dual Site Langmuir (DSL). Se diseñaron y construyeron tres unidades de laboratorio para realizar la experimentación del proceso VPSA. La primera unidad se usó para la producción y el control de mezclas gaseosas de CO2 y N2 a una presión máxima de 9 bara. En la segunda unidad se llevaron a cabo las mediciones de los equilibrios de adsorción con una mezcla de composición semejante a la de los gases de combustión (15/85% de CO2/N2 v/v). Con el programa Aspen Adsorption® se simuló el sistema experimental, obteniendo que las predicciones del modelo DSL reproducen suficientemente bien los resultados experimentales de las curvas de ruptura y los perfiles de temperatura en el lecho fijo. Además, se hicieron estudios dinámicos para evaluar las zeolitas 5ABL y 13XBL usando el proceso VPSA discontinuo para la separación CO2 de N2. La unidad dos se dotó de un sistema de control con una interfaz PLC que facilita su operación y automatización, usando una estrategia de control desarrollada en este trabajo. En base a los resultados obtenidos con la unidad dos y su simulación, se encontró que la zeolita 13XBL era la que la más adecuada para el proceso VPSA propuesto. Los resultados experimentales se usaron para alimentar el diseño de la unidad dos en Aspen Adsorption® y validar el modelo usado que a su vez se utilizó para realizar un diseño completo de experiencias de dos factores (26) en configuración discontinua. La tercera unidad experimental consta de tres columnas de adsorción donde se incluyó la estrategia de control desarrollada para la unidad dos y se incluyó la recirculación de las corrientes ricas en N2 y CO2. Se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos en el proceso VPSA cíclico de 8 pasos cambiando los parámetros de control del proceso automatizado y usando la zeolita 13XBL como adsorbente. Se logró satisfacer los objetivos en términos pureza de CO2 (>80%) y consumo energético (<2.5 kW·h/kgCO2). Sobre la base de los resultados experimentales y simulados, se realizó una demostración a escala piloto de la captura de CO2 del gas de combustión de una caldera de vapor en una planta industrial situada en la provincia de Barcelona. La planta piloto de captura de CO2 consta de un proceso de pretratamiento de los gases de combustión, una unidad VPSA acoplada con una unidad de deshumidificación y una aplicación industrial para el uso del CO2. En la unidad de pretratamiento, los gases de combustión se enfriaron de 70ºC a 25ºC y desnitrificaron. En la unidad de deshumidificación, se eliminó el vapor de agua del gas desnitrificado mediante adsorción con alúmina. Posteriormente, se empleó el proceso VPSA de ocho pasos con tres columnas usando zeolita 13XBL, en la que se obtuvo una corriente enriquecida de CO2 de 85 a 95% de pureza de CO2, con una recuperación del 48 a 56%, una productividad de 0.20 a 0.25 gCO2/(gads٠h-) y un consumo energético de 1.48 kWh/ kgCO2. El CO2 recuperado se usó para reemplazar el uso de ácidos minerales en la etapa de regulación del pH de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales existente en la fábrica. Por lo tanto, el proceso desarrollado es una alternativa efectiva para separar el CO2 de los puntos de emisión de gases de combustión industrial y utilizar el CO2 recuperado como materia prima para aplicaciones industriales. El uso de CO2 capturado en estas fuentes de emisión tiene dos ventajas claras. Por un lado, redujeron las emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera. Por otro lado, permitió reutilizar y transformar un contaminante ambiental en compuestos neutros.
The continuously increasing share of renewable energy sources and European Union targets for carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction need significant changes both on a technical and regulatory level. Carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) is an effective method for achieving CO2 mitigation while simultaneously keeping energy supplies secure. While the demand for reduction in CO2 emissions is increasing, the improvement of energy-efficiency and the cost of CO2 capture processes remains a limiting factor for industrial applications. The present work studies the Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption process (VPSA) using high selectivity adsorbents for separating CO2 from flue gas as an alternative method to the traditional absorption process with amines. A screening analysis for CO2 capture was conducted on ten commercial adsorbents, including carbon molecular sieves (CMS) and zeolites. The textural properties, the adsorption capacities and the adsorbent cyclic behaviors were determined to compare their performance in the context of CO2 separation from nitrogen (N2). Subsequently, the single component adsorption isotherms were measured in a magnetic suspension balance at four different temperatures (283, 298, 232 and 323 K) and over a large range of pressures (from 0 to 10 bara). Data on the pure component isotherms were correlated using the Toth, Sips and Dual Site Langmuir (DSL) models. Three laboratory units were designed and built to perform the VPSA experiments. The first was used for the production and control of CO2 and N2 gas mixtures at a maximum pressure of 9 bara. Adsorption equilibrium measurements with a mixture that resembles the composition of combustion gases (15/85% CO2/N2 v/v) were obtained using the second unit that was built. Afterwards, the Aspen Adsorption® program was used to simulate the experimental system, where the predictions of the DSL model agree with the breakthrough curves and the temperature profiles of the experimental fixed bed results. In addition, dynamic studies were performed to evaluate the zeolites 5ABL and 13XBL using a discontinuous VPSA process for the CO2 separation of N2. The process was automated and operated with a PLC interface, using a control strategy developed in this work. Based on the comparison results of the zeolites, it was found that the 13XBL zeolite was the one most suitable for the proposed VPSA process. The experimental results were verified by numerical simulations in the Aspen Adsorption® software and the validated model was used to perform a two-factor complete design of experiments (26) using 13XBL simulations in a discontinuous configuration. The third experimental unit was built with three adsorption columns which included the developed control strategy and the recirculation of N2 and CO2 rich streams. Three experiments were carried out using zeolite 13XBL as an adsorbent for the proposed 8-step VPSA cyclic process by changing the control parameters of the automated process. Through the experiments, the objectives were achieved in terms of CO2 purity (> 90%) and energy consumption (> 2.5 kWh/kgCO2). Based on the experimental and simulated results, a pilot-scale demonstration plant for CO2 capture from flue gas in an existing industrial boiler in a Spanish company was carried out. The pilot-scale CO2 capture plant consisted of a pre-treatment process for flue gases, a VPSA unit coupled with a dehumidification unit and an industrial application for the use of CO2. In the pretreatment unit the flue gases were cooled from 70°C to 25°C and then denitrified. In the dehumidification unit, the water vapor was removed from the denitrified gas by adsorption with alumina. Subsequently, the three columns’ eight-step VPSA process developed with zeolite 13XBL was used. The results were a product purity of 85 to 95% of CO2, a recovery of 48 to 56%, a productivity of 0.20 to 0.25 gCO2/(gads٠h) and an energy consumption of 1.48 kWh/kgCO2. The recovered CO2 was then used to replace the use of mineral acids in the pH regulation stage of the existing wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed process is an effective alternative to separate the CO2 from the emission points of industrial combustion gases and to use the recovered CO2 as raw material for industrial applications. The use of CO2 captured in these emission sources has two clear advantages. On the one hand, it reduces the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. On the other hand, it allows the reuse and transformation of an environmental pollutant into neutral compounds.

Le emissioni di CO2 provocate dallo sfruttamento dei combustibili fossili da parte dell'uomo ha portato ad una concentrazione di questo gas serra in atmosfera tale da dover essere monitorata, se non diminuita. E' d'obbligo sfruttare le fonti energetiche in modo più sostenibile: oltre a ridurre il più possibile le emissioni di CO2 è necessario sfruttare appieno le fonti rinnovabili. Soluzione comune a questi due aspetti è il concetto di Power to Gas, o Power to Methane, il cuore del quale è la reazione di metanazione: catturando la CO2 altrimenti dispersa in atmosfera e facendola reagire in appositi catalizzatori con idrogeno ottenuto tramite idrolisi dell'acqua, utilizzando elettricità derivante da fonti rinnovabili, si ottiene metano. In questo modo si può sopperire alla fornitura di energia senza dipendere dai combustibili fossili e con emissioni nulle. In questa tesi si approfondiranno gli aspetti generali della metanazione, soprattutto sulla termodinamica, e si mostrerà quanto sia importante che il concetto di PtM si possa applicare il più possibile su vasta scala.

Objective Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) stands at the forefront of innovative solutions to combat climate change. This manuscript exploring into the promising realm of CCU, showcasing its role in transforming them into valuable products. The marriage of environmental sustainability and economic growth is the crux of CCU's appeal. This work conducts a comparative analysis of CCU methods, dissecting those with hydrogen integration and those without. By examining respective challenges, and potential driver for Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) deployment, insights will be provided that contribute to the ongoing discourse in Malaysia. The urgency to address climate change has fueled the exploration of innovative solutions, with CCU emerging as a frontrunner. Interest in Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS) in Southeast Asia has been growing in line with international trends. The renewed momentum for CCUS has been driven by strengthened climate commitments from governments and industry, including ambitious net-zero targets. Beyond the conventional approach of capturing CO2 emissions, CCU offers a dual benefit by repurposing the captured carbon into valuable products. This paradigm shift not only aligns with environmental sustainability goals but also opens avenues for economic growth, creating a synergy between climate action and financial viability. CCU with H2 hydrogenation is a way of converting CO2 into useful products or energy sources. Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule, usually to increase its stability or reactivity. In this case, hydrogenation of CO2 produces various fuels and chemicals, such as methane, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, and hydrocarbons. There are different types of catalysts that can be used for CO2 hydrogenation with H2, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal phosphides, and metal carbides. The choice of catalyst depends on the desired product and the reaction conditions. Direct use of CO2 for utilization without hydrogen is another way of converting CO2 into useful products or energy sources. There are different ways to achieve this, such as using CO2 as a feedstock for chemical synthesis, building materials, or enhanced oil recovery. Unlike CO2 based Fuel processes which requires large input of energy due to splitting or reduction of CO2 molecule processes, incorporating CO2 molecule into the product such as CO2 in building materials require low energy. However, the estimated potential for the scale of CO2 utilization in fuels varies widely, from 1 to 4.2 Gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 utilization pathways in concrete building materials are estimated between 0.1 and 1.4 Gigatonnes of CO2 per year over the long term[7]. Early commercial opportunities to use CO2 to cure concrete or in the production of aggregates are already being realized – in some cases demonstrating improved cost and product performance relative to conventional production. This process can enhance the strength and durability of the concrete, as well as reduce the amount of cement and other materials needed. By converting CO2 into products with economic value, CCU fosters a circular economy, where emissions are repurposed, contributing to a more sustainable and resource-efficient model by ensuring the final emissions to be appropriately repurposed or captured and the cycle continues.

The paper considers the issue of the choice of indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of the center for collective use (CCU) «Informatics». The peculiarities of the choice of CCU efficiency indicators in solving problems of synthesis of new materials are noted.

The performance of cooling coil unit (CCU) can directly influence the performance of ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. In this paper, a dynamic CCU model was obtained by identifying the unknown parameters of existed effectiveness model. Five different conditions information is used to identify five model parameters by an optimal method. Unlike existed effectiveness model, the identified model can be simply determined by flow rate of chilled water, the temperature and humidity of return air and temperature of supply chilled water without requiring geometric specifications, which is very convenient in real engineering application. It was validated by five different experiment conditions on a CCU. The experiment results show that the identified model has a high accuracy despite changing the temperature and volume of chilled water.

O Câncer Cérvico-Uterino (CCU) reflete um significativo problema de saúde pública no âmbito dos países em desenvolvimento, onde em algumas regiões representa o tipo de câncer mais frequente na população feminina. O CCU manifesta-se de forma lenta até alcançar o estágio invasivo, o qual necessita de exame de rastreamento para sua descoberta. É uma doença que apresenta uma incidência decorrente da exposição a fatores de risco e a insuficiente eficácia dos programas de rastreamentos, enfatizando o exame citopatológico como um dos mais importantes no rastreio, contribuindo para reduzir as incidências e mortalidade.

Due to an increasing diversity of products in product space production systems have to react more flexible and dynamic. Thereby, the human operator must be seen as an integral part of the production process because on the one hand he/she has to supervise the machines and robots and on the other hand he/she has to take over individual operations that cannot be automated. For establishing a flexible planning process of assembly operations that satisfies also the ergonomic requirements of human-robot interaction a comprehensive Cognitive Simulation Model is presented consisting of a formerly developed Cognitive Control Unit (CCU) and a newly developed graph-based planner. The CCU is based on the popular architecture of human cognition Soar. The additional planner enables the CCU to consider more complex planning criteria regarding the whole assembly sequence. Therefore, the final product is decomposed to obtain all valid assembly sequences and transferred into a state graph. The edges are rated at runtime according to the activated procedural knowledge. A modified version of the search algorithm A*Prune is finally applied to find the best continuations for the current assembly sequence. The presented approach is validated by means of a simulation study. The results show that the human-robot cooperation can be improved significantly, for example, by reducing the number of strenuous manual interventions of the human operator.

Introdução: O Câncer de Colo Uterino (CCU) é o quarto tipo câncer mais comum no mundo e o terceiro mais comum no Brasil. A estratégia de rastreamento adotada no Brasil é a citologia oncótica, o exame citopatológico deve ser realizado anualmente em mulheres a partir dos 25 anos que já tenham iniciado a vida sexual até os 64 anos. O exame consiste em uma uma medida preventiva eficaz que pode reduzir a incidência, a morbidade e a mortalidade. No contexto da pandemia ocasionada pela Covid-19, houve sobrecarregamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e interrupção de vários tipos de serviços, comprometendo inclusive os aqueles ofertados a população no que tange a política de rastreamento para o CCU. Objetivo: Refletir acerca do impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 no rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino Material e métodos: Estudo reflexivo, embasado na formulação discursiva sobre o impacto da pandemia dentro do contexto do rastreio de CCU Resultados: A Covid-19 afetou todos os aspectos da vida humana, desorganizando os sistemas de atenção à saúde globalmente. A pandemia mudou significativamente a forma como a atenção ambulatorial é prestada nos serviços de saúde. Para reduzir os riscos de transmissão do vírus, seja para as pessoas usuárias, seja para os trabalhadores de saúde, os prestadores de serviços adiaram consultas eletivas ou converteram consulta presenciais em consulta por telessaúde, ocasionando redução substancial nos cuidados de saúde preventivos. Estudos realizados no Brasil revelaram que os principais procedimentos para o diagnóstico dos cânceres tiveram redução significativas, dentre eles, a biópsia e o exame citopatológico cervico vaginal. Houve queda de aproximadamente 38,22% no número total de biópsias, quando comparados os meses de março a dezembro de 2019 e 2020. Também houve queda de 50,22% na realização do exame citopatológico cervico vaginal para diagnóstico de CCU entre os meses de março a dezembro do ano de 2020 quando comparado com o ano de 2019 Conclusão: O atraso no diagnóstico provavelmente terá consequências significativas para a saúde pública, efeitos deletérios de longo prazo sobre a morbidade e mortalidade.

arbon dioxide (CO₂) has a negative impact on the climate, but it also has several practical areas of use. Many industrial processes emit CO₂ in high concentrations, which could be captured to mitigate emissions while also creating valuable products. One example of such a process is biogas upgrading – a process separating renewable gases, where methane is taken care of for use as vehicle fuel or industrial energy carrier, while CO₂ is released into the atmosphere. The aim of this project has been to chart alternatives and technologies for taking care of green CO₂ from biogas upgrading, so-called carbon capture and utilization (CCU), and to investigate the conditions for applying these in a Swedish context. The work has been guided by the following research questions: * How large is the current and future potential for CCU from biogas production? * What are the possible areas of use for CO₂ from biogas production? * What factors influence the choice of areas of use for CO₂ from biogas production? * How large is the environmental benefit of CCU from biogas production? To answer these questions, calculations of potentials, a multi-criteria assessment and a life cycle assessment were carried out, based on the Swedish biogas production. A reference group comprising representatives for large Swedish companies within biogas production and biogas upgrading technology was used to enable coproduction and networking between the research group and the business sector. The production of CO₂ from biogas was estimated to 160,000 ton/year in 2020, with potential to increase to 540,000 – 840,000 ton/year in a few years and 790,000 – 1,230,000 ton/year in a longer perspective, as a consequence of an expected increase in the Swedish biogas production. A large share of the CO₂ is however produced at relatively small upgrading facilities, which could limit the feasibility for CCU due to high costs for investment and operation. Adding hydrogen to transform all the CO₂ into methane could potentially increase the methane production from biogas from 2 to 3 TWh/year in a short-term perspective and from 11 to 17 TWh/year in a long-term perspective, given sufficient access to hydrogen. Other ways of utilizing CO₂ from biogas include production of biomass or chemicals, concrete curing, pH control of process water and use as a refrigerant. The choice of CCU options can be influenced by environmental, technical, economic and policy-related aspects. From the biogas producers’ perspective, methanation is the option that is the most compatible with the existing production system and business model, while other solutions usually involve another actor taking care of the CO₂. Hydrogen is required for methanation as well as for production of chemicals. Another limiting factor are the high purity requirements on all CO₂ that is distributed and sold on the market. The geographical distribution of the production plants can also be a challenge. Several CCU options can improve the environmental performance of biogas by replacing fossil-based products. The potential climate impact is the lowest if the CO₂ is methanized with renewable hydrogen or mineralized in concrete, but other forms of environmental impact can also be reduced by applying these or other CCU options. For comparison, permanent storage of CO₂ in geological formations (carbon capture and storage, CCS) only reduces the climate impact, while it increases other forms of environmental impact. Furthermore, permanently storing biogenic CO₂ can make it difficult to reduce the use of fossil CO₂ and transition to a more sustainable society. The need for carbon in many essential processes and products suggests that biogenic CO₂ should be utilized and not stored.

This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Subregional Central America Meeting celebrated on June 13th and 14th, 2005 in San Salvador, El Salvador. This presentation covers the common customs tariff (CCT); other barriers on imports; trade coverage and trade liberalization in the Customs Union (CU);and experience of Poland joining the European Union (EU).

The Circular Carbon Economy Index (CCE Index) aims to measure countries’ progress in and potential for achieving circular carbon economies (CCEs). The CCE Index is based on two sub-indices: one for measuring countries’ current performance in the various dimensions of the CCE and the other for gauging how countries are positioned to make progress toward the CCE, based on key enabling factors. The CCE Index also allows for additional comparisons among top oil-producing countries through a separate set of add-on indicators that estimate how these countries’ industrial performance and business environments are aligning with the CCE.

With the destruction of the final remaining stockpiles of declared chemical weapons in 2023, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) must adjust to a new role. The inauguration of the OPCW’s Centre for Chemistry and Technology (CCT) in 2023 provides a new resource to assist the organization and the international community in reducing and eliminating the threat from chemical weapons. Now that the CCT is operational, it is important to build momentum behind a substantive programme of work. Projects for the programme could be grouped into four thematic categories: understanding technological developments; chemical forensics; broadening geographical representation; and tailored training programmes. The CCT should be led by a director, who should work with a newly established Office of Science and Technology to develop the centre’s strategic direction. To provide the CCT with stable and secure financing, a trust fund for the CCT should be established.

This paper examines the efficacy of three conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua in mitigating the potential negative effects of an income shock caused by falling prices of coffee, an important cash crop to many CCT participants. A theoretical household model is developed that demonstrates both the positive potential of CCTs to mitigate negative shocks effects on early childhood development and the negative potential of CCTs to exacerbate the impacts of a negative shock to early childhood development if the conditionality encourages households to shift resources from younger to older children to sustain their school attendance. The experimental design includes both CCT and non-CCT households and communities with and without coffee production. The paper finds that in Mexico the CCT mitigated the negative shock on child height-for-age z-scores, while in Nicaragua coffee-producing households who participated in CCTs saw greater declines in z-scores. Findings for Honduras are largely inconclusive.

By storing carbon dioxide CO2 captured from the atmosphere or point sources into oil fields, carbon capture and storage with enhanced oil recovery (CCS-EOR) increases the fields’ output by raising reservoir pressures. Since CO2-EOR has been experimented with for decades and the revenues from the additional oil production improve projects’ economics, CCS-EOR is the most readily deployable CCS technology. However, public support for CCS-EOR projects is sometimes contested on the grounds that the resulting increase in oil production undermines their environmental benefits. Addressing this concern requires determining the effects of implementing CCS-EOR on global CO2 emissions. This note presents a simple approach based on a marginal reasoning consistent with economic decision-making. It produces analytical formulas that account for the effects on the global oil market of incentivizing CCS-EOR. In addition, we quantify the volume of oil that can be decarbonized by storing a tonne of captured CO2 through EOR from different perspectives. We produce numerical results based on a first-cut calibration. Results suggest that, from an economic perspective, CCS-EOR is a technology that mitigates global emissions. However, after accounting for the need to decarbonize the EOR oil, the reduction in emissions is significantly less than the stored quantity of CO2. If fully allocated to oil production, the environmental benefits of capturing a tonne of CO2 and storing it through conventional EOR can allow the oil producer to decarbonize 3.4 barrels on a well-to-wheel basis and 14.4 barrels when offsetting its oil-upstream emissions only. Fiscal incentives granted by governments to support CCS-EOR as a climate-change mitigation technology should be sized accordingly. We compare our findings to the size of the subsidy in the revised Section 45Q of the 2022 United States Inflation Reduction Act.