Artykuły w czasopismach: „CB7”

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Saelman, EU, LF Horton, MJ Barnes, HR Gralnick, KM Hese, HK Nieuwenhuis, PG de Groot i JJ Sixma. "Platelet adhesion to cyanogen-bromide fragments of collagen alpha 1(I) under flow conditions". Blood 82, nr 10 (15.11.1993): 3029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v82.10.3029.3029.

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Abstract The aim of this investigation was to identify domains of collagen type I that can support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Four cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments composing 87% of the collagen alpha 1(I)-chain were studied under static and flow conditions. Under static conditions, bovine and human collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 induced aggregate formation, whereas alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 supported adhesion of dendritic and contact platelets. Bovine alpha 1(I)CB6 weakly supported platelet adhesion. At shear rate 300/s, collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 strongly supported platelet adhesion, whereas lower platelet adhesion was observed to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. The fragment alpha 1(I)CB6 did not support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was completely inhibited by a low concentration (0.6 IgG microgram/mL) of anti-GPIa monoclonal antibody (MoAb), whereas this concentration of antibody partially inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. At higher concentrations (3 micrograms/mL) the anti-glycoprotein Ia (GPIa) antibody completely inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB8 and further reduced adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7. Platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 was strongly inhibited by an anti-GPIb MoAb. A MoAb against the GPIb-binding site of von Willebrand factor (vWF) strongly inhibited platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8, whereas platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was not inhibited. We conclude that under flow conditions alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 support GPIa/IIa-dependent platelet adhesion. The GPIb-vWF interaction is important under flow conditions for adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 and probably also to alpha 1(I)CB3.

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Saelman, EU, LF Horton, MJ Barnes, HR Gralnick, KM Hese, HK Nieuwenhuis, PG de Groot i JJ Sixma. "Platelet adhesion to cyanogen-bromide fragments of collagen alpha 1(I) under flow conditions". Blood 82, nr 10 (15.11.1993): 3029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v82.10.3029.bloodjournal82103029.

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The aim of this investigation was to identify domains of collagen type I that can support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Four cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments composing 87% of the collagen alpha 1(I)-chain were studied under static and flow conditions. Under static conditions, bovine and human collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 induced aggregate formation, whereas alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 supported adhesion of dendritic and contact platelets. Bovine alpha 1(I)CB6 weakly supported platelet adhesion. At shear rate 300/s, collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 strongly supported platelet adhesion, whereas lower platelet adhesion was observed to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. The fragment alpha 1(I)CB6 did not support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was completely inhibited by a low concentration (0.6 IgG microgram/mL) of anti-GPIa monoclonal antibody (MoAb), whereas this concentration of antibody partially inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. At higher concentrations (3 micrograms/mL) the anti-glycoprotein Ia (GPIa) antibody completely inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB8 and further reduced adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7. Platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 was strongly inhibited by an anti-GPIb MoAb. A MoAb against the GPIb-binding site of von Willebrand factor (vWF) strongly inhibited platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8, whereas platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was not inhibited. We conclude that under flow conditions alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 support GPIa/IIa-dependent platelet adhesion. The GPIb-vWF interaction is important under flow conditions for adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 and probably also to alpha 1(I)CB3.

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Adamski, P. "Polarizability Anisotropy of CB6, CB7, CB8 and OCB8 Liquid Crystal Molecules". Crystal Research and Technology 34, nr 5-6 (czerwiec 1999): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4079(199906)34:5/6<763::aid-crat763>3.0.co;2-x.

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Li, Peijia, Dongqiang Hou, Hongxia Zhao, Hairui Wang, Kai Peng i Junming Cao. "Dietary Clostridium butyricum Improves Growth Performance and Resistance to Ammonia Stress in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)". Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (11.06.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6965174.

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The effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, tight junction proteins, and immune-related gene mRNA levels in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated. The fish were fed with diets containing 0 (control, CB0), 4.8 × 10 6 (CB1), 4.5 × 10 7 (CB2), 5.1 × 10 8 (CB3), and 3.6 × 10 9 (CB4) CFU/kg Clostridium butyricum for 56 days followed by a 72 h ammonia challenge. The results showed that significantly higher final weight, specific growth rate, body length, and intestinal weight were observed in fish fed with CB diets ( P < 0.05 ). The fish fed with CB1, CB2, and CB3 diets had significantly higher intestinal length, propionic acid concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activity and significantly lower feed conversion ratio than those in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Significantly higher concentrations of butyric acid and valeric acid and significantly lower malondialdehyde content were observed in CB4 than in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Intestosomatic index, villus length, villus width, intestinal protease, Na+/K+-ATPase, and creatine kinase activities were significantly increased in CB2 or CB3 than in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Fish in CB2 or CB3 had significantly lower content of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 and relative expression of interleukin 1 (Il-1), interleukin 8 (Il-8), and nuclear transcription factor-κB (Nf-κb) compared to that in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary CB significantly decreased the relative expression of myosin light chain kinase (Mlck) (P <0.05). Significantly higher relative expressions of claudin-1, zonula occludens protein-1, and occludin were observed in CB2, CB3, and CB4 compared to CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Fish in CB0 had higher CMR than that in CB2, CB3, and CB4 under ammonia nitrogen stress for 48 and 72 h ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary Clostridium butyricum improved growth performance and resistance to ammonia stress in yellow catfish by increasing intestinal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) productions, upregulating genes encoding tight junction proteins, downregulating transcription of proinflammatory factors Il-1 and Il-8, and inhibiting the Mlck/Nf-κb signaling pathway.

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Saleh, Na’il, Muna S. Bufaroosha, Ziad Moussa, Rukayat Bojesomo, Hebah Al-Amodi i Asia Al-Ahdal. "Encapsulation of Cinnamic Acid by Cucurbit[7]uril for Enhancing Photoisomerization". Molecules 25, nr 16 (14.08.2020): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163702.

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Cis- or Z-configuration is required for the plant growth-promoting activity of cinnamic acid (CA), whereas the E-form is inactive. Herein, we describe the encapsulation of E-CA by cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and show that photoisomerization reactions can be more efficiently controlled in aqueous solutions by utilizing this supramolecular approach. Measurements of UV–visible absorption and proton NMR spectra at different pH values confirm that E-CA and its methyl ester, methyl-E-cinnamate (MC), form stronger 1:1 host–guest complexes with CB7 compared to cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) or three cyclodextrins (α-, β-, and γ-CD). Irradiation of (300 nm) UV light to an aqueous solution of the CB7-bound E isomers induces E to Z photoisomerization and the dissociation of the complex. When the same solution is irradiated by (254 nm) UV light, Z to E conformational changes of the unbound Z isomers are observed and are accompanied by restoring the host–guest complex formation.

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Wu, Shilian, Yanqiong Zhang, Long Yang i Can-Peng Li. "Label-Free Fluorescent Determination of Sunset Yellow in Soft Drinks Based on an Indicator-Displacement Assay". Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6302345.

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This work reported a fluorescence sensing platform for Sunset Yellow (SY) determination based on competitive host-guest interaction between cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and signal probe/target molecules. Luteolin/epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and SY were selected as the probe and target molecules, respectively. When luteolin or EGCG entered the CB7 host, its fluorescence significantly improved. However, upon the presence of SY in the performed luteolin·CB7 or EGCG·CB7 complex, this led to a remarkable decrease in fluorescence. This result was due to the fact that the binding constant of CB7/SY (4.9×104 M−1) was greater than that of CB7/luteolin (3.2×103 M−1) or CB7/EGCG (4.8×103 M−1). The fluorescence intensities of CB7/luteolin and CB7/EGCG complexes decreased linearly with increased SY concentration ranges of 0.5–50.0 and 2.0–50.0 μM. The proposed method had detection limits of 0.12 and 0.45 μM and was successfully used to determine SY samples with good recoveries ranging from 96.3% to 103.8%. This competitive mode provided a promising fluorescence assay strategy for potential applications in food safety.

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Zhang, Yan, Meiling Qi i Ruonong Fu. "High-efficiency cucurbit[7]uril capillary column for gas chromatographic separations of structural and positional isomers". RSC Advances 6, nr 42 (2016): 36163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05290h.

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Morton, L. F., A. R. Peachey, L. S. Zijenah, A. H. Goodall, M. J. Humphries i M. J. Barnes. "Conformation-dependent platelet adhesion to collagen involving integrin alpha 2 beta 1-mediated and other mechanisms: multiple alpha 2 beta 1-recognition sites in collagen type I." Biochemical Journal 299, nr 3 (1.05.1994): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990791.

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Platelet adhesion has been measured to type-I monomeric collagen, collagen fibres, alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains and the chain fragments alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB6, alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8, and alpha 2(I)CB3,5 and alpha 2(I)CB4. Little if any adhesion occurred to any denatured species at 37 degrees C, demonstrating the importance of the collagen helix. However, on coating at 4 degrees C to promote helix formation, and assaying at room temperature to avoid denaturation, adhesion was observed to both alpha-chain types and all fragments, the exact level of which depended on the identity of the species in question. Adhesion was strongly Mg(2+)-dependent. Antibodies against the integrin alpha 2 beta 1 partially inhibited adhesion to alpha-chains and all fragments except alpha 1(I)CB6, indicating a wide distribution of alpha 2 beta 1-binding sites in the collagen molecule. ‘Activation-dependent’ adhesion to monomeric collagen, totally secondary to alpha 2 beta 1-mediated adhesion, involved at least two mechanisms, one mediated by integrin alpha IIb beta 3 and insensitive to prostaglandin E1, the other inhibitable by prostaglandin E1 but independent of integrin alpha IIb beta 3. alpha IIb beta 3-mediated adhesion to fragments was, at least in part, independent of the alpha 2 beta 1-mediated adhesion. Adhesion to fibres was largely bivalent-cation-independent with only minor involvement of integrin alpha 2 beta 1. Some alpha IIb beta 3-mediated adhesion occurred but was independent of any alpha 2 beta 1-initiated adhesion. Total ‘activation-dependent’ adhesion to fibres was less than to monomeric collagen. Affinity chromatography revealed bivalent-cation-independent binding to fibres of three main platelet surface proteins, 90, 150 and 190 kDa in size.

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Kommidi, Sai Shradha Reddy, i Bradley D. Smith. "Cucurbit[7]uril Complexation of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Azobenzene-Cyanine Conjugates". Molecules 27, nr 17 (25.08.2022): 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175440.

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Two new azobenzene heptamethine cyanine conjugates exist as dispersed monomeric molecules in methanol solution and exhibit near-infrared (NIR) cyanine absorption and fluorescence. Both conjugates form non-emissive cyanine H-aggregates in water, but the addition of cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) induces dye deaggregation and a large increase in cyanine NIR fluorescence emission intensity. CB7 encapsulates the protonated azonium tautomer of the 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)azobenzene component of each azobenzene–cyanine conjugate and produces a distinctive new absorption band at 534 nm. The complex is quite hydrophilic, which suggests that CB7 can be used as a supramolecular additive to solubilize this new family of NIR azobenzene–cyanine conjugates for future biomedical applications. Since many azobenzene compounds are themselves potential drug candidates or theranostic agents, it should be possible to formulate many of them as CB7 inclusion complexes with improved solubility, stability, and pharmaceutical profile.

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Seco, André, Ana Marta Diniz, João Sarrato, Henrique Mourão, Hugo Cruz, A. Jorge Parola i Nuno Basílio. "A pseudorotaxane formed from a cucurbit[7]uril wheel and a bioinspired molecular axle with pH, light and redox-responsive properties". Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, nr 2 (25.02.2020): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0225.

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AbstractA pH-, light- and redox-responsive flavylium-bipyridinium molecular dyad (bioinspired in natural anthocyanins) was synthesized and employed to devise a pseudorotaxane with the macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) in aqueous solution. The inclusion complex was characterized by UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, NMR and electrochemical techniques which demonstrate formation of a stable binary complex between the dyad and CB7 both under acidic and neutral conditions. It is noteworthy that the flavylium-bipyridinium tricationic dyad is only stable in highly acidic media, undergoing a reversible hydration reaction at slightly acidic or neutral pH to give a trans-chalcone-bipyridinium dication. 1H NMR experiments showed that in this last species the CB7 binds to the bipyridinium unit while in the tricationic species the macrocycle is positioned between the flavylium and the bipyridinium moieties. The different location of the CB7 wheel in the two dyad states allows control of the shuttling movement using light and pH stimuli that trigger the interconversion between these two species.

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Bateman, J. F., D. Chan, T. Mascara, J. G. Rogers i W. G. Cole. "Collagen defects in lethal perinatal osteogenesis imperfecta". Biochemical Journal 240, nr 3 (15.12.1986): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400699.

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Quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of collagen were observed in tissues and fibroblast cultures from 17 consecutive cases of lethal perinatal osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The content of type I collagen was reduced in OI dermis and bone and the content of type III collagen was also reduced in the dermis. Normal bone contained 99.3% type I and 0.7% type V collagen whereas OI bone contained a lower proportion of type I, a greater proportion of type V and a significant amount of type III collagen. The type III and V collagens appeared to be structurally normal. In contrast, abnormal type I collagen chains, which migrated slowly on electrophoresis, were observed in all babies with OI. Cultured fibroblasts from five babies produced a mixture of normal and abnormal type I collagens; the abnormal collagen was not secreted in two cases and was slowly secreted in the others. Fibroblasts from 12 babies produced only abnormal type I collagens and they were also secreted slowly. The slower electrophoretic migration of the abnormal chains was due to enzymic overmodification of the lysine residues. The distribution of the cyanogen bromide peptides containing the overmodified residues was used to localize the underlying structural abnormalities to three regions of the type I procollagen chains. These regions included the carboxy-propeptide of the pro alpha 1(I)-chain, the helical alpha 1(I) CB7 peptide and the helical alpha 1(I) CB8 and CB3 peptides. In one baby a basic charge mutation was observed in the alpha 1(I) CB7 peptide and in another baby a basic charge mutation was observed in the alpha 1(I) CB8 peptide. The primary defects in lethal perinatal OI appear to reside in the type I collagen chains. Type III and V collagens did not appear to compensate for the deficiency of type I collagen in the tissues.

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Chen, Minggang, Seunghoon Lee, Silvia J. H. Park, Loren L. Looger i Z. Jimmy Zhou. "Receptive field properties of bipolar cell axon terminals in direction-selective sublaminas of the mouse retina". Journal of Neurophysiology 112, nr 8 (15.10.2014): 1950–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00283.2014.

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Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) transmit visual signals in parallel channels from the outer to the inner retina, where they provide glutamatergic inputs to specific networks of amacrine and ganglion cells. Intricate network computation at BC axon terminals has been proposed as a mechanism for complex network computation, such as direction selectivity, but direct knowledge of the receptive field property and the synaptic connectivity of the axon terminals of various BC types is required in order to understand the role of axonal computation by BCs. The present study tested the essential assumptions of the presynaptic model of direction selectivity at axon terminals of three functionally distinct BC types that ramify in the direction-selective strata of the mouse retina. Results from two-photon Ca2+ imaging, optogenetic stimulation, and dual patch-clamp recording demonstrated that 1) CB5 cells do not receive fast GABAergic synaptic feedback from starburst amacrine cells (SACs); 2) light-evoked and spontaneous Ca2+ responses are well coordinated among various local regions of CB5 axon terminals; 3) CB5 axon terminals are not directionally selective; 4) CB5 cells consist of two novel functional subtypes with distinct receptive field structures; 5) CB7 cells provide direct excitatory synaptic inputs to, but receive no direct GABAergic synaptic feedback from, SACs; and 6) CB7 axon terminals are not directionally selective, either. These findings help to simplify models of direction selectivity by ruling out complex computation at BC terminals. They also show that CB5 comprises two functional subclasses of BCs.

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Alnajjar, Mohammad A., Jürgen Bartelmeß, Robert Hein, Pichandi Ashokkumar, Mohamed Nilam, Werner M. Nau, Knut Rurack i Andreas Hennig. "Rational design of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) reporter dyes for cucurbit[7]uril". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (30.07.2018): 1961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.171.

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We introduce herein boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes as a new class of fluorophores for the design of reporter dyes for supramolecular host–guest complex formation with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7). The BODIPYs contain a protonatable aniline nitrogen in the meso-position of the BODIPY chromophore, which was functionalized with known binding motifs for CB7. The unprotonated dyes show low fluorescence due to photoinduced electron transfer (PET), whereas the protonated dyes are highly fluorescent. Encapsulation of the binding motif inside CB7 positions the aniline nitrogen at the carbonyl rim of CB7, which affects the pK a value, and leads to a host-induced protonation and thus to a fluorescence increase. The possibility to tune binding affinities and pK a values is demonstrated and it is shown that, in combination with the beneficial photophysical properties of BODIPYs, several new applications of host–dye reporter pairs can be implemented. This includes indicator displacement assays with favourable absorption and emission wavelengths in the visible spectral region, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and noncovalent surface functionalization with fluorophores.

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Satpathi, Sagar, Reman K. Singh, Arnab Mukherjee i Partha Hazra. "Controlling anticancer drug mediated G-quadruplex formation and stabilization by a molecular container". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, nr 11 (2018): 7808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00325d.

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G-quadruplex DNA (GQ-DNA) formation has been controlled using a molecular container, cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), by means of translocating a potential anticancer drug, topotecan, from GQ-DNA to the CB7 nanocavity. Interestingly, this whole cycle can be easily monitored through the change in the emission color of the stabilizing ligand, i.e., topotecan.

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Dewantari, Arinta Agnie, Nattha Yongwattana, Panwajee Payongsri, Sawinee Seemakhan, Suparerk Borwornpinyo, Akio Ojida i Jirarut Wongkongkatep. "Fluorescence Detection of Deoxyadenosine in Cordyceps spp. by Indicator Displacement Assay". Molecules 25, nr 9 (28.04.2020): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092045.

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A rapid, sensitive and reliable indicator displacement assay (IDA) for specific detection of 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine (2′-dAde and 3′-dAde), the latter is also known as cordycepin, was established. The formation of inclusion complex between protonated acridine orange (AOH+) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) resulted in the hypochromic shift of fluorescent emission from 530 nm to 512 nm. Addition of cordycepin to the highly fluorescent AOH+/CB7 complex resulted in a unique tripartite AOH+/CB7/dAde complex with diminished fluorescence, and such reduction in emission intensity serves as the basis for our novel sensing system. The detection limits were 11 and 82 μM for 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine, respectively. The proposed method also demonstrated high selectivity toward 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine, owing to the inability of other deoxynucleosides, nucleosides and nucleotides commonly found in Cordyceps spp. to displace the AOH+ from the AOH+/CB7 complex, which was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-Visible and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Our method was successfully implemented in the analysis of cordycepin in commercially available Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps supplements, providing a novel and effective tool for quality assessment of these precious fungi with several health benefits.

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Paudics, Adrien, Dóra Hessz, Márton Bojtár, Benjámin Gyarmati, András Szilágyi, Mihály Kállay, István Bitter i Miklós Kubinyi. "Binding Modes of a Phenylpyridinium Styryl Fluorescent Dye with Cucurbiturils". Molecules 25, nr 21 (3.11.2020): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215111.

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In order to explore how cucurbituril hosts accommodate an N-phenyl-pyridinium derivative guest, the complexation of the solvatochromic dye, 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-phenylpyridinium iodide (PhSt) with α,α′,δ,δ′-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril (Me4CB6) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) was investigated by absorption spectroscopic, fluorescence and NMR experiments. In aqueous solutions, PhSt forms 1:1 complexes with both cucurbiturils, the complex with CB7 has a higher stability constant (Ka = 6.0 × 106 M−1) than the complex with Me4CB6 (Ka = 1.1 × 106 M−1). As revealed by NMR experiments and confirmed by theoretical calculations, CB7 encapsulates the whole phenylpyridinium entity of the PhSt cation guest, whereas the cavity of Me4CB6 includes only the phenyl ring, the pyridinium ring is bound to the carbonyl rim of the host. The binding of PhSt to cucurbiturils is accompanied by a strong enhancement of the fluorescence quantum yield due to the blocking of the deactivation through a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. The TICT mechanism in PhSt was characterized by fluorescence experiments in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solvents of different viscosities. The PhSt-CB7 system was tested as a fluorescence indicator displacement (FID) assay, and it recognized trimethyl-lysine selectively over other lysine derivatives.

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Cai, Haiyuan, Kui Wang, Sijun Huang, Nianzhi Jiao i Feng Chen. "Distinct Patterns of Picocyanobacterial Communities in Winter and Summer in the Chesapeake Bay". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, nr 9 (12.03.2010): 2955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02868-09.

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ABSTRACT In the Chesapeake Bay, picocyanobacteria were usually 100-fold less abundant in winter than in summer. However, little is known about how picocyanobacterial populations shift between winter and summer in the bay. This is due mainly to undetectable winter picocyanobacterial populations in bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries. In this study, the winter and summer picocyanobacterial populations in the bay were detected using picocyanobacterium-specific primers and were compared based on the analysis of rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Temperature was found to be the dominant environmental factor controlling picocyanobacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay. In the summer, marine cluster B Synechococcus dominated the upper bay, while a unique cluster, CB1 (marine cluster A [MC-A] Synechococcus), made up the vast majority in the middle and lower bay. In the winter, the picocyanobacteria shifted to completely different populations. Subclades CB6 and CB7, which belong to MC-A Synechococcus and Cyanobium, respectively, made up the entire winter picocyanobacterial populations in the bay. Interestingly, the winter members in subclade CB6 clustered closely with Synechococcus CC9311, a coastal strain known to have a greater capacity to sense and respond to changing environments than oceanic strains.

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Mirankó, Mirella, Mónika Megyesi, Zsombor Miskolczy, Judit Tóth, Tivadar Feczkó i László Biczók. "Encapsulation of Metronidazole in Biocompatible Macrocycles and Structural Characterization of Its Nano Spray-Dried Nanostructured Composite". Molecules 26, nr 23 (2.12.2021): 7335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237335.

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Due to the great potential of biocompatible cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and 4-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (SCX4) macrocycles in drug delivery, the confinement of the pharmaceutically important metronidazole as an ionizable model drug has been systematically studied in these cavitands. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements gave 1.9 × 105 M−1 and 1.0 × 104 M−1 as the association constants of the protonated metronidazole inclusion in CB7 and SCX4, whereas the unprotonated guests had values more than one order of magnitude lower, respectively. The preferential binding of the protonated metronidazole resulted in 1.91 pH unit pKa diminution upon encapsulation in CB7, but the complexation with SCX4 led to a pKa decrease of only 0.82 pH unit. The produced protonated metronidazole–SCX4 complex induced nanoparticle formation with protonated chitosan by supramolecular crosslinking of the polysaccharide chains. The properties of the aqueous nanoparticle solutions and the micron-sized solid composite produced therefrom by nano spray drying were unraveled. The results of the present work may find application in the rational design of tailor-made self-assembled drug carrier systems.

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Koner, Apurba L., Indrajit Ghosh, Na'il Saleh i Werner M. Nau. "Supramolecular encapsulation of benzimidazole-derived drugs by cucurbit[7]uril". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 89, nr 2 (luty 2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-079.

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UV–vis and NMR spectroscopic techniques were employed to demonstrate the ability of the synthetic macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) to solubilize and stabilize widely used fungicides and anthelmintic drugs of the benzimidazole family in water, namely, albendazole (ABZ), carbendazim (CBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), fuberidazole (FBZ), and the parent benzimidazole (BZ). CB7 binds the protonated forms of these guests very strongly (e.g., K = 2.6 × 107 L/mol for ABZ) but their neutral forms significantly more weakly (e.g., K = 6.5 × 104 L/mol for ABZ), which reflects a complexation-induced increase of their pKa values by 2.6 units for ABZ, 2.5 units for CBZ, 4.0 units for TBZ, 3.8 units for FBZ, and 3.5 units for BZ. The absolute drug solubilities increased upon complexation from 0.003 to 0.300 mmol/L for ABZ, from 0.160 to 1.12 mmol/L for CBZ, from 0.110 to 1.11 mmol/L for TBZ, and from 0.25 to 0.75 mmol/L for FBZ (for BZ, the solubility enhancement was found to be insignificant). Complexation by CB7 further improves the photostability of the drugs and alters their photophysical properties.

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Idris, M., M. Bazzar, B. Guzelturk, H. V. Demir i D. Tuncel. "Cucurbit[7]uril-threaded fluorene–thiophene-based conjugated polyrotaxanes". RSC Advances 6, nr 100 (2016): 98109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21622f.

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Bateman, J. F., S. Lamande, D. Chan i W. G. Cole. "Peptide analysis of collagen produced from cDNA by transcription and translation in vitro". Biochemical Journal 245, nr 2 (15.07.1987): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2450393.

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When collagen CNBr-cleavage peptides are analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis each peptide is resolved into a reproducible set of charged forms. To test whether this peptide heterogeneity resulted from polymorphic mRNA, collagen was produced by transcription and translation in vitro of a collagen cDNA clone, and the peptides were mapped by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A cDNA construct was produced by ligation of the 5′ end of the rat phenylalanine hydroxylase cDNA [Dahl & Mercer (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4148-4153], containing the translation-initiation codon, to a human alpha 1(I) cDNA [Chu, Myers, Bernard, Ding & Ramirez (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 5925-5934] coding for a large portion of helical region including the complete CB7 and CB3 CNBr-cleavage peptides. This cDNA construct was ligated into the transcription vector pSP65, and cell-free translation of the mRNA transcribed from the pSP65 plasmid was performed with a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. After CNBr cleavage of the hybrid protein translation products, the collagen CB7 and CB3 peptides were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis into the same multiple charged forms whether the mRNA was produced from the cDNA construct or was extracted from normal fibroblast cultures. This result demonstrated that the multiple peptide spots were not due to polymorphic mRNA species. The heterogeneity must result from some uncharacterized specific post-translational modification or chemical alterations during sample preparation. This method of expression and analysis of proteins from cDNA clones should be of considerable use in the identification and characterization of clones that code for mutant proteins.

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22

Vasu, Anuji K., Raman Khurana, Jyotirmayee Mohanty i Sriram Kanvah. "pH-responsive molecular assemblies of pyridylbutadiene derivative with cucurbit[7]uril". RSC Advances 8, nr 30 (2018): 16738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03355b.

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Al-Burtomani, Suad K. S., i FakhrEldin O. Suliman. "Experimental and theoretical study of the inclusion complexes of epinephrine with β-cyclodextrin, 18-crown-6 and cucurbit[7]uril". New Journal of Chemistry 42, nr 8 (2018): 5785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj04766e.

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24

Aliaga, Margarita E., Luis García-Río, Ambar Numi, Alejandra Rodríguez, Sandra Arancibia-Opazo, Angélica Fierro i Alvaro Cañete. "Controlled keto–enol tautomerism of coumarin containing β-ketodithioester by its encapsulation in cucurbit[7]uril". New Journal of Chemistry 41, nr 24 (2017): 15574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03265j.

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25

Al-Burtomani, Suad K. S., i FakhrEldin O. Suliman. "Inclusion complexes of norepinephrine with β-cyclodextrin, 18-crown-6 and cucurbit[7]uril: experimental and molecular dynamics study". RSC Advances 7, nr 16 (2017): 9888–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28638k.

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Ghale, Garima, Nikolai Kuhnert i Werner M. Nau. "Monitoring Stepwise Proteolytic Degradation of Peptides by Supramolecular Domino Tandem Assays and Mass Spectrometry for Trypsin and Leucine Aminopeptidase". Natural Product Communications 7, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700315.

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A label-free optical detection method has been designed that allows direct monitoring of enzymatic peptide digestion in vitro. The method is based on the addition of a reporter pair, composed of the macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), to detect the proteolytic degradation of peptides. The enzymatic activity of trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated using H-LSRFSWGA-OH as a substrate. The substrate as well as the intermediary and final products (i.e., H-FSWGA-OH and phenylalanine) formed during its enzymatic hydrolysis differ in their binding affinity to the receptor CB7, which results in varying degrees of dye displacement and, therefore, different fluorescence intensities. CB7 showed a relatively weak binding constant of K ≈ 104 M–1 with the substrate, a relatively strong binding constant of K ≥ 106 M–1 with H-FSWGA-OH (which is a final product formed by trypsin digestion and the intermediary product formed during the enzymatic activity of LAP), and a moderate binding constant of K ≤ 105 M–1 with phenylalanine. Owing to this differential binding affinity of CB7 with the substrate and the corresponding products, the digestion of a peptide by trypsin was followed as a decrease in fluorescence signal, while the complete degradation of the peptide by LAP was monitored as a decrease and a subsequent increase in fluorescence signal. The kcat/ KM value for trypsin (2.0 × 107 min–1M–1) was derived from the change in fluorescence signal with time. Additionally, the complete degradation of the peptide by LAP was also followed by mass spectrometry. The use of a supramolecular sensing ensemble (macrocyclic host and dye) as a fluorescent reporter pair gives this method the flexibility to adapt for monitoring the stepwise degradation of different biologically relevant peptides by other proteases.

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Wang, Yingzhen, Meiling Qi i Ruonong Fu. "Selectivity of the binary stationary phase of cucurbit[7]uril with ionic liquid in gas chromatography". RSC Advances 5, nr 93 (2015): 76007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15020e.

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Wang, Lei-Ming, Wei Huang, Boris B Averkiev, Alexander I Boldyrev i Lai-Sheng Wang. "CB7−: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence against Hypercoordinate Planar Carbon". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46, nr 24 (11.06.2007): 4550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200700869.

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Wang, Lei-Ming, Wei Huang, Boris B Averkiev, Alexander I Boldyrev i Lai-Sheng Wang. "CB7−: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence against Hypercoordinate Planar Carbon". Angewandte Chemie 119, nr 24 (11.06.2007): 4634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200700869.

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Wang, Ruixia, Gongming Qian, Jing Guo, Qiushuang Ai, Simin Liu, Yichong Liu, Feng Liang i Shuai Chang. "Nanocollision mediated electrochemical sensing of host–guest chemistry at a nanoelectrode surface". Faraday Discussions 233 (2022): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fd00054c.

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Electrochemical (EC) measurement of nanoparticle impact on electrode provide an effective approach for studying the dynamics of host–guest chemistry and shed light on a convenient EC sensor for the recognition of target molecules with the aid of CB7.

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31

Pessêgo, Márcia, Johan Mendoza, José Paulo da Silva, Nuno Basílio i Luis Garcia-Rio. "Unveiling the formation 1 : 2 supramolecular complexes between cucurbit[7]uril and a cationic calix[4]arene derivative". Chemical Communications 55, nr 92 (2019): 13828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07280b.

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The formation of host–guest complexes between cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and a tetracationic calix[4]arene derivative in the so-called cone conformation was investigated by ¹H NMR, DOSY NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry and ESI-MS.

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32

Beachey, E. H., H. Gras-Masse, A. Tarter, M. Jolivet, F. Audibert, L. Chedid i J. M. Seyer. "Opsonic antibodies evoked by hybrid peptide copies of types 5 and 24 streptococcal M proteins synthesized in tandem." Journal of Experimental Medicine 163, nr 6 (1.06.1986): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.163.6.1451.

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The protective immunogenicity of a hybrid peptide containing tandem copies of types 5 and 24 epitopes was investigated. Carboxy-terminal peptides of the cyanogen bromide-derived fragment 7 (CB7) of type 24 M protein were chemically synthesized, and then extended to include the first 20 residues of the amino-terminus of type 5 M protein. When emulsified in CFA and injected into rabbits without conjugation to a carrier, each of the synthetic hybrid peptides, designated S-M5(1-20)-S-CB7(23-35)C and S-M5(1-20)-S-CB(19-34), evoked opsonic antibodies against both types 5 and 24 streptococci without raising heart tissue-crossreactive immunity. These results suggest that tandem hybrid peptides may provide a new approach to the development of multivalent vaccines, not only to different serotypes of group A streptococci but perhaps also to a variety of other infectious agents.

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33

Pearlstone, Joyce R., i Lawrence B. Smillie. "The interaction of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T fragments with troponin-I". Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, nr 3 (1.03.1985): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-030.

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The interactions of troponin-I (Tn-I) with a variety of fragments spanning the length of the troponin-T (Tn-T) polypeptide chain have been reinvestigated at physiological ionic strength by affinity chromatographic, gel filtration, and circular dichroism methodologies. Strong binding was observed with fragment T2 (residues 159–259) mimicking that observed with whole Tn-T and Tn-I. Partial binding was seen with the shorter cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments of Tn-T in the order CB4 (residues 176–230) > CB6 (residues 239–259) or CB5 (residues 152–175). No interaction with Tn-I was observed with fragments (CB2, CB3, T1) encompassing residues 1–158 of Tn-T. Based on the present results and the work of others, the binding region for Tn-I includes residues 159–259 and perhaps extends into the highly helical CB2 region (residues 71–151) of Tn-T. No evidence has been obtained by ourselves or others for the interaction of the CB3 region (1–70) with Tn-I. A significant increase (11.6%) in α-helical content was observed when an equimolar amount of fragment T2 (residues 159–259) was mixed with Tn-I, a result similar to that seen with whole Tn-T and Tn-I.

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Amin, MR, R. Afrin, SJ Suh i YJ Kwon. "Infestation of sucking insect pests on five cotton cultivars and their impacts on varietal agronomic traits, biochemical contents, yield and quality". SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, nr 1 (7.09.2016): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i1.29572.

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The five cotton cultivars viz., CB1, CB3, CB5, CB8, and C12 were evaluated under field conditions to compare their resistance levels against the aphid species Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the jassid species Amrasca devastans (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The effects of plant characteristics that could explain some of the varietal resistance levels were tested by measuring infestation levels, biochemical content, leaf trichome density, agronomic traits, yield, and quality of seed and fiber. In comparison with other varieties, CB1 and CB3 showed the least leaf and boll infestation, and possessed higher numbers of trichomes. CB12 had the lowest number of trichomes and exhibited the highest percentages of leaf and boll infestation. Biochemical analyses indicated that the highest percentage of starch occurred in CB8, and that of protein in CB5. Both starch and protein content were lowest in CB12. Aphid and jassid infestation reduced the starch and protein content of all cultivars. CB3 was the best performing variety in terms of size and weight of bolls; ginning out-turn (GOT); number of branches, leaves, and bolls per plant; and number of locules per boll. Seed cotton yields and lint indices were highest in CB1 and CB3 and lowest in CB12. CB12 was also the worst performing variety in terms of plant height, micronaire value, percentage of GOT and germination, number of leaves and bolls per plant, and boll length, width and weight. The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that, among the cultivars evaluated, CB12 is the most susceptible to aphid and jassid infestation.SAARC J. Agri., 14(1): 11-23 (2016)

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35

Goel, Teena, Nilotpal Barooah, Madhava B. Mallia, Achikanath C. Bhasikuttan i Jyotirmayee Mohanty. "Recognition-mediated cucurbit[7]uril-heptamolybdate hybrid material: a facile supramolecular strategy for99mTc separation". Chemical Communications 52, nr 45 (2016): 7306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc02613c.

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Employing a novel cucurbit[7]uril (CB7)-heptamolybdate hybrid material developed as a solid generator bed, we demonstrate an efficient and facile supramolecular strategy to separate the^99mTc nuclide from⁹⁹Mo solution for its use in theranostic applications.

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36

Kasiukiewicz, Agnieszka, Lukasz Magnuszewski, Marta Swietek i Zyta Beata Wojszel. "The Performance of Dual-Task Tests Can Be a Combined Neuro-Psychological and Motor Marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Depression and Dementia in Geriatric Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, nr 22 (17.11.2021): 5358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225358.

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The study aims to assess the performance of dual-task tests in the geriatric population and their association with the cognitive status of the patients. Methods: Patients admitted to the Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration on Bialystok, Poland, in 2019 and 2020 were enrolled in the study. Data on the patients’ clinical, functional, and cognitive status were collected based on the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Dual-task tests included Timed Up and Go (TUG) test while counting backward (CB7), enumerating animals (EA), and holding a cup (TUG M). Results: 250 patients were included in the study, with a median age of 81.5 years (IQR 76–86) and most above 75 years of age (80.8%). Only 29 (11.6%) of study participants had no cognitive or mood disorders. Depression was diagnosed in 30.4%, MCI in 12%, and dementia in 38.4% of cases with median Mini-Mental Score Evaluation (MMSE) 17 (12–20) points. Dual-task TUG CB7 results did not differ between cognitive conditions of patients. TUG EA differed between healthy controls and other cognitive groups and TUG between healthy controls and depression and dementia, but not mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The performance of all dual-task tests differed in patients with and without dementia. Ability to finish TUG CB7 was low even in the group without dementia. There were statistically significant differences in median scores of MMSE and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) between patients who were able or not to finish single and dual-task gait tests. Conclusion: Dual-task test results and the performance of these tasks can differentiate patients with depression, MCI and dementia compared to healthy controls in the geriatric population.

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Buttimer, Colin, Caoimhe Lynch, Hanne Hendrix, Horst Neve, Jean-Paul Noben, Rob Lavigne i Aidan Coffey. "Isolation and Characterization of Pectobacterium Phage vB_PatM_CB7: New Insights into the Genus Certrevirus". Antibiotics 9, nr 6 (21.06.2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060352.

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To date, Certrevirus is one of two genera of bacteriophage (phage), with phages infecting Pectobacterium atrosepticum, an economically important phytopathogen that causes potato blackleg and soft rot disease. This study provides a detailed description of Pectobacterium phage CB7 (vB_PatM_CB7), which specifically infects P. atrosepticum. Host range, morphology, latent period, burst size and stability at different conditions of temperature and pH were examined. Analysis of its genome (142.8 kbp) shows that the phage forms a new species of Certrevirus, sharing sequence similarity with other members, highlighting conservation within the genus. Conserved elements include a putative early promoter like that of the Escherichia coli sigma70 promoter, which was found to be shared with other genus members. A number of dissimilarities were observed, relating to DNA methylation and nucleotide metabolism. Some members do not have homologues of a cytosine methylase and anaerobic nucleotide reductase subunits NrdD and NrdG, respectively. Furthermore, the genome of CB7 contains one of the largest numbers of homing endonucleases described in a single phage genome in the literature to date, with a total of 23 belonging to the HNH and LAGLIDADG families. Analysis by RT-PCR of the HNH homing endonuclease residing within introns of genes for the large terminase, DNA polymerase, ribonucleotide reductase subunits NrdA and NrdB show that they are splicing competent. Electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was also performed on the virion of CB7, allowing the identification of 26 structural proteins—20 of which were found to be shared with the type phages of the genera of Vequintavirus and Seunavirus. The results of this study provide greater insights into the phages of the Certrevirus genus as well as the subfamily Vequintavirinae.

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Pagano, Ester, Vittorino Montanaro, Antonio di Girolamo, Antonio Pistone, Vincenzo Altieri, Jordan K. Zjawiony, Angelo A. Izzo i Raffaele Capasso. "Effect of Non-psychotropic Plant-derived Cannabinoids on Bladder Contractility: Focus on Cannabigerol". Natural Product Communications 10, nr 6 (czerwiec 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000653.

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There are anecdotal reports that some Cannabis preparations may be useful for bladder dysfunctions. Here, we investigated the effect of a number of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids, namely cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidivarin (CBDV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabichromene (CBC) on mouse bladder contractility in vitro. CBG, THCV, CBD and CBDV, but not CBC, at concentration ranging from 10−8 M to 10−4 M, decreased (with similar potency), the contractions induced by acetylcholine without significantly modifying the contractions induced by electrical stimulation. The rank order of efficacy was CBG=THCV>CBD>CBDV. In depth studies on CBG showed that the effect of this phytocannabinoid on acetylcholine-induced contractions was not affected by CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists. Additionally, CBG also reduced acetylcholine-induced contractions in the human bladder.

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39

Singh, Anuradha, Wai-Tak Yip i Ronald L. Halterman. "Fluorescence-On Response via CB7 Binding to Viologen–Dye Pseudorotaxanes". Organic Letters 14, nr 16 (3.08.2012): 4046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol300963c.

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40

Basu, R., A. Stevens i K. Phillip. "CB7-01: Psychology in Primary Care: An Evaluation of Best Practices". Clinical Medicine & Research 10, nr 3 (1.08.2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2012.1100.cb7-01.

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Celegatti, Caroline Mantovani, Thaísa de Menezes Alves Moro, Aline de Souza Lopes, Ana Paula Aparecida Pereira, Glaucia Maria Pastore, Pedro H. Campelo i Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici. "Canine vegan biscuits produced with inulin and blackberry flour". Research, Society and Development 10, nr 2 (28.02.2021): e57510212987. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12987.

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Pet food accounts for more than 60% of the total sales in the pet market, with emphasis on products with the addition of functional ingredients and health claims. The objective of the present study was to manufacture vegan canine biscuits, as snacks, containing the following functional ingredients: inulin, blackberry flour (BBF), and hydrolyzed soy protein (HSP). Four formulations were made, as follows: CB1, a control formulation, without the addition of inulin, BBF, and HSP. For the other formulations, the amount of BBF and HSP was set at 50 and 35 g/kg, respectively, and the inulin contents were 30, 60, and 90 g/kg, for the formulations CB2, CB3, and CB4, respectively. All biscuits were evaluated for their technological properties. The increase in inulin significantly reduced the hardness of the biscuits from 30 N (CB1) to 20 N (CB3 and CB4). The biscuits with blackberry exhibited a pink color, which shows that this natural ingredient can be used as a food coloring ingredient, thus avoiding the use of synthetic additives. CB3 and CB4 had the same acceptance as CB1, indicating no sensory rejection of the ingredients by the dogs. The BBF increased (p-value<0.05) the total phenolics content and the antioxidant capacity, and inulin increased (p-value<0.05) the prebiotic activity in relation to the control. The study demonstrated that color-conferring ingredients with bioactive compounds can be used in canine biscuits formulations, with no changes in the sensory acceptance, which can be an effective alternative to include the functional ingredients while maintaining the health appeal and clean label of the products.

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42

Dickerson, J., G. Clarke, W. Beardslee, V. R. Weersing, T. Gladstone, G. Porta, D. Brent, L. DeBar i J. Garber. "CB7-05: Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Preventing Depression in At-risk Adolescents". Clinical Medicine & Research 10, nr 3 (1.08.2012): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2012.1100.cb7-05.

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Ogoshi, Tomoki, Kazuyuki Masuda, Tada-aki Yamagishi i Yoshiaki Nakamoto. "Side-Chain Polypseudorotaxanes with Heteromacrocyclic Receptors of Cyclodextrins (CDs) and Cucurbit[7]uril (CB7): Their Contrast Lower Critical Solution Temperature Behavior with α-CD, γ-CD, and CB7". Macromolecules 42, nr 21 (10.11.2009): 8003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma901474b.

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Song, Sun Gu, Thathan Premkumar i Changsik Song. "A General Approach to Synthesize Metal Nanostructures by Using Cucurbit[7]uril". Nano 13, nr 01 (styczeń 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500078.

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Various metal (iron, copper, zinc, platinum)-based nanostructures were synthesized by a simple, green, and one-pot reaction of respective metal precursor and a cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) in an aqueous alkaline mixture at room temperature. The metal nanostructures (MNS) were obtained without adding any additional traditional reducing or protecting agents and/or external energy sources. Further, we could be able to tune the size and shape of the MNS just by varying the experimental conditions such as reaction concentration. Depending on the metal salts and reaction conditions, we could be able to produce different sizes and shapes of nanostructures. For example, the diameter of the CuO and iron nanoparticles (NP) was observed as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm (even [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm) which suggests the inclusion mechanism. However, the particle size of zinc and platinum was over 2[Formula: see text]nm which suggests the capping mechanism for the well-dispersed nanoparticles. It is worth mentioning that the CB7 acts as both reducing and protecting agent for the preparation of various MNS at ambient conditions. This one-pot and green approach for the preparation of MNS in aqueous solution has various advantages due to its mild synthesis condition and no toxic materials were used or produced, which is an important aspect for the exploration of biomedical applications and environmental influence of several metal nanoparticles that are presently prepared in organic solvents.

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An, Dongchen, Steve Peigneur i Jan Tytgat. "WIN55,212-2, a Dual Modulator of Cannabinoid Receptors and G Protein-Coupled Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels". Biomedicines 9, nr 5 (28.04.2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050484.

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The coupling of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, to G protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium channels, GIRK1 and GIRK2, modulates neuronal excitability in the human brain. The present study established and validated the functional expression in a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system of CB1 and CB2 receptors, interacting with heteromeric GIRK1/2 channels and a regulator of G protein signaling, RGS4. This ex vivo system enables the discovery of a wide range of ligands interacting orthosterically or allosterically with CB1 and/or CB2 receptors. WIN55,212-2, a non-selective agonist of CB1 and CB2, was used to explore the CB1- or CB2-GIRK1/2-RGS4 signaling cascade. We show that WIN55,212-2 activates CB1 and CB2 at low concentrations whereas at higher concentrations it exerts a direct block of GIRK1/2. This illustrates a dual modulatory function, a feature not described before, which helps to explain the adverse effects induced by WIN55,212-2 in vivo. When comparing the effects with other typical cannabinoids such as Δ9-THC, CBD, CP55,940, and rimonabant, only WIN55,212-2 can significantly block GIRK1/2. Interestingly, the inward rectifier potassium channel, IRK1, a non-G protein-coupled potassium channel important for setting the resting membrane voltage and highly similar to GIRK1 and GIRK2, is not sensitive to WIN55,212-2, Δ9-THC, CBD, CP55,940, or rimonabant. From this, it is concluded that WIN55,212-2 selectively blocks GIRK1/2.

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46

Kopustinskiene, Dalia M., Ruta Masteikova, Robertas Lazauskas i Jurga Bernatoniene. "Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compounds and Their Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation". Antioxidants 11, nr 4 (29.03.2022): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040660.

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Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants from the family Cannabidaceae have been used since ancient times, to produce fibers, oil, and for medicinal purposes. Psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) are the main pharmacologically active compounds of Cannabis sativa. These compounds have, for a long time, been under extensive investigation, and their potent antioxidant and inflammatory properties have been reported, although the detailed mechanisms of their actions have not been fully clarified. CB1 receptors are suggested to be responsible for the analgesic effect of THC, while CB2 receptors may account for its immunomodulatory properties. Unlike THC, CBD has a very low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and behaves as their negative allosteric modulator. CBD activity, as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist, could be important for CBD anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the chemical properties and bioavailability of THC and CBD, their main mechanisms of action, and their role in oxidative stress and inflammation.

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Kolbe, Marc Richard, Tim Hohmann, Urszula Hohmann, Chalid Ghadban, Ken Mackie, Christin Zöller, Julian Prell, Jörg Illert, Christian Strauss i Faramarz Dehghani. "THC Reduces Ki67-Immunoreactive Cells Derived from Human Primary Glioblastoma in a GPR55-Dependent Manner". Cancers 13, nr 5 (3.03.2021): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051064.

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the central nervous system in humans with a median survival time of less than 15 months. ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the best-characterized components of Cannabis sativa plants with modulating effects on cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) and on orphan receptors such as GPR18 or GPR55. Previous studies have demonstrated anti-tumorigenic effects of THC and CBD in several tumor entities including GBM, mostly mediated via CB1 or CB2. In this study, we investigated the non-CB1/CB2 effects of THC on the cell cycle of GBM cells isolated from human tumor samples. Cell cycle entry was measured after 24 h upon exposure by immunocytochemical analysis of Ki67 as proliferation marker. The Ki67-reducing effect of THC was abolished in the presence of CBD, whereas CBD alone did not cause any changes. To identify the responsible receptor for THC effects, we first characterized the cells regarding their expression of different cannabinoid receptors: CB1, CB2, GPR18, and GPR55. Secondly, the receptors were pharmacologically blocked by application of their selective antagonists AM281, AM630, O-1918, and CID16020046 (CID), respectively. All examined cells expressed the receptors, but only in presence of the GPR55 antagonist CID was the THC effect diminished. Stimulation with the GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) revealed similar effects as obtained for THC. The LPI effects were also inhibited by CBD and CID, confirming a participation of GPR55 and suggesting its involvement in modifying the cell cycle of patient-derived GBM cells.

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Navarro-Saiz, Laura, Lilia Bernal-Cepeda i Jaime Castellanos. "Immune challenges upregulate the expression of cannabinoid receptors in cultured human odontoblasts and gingival fibroblasts". Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana 35, nr 2 (29.09.2022): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54589/aol.35/2/80.

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Odontoblasts and gingival fibroblasts play essential roles in the physiological and pathological processes of dental tissue. Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are involved in analgesia by modulating the función of calcium channels that inhibit the synthesis of some neurotransmitters. A better understanding of the physiology of these receptors would provide the possibility of using them as therapeutic targets in controlling dental pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and activity of cannabinoid receptors in human odontoblast-like cells (OLC) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). CB1 and CB2 transcription was analyzed by real-time PCR, proteins were detected by immunofluorescence, and functional cannabinoid receptors were evaluated by measuring intracellular calcium concentration after stimulation with cannabidiol (CBD) and pre-treatment with a CB1 antagonist, a CB2 inverse agonist and a TRPV1 antagonist. Transcripts for CB1 and CB2 were found in both odontoblasts and gingival fibroblasts. Cannabidiol induced an increase in [Ca2+]i in both cells types, but surprisingly, pre-treatment with selective cannabinoid antagonists attenuated this effect, suggesting a functional communication between specific cannabinoid receptors and other CBD target receptors. In conclusion, human odontoblasts and gingival fibroblasts express functional CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, which could be modulated to improve the treatment of pain or dental sensitivity.

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Cai, Liyuan, Rudy Hartanto, Ji Zhang i Desheng Qi. "Clostridium butyricum Improves Rumen Fermentation and Growth Performance of Heat-Stressed Goats In Vitro and In Vivo". Animals 11, nr 11 (15.11.2021): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on rumen fermentation and the growth performance of heat-stressed goats. The in vitro fermentation was carried out using Clostridium butyricum supplement at 0% (CG), 0.025% (CB1), 0.05% (CB2), 0.10% (CB3), and 0.20% (CB4) of the dry matter (DM) weight of basal diet. Results showed that ruminal pH and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, as well as the acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. Additionally, significant increases (p < 0.05) in the degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were observed in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. For the in vivo study, 12 heat-stressed goats were divided equally into three groups: the control (HS1) was fed the basal diet, and groups HS2 and HS3 were fed with 0.05% and 0.10% Clostridium butyricum added to the basal diet, respectively. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 Latin square. Similar effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility parameters were obtained with 0.05% of Clostridium butyricum supplement compared to the in vitro study. Moreover, the dry matter intake and average daily gain were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in HS2 compared with other groups. These results indicated that an effective dose of Clostridium butyricum supplement (0.05%) could improve the rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats.

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Kaplan, Barbara L. F., i Norbert E. Kaminski. "Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) is Suppressed by the Plant-Derived Cannabinoid, Cannabidiol. (94.23)". Journal of Immunology 178, nr 1_Supplement (1.04.2007): S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.94.23.

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Abstract Marijuana is derived from the Cannabis Sativa plant. Although there are over 60 cannabinoid compounds in the plant, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive congener of marijuana and binds to the two known cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. THC has exhibited immunosuppressive actions both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, another predominant cannabinoid from the plant, cannabidiol (CBD), possesses low affinity for both cannabinoid receptors, yet also exhibits immunosuppressive actions. A major target of immune suppression by CBD is interleukin-2 (IL-2) as demonstrated in PMA/Io-stimulated mouse splenocytes. The focus of these studies was to determine the mechanism by which CBD suppressed IL-2. Using purified T cells from mouse splenocytes, CBD suppressed PMA/Io-stimulated IL-2 production, similar to the transplant drug cyclosporin A. Consistent with the observation that CBD does not possess high affinity for CB1 or CB2, CBD also suppressed PMA/Io-stimulated IL-2 from purified T cells derived from CB1/CB2 null mice. IL-2 transcription is regulated by several transcription factors, including NFAT, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Using the human Jurkat T cell line, in which CBD suppressed PMA/Io-stimulated IL-2 production, NFAT- and AP-1-luciferase reporter constructs were transiently transfected and induced with PMA/Io in order to examine the effect of CBD on transcriptional activation. CBD suppressed both PMA/Io-induced NFAT- and AP-1-luciferase in a concentration-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the mechanism by which other plant-derived, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids suppress IL-2 and other functional immune endpoints. (Supported in part by NIH DA007908).

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