Artykuły w czasopismach: „Categorization dynamics”

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Mack, Michael L., i Thomas J. Palmeri. "The dynamics of categorization: Unraveling rapid categorization." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, nr 3 (czerwiec 2015): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039184.

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Martí, Daniel, i John Rinzel. "Dynamics of Feature Categorization". Neural Computation 25, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00383.

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In visual and auditory scenes, we are able to identify shared features among sensory objects and group them according to their similarity. This grouping is preattentive and fast and is thought of as an elementary form of categorization by which objects sharing similar features are clustered in some abstract perceptual space. It is unclear what neuronal mechanisms underlie this fast categorization. Here we propose a neuromechanistic model of fast feature categorization based on the framework of continuous attractor networks. The mechanism for category formation does not rely on learning and is based on biologically plausible assumptions, for example, the existence of populations of neurons tuned to feature values, feature-specific interactions, and subthreshold-evoked responses upon the presentation of single objects. When the network is presented with a sequence of stimuli characterized by some feature, the network sums the evoked responses and provides a running estimate of the distribution of features in the input stream. If the distribution of features is structured into different components or peaks (i.e., is multimodal), recurrent excitation amplifies the response of activated neurons, and categories are singled out as emerging localized patterns of elevated neuronal activity (bumps), centered at the centroid of each cluster. The emergence of bump states through sequential, subthreshold activation and the dependence on input statistics is a novel application of attractor networks. We show that the extraction and representation of multiple categories are facilitated by the rich attractor structure of the network, which can sustain multiple stable activity patterns for a robust range of connectivity parameters compatible with cortical physiology.

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Kumar, Satwant, i Rufin Vogels. "Body Patches in Inferior Temporal Cortex Encode Categories with Different Temporal Dynamics". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, nr 11 (listopad 2019): 1699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01444.

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An unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience is how representations of object categories at different levels (basic and superordinate) develop during the course of the neural response within an area. To address this, we decoded categories of different levels from the spiking responses of populations of neurons recorded in two fMRI-defined body patches in the macaque STS. Recordings of the two patches were made in the same animals with the same stimuli. Support vector machine classifiers were trained at brief response epochs and tested at the same or different epochs, thus assessing whether category representations change during the course of the response. In agreement with hierarchical processing within the body patch network, the posterior body patch mid STS body (MSB) showed an earlier onset of categorization compared with the anterior body patch anterior STS body (ASB), irrespective of the categorization level. Decoding of the superordinate body versus nonbody categories was less dynamic in MSB than in ASB, with ASB showing a biphasic temporal pattern. Decoding of the ordinate-level category human versus monkey bodies showed similar temporal patterns in both patches. The decoding onset of superordinate categorizations involving bodies was as early as for basic-level categorization, suggesting that previously reported differences between the onset of basic and superordinate categorizations may depend on the area. The qualitative difference between areas in their dynamics of category representation may hinder the interpretation of decoding dynamics based on EEG or MEG, methods that may mix signals of different areas.

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Huette, Stephanie, i Bob McMurray. "Continuous dynamics of color categorization". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17, nr 3 (czerwiec 2010): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.17.3.348.

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Hadden, Benjamin W., S. Marie Harvey, Richard A. Settersten i Christopher R. Agnew. "What Do I Call Us? The Investment Model of Commitment Processes and Changes in Relationship Categorization". Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, nr 2 (20.03.2018): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617745115.

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The investment model of commitment has been used to understand relationship maintenance and dissolution across a variety of populations and relationship types. The current study used data from the Project on Partner Dynamics (POPD), a cohort study of young adults involved in nonmarital sexual relationships in the Los Angeles area, to test whether and how the investment model of commitment processes predicts individuals' self-reported categorizations of their relationships over time. We examined (1) how relationship categorizations are associated with variables outlined by the investment model and (2) whether model variables predict changes in relationship categorization over time. We found that changes in relationship self-categorization were associated with simultaneous changes in investment model variables, and that the model largely predicts the likelihood of future changes in relational self-categorization. These results are the first to examine how the investment model prospectively predicts the progression or regression of relationships beyond relationship dissolution.

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Tuller, Betty, Pamela Case, Mingzhou Ding i J. A. Scott Kelso. "The nonlinear dynamics of speech categorization." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20, nr 1 (1994): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.20.1.3.

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Deak, Gedeon O., i Patricia J. Bauer. "The Dynamics of Preschoolers' Categorization Choices". Child Development 67, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131859.

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NARENS, LOUIS, KIMBERLY A. JAMESON, NATALIA L. KOMAROVA i SEAN TAUBER. "LANGUAGE, CATEGORIZATION, AND CONVENTION". Advances in Complex Systems 15, nr 03n04 (maj 2012): 1150022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911500226.

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Linguistic meaning is a convention. This article investigates how such conventions can arise for color categories in populations of simulated "agents". The method uses concepts from evolutionary game theory: A language game where agents assign names to color patches and is played repeatedly by members of a population. The evolutionary dynamics employed make minimal assumptions about agents' perceptions and learning processes. Through various simulations it is shown that under different kinds of reasonable conditions involving outcomes of individual games, the evolutionary dynamics push populations to stationary equilibria, which can be interpreted as achieving shared population meaning systems. Optimal population agreement for meaning is characterized through a mathematical formula, and the simulations presented reveal that for a wide variety of situations, optimality is achieved.

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Grossberg, Stephen, Ian Boardman i Michael Cohen. "Neural dynamics of variable-rate speech categorization." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 23, nr 2 (1997): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.481.

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Shen, Jianhong, i Thomas Palmeri. "Modeling the Dynamics of Visual Object Categorization". Journal of Vision 15, nr 12 (1.09.2015): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1160.

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Wiesmann, M., P. F. M. J. Verschure i D. C. Kiper. "The dynamics of pattern identification and categorization". Journal of Vision 6, nr 6 (24.03.2010): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.607.

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Likova, L. T., i C. W. Tyler. "Cortical network dynamics of figure/ground categorization". Journal of Vision 7, nr 9 (19.03.2010): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.312.

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Romanova, Tatyana. "The Dynamics of the Conceptualization and Categorization of Space in the Russian Language". Respectus Philologicus 23, nr 28 (25.04.2013): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.9.

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This article presents examples taken from the National corpus of Russian language dictionaries which illustrate the objectification of space in the linguistic picture of the world. The examined data, taken from linguistic dictionaries and encyclopaedic sources, allow the dynamics of the process of conceptualization and peculiarities of the categorization of space in the Russian-language mentality to be identified, and verify the formed hypotheses. The formats of the conceptualization of space (starting from an image and mental picture to the notion of frame) and the language dynamics of the objectification of these formats are discussed. Examples from dictionaries of the National Russian Corpora illustrate the objectification of the language world map most vividly. The analysed data from the linguistic dictionaries and encyclopaedic sources prove the working hypothesis by defining the set of attributes which define the concept SPACE, the dynamics of the conceptualization process, and peculiarities of the categorizatition of space in the Russian language mind. The conclusion is drawn that the concept SPACE is an integrated, multiple-aspect, conceptional compound which is connected with the categorization of reality. The basis of the categorization of space is the prototypical approach. In the Russian language world map, the prototype of SPACE is FIELD. Numerous new attributes of the word space show the broadening of the human idea about this universal phenomenon, which is already considered to be not only a form of substance existence, but also one of many forms of spiritual activities. The method of identifying the conceptional attributes is conceptually definitional analysis. Multidirectional tendencies to both widening and narrowing areas of space conceptualization were found, together with the tendency to integrate different formation-spaces.

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Tuller, Betty, i Leonardo Lancia. "Speech dynamics: Converging evidence from syllabification and categorization". Journal of Phonetics 64 (wrzesień 2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2017.02.001.

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Bathellier, Brice, Lyubov Ushakova i Simon Rumpel. "Discrete Neocortical Dynamics Predict Behavioral Categorization of Sounds". Neuron 76, nr 2 (październik 2012): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.008.

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Taguchi, Mayu, Rieko Kuhara, Yuta Kato, Momoka Sano, Reiichiro Tsuchiya, Takehiro Goto, Kosuke Sano i Yoshimune Nonomura. "Categorization of Make-Up Foundations Based on Friction Dynamics". Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 56, nr 2 (20.06.2022): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.56.175.

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Bryanton, Megan A., i Loren Z. F. Chiu. "Hip- Versus Knee-Dominant Task Categorization Oversimplifies Multijoint Dynamics". Strength and Conditioning Journal 36, nr 4 (sierpień 2014): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000080.

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Xu, Feng, Junping Zhang i James Z. Wang. "Microexpression Identification and Categorization Using a Facial Dynamics Map". IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 8, nr 2 (1.04.2017): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2016.2518162.

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Triberti, Stefano, Claudia Repetto, Marcello Costantini, Giuseppe Riva i Corrado Sinigaglia. "Press to grasp: how action dynamics shape object categorization". Experimental Brain Research 234, nr 3 (8.12.2015): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4446-y.

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Chamberland, Justin A., i Charles A. Collin. "Effects of forward mask duration variability on the temporal dynamics of brief facial expression categorization". i-Perception 14, nr 2 (marzec 2023): 204166952311625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695231162580.

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The Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Task (JACBART) has been proposed as a standardized method for measuring people's ability to accurately categorize briefly presented images of facial expressions. However, the factors that impact performance in this task are not entirely understood. The current study sought to explore the role of the forward mask's duration (i.e., fixed vs. variable) in brief affect categorization across expressions of the six basic emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and three presentation times (i.e., 17, 67, and 500 ms). Current findings do not demonstrate evidence that a variable duration forward mask negatively impacts brief affect categorization. However, efficiency and necessity thresholds were observed to vary across the expressions of emotion. Further exploration of the temporal dynamics of facial affect categorization will therefore require a consideration of these differences.

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Sosina, Victoria E., i Aliya Saperstein. "Reflecting Race and Status: The Dynamics of Material Hardship and How People Are Perceived". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (styczeń 2022): 237802312211245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221124578.

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In most stratification research, race is treated as a static and one-dimensional individual characteristic, though a growing literature indicates dynamic and multidimensional measures better represent experiences of racial categorization and inequality. The authors leverage such measures to explore the relationship between material hardship and racial reflected appraisals, or how people report being perceived by others. Results from the New York City Longitudinal Survey of Wellbeing are consistent with a bidirectional relationship: first, people who reported being seen as Black or Hispanic were significantly more likely to experience later material hardship, net of both racial self-identification and earlier hardship; second, people with hardship experience were significantly more likely to report been perceived as Hispanic and significantly less likely to report being perceived as White, no matter how they self-identified. These findings underscore the dynamics of racial categorization and highlight the utility of including reflected race measures in studies of inequality.

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Petrokas, Raimundas, Virgilijus Baliuckas i Michael Manton. "Successional Categorization of European Hemi-boreal Forest Tree Species". Plants 9, nr 10 (16.10.2020): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101381.

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Developing forest harvesting regimes that mimic natural forest dynamics requires knowledge on typical species behaviors and how they respond to environmental conditions. Species regeneration and survival after disturbance depends on a species’ life history traits. Therefore, forest succession determines the extent to which forest communities are able to cope with environmental change. The aim of this review was to (i) review the life history dynamics of hemi-boreal tree species in the context of ecological succession, and (ii) categorize each of these tree species into one of four successional development groups (gap colonizers, gap competitors, forest colonizers, or forest competitors). To do this we embraced the super-organism approach to plant communities using their life history dynamics and traits. Our review touches on the importance and vulnerability of these four types of successional groups, their absence and presence in the community, and how they can be used as a core component to evaluate if the development of the community is progressing towards the restoration of the climatic climax. Applying a theoretical framework to generate ideas, we suggest that forests should be managed to maintain environmental conditions that support the natural variety and sequence of tree species’ life histories by promoting genetic invariance and to help secure ecosystem resilience for the future. This could be achieved by employing harvesting methods that emulate natural disturbances and regeneration programs that contribute to maintenance of the four successional groups.

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Löw, Andreas, Shlomo Bentin, Brigitte Rockstroh, Yaron Silberman, Annette Gomolla, Rudolf Cohen i Thomas Elbert. "Semantic Categorization in the Human Brain". Psychological Science 14, nr 4 (lipiec 2003): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.24451.

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We examined the cortical representation of semantic categorization using magnetic source imaging in a task that revealed both dissociations among superordinate categories and associations among different base-level concepts within these categories. Around 200 ms after stimulus onset, the spatiotemporal correlation of brain activity elicited by base-level concepts was greater within than across superordinate categories in the right temporal lobe. Unsupervised clustering of data showed similar categorization between 210 and 450 ms mainly in the left hemisphere. This pattern suggests that well-defined semantic categories are represented in spatially distinct, macroscopically separable neural networks, independent of physical stimulus properties. In contrast, a broader, task-required categorization (natural/man-made) was not evident in our data. The perceptual dynamics of the categorization process is initially evident in the extrastriate areas of the right hemisphere; this activation is followed by higher-level activity along the ventral processing stream, implicating primarily the left temporal lobe.

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Ashwin, S. S., Tadasu Nozaki, Kazuhiro Maeshima i Masaki Sasai. "Organization of fast and slow chromatin revealed by single-nucleosome dynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 40 (16.09.2019): 19939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907342116.

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Understanding chromatin organization and dynamics is important, since they crucially affect DNA functions. In this study, we investigate chromatin dynamics by statistically analyzing single-nucleosome movement in living human cells. Bimodal nature of the mean square displacement distribution of nucleosomes allows for a natural categorization of the nucleosomes as fast and slow. Analyses of the nucleosome–nucleosome correlation functions within these categories along with the density of vibrational modes show that the nucleosomes form dynamically correlated fluid regions (i.e., dynamic domains of fast and slow nucleosomes). Perturbed nucleosome dynamics by global histone acetylation or cohesin inactivation indicate that nucleosome–nucleosome interactions along with tethering of chromatin chains organize nucleosomes into fast and slow dynamic domains. A simple polymer model is introduced, which shows the consistency of this dynamic domain picture. Statistical analyses of single-nucleosome movement provide rich information on how chromatin is dynamically organized in a fluid manner in living cells.

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Ugland, Trygve. "Adaptation and Integration through Policy Re-categorization". Journal of Public Policy 23, nr 2 (maj 2003): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x03003076.

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This comparative study analyses how the state alcohol monopoly systems in Finland, Norway and Sweden were affected by interaction with the European Union (EU). Pressures from the EU, as well as the contrasting domestic responses in this process, are viewed in relation to how these institutions were integrated in terms of consistency, interdependence and structural connectedness. The article goes beyond the frequent observation that external scrutiny and pressures challenge national policy coherence to show that domestic public policies also may emerge more coherent and integrated. It is suggested that the relationship between the way public policies are integrated, categorized and re-categorized provides important insights towards our understanding of the dynamics of public policy.

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Fassnacht, C., i A. Zippelius. "Recognition and categorization in a structured neural network with attractor dynamics". Network: Computation in Neural Systems 2, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-898x_2_1_004.

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Lancia, Leonardo, Noel Nguyen i Betty Tuller. "Nonlinear dynamics of speech categorization: critical slowing down and critical fluctuations". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, nr 5 (maj 2008): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2932873.

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Mäkitalo, Åsa. "Accounting Practices as Situated Knowing: Dilemmas and Dynamics in Institutional Categorization". Discourse Studies 5, nr 4 (listopad 2003): 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614456030054003.

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Mondada, Lorenza. "The dynamics of embodied participation and language choice in multilingual meetings". Language in Society 41, nr 2 (23.03.2012): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740451200005x.

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AbstractThis article deals with the organization of multilingual meetings, considering the interplay of multimodal resources constituting their interactional order. Using Conversation Analysis, it explores the mobilization of multimodal and multilingual resources by the participants in order to make possible, sustain, and change participation within a meeting. Moreover, it focuses on language choice as a situated and embodied achievement.The article's empirical contribution is a detailed analysis of a single case, an episode within a meeting in which several radical changes occur concerning language, participation, interactional space, and the categorization of the participants. The analysis explores the systematic organizational features characterizing the meeting before and after change, showing the embodied practices enabling a participant who was silent, sitting in the last row of the room, not speaking the language of the meeting, to become a recognized expert, thus changing the language of the meeting and reorganizing the opportunities to participate. (Conversation analysis, interactional linguistics, meetings, multilingualism, participation, multimodality, language choice, categorization, identity)*

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Kozłowski, Krzysztof. "Computational requirements for a discrete Kalman filter in robot dynamics algorithms". Robotica 11, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700015411.

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SUMMARYIn standard classical kinematic and dynamic considerations the equations of motion for an n-link manipulator can be obtained as recursive Newton-Euler equations. Another approach to finding the inverse dynamics equations is to formulate the system dynamics and kinematics as a two-point boundary-value problem. The equivalence between these two approaches has been proved in this paper. Solution to the two-point boundary-value problem leads to the forward dynamics equations which are similar to the equations of Kalman filtering and Bryson-Frazier fixed time-interval smoothing. The extensive numerical studies conducted by the author on the new inverse and forward dynamics algorithms derived from the two-point boundary-value problem establish the same level of confidence as exists for current methods. In order to obtain the algorithms with the smallest coefficients of the polynomial of order O(n), the categorization procedure has been implemented in this work.

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Evaldsson, Ann-Carita. "Verbal mobbning och normerande praktiker i flickors relationsprat". Educare, nr 2-3 (1.06.2009): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/educare.2009.2-3.1270.

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In this study data are drawn from ethnographic research combined with audio-recordings of everyday peer interactions in a multiethnic elementary school in Sweden. The analysis is based on longitudinal work among five preadolescent girls with low income and mixed ethnicities. Special attention is given to the social process (conflict talk, accounts, insults, threats, forms of membership categorization-work) of social exclusion in a girl group. The analysis combines ethnography with examination of talk-in-interaction (CA) and ethnomethodological concerns for membership categorizations (MCA). As will be demonstrated the targeted girl was affiliated with multiple negative categorizations such as “bad friend”, “bad girl”, ”friendless”, “insane” and “bullied”, and eventually socially excluded from the girl-group. In constructing such categorizations the girls’ engaged in relational talk in which they deployed diverse forms of judgmental work (complaints, accusations, justifications, insults, recycling, accounts, negative person descriptions). As a result, the girls arranged social relations of power, indexed social identities, policed gender-deviant behaviours and justified social exclusion. Overall the analysis provides a critical perspective on peer victimization that accounts for the complexities, dynamics and contradictions inherent in girl-bullying and feminine morality.

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STEINGRIMSSON, RAGNAR. "EVOLUTIONARY GAME THEORETICAL MODEL OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF HUE, A HUE STRUCTURE, AND COLOR CATEGORIZATION IN NOVICE AND STABLE LEARNERS". Advances in Complex Systems 15, nr 03n04 (maj 2012): 1150018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911500184.

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Evolutionary game theory is used to form a finite partition of a continuous hue circle in which perceptually similar hues are each represented by an icon chip and the circle by a finite but game dynamically determined number of icon chips. On the basis of such icon chip structures, a color categorization for both an individual learner and a population of learners is then evolved. These results remove limitations of some particular previous color categorization simulation work which assumed a fixed number of color stimuli and a maximal number of predefined color categories. These simulations are extended to demonstrate that learners need neither to share the same icon chip structures, nor do these structures have to be fully developed for a population of learners to produce a stable color categorization system. Additionally, when a naïve learner is introduced into a population with a stable color categorization, the game dynamics result in the learner's adopting the existing categorization. All results are shown to hold while the underlying icon chip structures evolve continuously in response to novel stimuli. The usefulness of the approach as well as some of the potential implications of the results for human learning of color categories are discussed.

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Park, Bernadette, i Charles M. Judd. "Rethinking the Link Between Categorization and Prejudice Within the Social Cognition Perspective". Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, nr 2 (maj 2005): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0902_2.

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For the past 40 years, social psychological research on stereotyping and prejudice in the United States has been dominated by the social cognition perspective, which has emphasized the important role of basic categorization processes in intergroup dynamics. An inadvertent consequence of this approach has been a disproportionate focus on social categorization as a causal factor in intergroup animosity and, accordingly, an emphasis on approaches that minimize category distinctions as the solution to intergroup conflict. Though recognizing the crucial function of categorization, we question existing support for the hypothesis that the perception of strong group differences necessarily results in greater intergroup bias. Given that it is neither feasible nor ultimately desirable to imagine that social categories can be eliminated, we suggest that a more useful approach is one that promotes intergroup harmony even while recognizing and valuing the distinctions that define our social world.

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Piet, Alex T., Jeffrey C. Erlich, Charles D. Kopec i Carlos D. Brody. "Rat Prefrontal Cortex Inactivations during Decision Making Are Explained by Bistable Attractor Dynamics". Neural Computation 29, nr 11 (listopad 2017): 2861–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01005.

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Two-node attractor networks are flexible models for neural activity during decision making. Depending on the network configuration, these networks can model distinct aspects of decisions including evidence integration, evidence categorization, and decision memory. Here, we use attractor networks to model recent causal perturbations of the frontal orienting fields (FOF) in rat cortex during a perceptual decision-making task (Erlich, Brunton, Duan, Hanks, & Brody, 2015 ). We focus on a striking feature of the perturbation results. Pharmacological silencing of the FOF resulted in a stimulus-independent bias. We fit several models to test whether integration, categorization, or decision memory could account for this bias and found that only the memory configuration successfully accounts for it. This memory model naturally accounts for optogenetic perturbations of FOF in the same task and correctly predicts a memory-duration-dependent deficit caused by silencing FOF in a different task. Our results provide mechanistic support for a “postcategorization” memory role of the FOF in upcoming choices.

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Fogerty, Daniel. "Acoustic discrimination and categorization of formant dynamics for novel and familiar stimuli." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, nr 4 (październik 2008): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782631.

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Catenacci Volpi, Nicola, Jean Charles Quinton i Giovanni Pezzulo. "How active perception and attractor dynamics shape perceptual categorization: A computational model". Neural Networks 60 (grudzień 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2014.06.008.

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Curchod, Corentin, i Nicolas Neysen. "Categorization and Socio-cognitive Dynamics: Identity building and meaning-making on eBay". Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, nr 1 (lipiec 2012): 12266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.12266abstract.

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Moinuddin, Kazi Ashraf, Felix Havugimana, Rakib Al-Fahad, Gavin M. Bidelman i Mohammed Yeasin. "Unraveling Spatial-Spectral Dynamics of Speech Categorization Speed Using Convolutional Neural Networks". Brain Sciences 13, nr 1 (30.12.2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010075.

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The process of categorizing sounds into distinct phonetic categories is known as categorical perception (CP). Response times (RTs) provide a measure of perceptual difficulty during labeling decisions (i.e., categorization). The RT is quasi-stochastic in nature due to individuality and variations in perceptual tasks. To identify the source of RT variation in CP, we have built models to decode the brain regions and frequency bands driving fast, medium and slow response decision speeds. In particular, we implemented a parameter optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify listeners’ behavioral RTs from their neural EEG data. We adopted visual interpretation of model response using Guided-GradCAM to identify spatial-spectral correlates of RT. Our framework includes (but is not limited to): (i) a data augmentation technique designed to reduce noise and control the overall variance of EEG dataset; (ii) bandpower topomaps to learn the spatial-spectral representation using CNN; (iii) large-scale Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization to find best performing CNN model; (iv) ANOVA and posthoc analysis on Guided-GradCAM activation values to measure the effect of neural regions and frequency bands on behavioral responses. Using this framework, we observe that α−β (10–20 Hz) activity over left frontal, right prefrontal/frontal, and right cerebellar regions are correlated with RT variation. Our results indicate that attention, template matching, temporal prediction of acoustics, motor control, and decision uncertainty are the most probable factors in RT variation.

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Demil, Benoît. "Reintroducing public actors in entrepreneurial dynamics: A co‐evolutionary approach to categorization". Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 14, nr 1 (19.08.2019): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sej.1335.

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Howard, Judith A. "Tensions of Social Justice". Sociological Perspectives 46, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2003.46.1.1.

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The achievement of social justice is vital to the future of human civilization. Debates about social justice are deeply complicated, however, as evident in the range of responses to the events of September 11, 2001. In this essay I trace micro-level phenomena and processes that contribute to understanding social justice and the tensions that surround it. I argue that the Western social contractarian conception of justice does not incorporate the legacies of historical inequities and therefore is less useful than conceptions of justice that emphasize compassion, need, and forgiveness. I review a wide-ranging social psychological literature on social cognitive and social interactive dynamics that both contribute to and could be used to minimize social inequities, emphasizing dynamics of social categorization and ways in which social power shapes the construction and use of social categorization. I argue that the achievement of social justice will require not only institutional interventions but, in the end, that individuals act for justice.

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Saeed, Bushra, Shahzeb Shafi i Muhammad Hamzah Masood. "Exploring Identity and Belonging in the Context of Partition of 1947: A Social Identity Theory Analysis of 'Train to Pakistan' by Khushwant Singh". Global Language Review VIII, nr I (30.03.2023): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(viii-i).20.

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This study explores the theme of identity and belonging in Khushwant Singh’s novel, ‘Train to Pakistan’, by investigating how the characters develop their sense of identity and belonging within the socio-political context of the Partition of India in 1947. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, analyzing the novel through close reading and thematic analysis. The study applies the Social Identity Theory to examine the novel’s categorization, social comparison, and identification processes. The research reveals that religious, cultural, and national affiliations significantly influence the characters’ identities and sense of belonging. It highlights the complexities of identity construction during conflict and demonstrates that characters’ identities are subject to external categorizations. However, the study also observes the characters’ agency in negotiating their identities and challenging societal expectations. The study explores identity dynamics, emphasizing the importance of social and contextual factors in shaping individual and collective identities, particularly within historical and cultural narratives.

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Nair, Nisha, i Patturaja Selvaraj. "Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India". International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 21, nr 3 (31.10.2021): 545–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14705958211057363.

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The world over, countries have been racing to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Central to the mitigation of the virus spread is the ability of nations to ensure behavior of its people adheres to the constraints imposed in the wake of the pandemic. However, there has been much variation in how individuals and collectives have responded in conformance to expected behavioral changes necessitated by the pandemic. The paper offers a cross-cultural and social identity perspective based on group categorizations to understand the variation in pandemic responses in the context of two different countries, that of India and the United States. Relevant cultural dimensions of difference shaping behavior such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and other cultural norms shaping divergent behavioral responses in the US and India are examined. Differing group categorizations relevant for each country are also explored to understand the dynamics of behavioral response, be it adherence to mask wearing and following norms of social distancing, or the migrant labor exodus in India from urban to rural areas amidst the first wave of the pandemic. Implications for managing behavioral responses considering cross-cultural differences and group categorization processes are also discussed.

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Ermusheva, Anastasia A., Marina G. Vinogradova i Aleksander Sh Tkhostov. "Categorization of bodily sensations in psychodermatological disorders". National Psychological Journal 40, nr 4 (2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0406.

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Background. Categorization is one of the cognitive processes that ensure objects definition based on selected key features. Studying the aspects of categorization of bodily sensations allows to investigate the making sense of bodily sensations which seems promising in the context of exploring pathological bodily sensations. Objective: to study the aspects of categorization in psychodermatological disorders. Design. The study involved 113 patients with mental disorders with complaints of pathological bodily sensations (63 patients with psychodermatological disorders: delusional infestation (n = 33), neurotic excoriation (n = 30); 50 patients with depression with somatic symptoms). There were used the “Short Health Anxiety Inventory” and the psychosemantic method “Choice of descriptors of intraceptive sensations” with instructions: to choose bodily sensations of the healthy state, to classify sensations according to their similarity. Results. In psychodermatological disorders, health anxiety was lower in comparison to depression with somatic symptoms. The analysis of bodily sensations categorization of the healthy state revealed a significantly smaller descriptors number from classes of general somatic sensations, dynamics sensations, exteroceptive sensations and pleasant bodily sensations in psychodermatological disorders. In bodily sensations classification two general categories of bodily experience were distinguished: bodily sensations associated with the illness experience and bodily sensations of habitual functioning. Conclusion. Although there were the differences in health-anxiety and specificity of clinical manifestations in patients with mental disorders with complaints of pathological bodily sensations, the comparability of categorical structures of bodily experience was described, which manifested itself in features of general categories of bodily experience in psychodermatological disorders and depression with somatic symptoms.

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van Rijsbergen, Nicola J., i Philippe G. Schyns. "Dynamics of Trimming the Content of Face Representations for Categorization in the Brain". PLoS Computational Biology 5, nr 11 (13.11.2009): e1000561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000561.

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Zhou, Yuqing, Tianyu Gao, Ting Zhang, Wenxin Li, Taoyu Wu, Xiaochun Han i Shihui Han. "Neural dynamics of racial categorization predicts racial bias in face recognition and altruism". Nature Human Behaviour 4, nr 1 (7.10.2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0743-y.

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Muir, Sarah. "Recursive in/formality: Time and ideology in a distributed monetary system". Anuac 6, nr 2 (31.12.2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-3073.

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I argue that in/formality is not a distinction between two qualities, but rather, a distinction of relative position achieved through linguistic and nonlinguistic practices of categorization. Through an analysis of illegal currency trading in Argentina, I show how temporal and ideological dynamics shape the semiotic framing of in/formality in any given context.

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Reinert, Sandra, Mark Hübener, Tobias Bonhoeffer i Pieter M. Goltstein. "Mouse prefrontal cortex represents learned rules for categorization". Nature 593, nr 7859 (21.04.2021): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03452-z.

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AbstractThe ability to categorize sensory stimuli is crucial for an animal’s survival in a complex environment. Memorizing categories instead of individual exemplars enables greater behavioural flexibility and is computationally advantageous. Neurons that show category selectivity have been found in several areas of the mammalian neocortex1–4, but the prefrontal cortex seems to have a prominent role4,5 in this context. Specifically, in primates that are extensively trained on a categorization task, neurons in the prefrontal cortex rapidly and flexibly represent learned categories6,7. However, how these representations first emerge in naive animals remains unexplored, leaving it unclear whether flexible representations are gradually built up as part of semantic memory or assigned more or less instantly during task execution8,9. Here we investigate the formation of a neuronal category representation throughout the entire learning process by repeatedly imaging individual cells in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. We show that mice readily learn rule-based categorization and generalize to novel stimuli. Over the course of learning, neurons in the prefrontal cortex display distinct dynamics in acquiring category selectivity and are differentially engaged during a later switch in rules. A subset of neurons selectively and uniquely respond to categories and reflect generalization behaviour. Thus, a category representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex is gradually acquired during learning rather than recruited ad hoc. This gradual process suggests that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex are part of a specific semantic memory for visual categories.

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Yuan, Haobo. "Introducing the Language of “Relativity” for New Scaffold Categorization". Bioengineering 6, nr 1 (26.02.2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6010020.

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Research related with scaffold engineering tends to be cross-domain and miscellaneous. Several realms may need to be focused simultaneously, including biomedicine for cell culture and 3D scaffold, physics for dynamics, manufacturing for technologies like 3D printing, chemistry for material composition, as well as architecture for scaffold’s geometric control. As a result, researchers with different backgrounds sometimes could have different understanding towards the product described as ‘Scaffold’. After reviewing the literature, numerous studies termed their developed scaffold as ‘novel’, compared with scaffolds previously designed by others using comparing criterion like ‘research time’, ‘manufacturing method’, ‘geometry’, and so on. While it may have been convenient a decade ago to, for example, categorize scaffold with ‘Dualistic Thinking’ logic into ‘simple-complicated’ or ‘traditional-novel’, this method for categorizing ‘novelty’ and distinguishing scaffold is insufficiently persuasive and precise when it comes to modern or future scaffold. From this departure of philosophical language, namely the language of ‘relativity’, it is important to distinguish between different scaffolds. Other than attempting to avoid ambiguity in perceiving scaffold, this language also provides clarity regarding the ‘evolution stage’ where the focused scaffolds currently stand, where they have been developed, and where in future they could possibly evolve.

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Das, Jareh. "On Curating Pain: The Sick Body in Martin O’Brien’s Taste of Flesh/Bite Me I’m Yours". Leonardo 49, nr 3 (czerwiec 2016): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01274.

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This article discusses the “sick body” in performance art and ethics, specifically in Taste of Flesh/Bite Me I’m Yours (2015) by London-based artist Martin O’Brien, which was commissioned by the Arts Catalyst as part of Trust Me, I’m an Artist, a Creative Europe-funded project exploring ethical issues in art that engages with biotechnology and medicine, such as medical self-experimentation, extreme body art and art practices using living materials and scientific process. It considers the bodily categorization “sick,” particularly in relation to when the markers for such categorization are rendered invisible through illnesses—in this context, cystic fibrosis. Through the performance of this illness, important ethical questions are raised for the performing sick body, including complicity, subjectivity and the situation-behavior dynamics present between a performer and an audience.

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Karimi, Hamed, Haniyeh Marefat, Mahdiyeh Khanbagi, Chris Kalafatis, Mohammad Hadi Modarres, Zahra Vahabi i Seyed-Mahdi Khaligh-Razavi. "Temporal dynamics of animacy categorization in the brain of patients with mild cognitive impairment". PLOS ONE 17, nr 2 (23.02.2022): e0264058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264058.

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Electroencephalography (EEG) has been commonly used to measure brain alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, reported changes are limited to those obtained from using univariate measures, including activation level and frequency bands. To look beyond the activation level, we used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to extract patterns of information from EEG responses to images in an animacy categorization task. Comparing healthy controls (HC) with patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we found that the neural speed of animacy information processing is decreased in MCI patients. Moreover, we found critical time-points during which the representational pattern of animacy for MCI patients was significantly discriminable from that of HC, while the activation level remained unchanged. Together, these results suggest that the speed and pattern of animacy information processing provide clinically useful information as a potential biomarker for detecting early changes in MCI and AD patients.

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