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Albahri, Tareq Abduljalil. "Mechanistic modeling of catalytic cracking chemistry /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Pełny tekst źródłaNazarudin, N. "Catalytic cracking of plastic waste using nanoporous materials". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1380400/.
Pełny tekst źródłaSundaralingam, Ramasubramanian. "Optimization of a model IV fluidized catalytic cracking unit". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58750.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIdris, Muhammad Nuru. "Hydrodynamics and process modelling of fluid catalytic cracking reactors". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531527.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrynes, Lawrence Lee. "Development of a novel monolith froth reactor for three-phase catalytic reactions /". Access abstract and link to full text, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9412289.
Pełny tekst źródłaYu, Joyleene Ruth. "Bio-oil upgrading through biodiesel emulsification and catalytic vapour cracking". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46841.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrado, Juan Luis Gomez. "Intergrated Methodology for the Modelling of Refinery Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505488.
Pełny tekst źródłaGalligan, Carrie. "Catalytic Cracking of Jet Propellant-10. For Pulse Detonation Engine Applications". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22529/22529.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe hydrocarbon jet-fuel, JP-10, is being studied as a possible propellant for the Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) and other high-speed flight applications. Catalytic pre-cracking of JP-10 could provide a more easily detonated mixture of light olefin products. A mixture of mostly light hydrocarbons has the added benefit of being less prone to coking than a product mixture heavy in aromatics. This endothermic reaction also offers potential as a heat sink in high-speed flight applications where the extra weight of an onboard cooling system would hinder engine efficiency. Several heterogeneous catalytic cracking tests have been done using a Bench Top Tubular Reactor and the products were analyzed with GC/MS and GC. Two forms of nanocrystalline zeolites, nZSM-5(24h) and nZSM-5(6h), and three forms of silico-alumino-phosphates, SAPO-5A, SAPO-5B, and SAPO-11 successfully catalyzed the cracking of JP-10; however, SAPO-5 and nZSM-5(24h) have proven to be the most promising catalyts. Both catalysts converted over 90 % of JP-10 (∼ 3s residence time) into a mixture of hydrocarbon products consisting mainly of C4 and lower chain hydrocarbons (C3 to C1). nZSM-5(24h) demonstrated the lowest carbon mass ratio, CR (C5+:C4−), between 350 oC and 450 oC and the highest conversion rates above 500 oC. SAPO-5A & B demonstrated the highest conversion rates and the lowest CR between 400 oC and 500 oC.
Panpranot, Joongjai. "Hydrothermal aging of zeolite-based catalysts". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=274.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 84 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-67).
Bayraktar, Oguz. "Effect of pretreatment on the performance of metal contaminated commercial FCC catalyst". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2071.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 214 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-208).
Madadkhani, Shiva. "Red mud as an iron-based catalyst for catalytic cracking of naphthalene". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60118.
Pełny tekst źródłaApplied Science, Faculty of
Graduate
Yateem, Wael. "Environmental impact of fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refining complex". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8340.
Pełny tekst źródłaShehab, Amal. "The role of carbon in the catalytic isomerisation-cracking of n-alkanes". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21028/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAldawsari, Afrah M. F. "Dielectric measurements and catalytic cracking of heavy oils using advanced microwave technologies". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af211e33-c6a7-4fb3-8a91-47b0f7f677bc.
Pełny tekst źródłaAñez, Javier. "Modélisation de l'injection de pétrole pour les procédés FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking)". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR132/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD is a joint venture between VINCI Technologies and the CNRS Laboratory CORIA. For its application, VINCI Technologies, developed mainly oil-related equipments and in particular injection/atomization systems. Some of these injectors are characterized by a very big geometrical dimensions (several meters long), that leads to very high Reynolds and Weber number. In addition, many injectors incorporate an internal mixing zone, in which liquid and gas phases are both present in a significant proportion. Consequently, this zone belongs to the dense two-phase flow category. To simulate the liquid dispersion and to characterize the spray formation special from these injectors, appropriate models are required. On its side, the CORIA team, has developed a suitable approach, so-called ELSA, based on the pioneering work of Borghi and Vallet [1, 2]. Key points of this approach are the liquid dispersion that can be associated to the turbulent liquid flux and the amount of liquid-gas surface that can be used to determine eventually the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray. During this PhD, the applications proposed by V INCI Technologies, have promoted a review of a large part of the multiphase flow approaches to find the more appropriate for each case. This has been the opportunity to clarify the range of application of each approach, and therefore stress the necessity to develop coupled approaches, in order to cover the proposed application in the most suitable way. In particular, this manuscript reports, in one hand, the theoretical development of the ELSA family models, and on the other hand, the corresponding industrial approximations. Since ELSA approaches are originally developed for RANS simulation of the dense zone, it has been extended to LES description. The link of this approach to the DNS¡ ICM approach, has been studied with a special care. The resulting proposed solver, switches dynamically from ICM to subgrid spray, through the ELSA concept, and thanks to resolution based indicator (IRQ). On the opposite side, once the dispersed spray is formed, the ELSA approach is coupled to multiphase flow method, that aims to determine the spray distribution through the WBE equation. This later equation, is solved with an original hybrid Euler-Lagrange method. The purpose is to solve the WBE equation with a Lagrange stochastic approach, and at the same time, preserving the compatibility to the Euler description of two-phase flow, based on ELSA, to benefit from both approaches. This coupled approach has been tested against academic experimental data coming from ECN research initiative, a combined DNS and experimental measurement of dispersed spray on a Diesel jet, and under an air-blast atomizer numerical test case, for which the mean liquid volume fraction has been measured. Eventually, these developed approaches have been applied to industrial application showing there robustness and their capacity to help in the process of design development of new injectors
Brillis, Aristidis. "Catalytic cracking of C8 aliphatic hydrocarbons over ultrastable Y zeolite and its deactivation". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272152.
Pełny tekst źródłaSmith, Gordon Christopher. "Catalytic cracking of n-alkanes and n-alkylbenzenes over H-ZSM-5 zeolite". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12550.
Pełny tekst źródłaDufreche, Stephen Thomas. "Effect of phosphorous poisoning on catalytic cracking of lipids for green diesel production". Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04022008-220330.
Pełny tekst źródłaZheng, Xiaobo. "A Computational Investigation of Hydrocarbon Cracking: Gas Phase and Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions on Zeolites". Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1455%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlsabei, Redah Mousa. "Model-based approach for the plant-wide economic control of fluid catalytic cracking unit". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8566.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarth, Jan O. [Verfasser]. "Novel nanocomposite catalysts for NOx reduction from Fluid Catalytic Cracking units / Jan O Barth". Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1170544029/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaBruening, Christopher. "Decalin Dehydrogenation for In-Situ Hydrogen Production to Increase Catalytic Cracking Rate of n-Dodecane". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1525100991525704.
Pełny tekst źródłaWallace, Carol Leigh. "The investigation into the formation of coke in relation to the fluid catalytic cracking process". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248295.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeskari, Mohamed Ali. "Dynamic analysis of diffusion and convection in porous catalysts". Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244857.
Pełny tekst źródłaIlles-Smith, Peter C. "A study of the modelling, dynamic simulation and control of the modern fluid catalytic cracking process". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330143.
Pełny tekst źródłaGholizadeh, Mortaza. "Upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil through hydrodeoxygenation and cracking in a continuous packed-bed catalytic reactor". Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1761.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalgarinos, Ilias. "Development of a two-phase flow model for the investigation of collisions between heavy gasoil doplets and catalytic particles in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Reactors". Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19271/.
Pełny tekst źródłaSilva, German Gonzalez. "Modelagem e simulação de reatores gas-solido de escoamento descendente (Downer)". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266438.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: Os reatores de leito fluidizado são uma das mais importantes tecnologias atuais para processos heterogêneos gás-sólido, tanto catalíticos como não catalíticos. As aplicações industriais mais importantes incluem o craqueamento catalítico na indústria petroquímica, a combustão e/ou gaseificação de carvão, biomassa e resíduos sólidos. Estes são importantes processos para a geração de energia, produção de combustíveis e gás de síntese. Um dos tipos de reatores de leito fluidizado mais relevante é o reator de fluxo ascendente conhecido como riser. Este reator consiste de uma coluna tubular na qual o sólido e o gás escoam co-correntes de forma ascendente. Em comparação com outras tecnologias, o reator riser tem uma importante desvantagem: uma distribuição de tempos de residência variada no reator que reduz a conversão e a seletividade. Recentemente cresceu o interesse por outro tipo de reator gás-sólido circulante que possui melhor desempenho que o reator riser. Neste tipo de reator, conhecido como downer, por oposição ao riser, o escoamento co-corrente gás-sólido ocorre de forma descendente, o que lhe outorga características fluidodinâmicas que se assemelham mais ao escoamento tipo pistão e permitem um melhor controle da conversão, da seletividade e da desativação. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a simulação de reatores gás-sólido tipo downer, incorporando modelos fluidodinâmicos com modelos de engenharia das reações químicas e catalíticas. Desenvolve-se, de forma geral, a modelagem dos diferentes fenômenos fluidodinâmicos, físico-químicos e catalíticos que ocorrem no reator e são propostos algoritmos de solução para diferentes situações. Posteriormente, aplica-se o modelo proposto do reator downer ao estudo de um caso industrial: o craqueamento catalítico. Os resultados mostram um enfoque geral aplicável para a modelagem e simulação de sistemas de reações gás-sólido em fluxo descendente. As simulações do processo industrial de craqueamento catalítico revelam que o reator tipo downer apresenta características de desempenho que o fazem superior ao reator tipo riser convencional.
Abstract: The fluidized bed reactor is one of the most important technologies for gas-solid heterogeneous operations, considering catalytic or non catalytic processes. The most important industrial applications include catalytic cracking, coal combustion and biomass combustion. The most relevant fluidized bed reactor is the ascendant flow reactor, which is known as riser. The riser reactor consist of a tubular column in which the solid and the gas flow cocurrently upward. The riser reactor has as main disadvantage a wide residence time distribution, which reduce the conversion and the selectivity. Recently, it has grown the interest in a new type of gas-solid circulating reactor with a better performance than the riser which is known as downer. In this reactor the gas and the solid flow cocurrently downward, creating hydrodynamic features comparable to a plug flow reactor and allowing a better control over the conversion, the selectivity and the deactivation. This work regarded it had been studied the simulation of the gas-solid downer reactor, including hydrodynamic models and models from the chemical reaction engineering. It was developed in a general way the modelling of the hydrodynamic, physical chemical and catalytic phenomena occurring in the reactor. Algorithms were proposed to solve of different simulation cases. The proposed model of the downer reactor was used in the studying of one industrial case: the catalytic cracking. The results show a general approach which is applicable for modelling and simulation of gas-solid reactive system with descendent flow. The simulations of the catalytic cracking show that the downer reactor has features that make it perform better than the conventional riser reactor.
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
John, Yakubu M. "Kinetic modelling simulation and optimal operation of fluid catalytic cracking of crude oil: Hydrodynamic investigation of riser gas phase compressibility factor, kinetic parameter estimation strategy and optimal yields of propylene, diesel and gasoline in fluid catalytic cracking unit". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17323.
Pełny tekst źródłaConti, Roberto <1986>. "Analytical Pyrolysis and Microextraction Methods to Characterize Oil and Biochar from Thermal and Catalytic Cracking of Biomass". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7320/1/Conti_Roberto_Tesi.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaConti, Roberto <1986>. "Analytical Pyrolysis and Microextraction Methods to Characterize Oil and Biochar from Thermal and Catalytic Cracking of Biomass". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7320/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAl-Rubaye, Rana. "Generation and characterisation of catalytic films of zeolite Y and ZSM-5 on FeCrAlloy metal". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/generation-and-characterisation-of-catalytic-films-of-zeolite-y-and-zsm5-on-fecralloy-metal(de743286-52bd-4922-8de7-9a261283b6e5).html.
Pełny tekst źródłaHörnell, Christina. "Thermochemical and Catalytic Upgrading in a Fuel Context : Peat, Biomass and Alkenes". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3164.
Pełny tekst źródłaPashikanti, Kiran. "Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) and Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Catalytic Reforming Processes". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77181.
Pełny tekst źródłaPh. D.
Pagani, Adriana Siviero. "Estudo cinetico do craqueamento catalitico de moleculas modelo de hidrocarbonetos em catalisadores de FCC". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267085.
Pełny tekst źródłaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O 1-octeno, 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano e n-octano foram utilizados como moléculas modelo para o estudo experimental e de modelagem do craqueamento catalítico na superfície de dois catalisadores comerciais (PETROBRAS), compostos por zeólita USY e matriz (SiO2-Al2O3) com impregnação de terras raras (CTR) e sem a impregnação de terras raras (STR), ambos desativados pelo método vapor. Os testes de craqueamento catalítico foram realizados em fase gasosa em reator tubular de leito fixo, construído em quartzo, na faixa de temperatura de 325 a 685 K para o 1-octeno, 725 a 950 K para o 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano e 815 a 975 K para o n-octano à pressão atmosférica. O catalisador STR apresentou valores de taxa de giro (s-1) maiores que os encontrados para o CTR. As energias de ativação aparente apresentaram a seguinte ordem decrescente: n-octano (STR: 180 kJ mol-1 e CTR: 192 kJ mol-1) > 2,2,4-trimetil-pentano (STR: 121 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 127 kJ mol-1) > 1-octeno (STR: 18 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 23 kJ mol-1). Os mecanismos de reações foram determinados para as três moléculas modelo através dos produtos de reação determinados experimentalmente e considerando as famílias de reações de iniciação, isomerização, transferência de hidrogênio, adsorção/dessorção e cisão-ß/oligomerização. A modelagem do craqueamento catalítico foi desenvolvida segundo a teoria da colisão, a teoria do estado de transição e as propriedades termodinâmicas das espécies envolvidas nos mecanismos. As taxas de giro da modelagem cinética apresentaram uma diferença com as taxas de giro experimentais de aproximadamente 20%.
Abstract: The 1-octene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and n-octane were used as model molecules in an experimental and modeling study for the catalytic cracking on the surface of commercial catalysts (PETROBRAS) that are composed of USY zeolite and matrix with rare earth impregnation (CTR) and without rare earth impregnation (STR), both deactivated by steam method. The experimental tests were carried out in the gas phase, in a fixed bed tubular reactor made of quartz in the temperature range of 325 to 685 K for the 1-octene, 725 to 950 K for the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 815 to 975 K for the n-octane at atmospheric pressure. The catalyst STR showed higher values of turnover rate (s-1) than the catalyst CTR. The apparent activation energies showed the following decreasing order: n-octane (STR: 180 kJ mol-1 and CTR: 192 kJ mol-1) > 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (STR: 121 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 127 kJ mol-1) > 1-octene (STR: 18 kJ mol-1 / CTR: 23 kJ mol-1). The reactions mechanisms were determined for the three model molecules with the reaction products obtained experimentally and considering the families of reactions of initiation, isomerization, hydride transfer, adsorption/desorption and ß-scission/oligomerization. The modeling of the catalytic cracking was developed according to the collision theory, the transition state theory and the thermodynamics properties of the adsorbed species involved in the mechanisms. The model turnover rates showed a difference between the experimental turnover rates near 20 %.
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
Whitcombe, Joshua Matthew, i n/a. "Study of Catalyst Particle Emissions From a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit". Griffith University. School of Environmental Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031003.152200.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhitcombe, Joshua Matthew. "Study of Catalyst Particle Emissions From a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367301.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Full Text
Khangkham, Supaporn. "Catalytic degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) by zeolites and regeneration of used zeolites via ozonation". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9227/1/khangkham.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMuller, Michel. "Etude de reactions d'isomerisation, de cracking et d'alkylation d'hydrocarbures en presence de divers superacides". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13022.
Pełny tekst źródłaKantarelis, Efthymios. "Catalytic Steam Pyrolysis of Biomass for Production of Liquid Feedstock". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142412.
Pełny tekst źródłaDet nuvarande samhällets behov av bränslen och kemiska produkter är starkt knutet till fossila resurser. Detta beroende kan leda till ekonomisk instabilititet, politiska svårigheter och osäker leveranssäkerhet. Dessutom riskeras allvarliga skador i framtiden på grund av global uppvärmning, vilket är relaterat till det ökande och massiva användandet av fossila bränslen. Biomassa är en förnybar resurs som är tillgänglig idag, möjlig att utnyttja för produktion av diverse flytande, gasformiga och fasta produkter. Dessa produkter, beroende på biogeniskt ursprung, betraktas som koldioxidneutrala och kan därför generera koldioxidkrediter. Processande av biomassa kan möta utmaningen av minskad fossilbränsleanvändning, genom produktion av flytande råvara som kan reducera beroendet och/eller möta ökad efterfrågan, via en snabbt expanderande termokemisk teknik - pyrolys. Det slutgiltiga målet med en sådan process är att producera en flytande produkt med förbättrade egenskaper som direkt skulle kunna användas som flytande bränslen, bränsleadditiv och/eller som råmaterial i moderna oljeraffinaderier och petrokemiska komplex. Vätskor som utvinns från termiska processer är problematiska med avseende på hantering och slutanvändningen i olika applikationer, därmed behövs olika spår för produktion av avancerade flytande råvaror. Heterogena katalysen har länge tjänat raffinaderi- och petrokemisk industri, som producerar ett brett utbud av bränslen och produkter, lämpliga för säker användning. Kombinationen av biomassapyrolys och heterogen katalys (genom att bringa pyrolysångorna i kontakt med en lämplig katalysator) är ett väldigt lovande spår. I denna avhandling undersöks användningen av biomassa för produktion av flytande råvara, via pyrolys över en flerfunktionel katalysator i ångatmosfär. Ångpyrolys i en fastbäddsreaktor visade att ånga kan betraktas som ett reaktivt medium, även vid låga temperaturer, som påverkar utbyten och sammansättning av alla produkter. Avgasningen sker snabbare och den slutliga flykthalten i kolresterna blir lägren vid användning av ånga. Snabbpyrolys i ångatmosfär resulterar i förbättrad och mer kontrollerad termisk nedbrytning av biomassa, vilket ger ett högre vätskeutbyte och en något deoxygenerad flytande produkten. ångpyrolys i kombination med bimetalliska NiV-katalysatorer, ger upphov till en flytande råvara med förbättrad kvalitet och selektiv deoxygenering. Dock med ett minskande utbyte som följd. Kombinationen av metall och en sur katalysator (Ni-V/HZSM5) visade förstärkt deoxygenering med bibehållen vätehalt i den flytande produkten. Den slutliga syrehalten i vätskan var 12.83 vikt% vid en zeolithalt (HZSM5) på 75 vikt%, dock med ett kraftigt minskande vätskeutbyte. Dessutom noterades ökad koksbildning på katalysatormaterialet med den högsta zeolithalten. Ökad rymd-tid för katalysatorn (τ) ger ett lägre vätskeutbyte med reducerad syrehalt (7.79 vikt% vid τ=2h) och ökad aromathalt. Koksbildning på ytan, per massenhet katalysatormaterial, minskade vid längre rymd-tider medan utbytet av kolrester förblev opåverkat. Undersökningen av stabiliteten hos hybridkatalysatorn visade inga strukturella defekter och ingen signifikant minskad aktivitet efter regenerering vid låg temperatur (550οC).
Οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες της κοινωνίας για παραγωγή υγρών καυσίμων και χημικών προϊόντων εξαρτώνται από τους ορυκτούς πόρους. Αυτή η εξάρτηση μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε οικονομικά προβλήματα, πολιτκή αστάθεια, όπως επίσης και αβεβαιότητα στις προμήθειες της ενεργειακής εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας. Επιπροσθέτως, μια δραματική «παράπλευρη απώλεια» η οποία θέτει σε κίνδυνο το μέλλον του πλανήτη είναι η υπερθέρμανσή του, η οποία έχει συσχετισθεί με την εκτεταμένη χρήση ορυκτών πόρων. Σήμερα, η βιομάζα είναι η μόνη ανανεώσιμη πηγή από την οποία μπορούν να παραχθούν υγρά, αέρια και στερεά προϊόντα, που λόγω της λιγνοκυταρρινικής τους προελεύσεως, η συνεισφορά τους στις εκομπές CO2 θεώρειται μηδενική. Η θερμοχημική επεξεργασία της βιομάζας συνεισφέρει στον περιορισμό της χρήσης ορυκτών πόρων, με την παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων, τα οποία μπορούν να μειώσουν την εξάρτηση ή /και την αυξημένη ζήτηση μέσω μιας ταχέως αναπτυσόμενης τεχνολογίας, της πυρόλυσης. Στόχος της διεργασίας είναι η παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων με ιδιότητες, που επιτρέπουν την απευθείας χρήση τους ως υγρά καύσιμα ή ως πρώτη ύλη, για την παραγώγη χημικών προϊόντων σε συγχρονες μονάδες διύλισης πετρελαίου και σε πετροχημικά συγκτροτήματα. Εν τούτοις, τα υγρά προϊόντα της θερμικής διάσπασης (πυρόλυση) είναι προβληματικά στη διαχείρηση και στις τελικές τους εφαρμογές, λόγω της σύστασής τους. Ως εκ τούτου, απαιτούνται νέες τεχνικές για παραγωγή προηγμένων υγρών προοϊόντων. Η ετερογενής κατάλυση έχει επιτυχώς εφαρμοσθεί στην πετρελαϊκή και χημική βιομηχανία, παράγοντας ένα μεγάλο εύρος προϊόντων. Ο συνδυασμός της με την πυρόλυση (φέρνοντας σε επαφη τα υγρά/ατμούς με κατάλληλο καταλύτη) αποτελεί μια πολλά υποσχόμενη ενναλακτική. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η αξιοποίηση βιομάζας για παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων μέσω καταλυτικής πυρόλυσης, με χρήση πολυλειτουρικού καταλύτη (multi-functional catalyst) υπό την παρουσία ατμού. Η χρήση ατμου κατά τη διαρκειά πυρόλυσης βιομαζας σε αντιδραστήρα σταθερής κλίνης, μεταβάλει τη σύσταση των επιμέρους προϊόντων. Η παρουσία ατμού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την ταχύτερη αποπτητικοποίηση του υλικού, ενώ παράλληλα η περιεκτικότητα του υπολειπόμενου εξανθρακώματος σε πτητικά είναι μικρότερη. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ταχείας πυρόλυσης σε αντιδραστήρα ρευστοστερεάς κλίνης δείχνουν ό,τι η χρήση ατμού βελτιώνει την θερμική διάσπαση της βιομαζας, αυξάνοντας την απόδοση σε υγρά προϊοντά, ενώ παράλληλα βοηθάει στην αποξυγόνωσή τους. Ο συνδυασμός της πυρόλυσης υπό την παρουσία ατμού και διμεταλλικού καταλύτη νικελίου–βαναδίου μπορεί να βελτιώσει την ποιότητα των παραγόμενων υγρών (αποξυγόνωση) με παραλλήλη μείωση της απόδοσής τους, ενώ μπορεί να παράγει προϊόντα εκλεκτικής αποξυγόνωσης. Συνδυασμός μεταλλικών και ζεολιθικών καταλυτών (Ni-V/HZSM5) εμφανίζει βελτιωμένη δραστικότητα στις αντιδράσεις αποξυγόνωσης, με παράλληλη συγκράτηση υδρογόνου (Η) στα υγρά προϊόντα. Η τελική περιεκτικότητα των υγρών προϊόντων σε οξυγόνου (Ο) μετά από 90 min αντίδρασης είναι 12.83 wt%, με περιεκτικότητα ζεόλιθου (ΗZSΜ5) ~75 wt% στον καταλύτη. Ωστόσο, η αυξηση της περεικτικότητας σε ζεόλιθο έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση των επικαθήσεων άνθρακα επάνω στον κατάλυτη, καθώς και την σημαντική μειώση της απόδοσης των υγρών προϊόντων (24.35wt% επι ξηρής βιομάζας). Η αύξηση του χώρου χρόνου του καταλύτη (τ) έχει ως αποτέλεσμα: τη μείωση των υγρών προϊόντων, τη μείωση του περιεχόμενου Ο στα υγρά προϊόντα (7.79 wt% at τ =2h), την αύξηση των αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων και τη μείωση του επικαθήμενου κωκ ανά μονάδα μάζας καταλύτη. Η απόδοση του εξανθρακώματος παρέμεινε πρακτικά αμετάβλητη. Η αναγέννηση του υβριδικού καταλύτη σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασιές (550οC) δεν επέφερε σημαντικές δομικές αλλαγές και απώλεια δραστικότητας.
QC 20140306
Schallmoser, Stefan [Verfasser], Johannes A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Lercher i Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler. "Insight into Catalytic Cracking of Hydrocarbons over MFI type Zeolites / Stefan Schallmoser. Gutachter: Johannes A. Lercher ; Klaus Köhler. Betreuer: Johannes A. Lercher". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064976352/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaNqakala, Loyiso Clemence. "Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratio and their evaluation as catalysts in the catalytic cracking of hexane". University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8316.
Pełny tekst źródłaEthylene and propylene are greatly used for their importance as feedstocks for producing useful materials. Due to rise in prices and the demand of ethylene and propylene, the need to increase the selective production of these light olefins is necessary. To achieve this, zeolites, specifically ZSM-5 has been used to investigate catalytic cracking of several types of hydrocarbons for the production of these light olefins. This study focuses on developing hierarchical macro and/or mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites with variable Si/Al ratios. The synthesized materials were then evaluated on their performance via catalytic cracking of hexane, dodecane and tyre derived oil [TDO] to produce light olefins, particularly ethylene and propylene.
Smith, Bradley Joseph. "Steam-Assisted Catalysis of n-Dodecane as a Jet Fuel Analogue in a Flow Reactor System for Hypersonic Thermal Management". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1577978953025703.
Pełny tekst źródłaCois, Giulia. "Aggiornamento e miglioramento della matrice di simulazione delle rese di un impianto di cracking catalitico a letto fluidizzato". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaRibeiro, Pleycienne Trajano. "Modelagem e controle de unidades de craqueamento catalitico - FCC". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266266.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: Por representar um importante processo de conversão da indústria petroquímica, o craqueamento catalítico é um dos processos de conversão mais estudados. Nele, moléculas de alto peso molecular são quebradas em moléculas com menor peso molecular, obtendo-se assim produtos economicamente mais desejáveis. Os estudos do processo, de sua modelagem matemática e dos seus sistemas de controle, podem garantir o conhecimento necessário para alcançar condições operacionais ótimas que levem à máxima conversão da carga. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivos: a pesquisa e utilização de uma modelagem matemática para o conversor FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking); o estudo do processo sob influência de um controlador PID clássico, muito utilizado em refinarias; a estruturação de uma rede neural artificial (RNA) e o seu posterior uso como modelo interno de um controlador avançado tipo preditivo desenvolvido a partir dos estudos feitos no processo de craqueamento catalítico. Em paralelo, foi cirada uma ferramenta de simulação que possibilitou o meio mais amigável e prático para realização de todas as simulações necessárias para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. O FCCGUI (Fluid Catalytic Cracking Graphical User Interface), nome dado ao simulador, proporciona a escolha de parâmetros de simulação, diferentes estruturas de controle (PID, DMC e MPC - baseado em redes neurais), a visualização de diferentes variáveis manipuladas, controladas e sinais de válvulas e facilidades para perturbar o sistema. Através das simulações foi possível acompanhar o comportamento das variáveis de processo em diferentes condições testadas, realizar a estruturação da rede neural e obter as respostas das variáveis controladas para os dois tipos de controladores estudados. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante satisfatórios, visto que a modelagem matemática escolhida representa bem o sistema e o controlador MPC-Neural desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente, por conseguir manter o processo estável e próximo ao set point, mesmo após a aplicação de perturbações no processo
Abstract: Catalytic cracking is one of the most studied conversion processes due its importance in the petrochemical industry. In this process high weight molecules are broken into lighter ones, yielding more economically valuable products. The study about the process, its mathematical modeling, and its control systems may guarantee the necessary knowledge needed to reach optimal operational conditions which lead to maximum load conversion. In this context, the present work thesis has as main objectives the research and use of a mathematical modeling for a FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) conversion unit, the study of the system under PID control loop widely used in refineries, structuring of an artificial neural network (ANN) with its use as an internal model of a predictive control system developed for catalytic cracking. Parallel to this, it was developed a computational tool which in a friendly and practical way made possible to carry out simulations needed to accomplish this work. FCCGUI (Fluid Catalytic Cracking Graphical User Interface), name given to this simulator, allows to choose simulation parameters, different control systems (PID, DMC, and MPC-ANN Based), graphical visualization of many different variables, such as manipulated and controlled variables plus valve signals, also it allows for and easy means for disturbing the system while the simulation continues. Through the simulations it was possible to follow the behavior of many process variables under different tested operational conditions, to structure the neural network, and to obtain controlled variables responses for both types of control systems studied. The obtained results were quite satisfactory since the chosen mathematical modeling represents well the system and the developed MPC-ANN controller showed to be efficient to maintain the process stable and close to the set points even after the introduction of disturbances in the process. Taking all these into account, compared to PID controller, MPC-ANN showed to be less oscillatory and to be more effective
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Issa, Hussein. "Toolbox of post-synthetic mordenite modification strategies : Impact on textural, acidic, and catalytic properties". Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2268.
Pełny tekst źródłaZeolites are extremely useful heterogeneous catalysts and find widespread industrial applications. Yet, their extended microporous system leads to rather low efficiency factors and favors the development of secondary reactions that can substantially reduce catalytic selectivity and stability. Hierarchization of zeolites has been proposed as strategy for efficiently reducing the diffusion path length, hence allowing to increase the efficiency factor in catalysis. Among the plethora of disclosed hierarchization strategies, the real impact of the structural and chemical modifications on the catalytic key parameters is oftentimes neglected. The aim of this contribution is thus to shed light on the effective quality of zeolite hierarchization through the rational study of structure/catalytic property dependency. Our study focused on mordenite, as this zeolite is of particular importance due to its strong acidity and monodimensional channel system, which explains why mordenite is industrially extensively employed in a variety of processes including alkylations, isomerizations, dehydrations and aminations. A toolbox of post-synthetic hierarchization strategies on aluminium rich and poor mordenites have been developed based on basic treatments assisted by CTAB and pyridine at various temperatures (in conventional and microwave heating) and acid HF etching in aqueous and organic medium. A systematic study of over 50 post-synthetically modified mordenites was conducted, which allowed us to assess the impact of each of the hierarchization strategy on textural, morphological, chemical and catalytic properties. Major correlations between structural features and catalytic activity, selectivity and stability in n-hexane cracking and toluene disproportionation were deduced. A roadmap on the quality of each hierarchization strategy was thus developed
Pelissari, Daniel Cícero 1989. "Estudo da influência dos bicos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e as reações em um riser de FCC via CFD". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266017.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: A aplicação de fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) em estudos de otimização e projeto de novos equipamentos de processos industriais vem aumentando significativamente, uma vez que apresenta custo reduzido e possibilidade de avaliar equipamentos complexos e de extremas condições de operação. Dentre os processos mais estudados via CFD está o processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC), onde as frações pesadas do petróleo de baixo valor são convertidas em produtos de maior valor agregado, sendo uma das aplicações de fluidização gás-sólido mais importante na indústria de petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou especificamente a zona de injeção do FCC, na qual a matéria-prima, alimentada por bicos injetores, se mistura a sólidos quentes (catalisador) e a vapor de fluidização. A performance desses dispersores de carga para garantir uma boa distribuição das gotículas de gasóleo com o catalisador é a chave para melhorar a eficiência do riser de FCC. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes designs, ângulos (30°, 45° e 60°) e configurações dos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e o desempenho do riser. Para tal, simulou-se um escoamento gás-sólido reativo tridimensional baseado em uma abordagem Eulerian-Eulerian. Nas simulações foram utilizados o modelo cinético de 12-lumps de Wu et al. (2009), modelo de turbulência k-? e modelo de arraste de Gidaspow. Foi observado que o design, o ângulo e a configuração dos bicos injetores exercem uma forte influência sobre a fluidodinâmica e a performance do riser, sendo o ângulo a variável que apresentou maior influência. Pôde-se observar que o design de bico tipo multi-orifícios (Caso 3) foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, sendo a partir deste avaliados os ângulos, onde notou-se que o aumento do ângulo de 30° para 60° melhorou a mistura entre as fases e o rendimento. A análise dos arranjos foi realizada utilizando o design de bico do Caso 3 e o ângulo de 45°, e observou-se que o arranjo com bicos intercalados (Arranjo 2) apresentou uma mistura mais homogênea entre as fases e, consequentemente, uma melhor conversão e rendimento de produtos desejados. Em geral, os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho salientam a importância da utilização de geometrias mais detalhadas para os bicos, uma vez que influenciam a mistura entre as fases, a qual afeta o desempenho do riser
Abstract: The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) application in industrial process optimization and new equipments design studies has increased significantly, once it presents low cost and the possibility of evaluating complex and extreme operating conditions equipments . Among the most widely studied processes via CFD is the fluidized catalytic cracking process (FCC), where the oil heavy fractions of low-value are converted into higher value-added products and which is one of the most important gas-solid fluidization applications in the oil industry . The present study specifically evaluated the FCC injection zone, in which the feedstock fed by nozzles, is mixed with hot solids (catalyst) and fluidization steam. The nozzles performance to guarantee a good gas oil droplets distribution with the catalyst is the key to improve the efficiency of FCC riser. Thus, the study main objective was to evaluate the different nozzles designs, angles (30 °, 45 ° and 60 °) and arrangements effect on the gas-solid flow and the riser performance. For this purpose, it was simulated a three-dimensional reactive gas-solid flow based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. In the simulations it was used the 12 lumps kinetic model by Wu et al. (2009), turbulence model k- ? and drag model Gidaspow. It was observed that the nozzle design, angle and configuration have a strong influence on fluid dynamics and on the riser performance, and the angle was the variable with the greatest influence. It can be observed that the nozzle design of multi-orifice type (Case 3) showed the best results, and that¿s why it was used to evaluate the angle, in which was noted that the angle increase of 30 ° to 60 ° improved phases mixing and the yield. The arrangement analysis was performed using Case 3 nozzle design and the design angle of 45 °, and it was observed that the arrangement with intercalated nozzles (Arrangement 2) showed a more homogeneous phases mixture and therefore a better conversion and desired product yield. In general, the results obtained in this work highlighted the importance of using more detailed geometries for the nozzles, since they influence the mixing of the phases, which affects the riser performance
Mestrado
Engenharia Química
Mestre em Engenharia Química
COSTA, Potí Oliveira Cortêz. "Elaboração de um reator contínuo para síntese de biocombustível: avaliação experimental com sebo animal". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/704.
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Em busca de alternativas para o aproveitamento de resíduos do abate animal foi estudado um protótipo de reator contínuo de custo-benefício acessível para uso popular na agroindustrial local, com fins de produzir biocombustível líquido. Bem como, avaliação experimental por meio deste aproveitamento com o sebo, adquirido nos abatedouros públicos e caseiros de Catolé do Rocha-PB, utilizando dois tipos de métodos, a saber: hidroesterificação e craqueamento térmico catalítico. O sistema foi construído em escala de laboratório, composto por materiais metálicos de aço inox e algumas conexões de silicone. O sistema foi composto por reator, trocador de calor e uma bomba periférica comercial de 1/4CV. O aquecimento foi efetuado por chama a gás, o fluxo, a temperatura e pressão foram monitoradas. O reator foi manufaturado resultando em um volume de 687,22 mL. A avaliação experimental do sistema proposto foi realizada introduzindo gordura animal, a qual foi extraída do sebo por duas técnicas, chapa elétrica e autoclave, buscando investigar o melhor rendimento. A autoclave foi mais significativa (75,7%). Posteriormente, a síntese do biocombustível com o método da hidroesterificação adotando o referido sistema, apresentou não conformidade operacional na conexão da saída do reator, visto que estas foram rompidas, devido à formação de vapor internamente, ocasionando retorno da mistura aquecida para a conexão com a bomba periférica. Esperava-se atingir temperatura de 260 ºC e pressão de 3bar, mas não foram atingidas. A segunda tentativa foi realizada buscando se atingir 200 ºC a 2bar, porém aos 157 ºC houve nova formação de refluxo. Diante deste fato, o sistema foi modificado, entre o reator e o trocador de calor a fim de se realizar um craqueamento termocatalítico, utilizando dois tipos de catalisadores independentemente, o carbonato de cálcio e a ferrita de níquel. Adotou-se a razão de 1:10 de catalisador/gordura injetados no sistema, pressão ambiente e temperatura acima de 600 ºC. Este método revelou bom funcionamento para o sistema idealizado, mas, ainda necessita ser aprimorado, em virtude do rendimento do bio-óleo ter sido inferior ao citado em literatura. Comparando a síntese entre os catalisadores o bio-óleo de carbonato de cálcio obteve melhor rendimento (49,51%), menor índice de acidez (1,45 mgKOH/g) porém o perfil térmico sugeriu maior presença de ácidos graxos combinados, moléculas de diacilglicerídeos e triacilglicerídeos. Já com ferrita de vii níquel teve menor rendimento 32,22%, maior índice acidez (5,36 mgKOH/g) e perfil térmico característico de apenas uma decomposição térmica sugerindo uma melhor ação catalítica. Ambos os bio-óleos apresentaram índice de acidez acima das normas da ANP.
In search of alternatives to recovery waste to animals slaughter, was studied a prototype of affordable continuous reactor for public use and local agribusiness, for purposes of producing liquid biofuels. As well, through the experimental evaluation of tallow use, acquired in public and homemade slaughterhouses Catolé Rocha-PB, using two types of methods, namely: hidroesterification and catalytic thermal cracking. The system was built on a laboratory scale, composed of metallic materials of stainless steel and some silicone connections. The system is composed of reactor, heat exchanger and pumps a commercial peripheral 1/4CV. Heating was affected by flame gas, and both flow with temperature and pressure were monitored. The reactor was manufactured resulting in a volume of 687.22 mL. The experimental evaluation of the system was carried out by introducing animal fat, which was extracted from tallow by two techniques, plates and autoclave techniques in order to investigate the best performance. The autoclave was more significant (75.7%). Thereafter, the biofuels synthesis was performed in the system, initially with the method of hidroesterification, in which one cannot observe operating line of the system, the reactor outlet connection, since these were broken due to formation of steam internally, causing returning the mixture heated for connecting to peripheral pump. Was expected reach 260 °C temperature and 3bar pressure, without success. A second attempt was carried out in order to achieve 2bar to 200 ºC, but at 157 ºC was new line of reflux. Given this fact, the system was modified between the reactor and the heat exchanger in order to hold a thermo catalytic cracking using two types of catalysts, independently, calcium carbonate and nickel ferrite. Adopted the ratio of 1:10 catalyst/fat injected into the system, ambient pressure and temperature above 600 °C. This method showed good run for the idealized system, but still needs to be improved since the yield of bio-oil was lower than that cited in the literature. Comparing the synthesis of the catalysts as calcium carbonate bio-oil obtained better yield (49.51%), acidity index (1.45 mgKOH/g), however the thermal profile suggested greater presence of fatty acids combined, diacilglicerídeos and triacilgerídeos molecules. Already with nickel ferrite had lower yield (32.22%), higher acidity index (5.36 mgKOH /g) and ix characteristic thermal profile of just one thermal decomposition suggesting a better catalytic action. Both bio-oils had acidity index above the standard of the ANP.
Cuadros, Bohórquez José Fernando. "Avaliação e aplicação dos resultados da curva PEV estendida em sistemas de processamento e refino de frações pesadas de petroleo". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266453.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A extração de petróleo no Brasil produz, em grande parte, petróleos pesados. Este tipo de óleo é de difícil processamento e gera grande quantidade de resíduos provenientes das torres de destilação atmosférica e de vácuo. É necessário fracionar esse tipo de petróleo pesado, com a finalidade de incrementar a produção de frações leves, principalmente o Diesel. A caracterização do petróleo é feita mediante as curvas PEV (Ponto de Ebulição Verdadeiro), através das normas padronizadas ASTM (American Society fot Testing and Materials); porém, a curva de destilação só pode ser obtida mediante as normas ASTM até 565ºC. Uma extensão acima dessa temperatura limite, 565ºC, foi desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Processos de Separação (LDPS) e do Laboratório de Otimização, Projeto e Controle Avançado (LOPCA), da Faculdade de Engenharia Química da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FEQ/ UNICAMP), como apresentado em diversos trabalhos prévios (SBAITE, 2005). A metodologia desta extensão envolve o processo de Destilação Molecular, tornando possível a caracterização de frações pesadas de petróleo acima de 565ºC. A caracterização feita com a extensão da curva PEV (nova curva PEV ou DESTMOL) foi usada nesta dissertação que fez uso do simulador de processos Hysys.Plant®, mediante a geração de pseudocomponentes, para fazer a caracterização da alimentação do sistema no processo de refino. Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de simulação para avaliar as curvas PEV estendidas no esquema de separação após o reator de FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking). Nesta unidade, são obtidos diferentes produtos: GLP (Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo), gasolina e diesel. O esquema de separação e um processo complexo, incluindo diferentes correntes de reciclo. Os resultados das simulações de dois tipos de resíduos de petróleo foram comparados com dados industriais, obtendo-se bons resultados. Deste trabalho, foi possível concluir que a avaliação das curvas PEV no sistema de separação após o FCC, depende das condições de projeto e de operação desta unidade, uma vez que para valores da curva PEV na alimentação acima de 550ºC, não ocorre a vaporização de alimentações com óleos mais leves, afetando significativamente a operação da unidade. Depois de fazer comparações entre os dados industriais e os dados da simulação, pode-se concluir que a avaliação deste tipo de análise (Curva PEV estendida) deveria ser feita em outro tipo de unidade, por exemplo o riser de FCC, pois este tem a capacidade de processar frações pesadas de petróleo, que é o que esta sendo representado mediante a curva PEV estendida, em frações mais leves como: gases combustíveis, GLP e nafta de craqueamento, obtidas após sua separação na unidade de fracionamento e recuperação de produtos.
Abstract: The oil extraction in Brazil is predominantly of heavy oil. This type of oil is difficult to process and it produces great quantity of residues from atmospheric and vacuum columns. It is necessary to upgrade such kind of residues in order to increase productivity of light fractions, mainly diesel. Oil characterization is made with the aid of the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve through ASTM standard test methods; however, it is possible to have this curve only until 565 ºC. An extension beyond this temperature limit was developed by this research group and it is presented in previous works in the literature, (SBAITE, 2005). For such purpose, molecular distillation process was used, which uses high vacuum as separating agent. In this sense, extension of the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve was obtained using the molecular distillation process, making possible the characterization of the heavy oil fractions of TBP higher than 565ºC. The characterization made with the extension of the TBP was used in this work in the process simulator Hysys.Plant® by the generation of pseudocomponents for characterizing the systems feeding distillation columns in the refining process. In this work, it was developed a simulation methodology in order to evaluate all the separation sequencing after the FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) reactor, in order to produce different products, like (LPG), gasoline and diesel. A complex configuration characterizes this step of the refining process, including several recycle streams. The simulation results of two types of petroleum residues, Alpha 565C+ and Gamma 545C+ were compared with industrial data, yielding, very good match. From this work, it was possible to conclude that the evaluation of the TBP curves in the FCC separation steps depends on the design conditions of this unit, considering that feed at fractionation temperature above 550 ºC remains in liquid state affecting significantly the fractionator tower operation. These results are new in the open literature. After the comparisons between industrial and simulation results, can be concluded that the evaluation of this type heavy oil analysis should be performed in another unit capable to convert these products, called heavy gasoil in noble products, which can be used in the downstream FCC. This conversion process can be performed in the FCC riser.
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Heuchel, Moritz [Verfasser], i Yvonne [Akademischer Betreuer] Traa. "Co-catalytic cracking of n-decane and 2-ethylphenol as model hydrocarbons for fossil- and bio-based feeds in FCC over zeolite catalysts / Moritz Heuchel ; Betreuer: Yvonne Traa". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156902037/34.
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