Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cascade Refrigeration”

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Kasi, Parthiban, i M. Cheralathan. "Review of cascade refrigeration systems for vaccine storage". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012041.

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Abstract Various models are already developed to achieve the refrigerating effect. Each refrigeration system has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, as well as a unique application. The vapor compression refrigeration system and the sorption refrigeration system are the two most prominent refrigeration technologies that may be utilized for a variety of purposes. In the medical profession, cascade refrigeration will be established in the storage of blood banks, plasma, vaccines, bone banks, biological fluids storage, etc. Storing heat-sensitive vaccines at the right temperature is crucial yet often difficult by the availability of ultralow temperature cold storage. This paper has reviewed that the different types of cascade refrigeration systems for a better refrigerating effect on vaccine storage.

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GANJEHSARABI, HADI, IBRAHIM DINCER i ALI GUNGOR. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A CASCADE ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, nr 03 (wrzesień 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500168.

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In the present study, a thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze and assess the performance, through energy and exergy, of a cascade active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigerator operation a regenerative Brayton cycle. This cascade refrigeration system works with Gd x Tb 1–x alloys as magnetic materials where the composition of the alloy varies for different stages. In this model, the heat transfer fluid considered is a water– glycol mixture (50% by weight). The refrigeration capacity, total power consumption, coefficients of performance (COP), exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate of a cascade AMR refrigeration (AMRR) system are determined. To understand the system performance more comprehensively, a parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of several important design parameters on COP and exergy efficiency of the system.

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YANG, Y., M. W. TONG, G. YANG i X. P. WANG. "APPLICATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH MIXING REFRIGERANT IN COLD AIR CUTTING". International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, nr 01n03 (30.01.2005): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028955.

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In the mechanical cutting process, the replacement of traditional cutting solution with cold air can avoid the pollution of environment. In order to high efficient the refrigerating device and flexible adjust the temperature of cold air, it is necessary to use cascade refrigeration system to supply cool quantity for the compressed air. The introduction of a two-component non-azeotropic mixing refrigerant into the cryogenic part of the cascade system, can effectively solve the problems of the system working at too high pressure and the volume expanding of refrigerant in case of the cascade refrigeration sets closed down. However, the filling ratio of mixing refrigerants impact on the relationships among the closing down pressure, refrigerating output and refrigerating efficiency. On the basis of computing and experiment, the optimal mixing ratio of refrigerant R22/R13 and a low temperature of -60° were obtained in this study. A cold air injecting device possessing high efficiency in energy saving has also been designed and manufactured. The cold air, generated from this cascade system and employed in a cutting process, takes good comprehensive effects on machining and cutting.

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Duan, Rui, Guo Min Cui i Qun Zhi Zhu. "Analysis of Thermodynamic Performance in NH₃/CO₂Cascade Refrigeration System". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1484.

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The advantage and application of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system were analyzed . The principle and composition of cascade refrigeration system were outlined . The cascade refrigeration system using NH3 /CO2 as refrigerant were studied theoretically and the COP were calculated .

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Zheng, Da Yu, Dan Li, Jia Zheng, Li Ping Gao i Yi Ming Zhang. "The Study of the Effects of Refrigerant Fraction on Auto-Cascade Refrigeration System of Evaporation Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (luty 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.321.

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Non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration system utilizes various components of different boiling refrigerant to get low-temperature. With R22, R23 and R14 as a non-azeotropic refrigerant auto-cascade refrigeration cycle system. Through the experimental study of non-azeotropic refrigerant charging and the ratio between the amount of charge, to analyze the effect of these three refrigerants charging and relationship of the fraction on the whole refrigeration cycle refrigeration temperature. To improve overall non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration systems working efficiency. So as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

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Rajmane, Umesh C. "A Review of Vapour Compression Cascade Refrigeration System". Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 5, nr 2 (5.11.2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2016.5.2.801.

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Different types of refrigerant are available for cascade refrigeration technologies. this paper study provides the advantages of vapour compression cascade refrigeration system. And also summaries various techniques used in cascade refrigeration system. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, and temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the low-temperature circuit.

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Yang, Shutong, Youlei Wang i Yufei Wang. "Optimization of Cascade Cooling System Based on Lithium Bromide Refrigeration in the Polysilicon Industry". Processes 9, nr 9 (18.09.2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091681.

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Cascade cooling systems containing different cooling methods (e.g., air cooling, water cooling, refrigerating) are used to satisfy the cooling process of hot streams with large temperature spans. An effective cooling system can significantly save energy and costs. In a cascade cooling system, the heat load distribution between different cooling methods has great impacts on the capital cost and operation cost of the system, but the relative optimization method is not well established. In this work, a cascade cooling system containing waste heat recovery, air cooling, water cooling, absorption refrigeration, and compression refrigeration is proposed. The objective is to find the optimal heat load distribution between different cooling methods with the minimum total annual cost. Aspen Plus and MATLAB were combined to solve the established mathematical optimization model, and the genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB was adopted to solve the model. A case study in a polysilicon enterprise was used to illustrate the feasibility and economy of the cascade cooling system. Compared to the base case, which only includes air cooling, water cooling, and compression refrigeration, the cascade cooling system can reduce the total annual cost by USD 931,025·y−1 and save 7,800,820 kWh of electricity per year. It also can recover 3139 kW of low-grade waste heat, and generate and replace a cooling capacity of 2404 kW.

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Yang, Qichao, Xiaonan Chen, Weikai Chi, Liansheng Li, Guangbin Liu i Yuanyang Zhao. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an NH3/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System with Subcooling in the Low-Temperature Circuit Utilizing the Expansion Work". International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (27.02.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5987368.

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NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system is recognized one of the most promising technologies in low-temperature application. In this paper, a NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system with subcooling in low-temperature circuit driven by recovery expansion work has been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the proposed cascade refrigeration system compared with conventional cascade refrigeration system. Mathematical models based on energy conservation and exergy balance are established. The selection of different refrigerants in auxiliary subcooling system is discussed. The effects of operating parameters such as the condensation temperature of the low-temperature circuit, evaporation temperature, and expander efficiency on system performance are evaluated. The results show that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency of the proposed system are about 7.56% and 7.98% higher than that of conventional cascade refrigeration system. The discharge temperature of NH3 compressor can be significantly reduced by 18.33%. The isentropic efficiency of the expander has a large impact on the system performance.

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Jankovich, Dennis, i Kresimir Osman. "A feasibility analysis of replacing the standard ammonia refrigeration device with the cascade NH3/CO2 refrigeration device in the food industry". Thermal Science 19, nr 5 (2015): 1821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130611097j.

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The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates the feasibility of replacing the standard ammonia refrigeration device with the cascade NH3/CO2 refrigeration device in the food industry. The main reason for replacement is to reduce the total amount of ammonia in spaces like deep-freezing chambers, daily chambers, working rooms and technical passageways. An ammonia-contaminated area is hazardous to human health and the safety of food products. Therefore the preferred reduced amount of ammonia is accumulated in the Central Refrigeration Engine Room, where the cascade NH3/CO2 device is installed as well. Furthermore, the analysis discusses and compares two left Carnot?s refrigeration cycles, one for the standard ammonia device and the other for the cascade NH3/CO2 device. Both cycles are processes with two-stage compression and two-stage throttling. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates that the selected refrigeration cycle is the most cost-effective process because it provides the best numerical values for the total refrigeration factor with respect to the observed refrigeration cycle. The chief analyzed influential parameters of the cascade device are: total refrigeration load, total reactive power, mean temperature of the heat exchanger, evaporating and condensing temperature of the low-temperature part.

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Fernández-Seara, José, Jaime Sieres i Manuel Vázquez. "Compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system". Applied Thermal Engineering 26, nr 5-6 (kwiecień 2006): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.07.015.

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La Rocca, Vincenzo, Antonio Messineo, Massimo Morale i Domenico Panno. "Analysis of Air Cycle and Efficiency Evaluation for a Blast Freezing Tunnel Plant". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (luty 2013): 1631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1631.

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Air refrigerating systems offer a suitable alternative to vapour compression systems. Air can be used as working fluid in gas compression cycles for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems. This paper gives some results of theoretical investigation into improved air cycles for refrigeration systems and a comparison is made with their performances. The case-study relates to a dual purpose refrigerating plant. A blast freezing tunnel gives the coldest air stream and, in cascade, the air coming out from the tunnel is used in a channel network for feeding a lot of chilling cells. The case-study analysed indicates that there is a real possibility to build plants which will be equipped with air inverse cycles.

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Rajmane, Umesh C. "Cascade Refrigeration System: R404a-R23 Refrigerant". Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 6, nr 1 (5.05.2017): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2017.6.1.1993.

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This study is presented a cascade refrigeration system using as refrigerant (R23) in low-temperature circuit and R404a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this paper include superheating, condensing, evaporating, and sub cooling temperatures in the refrigerant (R404a) high temperature circuit and in the refrigerant (R23)) low-temperature circuit. Diagrams of pressure versus Enthalpy have been obtained. Results show that a Tetra fluro methane (R23)-R404a cascade refrigeration system.

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Nasruddin, M. Idrus Alhamid, Darwin R. B. Syaka i Arnas. "Experimental of Cascade Refrigeration System Using Natural Refrigerant Mixture Ethane and Carbon Dioxide at Low Temperature Circuit and Natural Refrigerant Propane at High Temperature Circuit". Applied Mechanics and Materials 388 (sierpień 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.388.96.

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Medicine and biomedical research activities require cold storage to store biomedical specimens such as, for example, stem cell, sperm, blood and other organs. During storage, to prevent the specimen from damage required a special cold storage reaches -80°C [1]. Using single cycle refrigeration machine can only reach -40°C, and performance deteriorates below -35°C drop in pressure associated with evaporation. Thus, to reach lower temperatures, use cascade refrigeration machine [2]. During this low-temperature circuit cascade refrigeration systems still use refrigerants that contain ozone-depleting or global warming (CFCs and HCFCs). To overcome this, a mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane azeotropic a promising alternative refrigerants. Simulation studies and experiments indicate a mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane were able to achieve the minimum temperature to -80°C [4-7]. With the mass ratio 70% R170 and 30% R744 circuit at low temperature refrigeration systems and uses a capillary tube expansion device 0.054 inch diameter with a length of 6 meters and 3 meters then use an electric heater as the cooling load. Cooling load is given by the variation of 90 W, 120 W and 150 W at a cabin in the low temperature circuit. From the experiment will be known characteristics of cascade refrigeration system with refrigerant mixture and will get the parameter data to make cascade refrigeration machine.

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RUCIŃSKI, Adam, Mateusz DALBA i Rafał LASKOWSKI. "Comparative analysis of a cooling systems working on an environmentally friendly refrigerants". Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, nr 4 (19.12.2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.123.

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The paper treats with refrigerants which affect on excessive heating of atmosphere. They are in group offluorinated greenhouse gases which are regulated by European and polish law. The main aim is to lower their amount in industry leading to overall removal from use. We present possible way to design refrigeration system lowering their adverse effect on natural environment. So three options of cooling systems are analyzed: one-stage refrigeration system working with R449A, cascade refrigeration system with R744 (carbon dioxide)/ R134a and R717 (ammonia) refrigeration plant. Due to the nowadays raising use of the cascade systems, an analysis of the operating parameters of such installation was carried out with considering the cascade heat exchanger as a condenser/evaporator. The installations concerned are three alternative offers for meat processing manufactory. A thermal balance was prepared for chambers located in building and the operating parameters of the installation were assumed. The equipment corresponding to the required cooling capacities were selected.

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Liu, Zhenzhen, Jingde Jiang, Zilong Wang i Hua Zhang. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an Innovative Cold Energy Storage System for Auto-Cascade Refrigeration Applications". Energies 16, nr 5 (27.02.2023): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052282.

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The cooling capacity needed by ultra-low temperature apparatus cannot be reached economically with a single vapor compression refrigeration cycle due to the constraint of the high compressor pressure ratio. The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle is a good alternative. In this work, a novel concept that applies the principle of the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle to store cold energy is conducted. The environment-friendly refrigerants of R600a/R290/R170 zeotropic mixtures are used to study the performance of the modified auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (MACRC) as an alternative for cold-energy applications. The simulation results show that a cooling capacity of 500 W can be provided below −60 °C. The mixture with a mass fraction of 0.25/0.35/0.40 yields a COP of 0.695 and an exergy efficiency of 0.262 at −66 °C. The performance of the MACRC system was investigated at an ambient temperature of 20 to 40 °C for indoor small-scale applications. It is concluded that the performance would be improved by decreasing the ambient temperature. The results of the work should be helpful for the design and optimization of auto-cascade systems.

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Sivakumar, Mayilsamy, i Periasamy Somasudaram. "Thermodynamic investigations of Zeotropic mixture of R290, R23 and R14 on three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system". Thermal Science 20, nr 6 (2016): 2073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140103091s.

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The zeotropic mixture of environment friendly refrigerants (hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons) being the only alternatives for working fluid in low temperature refrigeration system. Hence, three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system was studied for the existence using four combinations of three-component zeotropic mixture of six different refrigerants. The exergy analysis confirmed the existence of three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system. The performances of the system like coefficient of performance, exergy lost, exergic efficiency, efficiency defect, and the evaporating temperature achieved were investigated for different mass fractions in order to verify the effect of mass fraction on them. In accordance with the environmental issues and the process of sustainable development, the three-component zeotropic mixture of R290/R23/R14 with the mass fraction of 0.218:0.346:0.436 was performing better and hence can be suggested as an alternative refrigerant for three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system operating at very low evaporating temperature in the range of ?97?C (176 K), at coefficient of performance of 0.253 and comparatively increased exergic efficiency up to 16.3% (58.5%).

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He, Mingli. "A Study of Two Stage Cascade Refrigeration". World Journal of Educational Research 4, nr 2 (21.04.2017): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v4n2p290.

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<em>This paper reports the feasibility study of building a cascade refrigeration system using commercially available “off the shelf” components. The unit is to be used by a residential home or a small business with common and less expensive refrigerants and components. The research was carried out as an undergraduate project. Topics involving advanced refrigeration system is an elective course at MSU Denver. Students who participated in this project have not taken such course yet. Just in time teaching in special topics enabled the students to study the cascade refrigeration system, refrigerants behavior and natural gas behavior in order to design and build the system. As project based learning and teaching have been recognized and adopted by more and more academic units, the presented project demonstrates that complex systems can be taught, learned, and built through a project based learning process.</em>

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B. J. Bhardia, B. J. Bhardia, S. R. Sunasara S. R. Sunasara i J. J. Makadia J. J. Makadia. "Theoretical Aspect of Thermodynamic analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System: A Review". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, nr 5 (1.06.2012): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/64.

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Wang, Lin, Xiao Long Cui, Ying Ying Tan i Yu Wang. "Study on Energy Efficiency of a Low Temperature Refrigeration System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.292.

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Based on conservation of mass, total mass balance equation and component mass balance equation, mathematical models of thermodynamic for the auto cascade refrigeration cycle are established. Thermophysical properties in solving the governing equation are called from the NIST REFPROP7.0. Thermodynamic properties of the auto cascade refrigeration cycle using binary mixtures, namely, R170/R290, R23/R227ea, R116/R134a, R23/R134a, R170/R600a, R170/R600 and R170/R152a as refrigerants is evaluated. R170/R600a is selected for the low temperature refrigeration system, and the influences of cycle mole fraction, compression ratio and evaporating pressure on the cycle performance are analysed.

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Pan, Mingzhang, Huan Zhao, Dongwu Liang, Yan Zhu, Youcai Liang i Guangrui Bao. "A Review of the Cascade Refrigeration System". Energies 13, nr 9 (4.05.2020): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092254.

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This paper provides a literature review of the cascade refrigeration system (CRS). It is an important system that can achieve an evaporating temperature as low as −170 °C and broadens the refrigeration temperature range of conventional systems. In this paper, several research options such as various designs of CRS, studies on refrigerants, and optimization works on the systems are discussed. Moreover, the influence of parameters on system performance, the economic analysis, and applications are defined, followed by conclusions and suggestions for future studies.

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Pinheiro Ferreira, Vitor, Micael Lima Conceição i William Souza dos Santos. "EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING R-134a AND R-404a". RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 3, nr 2 (7.02.2022): e321127. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v3i2.1127.

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Cascade refrigeration system is an attractive technology for low-temperature requirement, allowing operation under these conditions with positive suction pressures and a moderate condensation pressure at ambient temperature. This work describes a performance analysis of a cascade refrigeration prototype equipped with hermetic compressors working with R-134a and R-404a as refrigerants, thermally connected by a tube-in-tube-type cascade-condenser. Energy flows and performance parameters were evaluated under different evaporating temperature conditions of the low temperature cycle (LTC). The results showed an increase in energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficients of performance (COP) of cascade system as well as of each cycle with the increase of LTC evaporating temperature, even with a simultaneous increase of temperature difference in cascade-condenser.

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Guangpeng, Li, Wang Qi i Shao Changbo. "Application and Exploration of Carbon Dioxide R744 as Refrigerant and Secondary Refrigerant in Refrigerating Unit of Commercial Super". E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702008.

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In this paper, the cascade refrigeration system and the load cooling system of the natural working medium are integrated as one unit system, which can meet the needs of different temperature zones of refrigerating in supermarkets. The concrete implementation scheme of the unit system with R717 as high temperature refrigerant, CO2 as low temperature refrigerant and carrier refrigerant was designed. According to the actual load of commercial super, the design and calculation of NH3 refrigerant system, CO2 refrigerant carrier system and CO2 cryogenic system were carried out. Through calculation and testing, the ideal refrigeration effect of the unit is obtained. Compared with the traditional unit, the energy saving is 20%, emission reduction (translated into CO2 emission) is 40%, and the operation cost is reduced by 20%.

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Rangel, Victor Bitencour, Antonio Gabriel Souza Almeida, Francisco Souza Almeida i Luiz Gustavo da Cruz Duarte. "CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR LOW TEMPERATURES USING NATURAL FLUIDS". REVISTA FOCO 15, nr 1 (1.08.2022): e295. http://dx.doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v15n1-013.

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Cascade refrigeration systems work with two or more serial disposed cycles and can obtain internal temperatures below -60°C, which is necessary for several activities in medicine and scientific research. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of cascade system refrigeration using natural refrigerant fluids for ultra low temperatures. These fluids areenvironmentally friendly refrigerant and are an alternative to hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Energy and exergy analyses were performed using a thermodynamic model based on the law of conservation of massand also on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A simulator was developed to assess the technical practicability of this system, considering it running as a real refrigeration cycle.

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Wang, Lin, Shuang Ping Duan i Xiao Long Cui. "Performance Analysis of Solar-Assisted Refrigeration Cycle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (maj 2012): 2504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2504.

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Energy-conservation and environmental protection are keys to sustainable development of domestic economy. The solar-assisted cascade refrigeration cycle system is developed. The system consists of electricity-driven vapor compression refrigeration system and solar-driven vapor absorption refrigeration system. The vapor compression refrigeration system is connected in series with vapor absorption refrigeration system. Refrigerant and solution reservoirs are designed to store potential to keep the system operating continuously without sunlight. The results indicate that the system obtains pretty higher COP as compared with the conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. COP of the new-type vapor compression refrigeration system increases as sunlight becomes intense.

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Wang, Lin, Aihua Ma, Yingying Tan, Xiaolong Cui i Hongli Cui. "Study on Solar-Assisted Cascade Refrigeration System". Energy Procedia 16 (2012): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.236.

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Karaali, R. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Cascade Refrigeration System". Acta Physica Polonica A 130, nr 1 (lipiec 2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.130.101.

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Cimsit, Canan, i Ilhan Tekin Ozturk. "Analysis of compression–absorption cascade refrigeration cycles". Applied Thermal Engineering 40 (lipiec 2012): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.02.035.

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Bellos, Evangelos, i Christos Tzivanidis. "A Theoretical Comparative Study of CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Systems". Applied Sciences 9, nr 4 (23.02.2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040790.

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The objective of this work is the comparison of the different cascade refrigeration systems with CO2 in the low-temperature circuit. A total of 18 different cascade refrigeration systems are examined including the CO2/CO2 cascade system. The analysis is performed for four different evaporator temperatures (−35, −25, −15 and −5 °C), while the condenser temperature is ranged from 10 up to 45 °C. The systems are compared energetically, as well as using the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for yearly operation at the weather conditions of Athens (Greece). The final results show that all the examined cascade systems are more efficient than the CO2/CO2 cascade system. The natural refrigerants (NH3, R290, R600, R600a and R1270) seem to be the most appropriate choices according to the energy and the TEWI criteria. Moreover, the refrigerant R152a is a promising choice for achieving high performance with a relatively low TEWI.

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Rangel, V. B., i A. G. S. Almeida. "CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR LOW TEMPERATURES USING NATURAL FLUIDS". Revista de Engenharia Térmica 20, nr 2 (28.07.2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v20i2.81783.

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Cascade refrigeration systems work with two or more serial disposed cycles and can obtain internal temperatures below -60°C, which is necessary for several activities in medicine and scientific research. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of cascade system refrigeration using natural refrigerant fluids for ultra-low temperatures. These fluids are environmentally friendly refrigerant and are an alternative to hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Energy and exergy analyses were performed using a thermodynamic model based on the law of conservation of mass and also on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A simulator was developed to assess the technical practicability of this system, considering it running as a real refrigeration cycle. Natural fluids have best performance energetically and environmentally.

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Mohammadi, Kasra, i Kody M. Powell. "Thermoeconomic Evaluation and Optimization of Using Different Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant Pairs for a Dual-Evaporator Cascade Refrigeration System". Processes 9, nr 10 (19.10.2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101855.

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Applications of dual-evaporator refrigeration systems have recently gained much attention both in academia and industry due to their multiple benefits. In this study, a comprehensive thermodynamic and economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the potential of using several environmentally friendly refrigerant couples and identifies the most suitable one yielding the best economic results. To achieve this goal, a detailed parametric study is conducted, and an optimization process is performed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to minimize the unit production cost of cooling (UPCC) of the cascade refrigeration system. The results showed that among all selected 18 refrigerant pairs and for all ranges of examined operating parameters, the R170-R161 pair and R1150-R1234yf pair are identified as the best and worst pairs, respectively, from both thermodynamic and economic viewpoints. The results also confirm that R170-R161 pair has an improvement over R717-R744, used as a typical refrigerant pair of cascade refrigeration cycles. For a base case analysis, the COP of R170-R161 and R1150-R1234yf pairs is determined as 1.727 and 1.552, respectively, while their UPCC is found to be $0.395/ton-hr and $0.419/ton-hr, respectively, showing the influence of proper selection of refrigerant pairs on the cascade cycle’s performance. Overall, this study offers a useful thermodynamic and economic insight regarding the selection of proper refrigerant pairs for a dual-evaporator cascade vapor compression refrigeration system.

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Khrekin, A. S., I. V. Baranov i A. A. Nikitin. "The analysis of cascade refrigeration machine cycles efficiency using carbon dioxide". Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 5, nr 4 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2021-5-4-55-64.

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The paper analyzes and proves the feasibility of improving the energy performance of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating on R744 using cascade design with R134a, R1234yf and R717 as refrigerants based on data the scientific study of two-stage schemes analysis. At present, it is given the existing environmental prohibitions and the growing interest in the creation of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating on carbon dioxide (R744) in two-stage and cascade schemes, the presented research supplements the scientific literature on justifying the use of each of them.

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32

Jemni, Nourheine, Mouna Elakhdar, Ezzedine Nehdi i Lakdar Kairouani. "Performance Investigation of Cascade Refrigeration System Using CO2 and Mixtures". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, nr 03 (wrzesień 2015): 1550022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500224.

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This paper presents reports on simulation and comparative analysis of single stage vapor compression refrigeration system and cascade systems using carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons (HCs) and CO2/HCs mixture. Thermodynamic parameters of fluids are given using the software REFPROP 9.0. To select the most suitable HCs, three criteria have been fixed: Tc, Tt and Tb. It is found that the HCs chosen in low-stage are propane, propylene and ethane and those for the high-stage are propane, propylene and isobutane. The fraction mixture in the two loops has been varied and results are compared with single stage and cascade systems using CO2 and R22. The fraction x[Formula: see text] is varied in the two loops. Results are compared for single and cascade systems using CO2 and R22. For the single stage system, we find for xCO2 = 0.5, an improvement of COP of 14% for CO2/propane mixture and 36% for the CO2/propylene mixture. It is found that for xCO2 = 0.3, cascade system using propane/CO2 mixtures presents a COP lower than that of cascade system using pure CO2. About of 70% of unfriendly fluids like CFCs and HCFCs can be replaced with CO2, without affecting the performance of cascade refrigeration systems.

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33

MESSINEO, ANTONIO, i DOMENICO PANNO. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT REFRIGERANTS". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, nr 03 (wrzesień 2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512500101.

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Due to the negative effects of synthetic refrigerants on the environment, natural refrigerants have obtained again interest as alternative refrigerants for different applications because of their zero ODP and negligible GWP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage cascade refrigeration systems using as refrigerant carbon dioxide (R744) in low-temperature circuit, and, respectively, ammonia (R717), propane (R290), butane (R600), R404A, R410A and R134a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing and evaporating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and evaporating and condensing temperatures in the low-temperature circuit. The results obtained show that a cascade refrigeration system using natural refrigerants is an interesting alternative to systems using synthetic refrigerants for energetic, security and environmental reasons.

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34

Shiba, T., K. Ito, R. Yokoyama, S. Sakashita i Y. Himura. "Optimal Planning of a Cascade-Type Multistage Refrigeration System for a Beverage Plant". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, nr 4 (1.12.1999): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795992.

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An optimal planning method is presented for a cascade-type multistage refrigeration system. Heat exchange areas of evaporator, condenser, and beverage cooler are determined optimally so as to minimize the annual total cost and input energy consumption subject to constraints concerning annual equipment operation. This problem is considered as a multiobjective optimization one, and a discrete set of Pareto optimal solutions is derived numerically by a weighting method. Through a numerical study, it is investigated how the heat exchange areas influence the long-term economics and energy conservation. Cascade-type multistage refrigeration systems are compared with single-stage systems.

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35

Oh, Hoo-Kyu, i Chang-Hyo Son. "Exergy Analysis of R744-R404A Cascade Refrigeration System". Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 35, nr 8 (30.11.2011): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2011.35.8.1001.

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36

Zhang, Jian, i Qiang Xu. "Cascade refrigeration system synthesis based on exergy analysis". Computers & Chemical Engineering 35, nr 9 (wrzesień 2011): 1901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.02.015.

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37

GUNAWARDANE, DUSHYANTHA, i PRADEEP BANSAL. "SIMULATION OF A LOW TEMPERATURE EVAPORATOR IN A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, nr 03 (wrzesień 2011): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511000570.

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This paper presents a mathematical model for the evaporator of a cascade refrigeration system, operating down to -40°C. The system uses Carbon dioxide (R744) and Propylene (R1270), respectively, as the low temperature and high temperature cycle refrigerant. The model is developed in Engineering Equation Solver software package following the elemental Number of Transfer Units-effectiveness method, where frost has not been considered. The evaporator is a cross-flow finned tube serpentine heat exchanger, which was divided into numerous elements along the flow path of the refrigerant. The inputs to the model include inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of both the streams along with the heat flux, while the main outputs are the outlet temperatures, refrigeration capacity and HX effectiveness. The model is found to underpredict the refrigeration capacity by about 10% when compared with experimental data.

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38

Lee, Ho Saeng, S. T. Oh, Jung In Yoon, S. G. Lee i K. H. Choi. "Analysis of Cryogenic Refrigeration Cycle Using Two Stage Intercooler". Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (kwiecień 2010): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1146.

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This paper presents the comparison of performance characteristics for the several natural gas liquefaction cycles. The liquefaction cycle with the staged compression was designed and simulated for improving the cycle efficiency using HYSYS software. This includes a cascade cycle with a two-stage intercooler which is consisted of a Propane, Ethylene and Methane cycle. In addition, these cycles are compared with a modified staged compression process. The key parameters of the above cascade cycles were compared and analyzed. The COP (Coefficient of Performance) of the cascade cycle with a two-stage intercooler and a modified staged compression process is 13.7% and 29.7% higher than that of basic cycle. Also, the yield efficiency of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) improved compared with the basic cycle by 28.5%.

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39

Glauberman, M. A., O. V. Doroshenko, V. Kh Kirillov, A. R. Antonova i K. V. Lyudnitsky. "Solar multi-stage refrigeration systems. New developments and analysis of possibilities". Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, nr 52 (15.03.2015): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2015.52.159682.

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The developed schematics for the solar refrigeration systems, based on the use of absorbing cycle and solar energy for the regeneration of absorbent solution, are presented in the article. Cascade (two-stage) principle of construction of contours is used with growth of concentration of absorbent on the stages of cascade. Heat-ass-transfer apparatus of film-type, entering in the complement of contours compatible and executed on the basis of multichannel compositions from polymeric materials. The peculiarities of film-type flows are considered theoretically in the heat-mass-transfer apparatus of the basic planetary systems. The preliminary comparative analysis of possibilities of the solar refrigeration systems is performed.

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40

Mussati, Sergio F., Tatiana Morosuk i Miguel C. Mussati. "Superstructure-Based Optimization of Vapor Compression-Absorption Cascade Refrigeration Systems". Entropy 22, nr 4 (10.04.2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040428.

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A system that combines a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) merges the advantages of both processes, resulting in a more cost-effective system. In such a cascade system, the electrical power for VCRS and the heat energy for VARS can be significantly reduced, resulting in a coefficient of performance (COP) value higher than the value of each system operating in standalone mode. A previously developed optimization model of a series flow double-effect H2O-LiBr VARS is extended to a superstructure-based optimization model to embed several possible configurations. This model is coupled to an R134a VCRS model. The problem consists in finding the optimal configuration of the cascade system and the sizes and operating conditions of all system components that minimize the total heat transfer area of the system, while satisfying given design specifications (evaporator temperature and refrigeration capacity of −17.0 °C and 50.0 kW, respectively), and using steam at 130 °C, by applying mathematical programming methods. The obtained configuration is different from those reported for combinations of double-effect H2O-LiBr VAR and VCR systems. The obtained optimal configuration is compared to the available data. The obtained total heat transfer area is around 7.3% smaller than that of the reference case.

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41

Xiao, Jian, i Ying Fu Liu. "Entropy Analysis of a R32/CO₂ Cascade Refrigeration Cycle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (październik 2014): 1676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1676.

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In order to study the performance of a R32/CO2 cascade refrigeration cycle, entropy generation minimization method was adopted to get the influence of some important operating and design parameters on the performance of the system and entropy generations of each component and the whole system, such as the evaporating temperature(Te), the condensing temperature(Tk) and the temperature difference in the cascade condenser(ΔT). The results indicate that there are a maximum COP and a minimum total entropy generation of the system at the optimal condensing temperature of the cascade condenser when Te, Tk and ΔT are constant. The total entropy generations of the throttling device, the condenser and the compressor of HTC, the cascade condenser and the compressor of LTC are above 80% of the total entropy generation of the whole system.

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42

M, Mahesh. "Performance Analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System with alternate Refrigerants". International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, nr 5 (25.05.2020): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/94852020.

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43

NIU, Baolian. "Performance of cascade refrigeration with liquid refrigerant by-pass". Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 43, nr 08 (2007): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2007.08.192.

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44

Logesh, K., S. Baskar, M. Azeemudeen, B. Praveen Reddy i Gajavalli Venkata Subba Sai Jayanth. "Analysis of Cascade Vapour Refrigeration System with Various Refrigerants". Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019): 4659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.450.

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45

Chung, Han-Shik, Hyo-Min Jeong, Yeong-Geun Kim i Lubi Rahadiyan. "Temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system by pressure adjustment". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 19, nr 12 (grudzień 2005): 2303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916471.

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46

Getu, H. M., i P. K. Bansal. "Thermodynamic analysis of an R744–R717 cascade refrigeration system". International Journal of Refrigeration 31, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.06.014.

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47

Colmenares, T. R., i W. D. Seider. "Synthesis of cascade refrigeration systems integrated with chemical processes". Computers & Chemical Engineering 13, nr 3 (marzec 1989): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(89)85002-1.

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48

Xu, Yingjie, FuSheng Chen, Qin Wang, Xiaohong Han, Dahong Li i Guangming Chen. "A novel low-temperature absorption–compression cascade refrigeration system". Applied Thermal Engineering 75 (styczeń 2015): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.043.

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Catalán-Gil, Jesús, Daniel Sánchez, Rodrigo Llopis, Laura Nebot-Andrés i Ramón Cabello. "Energy Evaluation of Multiple Stage Commercial Refrigeration Architectures Adapted to F-Gas Regulation". Energies 11, nr 7 (23.07.2018): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071915.

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This work analyses different refrigeration architectures for commercial refrigeration providing service to medium and low temperature simultaneously: HFC/R744 cascade, R744 transcritical booster, R744 transcritical booster with parallel compression, R744 transcritical booster with gas ejectors, R513A cascade/R744 subcritical booster, and R513A cascade/R744 subcritical booster with parallel compression. The models were developed using compressor manufacturers’ data and real restrictions of each system component. Limitations and operating range of each component and architecture were analysed for environment temperatures from 0 to 40 °C considering thermal loads and environment temperature profiles for warm climates. For booster systems, cascade with subcritical booster with parallel compression provide highest coefficient of performance (COP) for temperatures below 12 °C and above 30 °C with COP increases compared basic booster up to 60.6%, whereas for transcritical boosters, architecture with gas ejectors obtains the highest COP with COP increases compared to the basic booster up to 29.5%. In annual energy terms, differences among improved booster systems are below 8% in the locations analysed. In Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) terms, booster architectures get the lowest values with small differences between improved boosters.

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Zhao, Wei, Rui Xi Liu, Hai Dong Zhang, Hua Zhang i Shu Chun Zhang. "The Comparative Analysis of R22 and R134a Applied in a Five-Stage Auto-Cascade Refrigeration System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (luty 2013): 1740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1740.

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The mixed refrigerants R22/R23/R14/R740/R728 and R134a/R23/R14/R740/R728 are used in a five-stage auto-cascade refrigeration system for study in this paper. Through theoretic comparison of high temperature stage refrigerant R22 and R134a and repeated experiments we can get the results that the discharge temperature of the refrigerant R134a can be effectively controlled and a lower refrigeration temperature can be got than the refrigerant R22.

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