Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cascade Refrigeration

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cascade Refrigeration”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cascade Refrigeration"

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Kasi, Parthiban, i M. Cheralathan. "Review of cascade refrigeration systems for vaccine storage". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012041.

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Abstract Various models are already developed to achieve the refrigerating effect. Each refrigeration system has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, as well as a unique application. The vapor compression refrigeration system and the sorption refrigeration system are the two most prominent refrigeration technologies that may be utilized for a variety of purposes. In the medical profession, cascade refrigeration will be established in the storage of blood banks, plasma, vaccines, bone banks, biological fluids storage, etc. Storing heat-sensitive vaccines at the right temperature is crucial yet often difficult by the availability of ultralow temperature cold storage. This paper has reviewed that the different types of cascade refrigeration systems for a better refrigerating effect on vaccine storage.
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GANJEHSARABI, HADI, IBRAHIM DINCER i ALI GUNGOR. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A CASCADE ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, nr 03 (wrzesień 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500168.

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In the present study, a thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze and assess the performance, through energy and exergy, of a cascade active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigerator operation a regenerative Brayton cycle. This cascade refrigeration system works with Gd x Tb 1–x alloys as magnetic materials where the composition of the alloy varies for different stages. In this model, the heat transfer fluid considered is a water– glycol mixture (50% by weight). The refrigeration capacity, total power consumption, coefficients of performance (COP), exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate of a cascade AMR refrigeration (AMRR) system are determined. To understand the system performance more comprehensively, a parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of several important design parameters on COP and exergy efficiency of the system.
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YANG, Y., M. W. TONG, G. YANG i X. P. WANG. "APPLICATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH MIXING REFRIGERANT IN COLD AIR CUTTING". International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, nr 01n03 (30.01.2005): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028955.

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In the mechanical cutting process, the replacement of traditional cutting solution with cold air can avoid the pollution of environment. In order to high efficient the refrigerating device and flexible adjust the temperature of cold air, it is necessary to use cascade refrigeration system to supply cool quantity for the compressed air. The introduction of a two-component non-azeotropic mixing refrigerant into the cryogenic part of the cascade system, can effectively solve the problems of the system working at too high pressure and the volume expanding of refrigerant in case of the cascade refrigeration sets closed down. However, the filling ratio of mixing refrigerants impact on the relationships among the closing down pressure, refrigerating output and refrigerating efficiency. On the basis of computing and experiment, the optimal mixing ratio of refrigerant R22/R13 and a low temperature of -60° were obtained in this study. A cold air injecting device possessing high efficiency in energy saving has also been designed and manufactured. The cold air, generated from this cascade system and employed in a cutting process, takes good comprehensive effects on machining and cutting.
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Duan, Rui, Guo Min Cui i Qun Zhi Zhu. "Analysis of Thermodynamic Performance in NH3/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1484.

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The advantage and application of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system were analyzed . The principle and composition of cascade refrigeration system were outlined . The cascade refrigeration system using NH3 /CO2 as refrigerant were studied theoretically and the COP were calculated .
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Zheng, Da Yu, Dan Li, Jia Zheng, Li Ping Gao i Yi Ming Zhang. "The Study of the Effects of Refrigerant Fraction on Auto-Cascade Refrigeration System of Evaporation Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (luty 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.321.

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Non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration system utilizes various components of different boiling refrigerant to get low-temperature. With R22, R23 and R14 as a non-azeotropic refrigerant auto-cascade refrigeration cycle system. Through the experimental study of non-azeotropic refrigerant charging and the ratio between the amount of charge, to analyze the effect of these three refrigerants charging and relationship of the fraction on the whole refrigeration cycle refrigeration temperature. To improve overall non-azeotropic auto-cascade refrigeration systems working efficiency. So as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.
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Rajmane, Umesh C. "A Review of Vapour Compression Cascade Refrigeration System". Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 5, nr 2 (5.11.2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2016.5.2.801.

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Different types of refrigerant are available for cascade refrigeration technologies. this paper study provides the advantages of vapour compression cascade refrigeration system. And also summaries various techniques used in cascade refrigeration system. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, and temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the low-temperature circuit.
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Yang, Shutong, Youlei Wang i Yufei Wang. "Optimization of Cascade Cooling System Based on Lithium Bromide Refrigeration in the Polysilicon Industry". Processes 9, nr 9 (18.09.2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091681.

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Cascade cooling systems containing different cooling methods (e.g., air cooling, water cooling, refrigerating) are used to satisfy the cooling process of hot streams with large temperature spans. An effective cooling system can significantly save energy and costs. In a cascade cooling system, the heat load distribution between different cooling methods has great impacts on the capital cost and operation cost of the system, but the relative optimization method is not well established. In this work, a cascade cooling system containing waste heat recovery, air cooling, water cooling, absorption refrigeration, and compression refrigeration is proposed. The objective is to find the optimal heat load distribution between different cooling methods with the minimum total annual cost. Aspen Plus and MATLAB were combined to solve the established mathematical optimization model, and the genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB was adopted to solve the model. A case study in a polysilicon enterprise was used to illustrate the feasibility and economy of the cascade cooling system. Compared to the base case, which only includes air cooling, water cooling, and compression refrigeration, the cascade cooling system can reduce the total annual cost by USD 931,025·y−1 and save 7,800,820 kWh of electricity per year. It also can recover 3139 kW of low-grade waste heat, and generate and replace a cooling capacity of 2404 kW.
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Yang, Qichao, Xiaonan Chen, Weikai Chi, Liansheng Li, Guangbin Liu i Yuanyang Zhao. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an NH3/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System with Subcooling in the Low-Temperature Circuit Utilizing the Expansion Work". International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (27.02.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5987368.

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NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system is recognized one of the most promising technologies in low-temperature application. In this paper, a NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system with subcooling in low-temperature circuit driven by recovery expansion work has been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the proposed cascade refrigeration system compared with conventional cascade refrigeration system. Mathematical models based on energy conservation and exergy balance are established. The selection of different refrigerants in auxiliary subcooling system is discussed. The effects of operating parameters such as the condensation temperature of the low-temperature circuit, evaporation temperature, and expander efficiency on system performance are evaluated. The results show that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency of the proposed system are about 7.56% and 7.98% higher than that of conventional cascade refrigeration system. The discharge temperature of NH3 compressor can be significantly reduced by 18.33%. The isentropic efficiency of the expander has a large impact on the system performance.
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Jankovich, Dennis, i Kresimir Osman. "A feasibility analysis of replacing the standard ammonia refrigeration device with the cascade NH3/CO2 refrigeration device in the food industry". Thermal Science 19, nr 5 (2015): 1821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130611097j.

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The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates the feasibility of replacing the standard ammonia refrigeration device with the cascade NH3/CO2 refrigeration device in the food industry. The main reason for replacement is to reduce the total amount of ammonia in spaces like deep-freezing chambers, daily chambers, working rooms and technical passageways. An ammonia-contaminated area is hazardous to human health and the safety of food products. Therefore the preferred reduced amount of ammonia is accumulated in the Central Refrigeration Engine Room, where the cascade NH3/CO2 device is installed as well. Furthermore, the analysis discusses and compares two left Carnot?s refrigeration cycles, one for the standard ammonia device and the other for the cascade NH3/CO2 device. Both cycles are processes with two-stage compression and two-stage throttling. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates that the selected refrigeration cycle is the most cost-effective process because it provides the best numerical values for the total refrigeration factor with respect to the observed refrigeration cycle. The chief analyzed influential parameters of the cascade device are: total refrigeration load, total reactive power, mean temperature of the heat exchanger, evaporating and condensing temperature of the low-temperature part.
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Fernández-Seara, José, Jaime Sieres i Manuel Vázquez. "Compression–absorption cascade refrigeration system". Applied Thermal Engineering 26, nr 5-6 (kwiecień 2006): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.07.015.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cascade Refrigeration"

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Haile-Michael, Getu. "Cascade and secondary coolant supermarket refrigeration systems : modelling and new frost correlations". Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/6846.

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Nowadays traditional (direct expansion) supermarket refrigeration systems are mostly employed in supermarket establishments for refrigerating food products and beverages in the store. However, the installations of long piping system, fittings and joints in traditional systems are causing substantial refrigerant losses. The refrigerant losses in turn bring about cost and high environmental damage in terms of ozone layer depletion and global warming potential. Additionally, defrosting of air-coils is one of the most energy consuming processes in supermarket refrigeration systems due to susceptibility of the air-coils to moisture. Hence, the frost forming on air-coils as a result of moisture transfer should be removed to keep display cabinets under the required temperature. Various studies, though limited in scope, have been conducted both numerically and experimentally by several researchers in order to provide efficient and environmentally friendly supermarket refrigeration technologies. Empirical and mathematical expressions have also been continuously developed to quantify frost characteristics on flat plates and round tubes thereby determining the appropriate defrost periods. Cascade and secondary coolant refrigeration systems are the potential candidates to replace traditional ones due to the fact that the former can work on natural refrigerants and the latter essentially eliminates long connecting lines and environmentally damaging refrigerants. Development of empirical correlations for frost characteristics on real heat exchangers could also provide accurate prediction of defrost periods thereby eliminating unnecessary waste of energy and deterioration of food products. The current study, therefore, presents (a) mathematical expressions for carbon dioxide-ammonia (R744-R717) cascade refrigeration system; (b) mathematical expressions for frost property and air pressure drop; and (c) a numerical model for medium-temperature secondary coolant system incorporating the new frost property correlations. The thermodynamic analysis of the cascade refrigeration system is useful for the supermarket refrigeration industry to optimize the design and operating parameters of the system. The development of the frost property correlations from experiments on a lab-scale flat-finned-tube heat exchanger is also useful for the supermarket refrigeration industry for better prediction and control of defrost periods and duration for medium temperature air-coils. The medium-temperature secondary coolant model adopted the most appropriate heat transfer, mass transfer and pressure drop correlations obtained from the open literature. The system components such as air-coil, plate heat exchangers, distribution lines, coolant pump and compressor were modeled independently. Each component model was validated and linked to form a complete overall medium-temperature secondary coolant refrigeration system model. The experimental results showed that COP of the Monopropylene glycol/water based medium temperature secondary coolant refrigeration system could be 1.33, whereas the simulated results on a typical supermarket showed that COP of the system could be as high as 1.75. The fundamental difference between the existing secondary coolant models and the current one is that frost characteristics have been incorporated in the air-coil model. In addition to this, complete independent models have been developed for plate heat exchangers based on their respective applications. Hence, the main advantage of the current medium-temperature secondary coolant refrigeration system model is that defrost periods and time span required to defrost frosted air-coils can be accurately determined to achieve energy savings and prevent product deterioration in the display cabinets. The plate heat exchanger models can also enable one to reasonably determine pressure drops thereby leading to an appropriate coolant pump selection. Finally, a step-by-step exercise of the application of the secondary coolant model, which has been included in this project, can be used to completely design, select, evaluate and install such systems or retrofit the existing traditional direct expansion refrigeration systems in supermarkets.
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Schutte, Abraham Jacobus. "Demand-side energy management of a cascade mine surface refrigeration system / A.J. Schutte". Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1843.

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The investigations focus on load shifting, load clipping and energy efficiency through control strategies. Load shifting is achieved by increasing the amount of work done in the Eskom non-peak period. This then results in a decrease in the Eskom peak time work load. The mine refrigeration system is modelled and verified with the data. A simulation is made from the model and the simulation is used to develop the new control strategy and new operational parameters. Predicted results are verified to be within production operational constraints. A case study was carried out to prove the effectiveness of the newly developed control strategy and operational parameters. Firstly the cascade mine surface refrigeration system is automated to allow remote viewing and control of the system from a central point. The control strategy is tested through implementation on automated mine refrigeration systems. The real-time energy management system (REMS) is set up and the communication with the SCADA is tested through observing dam level temperatures and stopping and starting refrigeration machines. The decisions the controllers make are monitored until the system is fully automated. The results of the new control system on the flows, temperatures, dam levels, thermal energy and electrical energy are validated and verified. An assessment of the case study proved that DSM can be done on cascade mine refrigeration systems. A 4.2 MW load shift was predicted and research found an over performance of 0.3 MW. It is clear from the results that utilising the thermal storage in cascade mine surface refrigeration systems, will allow DSM load shifting. In general, this dissertation proved DSM can be done on refrigeration systems and it is recommended that further studies be done on underground mine refrigeration systems.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Sawalha, Samer. "Carbon Dioxide in Supermarket Refrigeration". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Energiteknik, Energy Technology, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4753.

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Queiroz, Marcus Vinícius Almeida. "Avaliação experimental de um sistema de refrigeração cascata subcrítico com HFCs/C02". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/19110.

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Este estudo avalia o desempenho de um sistema em cascata em operação subcrítica utilizando o par R134a/R744, como uma opção a sistemas convencionais em supermercados que normalmente utilizam R404A ou R22. O aparato experimental consiste em um compressor alternativo de velocidade variável para R744 e uma válvula de expansão eletrônica que promove a evaporação direta do CO2 dentro de uma câmara fria (2,3m x 2,6m x 2,5m) para manter a temperatura interna do ar estável. O ciclo de alta temperatura consiste em um compressor alternativo para R134a, uma válvula de expansão eletrônica, e um condensador a ar. Um trocador de calor de placas, que é ao mesmo tempo, o condensador para o R744 e o evaporador para R134a completa a configuração. Durante os testes experimentais, dois parâmetros foram manipulados: o grau de superaquecimento do R744, 515 K, e a frequência de operação do compressor R744, 45-65 Hz. Os valores da capacidade de refrigeração, para R134a/R744 variaram entre 4,30 ± 0,01 e 5,57 ± 0,02 kW, demonstrando a aplicabilidade desse sistema cascata em condições de carga térmica variável. Essa flexibilidade operacional também se estendeu aos valores estabelecidos para a temperatura do ar dentro da câmara fria, sendo o menor valor de -17,7 °C e o mais alto -0,8 °C. A fim de contribuir para a melhoria dos processos de refrigeração, principalmente no que se refere à eficiência energética, foi feito um drop-in no ciclo de alta temperatura, cuja carga de R134a foi substituída por R438A. A comparação foi feita de forma que os sistemas proporcionem capacidades de refrigeração e valores de temperatura do ar dentro da câmara fria semelhantes. Como resultado, o consumo de compressor com R438A foi maior em todos os testes. Os valores de COP para o sistema R134a/R744 variaram de 1,81 ± 0,01 a 2,09 ± 0,01, enquanto no sistema R438A/R744, de 1,41 ± 0,01 a 1,66 ± 0,01. O impacto total equivalente de aquecimento global para o sistema R438A/R744 foi maior em relação ao sistema original, devido ao maior potencial de aquecimento global do fluido R438A e ao maior consumo de potência elétrica do compressor do ciclo de alta temperatura. Logo, o refrigerante proposto no drop-in do sistema de alta temperatura de R134a por R438A provou-se uma alternativa menos eficiente, para as aplicações específicas.
This study evaluates the performance of a cascade system in subcritical operation using the pair R134a/R744, as an option to conventional systems in supermarkets, which usually uses R404A, or R22. The experimental apparatus consists of a variable speed reciprocating compressor for R744 and an electronic expansion valve that promotes direct evaporation of the CO2 inside a cold room (2,3m x 2,6m x 2,5m) to maintain the internal air temperature stable. The high-temperature cycle consists of a reciprocating compressor for R134a, an electronic expansion valve, and an air-cooled condenser. A plate heat exchanger, which is at the same time, the condenser for the R744 and evaporator to R134a completes the setup. During the experimental tests, two parameters were manipulated: The superheating degree of the R744, 5-15 K, and the R744 compressor operation frequency, 45-65 Hz. The cooling capacity values for R134a/R744 ranged between 4,30 ± 0,01 and 5,57 ± 0,02 kW, demonstrating an application to the cascade system under variable thermal load conditions. This operational flexibility also extends to the air temperature values established inside the cold room, being the lower value of -17,7 ° C and higher -0,8 ° C. In order to contribute to the improvement of the cooling processes, mainly about the energy efficiency, a drop-in has been made at the high- temperature cycle, which R134a refrigerant charge has been replaced by R438A. The comparison was done regard both systems providing similar cooling capacities and air temperature values inside the cold room. As a result, the consumption of the compressor operating with R438A was higher in all tests. The COP values for the R134a/R744 system ranged from 1,81 ± 0,01 to 2,09 ± 0,01, while with the R438A/R744 system, from 1,41 ± 0,01 to 1,66 ± 0,01. The total equivalent warming impact for the R438A/R744 system was higher compared to the original system, as a result of the higher GWP for the R438A and higher electrical power consumptions. It has been proven the proposed drop-in, at the high temperature cycle from R134a by R438A, is a less efficient choice for such specific applications.
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Coggins, Charles Lee. "Single- and Multiple-Stage Cascaded Vapor Compression Refrigeration for Electronics Cooling". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16283.

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The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) predicts that microprocessor power consumption will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. It is also well known that microprocessor performance can be improved by lowering the junction temperature: recent analytical studies show that for a power limited chip, there is a non-linear scaling effect that offers a 4.3x performance enhancement at -100 °C, compared to 85 °C operation. Vapor Compression Refrigeration (VCR) is a sufficiently compact, low cost, and power efficient technology for reducing the junction temperature of microprocessors below ambient, while removing very high heat fluxes via phase change. The current study includes a scaling analysis of single- and multiple-stage VCR systems for electronics cooling and an experimental investigation of small-scale, two-stage cascaded VCR systems. In the scaling analysis, a method for estimating the size of single- and multiple-stage VCR systems is described, and the resulting trends are presented. The compressor and air-cooled condenser are shown to be by far the largest components of the system, dwarfing the evaporator, expansion device, and inter-stage heat exchanger. For systems utilizing off-the-shelf components and removing up to 200 W at evaporator temperatures as low as 173 K, compressor size dominates the system and scales with the compressor s motor. The air-cooled condenser is the second largest component, and its size is constrained by the air-side heat transfer coefficient. In the experimental work, a two-stage cascaded VCR system with a total volume of 60000 cm3 is demonstrated that can remove 40 W at -61 °C.
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Скрипник, О. В., В. В. Свяцький, O. Skrypnyk i V. Sviatskyi. "Перспективні напрямки технологічного застосування гідратів двооксиду вуглецю". Thesis, ХНТУ, 2017. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/6869.

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Наведено аналіз останніх досліджень і приклади застосування газових гідратів двооксиду вуглецю. Наведено приклад можливості заміщення двооксидом вуглецю метану у природніх гідратах, організовуючи контрольований видобуток метану із субаквальних газогідратних покладів. Розглянуто питання про обмеження викиду парникових газів за рахунок їх уловлювання і зберігання за допомогою технології CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). Наведено приклад каскадних систем на базі аміаку з двооксидом вуглецю із сумішами вуглеводнів як основу холодильних установок для одержання глибокого холоду. Розглянуто спосіб вибухового штампування з метою підвищення безпеки та збільшення економічної ефективності технологічного процесу за рахунок використання стабільних газових компонентів, застосування більш простого технологічного обладнання. Зроблено висновок, що використання двооксиду вуглецю в складі газових гідратів дозволяє на принципово нових основах істотно покращити технологічні процеси в різних галузях промисловості, а також ефективність енерго- та ресурсозбереження. The analysis of the latest studies and application examples of gas hydrates of carbon dioxide is given. An example of the possibility of replacing methane carbon dioxide in natural hydrates by organizing controlled methane production from subaquatic gas hydrate deposits is given. The issue of limiting the emission of greenhouse gases through their capture and storage using Carbon Capture and Storage technology is considered. An example of cascade systems based on ammonia with carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon mixtures as a basis for refrigeration facilities for obtaining deep cold is given. The method of explosive stamping is considered with the purpose of increasing safety and increasing the economic efficiency of the technological process due to the use of stable gas components, the use of more simple technological equipment. It is concluded that the use of carbon dioxide in gas hydrates allows essentially new ways to improve technological processes in various industries, as well as the efficiency of energy and resource saving.
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Cipolato, Liza. "Analise exergetica de um ciclo em cascata para liquefação de gas natural". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266261.

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Orientador: Jose Vicente Hallak D'Angelo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O comércio de gás natural liquefeito apresenta um crescente interesse por parte tanto de países exportadores como dependentes desta fonte energética. Apesar de o transporte por gasoduto ser muito menos suscetível a perdas, ele se torna inviável a longas distâncias ou a demandas variáveis. A liquefação do gás natural também proporciona o armazenamento desta fonte energética numa forma estável e de alto potencial energético,evidenciando o caráter estratégico do processo. Desde a década de 60 a tecnologia para liquefação do gás natural é utilizada, porém, apenas há alguns anos os países iniciaram o comércio desta fonte energética em larga escala e isto acarretará um aumento mundial tanto no número de terminais exportadores (plantas de liquefação) quanto importadores (terminais de regaseificação). O processo de liquefação do gás natural ocorre através de uma sequência de ciclos termodinâmicos de refrigeração, e estes, por sua vez, precisam trabalhar de forma otimizada para reduzir perdas. A análise exergética é uma ferramenta muito útil para avaliar estas perdas e pode ser essencial na instalação de uma nova planta ou melhoria de uma já existente. O presente trabalho realizou uma análise exergética de um ciclo de refrigeração utilizado para a liquefação de gás natural, o qual é do tipo multiestágio em cascata, padrão utilizado atualmente, sendo o mais conhecido e difundido entre as indústrias da área. Primeiramente, o processo foi simulado em software comercial Hysys (versão 3.2 da Aspen Technology). O resultado obtido da simulação foi validado através de comparação com dados da literatura, mostrando-se adequado. Em seguida, a simulação foi testada em diferentes condições operacionais, seguindo um planejamento fatorial completo, o qual teve como objetivo verificar a influência da variação das pressões de seis pontos específicos do ciclo sobre a variável resposta, que é a taxa de exergia total destruída no processo, visando sua minimização. Os resultados obtidos levaram a uma nova condição de operação para o ciclo de refrigeração com redução de aproximadamente 48% da taxa de exergia destruída com relação aos dados do caso obtido da literatura. Tal resultado evidencia o potencial da metodologia termodinâmica utilizada, demonstrando sua aplicação em estudos de melhoria do desempenho de ciclos de refrigeração para a indústria de liquefação de gás natural
Abstract: The liquefied natural gas trade shows a growing interest either from countries which are exporters or countries which depend on this kind of energetic source. Although gas pipelines are less susceptible of transportation losses, they become impracticable when distances are too long or when demands are highly variable. The liquefaction of natural gas also enables its storage in a stable way, in which energetic potential is high, expressing the strategic purpose of the process. Since the 1960 decade natural gas liquefying technology is been used, but only a few years ago countries have started the trade of this kind of energetic source on a large scale. Consequently, the number of exporter terminals (liquefaction industries) and importer terminals (regasification plants) will increase worldwide. The natural gas liquefaction process is based on a sequence of refrigeration thermodynamics cycles, which need to work in an optimized way in order to reduce losses. The exergy analysis is a very useful tool to evaluate these losses and can be crucial in a new plant installation or in a current one improvement. This dissertation performed an exergy analysis of a multistage cascade refrigeration cycle applied in natural gas liquefaction. The multistage cascade cycle is currently the standard type, being the most known and diffused among industries. Firstly, the process was simulated in commercial software Hysys (version 3.2 of Aspen Technology). The result obtained from the simulation was validated by comparison with the literature data and showed a very adequate similarity. After that, the simulation was checked in different operational conditions, according to the complete factorial design of experiments. The design of experiments¿ objective was to verify the pressure influence of six specific points of the cycle over the response variable, which is the rate of total exergy destroyed in the cycle, in order to reach its minimal value. The results showed a new operational condition to the refrigeration cycle, in which the destroyed exergy rate was reduced by approximately 48% in comparison with literature data. This result provides evidence of the high potential of the thermodynamic tool used, showing its application in studies of performance improvements for refrigeration cycles in industries of natural gas liquefaction
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Goloubev, Dmitri. "Kühlung eines resistiven HTSL-Kurzschlussstrombegrenzers mit einer Gemisch-Joule-Thomson-Kältemaschine". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1095838519812-78347.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich nach der Analyse und Optimierung der Stromzuführungen auf Flüssigstickstoff-Temperaturniveau, hauptsächlich mit der Untersuchung einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade als Kälteversorgungssystem eines resistiven HTSL-Kurzschlussstrombegrenzers. Unter einem Kurzschlussstrombegrenzer versteht man einen veränderlichen elektrischen Widerstand, welcher, gegebenenfalls in Serie mit konventionellen, mechanischen Stromunterbrechern, direkt in den zu schützenden Stromkreis eingebaut ist. Als veränderlicher elektrischer Widerstand kann z.B. ein supraleitendes Element verwendet werden. Im normalen Betriebsfall setzt dieser dem fließenden Strom praktisch keinen Widerstand entgegen. Die Dimensionierung wird so gewählt, dass im Falle eines Überstroms ein rascher Übergang in den normalleitenden Zustand erfolgt. Durch den nun vorhandenen Widerstand wird der Stromfluss sehr effektiv begrenzt, bis beispielsweise nachgeschaltete mechanische Schutzeinrichtungen ansprechen. Sobald dies erfolgt ist, kann der Supraleiter regenerieren und in den Ausgangszustand zurückkehren. Die Verwendung von HTSL-Material als Supraleiter erscheint hier höchst vorteilhaft, da damit ein Arbeiten auf Flüssigstickstoff-Temperaturniveau erlaubt wird. Ein entscheidender Punkt für die erfolgreiche Einführung der HTSL-FCL ist die Bereitstellung einer geeigneten Kälteversorgung. Dies kann entweder durch regelmäßiges Nachfühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff oder durch den Einsatz einer Kältemaschine zur Stickstoffrekondensation realisiert werden. Beim Einsatz einer Kältemaschine hat man einen von der Stickstoffnachlieferung unabhängigen Betrieb mit geschlossenem Kühlsystem. Die Energiedissipation in dem HTSL-Element selbst ist unter Normalbedingungen vernachlässigbar klein. Für die Auslegung des Kühlsystems ist von Bedeutung, dass der größte Teil der Wärmelast durch die metallischen Stromzuführungen verursacht wird. Die Auslegung des Kühlsystems muss sich daher an der thermodynamischen Analyse der Stromzuführungen orientieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Analyse von Kühlmethoden für solche Stromzuführungen hinsichtlich ihrer Effektivität und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein neues Kühlsystem auf der Basis einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade wird vorgeschlagen als Alternative zu den derzeit in Frage kommenden Kühltechniken. Es wurde folgende Vorgehensweise gewählt: 1. Verschiedene Kühlmethoden zur Kühlung von SZF werden aufgeführt und thermodynamisch bewertet. 2. Kühlsysteme, basierend auf einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade, werden vorgeschlagen und deren Charakteristika mittels numerischer Simulation bestimmt. 3. Ein auf der Basis einer Gemisch-Kältemaschine gebauter Stickstoffverflüssiger wird in Betrieb genommen und getestet. 4. Die Funktion und die Effektivität der Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade zur Kühlung der Stromzuführungen werden bewertet. 5. Zugehörige Kühlsysteme auf der Basis verschiedener Kühltechniken werden analysiert 6. In einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung werden die Kühlsysteme einander gegenübergestellt Insgesamt kann als Ergebnis festgehalten werden, dass der Einsatz der vorgestellten Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskadenanlagen zur Kälteversorgung im vorgestellten Anwendungsfall eine durchaus wettbewerbsfähige, voraussichtlich sogar überlegene Alternative zu den sonst verfügbaren Methoden darstellt.
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Goloubev, Dmitri. "Kühlung eines resistiven HTSL-Kurzschlussstrombegrenzers mit einer Gemisch-Joule-Thomson-Kältemaschine". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24374.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich nach der Analyse und Optimierung der Stromzuführungen auf Flüssigstickstoff-Temperaturniveau, hauptsächlich mit der Untersuchung einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade als Kälteversorgungssystem eines resistiven HTSL-Kurzschlussstrombegrenzers. Unter einem Kurzschlussstrombegrenzer versteht man einen veränderlichen elektrischen Widerstand, welcher, gegebenenfalls in Serie mit konventionellen, mechanischen Stromunterbrechern, direkt in den zu schützenden Stromkreis eingebaut ist. Als veränderlicher elektrischer Widerstand kann z.B. ein supraleitendes Element verwendet werden. Im normalen Betriebsfall setzt dieser dem fließenden Strom praktisch keinen Widerstand entgegen. Die Dimensionierung wird so gewählt, dass im Falle eines Überstroms ein rascher Übergang in den normalleitenden Zustand erfolgt. Durch den nun vorhandenen Widerstand wird der Stromfluss sehr effektiv begrenzt, bis beispielsweise nachgeschaltete mechanische Schutzeinrichtungen ansprechen. Sobald dies erfolgt ist, kann der Supraleiter regenerieren und in den Ausgangszustand zurückkehren. Die Verwendung von HTSL-Material als Supraleiter erscheint hier höchst vorteilhaft, da damit ein Arbeiten auf Flüssigstickstoff-Temperaturniveau erlaubt wird. Ein entscheidender Punkt für die erfolgreiche Einführung der HTSL-FCL ist die Bereitstellung einer geeigneten Kälteversorgung. Dies kann entweder durch regelmäßiges Nachfühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff oder durch den Einsatz einer Kältemaschine zur Stickstoffrekondensation realisiert werden. Beim Einsatz einer Kältemaschine hat man einen von der Stickstoffnachlieferung unabhängigen Betrieb mit geschlossenem Kühlsystem. Die Energiedissipation in dem HTSL-Element selbst ist unter Normalbedingungen vernachlässigbar klein. Für die Auslegung des Kühlsystems ist von Bedeutung, dass der größte Teil der Wärmelast durch die metallischen Stromzuführungen verursacht wird. Die Auslegung des Kühlsystems muss sich daher an der thermodynamischen Analyse der Stromzuführungen orientieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Analyse von Kühlmethoden für solche Stromzuführungen hinsichtlich ihrer Effektivität und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein neues Kühlsystem auf der Basis einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade wird vorgeschlagen als Alternative zu den derzeit in Frage kommenden Kühltechniken. Es wurde folgende Vorgehensweise gewählt: 1. Verschiedene Kühlmethoden zur Kühlung von SZF werden aufgeführt und thermodynamisch bewertet. 2. Kühlsysteme, basierend auf einer Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade, werden vorgeschlagen und deren Charakteristika mittels numerischer Simulation bestimmt. 3. Ein auf der Basis einer Gemisch-Kältemaschine gebauter Stickstoffverflüssiger wird in Betrieb genommen und getestet. 4. Die Funktion und die Effektivität der Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskade zur Kühlung der Stromzuführungen werden bewertet. 5. Zugehörige Kühlsysteme auf der Basis verschiedener Kühltechniken werden analysiert 6. In einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung werden die Kühlsysteme einander gegenübergestellt Insgesamt kann als Ergebnis festgehalten werden, dass der Einsatz der vorgestellten Gemisch-Stickstoff-Kaskadenanlagen zur Kälteversorgung im vorgestellten Anwendungsfall eine durchaus wettbewerbsfähige, voraussichtlich sogar überlegene Alternative zu den sonst verfügbaren Methoden darstellt.
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KUMAR, PRAKASH. "CASCADE REFRIGERATION CYCLE". Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16002.

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A thermodynamic analysis is done for cascade cycle which is a combination of vapour compression system with vapour absorption system. The objective of the work is to determine the effects of different parameters on the performance of the cycle. Equations used follow the first law of thermodynamics. Capacity of the cascade cycle is taken as 50 kw. Refrigerants used in the cycle are lithium bromide-water in the absorption cycle and R134a in the vapour compression cycle. EES has been used to find out the results through doing simulation in it. The result of the simulation is to study the relationship between different components of the cycle such as generator, condenser, heat exchanger evaporator on the cop of the cycle. The outcome can be used to enhance the performance and determine the parameters for better working of the cascade cycle.
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Książki na temat "Cascade Refrigeration"

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Fulkerson, Frank. Simplified cascade system servicing. Troy, Mich: Business News Pub. Co., 1988.

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Części książek na temat "Cascade Refrigeration"

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Ganjehsarabi, Hadi, Ibrahim Dincer i Ali Gungor. "Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Cascade Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration System". W Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment, 69–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04681-5_6.

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Ghosh, Ayan, Aditya Sharma, Bharat Varshney, Chirag i Pawan Kumar Kashyap. "A Theoretical Thermodynamic Analysis of R1234yf/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 57–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8517-1_5.

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Tan, Hüsamettin, i Ali Erişen. "Exergy Analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System for Different Refrigerant Couples". W Springer Proceedings in Energy, 633–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30171-1_68.

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Das, Ipsita, i Samiran Samanta. "Comparative Energetic and Exergetic Analyses of a Cascade Refrigeration System Pairing R744 with R134a, R717, R1234yf, R600, R1234ze, R290". W Advances in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 221–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6360-7_20.

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Amin, Mihir H., Hetav M. Naik, Bidhin B. Patel, Prince K. Patel i Snehal N. Patel. "Exergy and Energy Analyses of Half Effect–Vapor Compression Cascade Refrigeration System". W Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems, 55–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7078-0_6.

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Kumar, Sachin, i Virender Chahal. "A Review of Various Kinds of Cascade Refrigeration Cycle and Application of Ejector Mechanism". W Advances in Materials and Mechanical Engineering, 245–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0673-1_20.

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Singh, Harvendra, Kaushalendra Kumar Singh i Harshit Bahri. "Performance Analysis and Optimization of Ammonia-CO2 and Ammonia–Propylene Refrigerant Pairs for Cascade Refrigeration". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 15–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3428-4_2.

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Kaushik, Shubhash C., Sudhir K. Tyagi i Pramod Kumar. "Finite Time Thermodynamics of Cascaded Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles". W Finite Time Thermodynamics of Power and Refrigeration Cycles, 181–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62812-7_8.

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Liu, Ying, Ming Zhao, Ying Rong i Guang Jin. "Thermodynamic analysis of different CO2 cascade refrigeration cycles". W Architectural, Energy and Information Engineering, 117–20. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19197-29.

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Almeida-Trasvina, Fernando, i Robin Smith. "Design and Optimisation of Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycles for LNG Production". W Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 621–26. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64235-6.50111-x.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cascade Refrigeration"

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Quack, Hans H. "Theory of cascade refrigeration". W ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC, Volume 57. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4706991.

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ALMEIDA QUEIROZ, MARCUS VINICIUS, Arthur Antunes i ENIO BANDARRA FILHO. "EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM". W 16th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2016.cit2016-0069.

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Xie, Yingbai, Kuikui Cui, Luxiang Zong i Zhichao Wang. "The Entropy Analysis on NH3/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Cycle". W ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40121.

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This paper introduces a cascade refrigeration cycle that uses natural refrigerants of CO2 and NH3 at low temperature. It introduces the character of CO2 and NH3, besides analyzes the cascade refrigeration cycle. The optimal intermediate temperature of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration cycle is determined by the entropy production minimization method. We analyze the four processes entropy production in both CO2 cycle (LT side) and NH3 cycle (HT side) and research how the total entropy production changes in the conditions of different T0, different TCL and different ΔT. We also find that in order to enhance the efficiency of NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration cycle, it is necessary to reduce ΔT. It can be concluded that NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration cycle has a good future.
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Liu, Yingfu, Yingzheng Rong i Guangya Jin. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Different CO2 Cascade Refrigeration Cycles". W 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.227.

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Shyam, Hasanabada, Sunnam Nagaraju, Mallepalli Venkateswar Reddy, Ravi Kiran Chintalapudi i Anil Kumar Reddy Padidam. "Performance evaluation of cascade refrigeration system using different refrigerants". W PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIER OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114064.

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Kilicarslan, Ali, i Norbert Mu¨ller. "Irreversibility Analysis of a Vapor Compression Cascade Refrigeration Cycle". W ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66363.

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Hydrocarbon based energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas have been diminishing in an increasing speed. Instead of finding alternative energy sources, we have to use the available sources more effectively. By means of the irreversibility analysis, we can determine the factors or conditions that cause the inefficiencies in any energy system. In this study, irreversibility analysis of a compression cascade refrigeration cycle that consists of a high and low temperature cycles is presented. In the high temperature cycle, the refrigerants from different classes, namely R12 (CFC), R22 (HCFC), R134a (HFC) and R404a (Azeotropic) are selected as working fluids. In the low temperature cycle, R13 is only used as a working fluid. Irreversibility analysis of refrigerant pairs, namely R12-R13, R22-R13, R134a-R13, and R404a-R13 are carried out in a compression cascade refrigeration cycle by a computer code developed. The effects of evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, and the temperature difference between the saturation temperatures of the lower and higher temperature cycles in the heat exchanger (ΔT) and the polytropic efficiency on irreversibility of the system are investigated. The irreversibility of the cascade refrigeration cycle decreases as the evaporator temperature and polytropic efficiency increase for all of the refrigerant couples considered while the irreversibility increases with the increasing values of the condenser temperature and ΔT. In the whole ranges of evaporator temperature (−65°C / −45°C), condenser temperature (30–50°C), ΔT (2–16K) and polytropic efficiency (%50/%100), the refrigerant pair R12-R13 has the lowest values of irreversibilities while the pair R404a-R13 has the highest ones. At the lower condenser temperature (<30°C) and higher polytropic efficiencies (85%–95%), the refrigerant couples except for R404a-R13 have approximately the same values of irreversibility.
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João Gabriel de Oliveira Marques i Paulo Eduardo Lopes Barbieri. "EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF A R717/R744 CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM". W 23rd ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ABCM Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cob-2015-0420.

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Yang Shi, XueLi Nie, Bei Zhang, Dan Zhou, Jiakai Wang i Zhimin Wang. "Design and experimental investigation on a 150K auto-cascade refrigeration system". W Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930561.

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Ninković, Dimitrije, Uroš Milovančević, Milena Otović i Vladimir Černicin. "Comparative Analysis of Electric Energy Consumption of Cascade System R134a/CO2 with Single Stage R404a and Two-Stage CO2 Installation". W 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.287.

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The paper analyzes electric energy consumption of three different refrigeration installations: cascade refrigeration system with R134a in the high temperature circuit and CO2 in the low temperature circuit, single stage refrigeration system operating with R404A and two-stage transcritical CO2 system. The indirect impact of the refrigeration system on global warming through electric energy consumption was examined. Thermodynamic cycles of these installations have been described and models have been developed to analyze the electric energy consumption required to drive the compressor as the largest consumer, for the cooling capacity of the evaporator 5,7 kW at evaporation temperature -30 °C for meteorological 2017, in the city of Belgrade. As a basis for comparative analysis, the existing cascade refrigeration system, which is located in the Laboratory for Thermal Science at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade, was selected.
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Rupesh, P. L., J. M. Babu, D. Surryaprakash i R. D. Misra. "Experimental and computational evaluation of temperature difference of a cascade condenser of R134a-R23 cascade refrigeration system". W 2015 International Conference on Smart Technologies and Management  for Computing, Communication, Controls, Energy and Materials (ICSTM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstm.2015.7225494.

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