Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Cartography”

Includes bibliographical references.
A memory is inherently subjective and personal; contained within but not confined to the mind. The recollection of any memory unveils individual and collective identity attributed to a familiar space. Subsequently, retrieving an identity from a space converts that space into 'place'; a consequence of attaching significant experiential quality against a space. The body, and thus the mind, continuously interact with the immediate surrounding spatial environment. When encountering a space of familiarity, the mind is prompted with specific memories linked to that space. Prompted memories are memories of recollection. The theory of 'Re-collective memory' is drawn upon to substantiate the interactive process between memory and space. This theory outlines personal and collective memory as an association with a particular experience, bringing oneself into direct contact with past events or places. Therefore a non-physical memory no longer remains contained within the mind but is manifested into the physical world; collective and individual identity is obtained and space is transfigured into 'place'. The research conducted is an investigation into the relationship between space and memory; how a physical, tangible space manifests a non-physical, intangible memory. Underlying aspects of memory are uncovered to establish its value as a significant design tool in landscape architecture for the acquisition of individual and collective identity in a place. My understanding of memory begins at a personal level. As a child I grew up observing the memories of my mother pertaining to a very specific town; Cathcart, Eastern Cape, South Africa. This small town will serve as the case study for investigating the relationship between memory and space. As a methodological approach, a series of ethnographic interviews were conducted with my family and community members in Cathcart. Key memory locations were then identified, exhibiting significant positive and negative place-making characteristics. An analysis of the memories led to an understanding that Cathcart is currently socially and physically divided. This is rooted in apartheid planning, where major emphasis had been placed on social and spatial segregation according to race. Post-apartheid however, the separation between spaces is still highly prevalent and discourages integration. Consequentially, precarious socio-economic issues are revealed including sanitation, housing, education and job security which continually threaten the town's existence. A weakened sense of belonging and a fervent desire for identity becomes apparent. This is perpetuated through a loss of economy and inadequate service delivery resulting from a lack of spatial and social connectedness throughout the town. These issues are typical phenomena widespread across similar small towns in South Africa. However, one observation of significant importance is that of timber collection by the local Xhosa people of Cathcart who rely on the wood for cooking, warming their homes and for constructing new dwellings. This process provides an opportunity to link memory locations aimed at decreasing socio-spatial disconnect while providing spaces with amenity to stimulate socio-economic growth. As an overarching framework, the process of timber collection will utilise strategic memory locations as spaces for design implementation. Woven together along an experiential route, these memory locations will be transformed into celebrated spectacle moments. The route seeks to reunite the town, providing opportunities to re-establish individual and collective identity. In this way, memory is used to facilitate spaces for place creation while simultaneously providing a platform upon which new memories can be created. As a model, such an approach for design could be applied to other small towns in South Africa that display similar conditions.

Much of the existing literature on space and practice originates from the fields of human geography, urban sociology and architecture. Seminal contributors to these fields including: Tuan (Tuan 1977), Edwards (Edwards and Usher 2003), Dourish (Harrison and Dourish 1996), and Hall (Hall 1990), and they provide useful terminology and applications for defining space and the interactions that occur within them. For many of these writers, a 'space' is just a physical volume that provides the opportunity for human interactions to occur, whereas a 'place' is the lived-experience of those human interactions - that is, 'places' are 'spaces' that are invested with meaning, identity and practice. Despite the large quantity of literature from other fields on the study of space, it has received limited attention and application in the fields of Higher Education and Computing Education. When research on place has been conducted, it is generally concerned with the physical design and perception of spaces. Addressing this research gap and obtaining a deeper understanding of students' use of physical and virtual spaces, will give us a richer picture of their engagement during their academic study. Understanding why students go to certain places rather than others, the practice that happens in these places and how spaces become associated with certain types of culture and activities, will better inform our pedagogical approach to teaching computing.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the function of colour in film through three films by British director Nicolas Roeg. To this end, this thesis has the following three correspondent aims: first to consider the theoretical relationship between colour and film within film studies as a discipline. Second, to propose a means of discussing film colour outside the dominant approach of restoration and degradation. Third to explore how Roeg’s implements colour within three of his films Performance, Don’t Look Now, and finally Bad Timing, and the ideological and aesthetic questions that emerge through a consideration of colour in these works. By looking at colour and Nicolas Roeg this thesis will not only present a critical response to the research question but it will also fill a small gap in the current dearth of work that exists on both colour and British cinema in the 1970s.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la cartographie de l’espace chimique ; son but est d’établir les bases d’un outil donnant une vision d’ensemble d’un jeu de données, comprenant prédiction d’activité, visualisation, et comparaison de grandes librairies. Dans cet ouvrage, nous introduisons des modèles prédictifs QSAR (relations quantitatives structure à activité) avec de nouvelles définitions de domaines d’applicabilité, basés sur la méthode GTM (generative topographic mapping), introduite par C. Bishop et al. Une partie de cette thèse concerne l’étude de grandes librairies de composés chimiques grâce à la méthode GTM incrémentale. Nous introduisons également une nouvelle méthode « Stargate GTM », ou S-GTM, permettant de passer de l’espace des descripteurs chimiques à celui des activités et vice versa, appliquée à la prédiction de profils d’activité ou aux QSAR inverses
This thesis is dedicated to the cartography of chemical space; our goal is to establish the foundations of a tool offering a complete overview of a chemical dataset, including visualization, activity prediction, and comparison of very large datasets. In this work, we introduce new QSAR models (quantitative structure-activity relationship) based on the GTM method (generative topographic mapping), introduced by C. Bishop et al. A part of this thesis is dedicated to the visualization and analysis of large chemical libraries using the incremental version of GTM. We also introduce a new method coined “Stargate GTM” or S-GTM, which allows us to travel from the space of chemical descriptors to activity space and vice versa; this approach was applied to activity profile prediction and inverse QSAR

Crossing the Cartography of Exile explores ideas of territoriality, hybrid identity and transculturation. The thesis and exhibition is the result of two years of Practice-Led Research, which is the performative research methodology, carried in the La Chapelle Woodshop of the 100 Laurier Avenue East Building of the Department of Visual Arts. The building was the former Juniorat du Sacré-Coeur of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate built in 1893-94. The Woodshop is the former chapel of the seminary therefore has references to a place of prayer and worship and for my praxis became a place to re-enact the ancient trade of Joseph the Carpenter. The La Chapelle Shipyard inside the woodshop as mnemonic site became a performative site-specific platform specialized in creating small-scale sculptures with recycled and repourposed shipping pallets and a place in which to connect memory with the ancient trade of a shipwright or shipbuilder. Small-scale sculpture then became a symbolic marker for the intimacy of a personal and free territory made of repurposed shipping pallets. Therefore, by working with recycled changeable materials I fashioned a poetic visual language to enchant the wound of exile.

Over one hundred and seventy maps and plans are preserved from the ancient Near East, drawn on clay tablets or inscribed in stone, though a full study of all the available cartographic material from Mesopotamia has never before been undertaken. This thesis offers a critical analysis of these maps and plans, with particular focus on their graphic conventions, typology and function in Near Eastern society. The text on many of these maps is also undeciphered and a number of examples are translated here for the first time, including an unpublished map of an irrigation network in the Schøyen Collection. By examining all this material in a single study, it becomes clear that there was a coherent documentary genre in Mesopotamia which was cartographic in nature, and which served a variety of administrative and planning purposes. The Near Eastern cartographic corpus is also contextualised within the wider history of cartography, so that its place in the global development of graphic mapping can be better understood.

Cell motility plays an important role throughout biology, the polymerisation of actin being fundamental in producing protrusive force. However, it is increasingly apparent that intracellular pressure, arising from myosin-II contraction, is a co-driver of motility. In its extreme form, pressure manifests itself as hemispherical protrusions, referred to as blebs, where membrane is torn from the underlying cortex. Although many components and signalling pathways have been identified, we lack a complete model of motility, particularly of the regulation and mechanics of blebbing. Advances in microscopy are continually improving the quality of time series image data, but the absence of highthroughput tools for extracting quantitative numbers remains an analysis bottle-neck. We develop the next generation of the successful QuimP software designed for automated analysis of motile cells, producing quantitative spatio-temporal maps of protein distributions and changes in cell morphology. Key to QuimP's new functionality, we present the Electrostatic Contour Migration Method (ECMM) that provides high resolution tracking of local deformation with better uniformity and efficiency than rival methods. Photobleaching experiments are used to give insight into the accuracy and limitations of in silico membrane tracking algorithms. We employ ECMM to build an automated protrusion tracking method (ECMM-APT) sensitive not only to pseudopodia, but also the complex characteristics of high speed blebs. QuimP is applied to characterising the protrusive behaviour of Dictyostelium, induced to bleb by imaging under agar. We show blebs are characterised by distinct speed-displacement distributions, can reach speeds of 4.9μm/sec, and preferentially form at the anks during chemotaxis. Significantly, blebs emerge from at to concave membrane regions suggesting curvature is a major determinant of bleb location, size, and speed. We hypothesise that actin driven pseudopodia at the leading edge induce changes in curvature and therefore membrane tension, positive curvature inhibiting blebbing at the very front, and negative curvature enhancing blebbing at the sides. This possibly provides the necessary space for rear advancement. Furthermore, bleb kymographs reveal a retrograde shift of the cortex at the point of bleb expansion, suggesting inward contractive forces acting on the cortex even at concave regions. Strains defficient in phospholipid signalling show impaired chemotaxis and blebbing. Finally, we present further applications of QuimP, for example, we conclusively show that dishevelled is not polarised during Xenopus gastrulation, contrary to hypotheses in the literature.

Cette thèse introduit une méthode programmable de conception d'arrangements 2D pour les textures faites de petits éléments gémoétriques. Ces textures sont omniprésentes dans de nombreux domaines, par exemple l'illustration assistée par ordinateur. Notre approche cible les artistes-techniciens qui concevront chaque arrangement en écrivant un script. Ces scripts sont basés sur trois types d'opérateurs dédiés à la conception rapide d'arrangements stationnaires : les partitions qui décrivent l'organisation globale de l'arrangement, les associations qui controllent l'organisation locale des éléments et les combinaisons qui assemblent différents arrangements. Nous montrons que ce simple ensemble d'opérateurs est suffisant pour atteindre une variété d'arrangements bien plus grande que les méthodes précédentes. De plus les modifications du script mènent à des changements prédictibles dans l'arrangement généré, ce qui permet facilement de concevoir des structures complexes de façon itérative. Enfin, notre ensemble d'opérateurs est extensible et peut être adapté à différents besoins selon les applications. En particulier, nous amenons une contribution supplémentaire à cette nouvelle approche : nous introduisons une méthode aux performances interactives pour synthétiser des arrangements infinis de types réguliers et semi-réguliers. Cette méthode est badée sur la carte planaire pavée, une nouvelle structure de données que nous introduisons et qui contient peu mais suffisamment d'information pour représenter ces arrangements infinis. Nous montrons également comment étendre notre système pour concevoir des arrangements incluant des variations spatiales en utilisant des champs de contrôle. Nous appliquons cette extension au domaine de la cartographie, dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec l'Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN-France). Le but de ce projet est de synthétiser automatiquement les motifs de hachurage représentant les zones rocheuses des montagnes dans les cartes topographiques
This thesis introduces a programmable method to design 2D arrangements for element textures: Textures made of small geometric elements. These textures are ubiquitous in numerous applications of computer-aided illustration. Our approach targets technical artists who will design an arrangement by writing a script. Such scripts are based on three types of operators dedicated to the fast creation of stationary arrangements: Partitioning operators for defining the broad-scale organization of the arrangement, mapping operators for controlling the local organization of elements, and merging operators for mixing different arrangements. We show that this simple set of operators is sufficient to reach a much broader variety of arrangements than previous methods. Editing the script leads to predictable changes in the synthesized arrangement, which allows an easy iterative design of complex structures. Finally, our operator set is extensible and can be adapted to application-dependent needs. In particular, we introduce an additional contribution to this main framework: We present a method that demonstrates interactive performances at synthesizing (infinite) regular and semi-regular arrangements using the Tiled Planar Map, a novel data structure that contains few yet sufficient information for representing these arrangements. Finally, we show how to extend our system for designing spatially-varying textures using control fields. In particular, we present a practical application to cartography in which we collaborated with the French National Mapping Agency (IGNFrance) to automatically synthesize hatchings in rocky mountain areas of topographic maps

Le Maroc connaît une augmentation rapide de la population urbaine due à la croissance démographique, à l'exode rural et à plusieurs autres paramètres sociaux, économiques, etc. Cette urbanisation, qui introduit des phénomènes assez complexes, a généré une multitude de problèmes : transports, manque d'équipements sociaux, dégradation de l'environnement, gestion de l'espace urbain, etc. Les agences urbaines ont été créées pour maîtriser ce phénomène à travers l'établissement de documents d'urbanisme définissant les règles d'utilisation du sol et le contrôle des activités urbaines.L'agence urbaine traite quotidiennement une quantité importante de données géographiques. A cet effet, l'enjeu de la mise en place d'un Système d'Information Géographique est de taille. La présente étude consiste à dresser un constat de la gestion urbaine dans la ville de Mohammedia et à approfondir, tant sur les volets théorique que pratique, la mise en œuvre d'un SIG pour la gestion urbaine afin de gérer les équipements publics, les voiries et générer automatiquement des notes de renseignements au sein de l'agence urbaine. Comment restructurer les bases de données spatiales déjà existantes afin de lancer une application SIG pour rénover la gestion urbaine ?Les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) se positionnent aujourd'hui comme un puissant outil d'aide à la décision, particulièrement pour ce qui concerne la gestion de l'espace. L'intégration de la dimension spatiale, grâce aux SIG, permet désormais de localiser l'information et d'organiser les données de façon plus conviviale
Morocco knows a rapid development of Urban Population due to population growth, rural exodus and several parameters (social, economic…). This urbanization involving complex phenomena has generated multitude of problems (notably the transportation problem, the lack of social equipments, the environment damage, the difficulty of Urban Management…). The Urban Agencies have been created to bring under control this phenomenon by establishing Urbanism Documents which define the land use laws, and by controlling the urban activities.The urban agency handles daily a large amount of geographical data. To this end, the issue of the establishment of a Geographic Information System is size. This study is to draw up a report on urban management in the city of Mohammedia and deepen both the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of a GIS for urban management to manage public facilities, roads and automatically generate notes intelligence within the urban agency. How to restructure databases already existing spatial data to launch a GIS application to renovate urban management?Geographic information systems (GIS) today positioned as a powerful tool for decision support, particularly with regard to the management of the space. The integration of the spatial dimension, using GIS, now can locate information and organize data in a more user-friendly

Following the abolition of Transatlantic slavery, the British introduced a new scheme of labour to replace the former. 'Indian indentureship', as it was referred to, affected nearly 2 million Indian coolies who defied the traditional ban against crossing the kala pani (dark waters) in order to work on plantations in countries such as British Guiana, Trinidad, Malaya, South Africa and Fiji. In effect, the Indian labour: diaspora emerged and established itself across the globe. Despite over 100 years of labouring and contributing to the development of their new homes, the coolies and their descendents still face political, social and cultural marginalization. The aim of this thesis is to explore the consequences of indentureship in various societies through a parallelization of inter-national coolie conditions as represented by writers of the diaspora. The three areas selected for this study are Guyana, Malaysia and Fiji. David Dabydeen (Guyana), K.S.Maniam (Malaysia) and Satendra Nandan (Fiji) all share the impetus to disclose the past as a portal into the present, thereby dismpting normative time, and by implication, a fixed sense of history. However; the most striking similarity between these writers, despite their geographical and social distance, is their literary method which centres on the theory of coolitude. Coolitude was coined by Khal Torabully as a means of recuperating the voiceless coolie, firstly, by re-membering the sea voyage across the kizla pani and secondly, by highlighting the coolie's place in the mosaic of multicultural societies. Chapter 1 details the historical, theoretical and methodical foundations of the thesis. Chapter 2 explores Dabydeen's novels The Counting House and Our Lady of Demerara while Chapter 3 is a detailed study of Maniam's novels The Return and In A Far Country. The final chapter considers Nandan's novel The Wounded Sea and collection of poetry Lines Across Black Waters. Each literary analysis seeks to understand how coolitude, as a means to historically and politically place the coolie in the current world,: links spaces between countries both through a shared colonial history and a common postcolonial condition.

This thesis maps the end of the millenium in terms of the geostrategic flux of the post Cold War world system. Using the concept of turbulence developed in the physics of fluids, and Gilles Deleuze & Felix Guattari's liquid microphysics of the war machine, a materialist analysis of violence is developed which cuts through the binary oppostions of order/chaos, law/violence, war/peace to construct a cartography of speeds and slowness, collective compositions and power. Sector 1 defines postmodernity in terms of cybernetic culture, delineating the distinction between Deleuze & Guattari's concept of cartography and steering the problem out of the remit of a juridico/politico/moral discourse telwards physics. Sector 2 develops a fluid physics of turbulence and connects it to a materialist analysis of social systems by mapping turbulent and laminar flow onto Deleuze & Guattari's war machine and apparatus of capture. A fluid dynamics of insurgency is then outlined with reference to the geo-strategic undercurrent constituted by Chinese martial theory. Sector 3 reconfigures social evolution in relation to the non-linear social physics developed in Sector 2, unmasking the racism and Imperialism of linear narratives of progress. Instead of progression from one historical phase to another, the planet is seen to be composed of a virtual co-existence of modes stretched out on a continuum of war. This continuum connects the martial modes of despotic states, disciplinary states and packs. These modes differ in their degree of compositional laminarization. Sector 4 deploys the cartography on the emergence of a planetary cybernetic culture and its relation to a global machinery of war. Postmodern control is designated as turbulence simulation or programmed catastrophe- a runaway process of accident or emergency quantizing typified by implosive turbulence in the core of the world system and its overexposure. Sector 5 pushes the cartography towards an antifascist fluid mechanics otherwise denoted as an ethics of speed or a tao of turbulence.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Segundo correntes de pensamentos que anunciam a condição distópica promovida pelo que se convencionou nomear capitalismo global integrado, entra em crise a noção de Humano. Guiados via satélite a transitar por mapas digitais, aventa-se que este trajeto histórico nos conduziu até a rua sem saída deste suposto realismo capitalista. É este o cenário labiríntico de uma sociedade do cansaço, em que os poderes governamentais articulados pelo capital se infiltram pela frágil divisão entre cultura e natureza. O sono, segundo o pesquisador Jonathan Crary, simboliza a última fronteira entre as versões mais atualizadas de uma tecnocracia objetiva que se apodera dos corpos para anestesiar o sensível e, portanto, normatizar os modos de vida a partir também da reorganização da percepção. Na esteira, portanto, de respostas acerca do que fabrica mundos – e suas consequentes formas de habitá-lo – e acerca da emergência de ventilar outros possíveis desdobramentos, esta dissertação debruça sobre a experiência onírica ressignificada como gesto estético-político. Pode o sonho agir como uma mediação – ou como manifestação – de disputa de imaginários capaz de despertar para uma forma de vida sympoiética? É pelo reencantamento do mundo, a partir de um lirismo onírico – e onírico aqui no sentido amplo e do senso comum – que este trabalho será conduzido, visando uma exploração topográfica na tentativa de constituir outra paisagem de mundo.
Oneilyrical Imaginism: A cartography crossing landscapes. According to groups of thought that announce the dystopic condition promoted by what has been called integrated global capitalism, the notion of Humanism plunges into a crisis. Guided by satellite to navigate on digital maps, it is revealed that this historical route led us to a dead-end in a supposed capitalist realism. This is the labyrinthic scenario of a society of weariness, in which governmental powers articulated by capital infiltrate the fragile division between culture and nature. Sleep, according to researcher Jonathan Crary, symbolizes the last frontier between the most up-to- date versions of an objective technocracy that seizes bodies to anesthetize the sensory and therefore normalize lifestyles from the reorganization of perception. In the wake, therefore, of answers about what creates worlds - and their consequent ways of inhabiting it - and about the emergence of letting out other possible outcomes, this dissertation focuses on the dream experience resignified as an aesthetic-political gesture. Can the dream act as a mediation - or as a manifestation - in a dispute of imaginaries be capable of promoting a sympoietic way of life? It is t rough the re-enchantment of the world, from a dream perspective – here in a broad and common sense – that this work will be conducted, aiming at a topographic exploration in the attempt to constitute another landscape of the world.

This study presents the term Participation Cartography as an overarching category of analysis for a wide range of artistic practices that, in one way or another, enable participants to position themselves subjectively in relation to a given performed space. By re-defining cartography from a discipline concerned with the visual representation of the observable world into a performance praxis that requires audience participation, enabling participants to position themselves in relation to a given performed space, I expand the range of practices considered by previous literature. Further, I raise issues in relation to the connections of subjectivity, space, performance, and cartography. My argument is that Participation Cartography describes a type of practice in and through which the Subject who moves in space is both mapped and positioned. By linking Felix Guattari’s (1995) term ‘cartography of subjectivity’ with Deirdre Heddon’s (2008) investigation on autobiographical tours made by artists (‘autotopographies’), Participation Cartography locates the practices here under study within a terrain that blurs everyday life and art, autobiography and representation of subjects-in-movement. In so doing, Participation Cartography expands previous notions such as ‘psychogeography’ (Kanarinka, 2006, McDonough, 2002), ‘collaborative mapping’ (Sant, 2004), ‘locative media’ (Hemment, 2006) and ‘autotopography’ (Heddon, 2008). Participation Cartography describes a type of social activity or, in Allan Kaprow’s terms, a kind of ‘participation performance’ (Kaprow, 2003) that enables participants to present the self (Goffman, 1990) as a being-in-motion within the public arena of performance. Michel De Certeau’s (1984) ‘The Practice of Everyday Life’ is used as a theoretical model to analyse the tensions raised by Participation Cartography between the artists’ strategies, the participants’ performances, and the representations of those performances that remain. Positioning, as used within a field in social psychology called ‘Positioning Theory’ (Harre and Van Langenhove, 1999) is applied to the analysis of the practices here under study. Participation Cartography turns the spectator into a participant. More concretely, participants are turned into both producers and users of cartographies of the Subject they co-produce with others. As a self-reflexive practice that creates agency, it enables participants to fabricate interconnections between performance, space, and subjectivity, blurring the boundaries between art and therapy. Key practices that are discussed in this thesis include a locative media project by Jen Southern (UK) and Jen Hamilton (Canada) titled Running Stitch (2006), Untitled Action for the Arches (2005), a live art work by Kira O’Reilly (Ireland), and my own collaborative pieces, The Shoemakers’ Ball (2006) and We the Colombia National Team (2003)

While previous studies of the medieval Icelandic world maps have tended to be cursorily descriptive, and focus on their roles as representatives of the geographical information available to medieval Icelanders, this thesis directs attention towards their manuscript contexts. Rather than narrowly approaching the maps as vehicles for geographical information, the chapters assembled in this thesis explore their relevance to other areas: pan-European histories of astronomy and the computus (chapters 1 and 2), Icelandic literary history (chapter 4), and the history of the Icelandic Commonwealth (chapter 5). Ultimately, this thesis attempts to rehabilitate the Icelandic maps as sources for the cultural history of medieval Iceland, and demonstrates that they connect with more textual worlds than has previously been supposed. Chapter 1 presents an examination of the Icelandic hemispherical world map, preserved in two manuscripts: the encyclopaedic fragments in Copenhagen’s Arnamagnæan Institute with the shelf marks AM 736 I 4to (c. 1300) and AM 732b 4to (c. 1300-25). I demonstrate that this map’s primary function was to illustrate the configurations of the sun and moon responsible for variations in tidal range. Chapter 2 presents an examination of the Icelandic zonal map, preserved in the large illustrated encyclopaedia in Reykjavík’s Stofnun Árna Magnússonar with the shelf mark GkS 1812 I 4to (1315-c. 1400). This map also shows the structure of the ocean and the mechanisms responsible for the tides. These two chapters restore these maps to their manuscript contexts, and demonstrate that they sustain a complex suite of relationships with the items preserved alongside them. Chapter 3 concerns the relationship between the two world maps preserved in Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, GkS 1812 III 4to (c. 1225-50). Although these two maps are preserved on the recto and verso of the same manuscript folio, the relationship between them has not hitherto been examined. The two chapters that follow concern different aspects of these paired maps, and foreground their implications for Icelandic national identity at the time of their production. Chapter 4 concerns their depiction of Europe, with a particular focus on Iceland. Chapter 5 concerns the relationship between the two maps and a register of forty highborn Icelandic priests preserved alongside them, and calls attention to the secular uses to which maps might have been put in thirteenth-century Iceland.

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute Of Technology, İzmir, 2005.
Keywords: image segmentation, remote sensing, dynamic programming, aerial images, Coastline matching, coastline extraction. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 61-63).

The economic competition between the Netherlands, France and England is documented in the atlases published in Amsterdam, Paris and London between 1500 and 1800. However, the relationship between mapping and economic processes remains mostly unexplored in the history of cartography. World-system theory has application to the history of cartography in the early modern period for identifying the linkages between cartography and long-term economic processes.This research analyzes the production of maps, specifically in world and maritime atlases, in these three cities as the geographic expression of the emergent capitalist world system in early modern Europe. The economic concepts of core and periphery as proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein are defined cartographically in the structural morphologies of Dutch, French and English atlases published in this period. Each country mapped itself as a core and such cartographic self-definitions reflect their individual geographic and economic contexts. The Netherlands and England created core atlases in the sixteenth century that evolved in support of business and transport as well as state interests. The French core atlas initiated at the end of the seventeenth century was a governmentally sponsored survey dedicated primarily toward state administration control. The Netherlands, Fance and England also mapped their continental and extra-European peripheries in world and maritime atlases. Dutch engagement in long-distance trade in agricultural commodities created world-system commodity chains of production. Dutch maritime atlases defined these networks of commercial opportunity for the first time. The creators of the first printed world atlases, Dutch cartographers also structured their productions of atlases as a commercial enterprise marketed toward an international clientele. Dutch maritime atlases were an important innovation and Amsterdam atlas publication dominated cartography in the seventeenth century. English publishers adopted Dutch innovations in map production and succeeded to dominance in printing atlases whose structural morphology embodies a world-system of commodity networks. The relationship of cartography to long-term economic processes is demonstrated by the Dutch and English atlases. Early modern world atlases portray the cartographic world-view of core and periphery. The maritime atlases provide the first portrayal of long-distance trade networks that continue to characterize the capitalist exchange of commodities globally.

The thesis is focused on the construction of cartographic systems not only as a tool for environmental representation, but also for shaping practices, values, technologies, and cultural narratives around sustainable development of human landscapes in non- Western contexts. Cartographic theory is employed to question existing mapping techniques, especially in relation to documenting sustainable development. The thesis investigates the merging of technology, science and art in the process of making maps and explores the possibility to represent several spheres of reality in cartographic elements. Representation concepts and methodologies were tested around the Mexican settlement of Ciudad Obregon, within the bioregion of the Gulf of California. Parts of the agendas for sustainable development revised stimulate the collection of dreams, images, and fantasies about non-Western human agglomerations and their ecosystems, critically informing sustainable narratives framed in other contexts. The works reviewed reveal an absence of complex cartographic and visual systems, portraying instead emerging landscapes in growing economies as exotic, mysterious, folkloric, chaotic, less developed, and in need of corrective study and supervision from a Western viewpoint. Interpretive, visual, and technological instrumentations were utilized with the aim of constructing a cartographic system that exposes dynamics of sustainable development in emerging settlements. The methodological scheme considers a series of associations between quantitative and qualitative approaches, employing eighteen dialectical negotiations in the representation of six ecologies. The outcome was a hybrid system of representation concerning bi-dimensional maps, photography, and chronicles from local newspapers. Two fieldtrips to Mexico were completed in 2012 and 2013, visiting and studying eighteen human agglomerations in total. The outcomes (measured and gathered data, perceptions, bibliography, photographs, and cartographic evidences) of both fieldtrips were linked to the hypothesis previously outlined in the literature review. The methodological structure was influenced by the cartographic representation interpretation of the biosphere of Ciudad Obregon and its natural ecosystems. On the other hand, the cartographic representation-interpretation of different networks resulted in the study of polymorphous infrastructures that facilitate the flow of goods, capital and people throughout the same territory. The correlation of the research interrogates the paradigmatic challenges of the ‘network society’ in developing contexts. It questions the notion that human settlements develop sophisticated infrastructure networks, selectively connecting together the most favoured users and places, linking valuable segments and discarding irrelevant habitats, locales and people. As the cartographic and visual evidences gathered by this research suggest, these commodity landscapes allow terrestrial and aerial flow of physical and knowledge resources (food, water, gasoline, telecommunications, transport, information, services, waste) in granulated and disseminated environments of buildings and networks, materializing a palimpsest of infrastructures. The research finds that the assessment of social, cultural, and environmental sustainability in emerging and dispersed landscapes requires an adjacent design of cartographic and visual frameworks that represent the complexity found in developing locations.

This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented.

An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling.

A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies.

The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km².

Resumo: O controle de qualidade (CQ) de dados cartográficos é uma atividade de extrema importância dentro das Ciências Cartográficas. Envolve, em geral, a análise de 7 elementos, dentre eles a qualidade posicional do produto cartográfico. No Brasil, a análise da qualidade posicional é baseada no PEC (Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica), contida no Decreto Lei 89.817 de 20/06/1984, o qual foi concebido quando se tinha disponível apenas tecnologia para gerar produtos analógicos. A realidade hoje é outra, já que a cartografia digital tem praticamente substituído a analógica. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho são os seguintes: investigar os problemas relacionados ao controle de qualidade tendo em vista a cartografia digital, incluindo o Decreto Lei 89.817; apresentar um estudo detalhado sobre amostragem, visando identificar o número de pontos necessários no controle de qualidade posicional baseado em fundamentos científicos. A metodologia proposta consiste em aplicar estudos sobre amostragem e testes estatísticos de análise de tendência e precisão a dados disponíveis e com isso determinar procedimentos e rotinas ideais para avaliar, não só a qualidade posicional, mas também da linhagem, fidelidade de atributos, completeza, consistência lógica, fidelidade à semântica e temporalidade.
Abstract: The quality control (CQ) of cartographic data is an activity of great value in the field of Cartographic Sciences. It involves, generally, the analysis of 7 elements, among them the positional quality of the cartographic product. In Brazil, it is based in Brazilian Cartographic Accuracy Standard contained in the Decree Law 89.817 of 06/20/1984, conceived in the moment that only analogical products were available. Nowadays, the reality is different, because the digital cartography has been substituting the analogical one. The main objectives of this work are the following ones: (a) to investigate the problems related for digital cartography's quality control, including the Decree 89.817; (b) to present a detailed study on sampling, concerning to identify the amount points of necessary in the quality control based on scientific foundations. The proposed methodology consists in applying studies on sampling, statistical tests tendency and precision analysis for available data and, thereafter, to determine procedures and suitable routines for evaluating not only the positional quality but also lineage, atttribute accuracy, completeness, logical consistency, semantic accuracy and temporal information.
Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico
Coorientador: Vilma Mayumi Tachibana
Banca: Leonardo Castro de Oliveira
Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo
Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-107). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Counting stars as a means of studying the structure of the Milky Way has a long history, which has progressed significantly with the undertaking of large-area surveys. Photographic surveys have been supplanted with the advent of CCD technology by digital surveys, which provide improved data quality allowing better calibration and fainter limits to be probed reliably. The INT/WFC Photometric H Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS) provides broad-band r0 and i0 photometry down to 20th magnitude at Galactic latitudes jbj < 5 . In this work I make use of the opportunity that IPHAS photometry provides to create stellar number density maps of the Northern Galactic Plane. I produce preliminary maps which are used to identify and exclude poor quality data during the preparation of the second data release of the survey (DR2). By crossmatching IPHAS against the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS), I derive transformations between the two photometric systems, and measure the per-IPHAS- field magnitude shifts needed to bring the two surveys in line before a global calibration can be applied. Repeating the crossmatching approach between IPHAS and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), I derive transformations between the two surveys and assess their agreement before and after global photometric calibration, in order to gauge the improvement achieved. The effects of incompleteness begin to affect the fainter end of any photometric survey as a consequence of confusion and sensitivity limits. I present the application of artificial source insertion on every broad-band IPHAS DR2 image in order to measure the impact of incompleteness across the entire survey. These measurements are used to construct incompleteness-corrected density maps down to magnitude limits of r0 . 19 and i0 . 18 at an angular resolution of 1 arcminute. These maps represent a unique data product which has applications in studies of Galactic structure and extinction. I perform a cluster search on the i0-band density map, which in addition to returning 71 known clusters, identifies 29 overdensities unassociated with any known clusters. I compare the stellar densities given by my maps to those in simulated versions of the Milky Way generated by models of Galactic population synthesis. I examine the Gaia Universe Model Snapshot (GUMS), a catalogue which predicts the sky as may be observed by the Gaia mission. In order to make meaningful comparisons between GUMS and IPHAS I determine transformations between the two photometric surveys. The results of the comparison are mixed. I also make use of the 2003 Besan con model of Galactic population synthesis to generate catalogues of synthetic photometry along three sightlines in the IPHAS footprint in order to test different 3D extinction prescriptions. The lowest Galactic longitudes (` 30 ) prove to be particularly challenging to emulate, suggesting 3D mapping of optical extinction in the Galactic Plane is not yet a mature art. The main problem appears to be one of underprediction of the obscuration.

As the global Internet expands to satisfy the demands of the ever-increasing connected population, profound changes are occurring in its interconnection structure. The pervasive growth of IXPs and CDNs, two initially independent but synergistic infrastructure sectors, have contributed to the gradual flattening of the Internet’s inter-domain hierarchy with primary routing paths shifting from backbone networks to peripheral peering links. At the same time the IPv6 deployment has taken off due to the depletion of unallocated IPv4 addresses. These fundamental changes in Internet dynamics has obvious implications for network engineering and operations, which can be benefited by accurate topology maps to understand the properties of this critical infrastructure. This thesis presents a set of new measurement techniques and inference algorithms to construct a new type of semantically rich Internet map, and improve the state of the art in Internet cartography. The author first develops a methodology to extract large-scale validation data from the Communities BGP attribute, which encodes rich routing meta-data on BGP messages. Based on this better-informed dataset the author proceeds to analyse popular assumptions about inter-domain routing policies and devise a more accurate model to describe inter-AS business relationships. Accordingly, the thesis proposes a new relationship inference algorithm to accurately capture both simple and complex AS relationships across two dimensions: prefix type, and geographic location. Validation against three sources of ground-truth data reveals that the proposed algorithm achieves a near-perfect accuracy. However, any inference approach is constrained by the inability of the existing topology data sources to provide a complete view of the inter-domain topology. To limit the topology incompleteness problem the author augments traditional BGP data with routing policy data obtained directly from IXPs to discover massive peering meshes which have thus far been largely invisible.

This thesis looks at the relation between the English language and the Australian place. I have studied the vocabulary used by English speakers in Australia in the twentieth century of this geographical place and its environment, and how this vocabulary both constructs multiple and sometimes contesting 'Australias' and positions the settler in particular relations to this place. Although English has occupied Australia for over a century by the time this study begins, the analysis exposes the tensions, the gaps and the unease present in the use of a European language in the Australian place.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo formular reflexões acerca de aspectos e modulações do conceito e da prática do nomadismo, relacionando-os às viagens no mundo contemporâneo. Uma travessia de oito meses de duração, realizada pelo autor no ano de 2011 através de alguns países da África e Ásia, serve de fio condutor do trabalho. Impressões, experiências e acontecimentos vividos vão-se construindo, em contraponto a citações literárias afins de viajantes, exploradores, romancistas, historiadores e poetas e intercalando-se a formulações teóricas de autores como Deleuze e Guattari, no Tratado de Nomadologia, Michel Onfray em Teoria da viagem e Michel Maffesoli em Sobre o nomadismo.
This work aims to elaborate reflections about the various aspects and modulations of the concept and practice of nomadism, relating them to travel in the contemporary world. An eight months trip, undertaken by the author in 2011 in some countries in Africa and Asia, serves as a foundation to the work. Impressions, personal experiences and events will be discussed and contrasted with quotes by travelers, explorers, novelists, historians and poets. Interspersing these, there will be theoretical formulations of authors such as Deleuze and Guattari, in Treatise on Nomadology, Michel Onfray in Theory of Travel , and Maffesoli in About Nomadism.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-97). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2005.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Education and Social Sciences, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.

This thesis addresses a research programme that aimed to provide an open standard methodology for publishing Brazilian local primary school atlases on the World Wide Web. It also aims to contribute to the use of computer laboratories provided to Brazilian primary schools by the Brazilian government. Using a local school atlas as the source of information, a Web-based prototype of the School Atlas of Rio Claro (SP) was developed in SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). SVG is a vector-based standard for publishing interactive graphics on the Web validated by the Web Consortium. This prototype was tested with a group of Brazilian primary school teachers. The test was conducted with fourteen teachers, all of them were familiar with the paper version of the School Atlas. During weekly meetings, the participants took notes to discuss and reflect about the practices held in school with local maps. The main test carried out with teachers was to prepare a paper activity based on the atlas content. The idea behind this activity was to foster teachers to leave a passive role as mere users and interact with the product in a more active fashion. In order to enable them to take full advantage of simple digital tools they were briefly trained to capture screen, use image editing software (they were instructed on the use of Paint, an image editing application available in Windows), and to copy text from the atlas. The results demonstrated that the teachers were keen to interact with the product and, although reproducing some common practices of paper atlas use, they revealed a deep interest on the use of the Internet as a medium for education and the prototype itself. A second test was carried out with a group of atlas developers. They were given a time frame of two weeks to develop an SVG-based atlas using the methodology proposed in this research. They completed the task within the time frame proposed however they indicated that more specific training should be desirable; this finding indicates the need to introduce digital map publishing as a subject to be taught in geosciences undergraduate courses in Brazil. It is believed that open standard methodology proposed here can be applied to other cities also developing local atlases for early geographical education.

In the field of cartography, there is occasionally a need to create a distribution of dots on a map. These dots should give an impression of the density of some countable object set. This type of map is called a "Dot Distribution Map".Up to the current time, if the dots are to represent reality at all, they have to be placed by hand by a cartographer using a digitizing tablet or other input device. This is due to the fact that a census of a region gives only a total, yet it is known that the densities vary within that region. A cartographer can look at all the data available about a region and then can make judgements about how the densities will change within the region. He then can place dots which represent his interpretation of reality.This thesis states that there exists an algorithm which would assign dots to a map based upon the common belief that the density will gradate smoothly from one region with one census value to another region with a different census value.The approach taken was to relate the Map regions to polygons and to then subdivide the polygons into triangles. These triangles would then be subdivided into six children recursively and the data stored in a hex-tree. This is the current level of development. the next steps will be:Generate a surface above the 2-D map based upon the known input data of counts for the various regions.From the centroid for each existing leaf on the Hex-Tree, find the corresponding Zi value from the surface information. From each of these leaves, recursively subdivide the triangle further until the number of dots indicated by the Zt. value can be placed on the map.
Department of Computer Science

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire abordent le problème de l'analyse automatique de documents cartographiques. L'application proposée concerne l'interprétation des documents cadastraux français. La méthodologie employée s'appuie sur des résultats d'études sur la perception visuelle et sur une description hiérarchisée du document. La stratégie, basée sur le modèle du document, utilise une approche mixte avec différents points de vue sur l'image à traiter. La partie descendante est caractérisée par un ensemble de traitements qui, grâce à une analyse multi-résolution de l'image, permettent d'émettre des hypothèses sur la structure globale de l'image. Les hypothèses émises par ce point de vue sont validées par un ensemble de traitements d'analyse de l'image. Cette analyse est réalisée selon différents niveaux hiérarchiques sur lesquels sont implantés des spécialistes charges de l'extraction de caractéristiques spécifiques au document traité. Dans le cas du cadastre, ces spécialistes traitent de l'analyse des zones texturées, de l'extraction des objets linéaires, de la reconnaissance des caractères et de la reconstitution des entités cadastrales. Les résultats de cette analyse mixte peuvent mettre en évidence des objets non interprétables au sens du cadastre, à cause d'incohérences sémantiques dues à différents facteurs. Une stratégie d'analyse est alors proposée, elle permet grâce à des cycles d'aller-retours entre les traitements hauts et bas niveaux, de résoudre les incohérences de façon autonome. Les résultats présentés, issus de tests effectués sur des données de laboratoire, laissent augurer de bonnes performances sur des bases de données plus importantes et permettent d'envisager l'adaptabilité de la stratégie à d'autres types de documents

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-68).
This paper addresses the changes in cartography since digitization and widespread popular dissemination. Cybercartography, an emergent system of maps, mapmaking tools, and mapmakers, forces a rethinking of spatial representations. The implicit distinction in digital media enables a new type of map user or neo-geographer that creates layers of expressions based on subjective experience. This paper argues that the neo-geographer signifies a new cartographic behavior that affords a complex subjectivity. This behavior is further exhibited in the practice of navigable maps and virtual globes which lead the way to a paradigmatic change in the way we represent and interact with space. It is divided into three parts: Part I addresses the role of digitization in maps and lays out framework and vocabulary. Part II examines layers of spatial representations in historical context. Part III opens room for future study in the quickly developing inhabitable cartographic spaces of virtual globes and virtual worlds.
by Amanda Finkelberg.
S.M.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).
Geospatial tools and information play an important role in urban planning and policymaking, and maps have diverse uses in legal, environmental, political, land rights, and social arenas. Widespread participation in mapmaking and access to its benefits is limited by obscure and expensive tools and techniques. This has resulted in poor or nonexistent maps for much of the world's population, especially in areas of urban poverty. In particular, public access to recent and high-resolution satellite imagery is largely controlled by government and large industry. This thesis proposes balloon and kite aerial photography as a low-cost and easy to learn means to collect aerial imagery for mapping, and introduces a novel open-source online tool for orthorectifying and compositing images into maps. A series of case studies where such tools and techniques were used by communities and activists in Lima, Peru and during the 2010 BP oil spill highlight the empowering role broader participation in cartography can play in advocacy, and the potential for increased cartographic literacy to level the playing field in territorial self-determination for small communities. Compared to other efforts to democratize mapmaking, which focus primarily on the presentation and interpretation of existing map data, this project emphasizes participation in the creation of new data at its source - direct imaging of the earth's surface. Accompanying educational materials and workshops with adults and youth, as well as an active online community of participants, have ensured wide adoption of Grassroots Mapping practices.
by Jeffrey Yoo Warren.
S.M.

English
Ph.D.
Intricate Fictions: Cartography and the Contemporary African Novel examines the relationship between narrative and mapping practices in recent African novels. Considering the continent's well-documented history as a site of cartographical projection, I ask how its literary output remaps this space in the years following colonial rule. This project responds to calls for increased attentiveness to space in African literature, employing an interdisciplinary methodology that puts critical cartography into conversation with African literary criticism and globalization studies. I trace a trajectory from post-independence novels writing against colonial depictions of the continent to contemporary novels interested in engaging the instability concomitant with globalization and its attendant diasporas, migrations, and challenges to epistemological categories such as the nation. These novels develop what I term dynamic cartography, a mode of space-writing characterized by fluidity, disjunction, and mobility. This study brings to the fore a corpus of works that embody the spatial tensions of the contemporary era, raising provocative questions about our metageographical and cartographical tendencies. As absolute frameworks of time and space give way, new modes of space-writing continue to blur the boundaries between the map and the novel, offering further avenues of analysis. Ultimately, I pursue these avenues in order to contend that as global space becomes increasingly dynamic, so too do the genres that represent that global space. Contemporary African novels, composed with a profound awareness of geographical transformation, are thus also positioned at the forefront of generic transformation.
Temple University--Theses

Au cours des dernières années, la cartographie urbaine 3D a suscité un intérêt croissant pour répondre à la demande d’applications d’analyse des scènes urbaines tournées vers un large public. Conjointement les techniques d’acquisition de données 3D progressaient. Les travaux concernant la modélisation et la visualisation 3D des villes se sont donc intensifiés. Des applications fournissent au plus grand nombre des visualisations efficaces de modèles urbains à grande échelle sur la base des imageries aérienne et satellitaire. Naturellement, la demande s’est portée vers des représentations avec un point de vue terrestre pour offrir une visualisation 3D plus détaillée et plus réaliste. Intégrées dans plusieurs navigateurs géographiques comme Google Street View, Microsoft Visual Earth ou Géoportail, ces modélisations sont désormais accessibles et offrent une représentation réaliste du terrain, créée à partir des numérisateurs mobiles terrestres. Dans des environnements urbains, la qualité des données obtenues à partir de ces véhicules terrestres hybrides est largement entravée par la présence d’objets temporairement statiques ou dynamiques (piétons, voitures, etc.) dans la scène. La mise à jour de la cartographie urbaine via la détection des modifications et le traitement des données bruitées dans les environnements urbains complexes, l’appariement des nuages de points au cours de passages successifs, voire la gestion des grandes variations d’aspect de la scène dues aux conditions environnementales constituent d’autres problèmes délicats associés à cette thématique. Plus récemment, les tâches de perception s’efforcent également de mener une analyse sémantique de l’environnement urbain pour renforcer les applications intégrant des cartes urbaines 3D. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un travail supportant le passage à l’échelle pour la cartographie 3D urbaine automatique incorporant la reconnaissance et l’intégration temporelle. Nous présentons en détail les pratiques actuelles du domaine ainsi que les différentes méthodes, les applications, les technologies récentes d’acquisition des données et de cartographie, ainsi que les différents problèmes et les défis qui leur sont associés. Le travail présenté se confronte à ces nombreux défis mais principalement à la classification des zones urbaines l’environnement, à la détection automatique des changements, à la mise à jour efficace de la carte et l’analyse sémantique de l’environnement urbain. Dans la méthode proposée, nous effectuons d’abord la classification de l’environnement urbain en éléments permanents et temporaires. Les objets classés comme temporaire sont ensuite retirés du nuage de points 3D laissant une zone perforée dans le nuage de points 3D. Ces zones perforées ainsi que d’autres imperfections sont ensuite analysées et progressivement éliminées par une mise à jour incrémentale exploitant le concept de multiples passages. Nous montrons que la méthode d’intégration temporelle proposée permet également d’améliorer l’analyse sémantique de l’environnement urbain, notamment les façades des bâtiments. Les résultats, évalués sur des données réelles en utilisant différentes métriques, démontrent non seulement que la cartographie 3D résultante est précise et bien mise à jour, qu’elle ne contient que les caractéristiques permanentes exactes et sans imperfections, mais aussi que la méthode est également adaptée pour opérer sur des scènes urbaines de grande taille. La méthode est adaptée pour des applications liées à la modélisation et la cartographie du paysage urbain nécessitant une mise à jour fréquente de la base de données
Over the years, 3D urban cartography has gained widespread interest and importance in the scientific community due to an ever increasing demand for urban landscape analysis for different popular applications, coupled with advances in 3D data acquisition technology. As a result, in the last few years, work on the 3D modeling and visualization of cities has intensified. Lately, applications have been very successful in delivering effective visualizations of large scale models based on aerial and satellite imagery to a broad audience. This has created a demand for ground based models as the next logical step to offer 3D visualizations of cities. Integrated in several geographical navigators, like Google Street View, Microsoft Visual Earth or Geoportail, several such models are accessible to large public who enthusiastically view the real-like representation of the terrain, created by mobile terrestrial image acquisition techniques. However, in urban environments, the quality of data acquired by these hybrid terrestrial vehicles is widely hampered by the presence of temporary stationary and dynamic objects (pedestrians, cars, etc.) in the scene. Other associated problems include efficient update of the urban cartography, effective change detection in the urban environment and issues like processing noisy data in the cluttered urban environment, matching / registration of point clouds in successive passages, and wide variations in environmental conditions, etc. Another aspect that has attracted a lot of attention recently is the semantic analysis of the urban environment to enrich semantically 3D mapping of urban cities, necessary for various perception tasks and modern applications. In this thesis, we present a scalable framework for automatic 3D urban cartography which incorporates recognition and temporal integration. We present in details the current practices in the domain along with the different methods, applications, recent data acquisition and mapping technologies as well as the different problems and challenges associated with them. The work presented addresses many of these challenges mainly pertaining to classification of urban environment, automatic change detection, efficient updating of 3D urban cartography and semantic analysis of the urban environment. In the proposed method, we first classify the urban environment into permanent and temporary classes. The objects classified as temporary are then removed from the 3D point cloud leaving behind a perforated 3D point cloud of the urban environment. These perforations along with other imperfections are then analyzed and progressively removed by incremental updating exploiting the concept of multiple passages. We also show that the proposed method of temporal integration also helps in improved semantic analysis of the urban environment, specially building façades. The proposed methods ensure that the resulting 3D cartography contains only the exact, accurate and well updated permanent features of the urban environment. These methods are validated on real data obtained from different sources in different environments. The results not only demonstrate the efficiency, scalability and technical strength of the method but also that it is ideally suited for applications pertaining to urban landscape modeling and cartography requiring frequent database updating

Ao considerarmos o mapa como linguagem, admitimos que haja implicações no processo de comunicação dependentes do suporte no qual as representações tomam forma. Assim, conforme se avolumam experiências pedagógicas com produtos da cartografia no meio digital, torna-se pertinente a análise dos condicionantes da relação humano-mapa nesse novo contexto. No primeiro capítulo da dissertação, tendo como referência as possibilidades de comunicações ensejadas pelos mapas interativos, é apresentada uma aproximação ao estágio atual da produção intelectual de estudantes, professores e pesquisadores sobre as práticas didáticas com recursos cartográficos digitais no ensino escolar de Geografia no Brasil. Ao final do capítulo, concluímos que, em geral, o uso didático desses recursos não contempla conceitual e metodologicamente as características exclusivas dos mapas interativos. Diante do cenário inicial, procuramos responder duas questões: quais são as propriedades exclusivas do sistema de comunicação nos mapas interativos e por meio de qual concepção de uso didático elas podem potencializar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. Para isso, no segundo capítulo são procuradas e descritas as diferenças essenciais da comunicação com os conteúdos no meio digital. Esse trabalho é feito por meio dos conceitos de interatividade e de visualização cartográfica, os quais permitem uma nova condição do estudante diante do mapa. A nova condição, de participação ativa do usuário no processo de comunicação cartográfica, altera o sistema clássico cartógrafo mapa leitor , implicando na necessidade de atualização conceitual e metodológica das práticas cartográficas. A partir do contraste entre as duas partes iniciais, propomos uma apropriação pedagógica do conceito de visualização cartográfica. Tal proposta de apropriação foi usada para desenvolver uma situação de aprendizagem baseada nos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Atividade Orientadora de Ensino, que são descritos no início do terceiro capítulo. Para elaborar a situação de aprendizagem, definimos seu conteúdo de ensino (conceito de orientação espacial) e avaliamos as características do software usado (Google Earth). A escolhe desses elementos se deu a partir do trabalho de observação feito em dois 6º anos, cada um em uma escola municipal de São Paulo. Ao final do terceiro capítulo descrevemos a experiência do pré-teste em uma das escolas, o que nos levou, depois de ajustes, a uma versão final da situação de aprendizagem. No quarto capítulo analisamos qualitativamente o diálogo e uma representação gráfica de um grupo de estudantes. Nossa análise mostra como características próprias de ambientes cartográficos interativos, quando congruentes com uma metodologia fundamentada em princípios dos estudos psicopedagógicos, podem contribuir para que o aluno se aproprie de conteúdos da Geografia escolar.
When considering the map as a language we admit that there are implications for the communication process which depend on the means through which the representations take shape. Therefore, as pedagogical experiences pile up with cartography products in digital medium, the analysis of the limitations of digital media in the relationship between human being and map becomes pertinent. The first chapter presents an approach to the current stage of intellectual production of students, teachers and researchers about the didactic practices with digital cartography resources in scholar teaching of geography in Brazil. The possibilities of communications created by interactive maps are taken as a refence in this analysis. At the end of the chapter, we conclude that in general, didactic uses of such resources do not contemplate conceptually and methodologically the exclusive characteristics of interactive maps. Given this scenario, we intended to investigate two themes in the research: a) what the unique properties of the communication system in the interactive maps are, and b) through which concept of didactic use such properties may contribute to the teaching and the learning processes. Towards that aim, in the second chapter, the essential differences of communication with the map contents in the digital medium are sought and described. Concepts of interactivity and cartographic visualization which allow a new condition of the student in front of the map are drawn upon at this stage. The new conditions of the active participation of the user in the cartographic communication process break up with the conventional system cartographer map reader and this break implies a conceptual and methodological update of the cartographic practices. From the contrast between the two initial parts we propose a pedagogical appropriation of cartographic visualization concept. That proposed appropriation was used to develop a learning situation based on the theoretical-methodological principles of the Activity Guide in teaching. These principles are described at the beginning of the third chapter. To develop the learning situation, we define the learning content (concept of spatial orientation) and evaluate the characteristics of the software used (Google Earth). The choice of these elements spawned from the observation of two 6th year classes each from a different school in São Paulo city. At the end of the third chapter we describe the experience of pre-testing of the didactic situation at one of the schools. The final version of the learning situation was developed from the pre-testing and its adjustment. In the fourth chapter we analyze qualitatively the dialogue and graphic representation from a group of students. Our analysis shows how characteristics of interactive maps, when congruent with a methodology based on the principles of psycho-pedagogical studies can help the student to appropriate of the geographic school content.

Plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit de nos jours dans les villes. Cette proportion s'élève à 77.5% en France. La densité importante de la population urbaine provoque plusieurs problèmes environnementaux tels que les bruits, les canicules urbaines, les pollutions chimiques ou la pollution magnétique. Dans une ville, les habitants pourraient obtenir des informations sur ces phénomènes grâce aux infrastructures informatiques et au partage de l'information entre services techniques et citoyens. Si l'un des objectifs des villes intelligentes est d'améliorer la gestion des ressources - comme l'eau et l'électricité - un autre est de pouvoir contrôler jour après jour ce qui se passe dans la ville au niveau du climat et des pollutions en collectant des informations locales et en les affichant sur un portail public. Mais ces informations, généralement transmises sous forme de graphiques ou de cartes, ne sont pas faciles à interpréter. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des solutions pour améliorer la représentation cartographique de phénomènes urbains dans leur contexte géographique afin que celle-ci soit facile à comprendre aussi bien pour les services techniques, que pour le grand public non spécialistes de ces phénomènes.Afin de faciliter la perception d’une carte de phénomène, nous proposons une représentation à différents niveaux de détail, une variété de choix de l’espace cartographique ; des symboles simples et adaptifs au phénomène et une identification automatique de zones particulières. Pour les niveaux de détail, nous adaptons la densité graphique aux différents niveaux de détail (optimisation préparatoire dans la base de données) et à l’échelle courante de visualisation (optimisation dynamique et interactive avec l’utilisateur). Pour le choix de l’espace cartographique, un phénomène peut être représenté sur l’ensemble de bâtiments, sur les rues ou sur une structure de géométrie quelconque saisie par l’utilisateur. Enfin pour l’identification automatique de zones particulières, nous identifions les valeurs extrêmes, dépassant le seuil de dangerosité ou les zones de forte dispersion de valeur importante, pour permettre à l’utilisateur de les localiser rapidement. Nous avons proposé aussi d’ajouter le concept de l’observateur et d’adapter la visualisation selon la position de l’observateur afin de diminuer la superposition entre les présentations 3D de différents niveaux de hauteur d’un phénomène, lorsqu’il varie en fonction de l’altitude (et qu’on dispose de ces données)
More than half of the world's population now lives in cities. This proportion is 77.5% in France. The high density of the urban population causes several environmental problems such as noise, urban heat waves, chemical pollution or magnetic pollution. In a city, the inhabitants could get all the information by the computer infrastructures and the information sharing between the citizens themselves. If one of the objectives of smart cities is to improve the management of resources - such as water and electricity - another is to be able to control day by day what is happening in the city in terms of climate and pollution by collecting local information and mapping it in the public portal of cartography. Although the link between civic services, the interactions between people and government institutions is very important, the concerned information, usually represented by graphics or maps, is not easy to for all people to understand and to interpret. Thus the objective of this thesis is to propose solutions to improve the representation of urban phenomena with their geographical context and at different levels of detail so that it becomes easy to understand for the general public.In order to facilitate the perception of a phenomenon map, we propose a representation at different levels of detail, from the most general to the most detailed and to adapt the graphic density to the level of detail (preparatory optimization in the database) and to the current visualization scale (dynamic and interactive optimization with the user); a various choices of the cartographic space, for example a phenomenon may be represented on the set of buildings or streets, or on any structure of geometry chosen by the user; simple and adaptive symbols to the phenomenon; and an automatic identification of particular zones: with extreme values, exceeding the threshold of dangerousness or with a large dispersion, this allows the user to quickly locate areas of interest throughout the visualization. We also proposed to add the concept of observer and adapt the visualization according to the position of the observer in order to reduce the superposition between the 3D presentations of different levels of height of a phenomenon, when it varies according to of the altitude (and that these data are available)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-250). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3024517.

During the last decade, the perceived scarcity of spectrum resources along with the proliferation of new wireless technologies have motivated a substantial research effort on dynamic spectrum management. Although a fixed frequency assignment policy has guiltily led to an alarming spectrum crowding belief, a noticeable underutilization of the allocated frequency bands has been revealed by extensive spectrum occupancy measurements. Therefore, a dynamic re-utilization of the licensed frequencies would be a breakthrough toward a mitigation of the troublesome inefficiency in the spectrum management, aggressively answering to the unceasing demand of resources for new wireless services. Prominent in this context is the hierarchical spectrum access, an emerging model that envisages secondary users (a.k.a. cognitive radios) aiming to access to the frequency bands of the licensed systems (a.k.a. primary users) in a dynamical and nonintrusive manner. Envisioned as autonomous entities endowed with learning and decisional capabilities, secondary devices accomplish spectrum sensing and dynamical radio resource allocation tasks, thus enabling an opportunistic access to portions of the spectrum under the primary-secondary hierarchy. The consequent continuous need for a concrete situational awareness required by the cognitive radios demands for innovative signal processing algorithms for high-resolution primary users' activity monitoring, efficient transmission opportunity exploitation and, most importantly, accurate characterization of the surrounding RF propagation environment. Due to the lack of explicit coordination between the two networks, as envisaged in the cognitive radio paradigm, learning the features of the propagation environment is conceivably critical for adaptation of operational system parameters and obligatory protection of the licensed primary system. To strike the foregoing sensing and control objectives reliably, a significant departure from a one-dimensional view of the RF environment, conventionally attained by point-to-point feedback strategies to acquire channel coefficients as well as interference levels on a per-link basis, is advocated. Toward this direction the present Thesis introduces the concept of channel gain cartography, a groundbreaking geostatistics-inspired application that enables a portrayal of the RF environment impinging upon arbitrary locations in space. The most appealing feature of the proposed tool consists in the non-trivial capability of inferring the channel gain between arbitrary transmitter-receiver locations, based on the only measurements taken among collaborating cognitive radios. Such ability in estimating any-to-any channel gains may open the door to aggressive resource allocation techniques, thus leading to markedly higher spectral efficiency - and finds well-motivated applications not only in the cognitive radio context. With an accurate RF environment description close at hand, the Thesis presents a primary system's state tracker based on a parsimonious model accounting for the reasonable sparse activity of the primary sources - due to well-known mutual interference concerns - in the monitored geographical area. Motivated by recent advances in sparse linear regression, where the $\ell_1$-norm places itself as a cornerstone for lassoing the non-zero support of the estimand, a sparsity-cognizant state tracker is developed in both centralized and distributed formats. As a byproduct ensued from the parsimonious model, the tracker possesses localization and primary transmission power estimation abilities, which lead to a capability of estimating the actual power spectral density map of the primary system, a continuously-updated portrayal of the aggregate primary power impinging upon the whole monitored geographical region. Detection of the so called spectrum spatial holes is efficiently attainable, thus enhancing the spatial re-use of the primary frequency bands. Due to the aforementioned lack of explicit support from the primary system, sensing algorithms often face difficulty in acquiring secondary-to-primary users channels. Moreover, the sensing algorithms cannot detect silent licensed receivers, which nevertheless have to be obligatorily protected. Based on primary coverage map and channel gain cartography, the approach pursued here is to exploit statistical knowledge of the secondary-to-primary channels, where the combined effect of shadow fading as well as small-scale fading is accounted for, to maximize a given secondary network utility function under chance constraints that ensure protection to any potential licensed user. Albeit a non-convex interference-constrained network utility maximization problem is derived, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker solutions are provably obtained by the proposed algorithms. Error-corrupted measurements and missing and/or outdated channel gain estimates may undoubtedly compromise the accomplishment of the power control task. To overcome this issue, a novel probabilistic approach encompassing channel knowledge uncertainty on both secondary-to-secondary and secondary-to-primary links is also presented. The foregoing technical findings are fully corroborated by numerical tests.
Durante l'ultimo decennio, la proliferazione di nuove tecnologie wireless, unitamente all'apparente scarsita' di risorse spettrali disponibili, ha motivato una considerevole attivita' di ricerca rivolta a tecniche di gestione dinamica dello spettro. Sebbene una allocazione statica dello spettro abbia colpevolmente indotto alla percezione di un preoccupante sovraffollamento delle bande disponibili, un sostanziale sottoutilizzo di tali frequenze e' stato rilevato durante campagne di misurazione dell'occupazione effettiva di bande di frequenza ad uso esclusivo. Un riutilizzo dinamico di tali frequenze potrebbe essere un passo in avanti fondamentale per risolvere l'attuale sistematica inefficienza nella gestione dello spettro e, quindi, rispondere alla continua richiesta di risorse spettrali per nuovi sistemi wireless. In questo contesto si posiziona in maniera prominente il modello ad accesso gerarchico, modello che prevede utenti secondari (chiamati anche cognitive radio) che accedono alle bande di frequenza allocate agli utenti licenziatari (chiamati comunemente utenti primari) in maniera dinamica e non intrusiva. Immaginati come entita' autonome con capacita' decisionali e di apprendimento dell'ambiente di propagazione, gli utenti secondari sono in grado di riutilizzare porzioni dello spettro in maniera opportunistica, rispettando la gerarchia tra sistemi licenziatari e sistemi secondari. Operazioni necessarie per tale accesso opportunistico sono il sensing dello spettro e l'allocazione dinamica delle risorse radio disponibili. Il conseguente bisogno di una continua cognizione situazionale da parte degli utenti secondari richiede soluzioni algoritmiche innovative per monitorare l'attivita' degli utenti primari in maniera affidabile, utilizzare efficientemente le porzioni di spettro quando libere, e acquisizione di un'accurata caratterizzazione dell'ambiente di propagazione. Infatti, data la mancanza di una cooperazione esplicita tra sistemi primario e secondario, il continuo apprendimento delle caratteristiche dell'ambiente di propagazione e' di fondamentale importanza per l'adattamento dei parametri di sistema e la protezione obbligatoria del sistema primario. Per compiere in maniera affidabile sensing e allocazione dinamica delle risorse disponibili e' richiesto un significativo scostamento dalla visione uni-dimensionale dell'ambiente di propagazione, la quale si basa sulle tecniche classiche di stima di canale e acquisizione dei livelli di interferenza via feedback su collegamenti punto-punto. In questa direzione, la presente tesi introduce il concetto di cartografia del guadagno di canale, una tecnica innovativa con origini dalla geostatistica che permette l'acquisizione di una descrizione completa dell'ambiente di propagazione percepito in punti arbitrari di una regione geografica. La caratteristica principale di tale tecnica consiste nella capacita' di stimare il guadagno di canale tra coppie arbitrarie trasmettitore-ricevitore, partendo da delle misurazioni effettuate sui soli link tra cognitive radio cooperanti. Con un'accurata descrizione dell'ambiente di propagazione a portata di mano, nella tesi viene introdotto un algoritmo per la stima della potenza trasmissiva degli utenti licenziatari attivi e la loro localizzazione. L'algoritmo e' basato su un modello di sistema parsimonioso che tiene in considerazione la sparsita' nel dominio spaziale di utenti primari attivi, sparsita' che e' strettamente legata a fenomeni ben noti di interferenza mutua. La stima della potenza trasmissiva degli utenti primari, della loro posizione geografica e, infine, del loro atlante del guadagno di canale, permettono la ricostruzione dell'area di copertura del sistema primario e, conseguentemente, la rivelazione delle aree geografiche in cui le frequenze primarie sono inutilizzate. In questo caso, l'atlante del guadagno di canale permette si superare la classica semplificazione circolare e tempo invariante dell'area di copertura. Data la mancanza di una cooperazione esplicita tra i due sistemi, la stima dei canali di comunicazione tra utenti primari e secondari non puo' essere effettuata; inoltre, gli algoritmi di sensing classici possono rivelare la presenza di trasmettitori primari ma non dei ricevitori primari, i quali devono essere obbligatoriamente protetti. Per superare tali ostacoli, e garantire la protezione degli utenti primari da interferenza causata dai trasmettitori secondari, l'approccio seguito nella tesi prevede l'utilizzo della stima dell'area di copertura e della descrizione statistica dei canali tra utenti primari e secondari, in modo tale da garantire che la probabilita' di interferenza sia tenuta sotto una certa soglia in tutte le posizioni geografiche in cui ricevitori primari possono risiedere. Anche se il problema di massimizzazione della funzione di utilita' della rete secondaria, sotto vincoli probabilistici che limitano l'interferenza causata al sistema primario, risulta essere non convesso, l'algoritmo proposto nella tesi dimostra una sicura convergenza a un punto di minimo (almeno) locale. Inoltre, in un contesto come quello ad accesso gerarchico, anche i canali tra gli utenti secondari possono non essere stimati correttamente. Un nuovo approccio comprendente vincoli probabilistici sia sull'interferenza arrecata al sistema primario che sugli eventi di outage sui collegamenti tra utenti secondari e' quindi proposto. Tutti i risultati ricavati nella tesi sono corroborati via simulazioni numeriche.