Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Carnot efficiency

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Carnot efficiency”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 6 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Carnot efficiency"

Lucia, Umberto. "Carnot efficiency: Why?" Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 392, nr 17 (wrzesień 2013): 3513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.04.020.

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Polettini, Matteo, i Massimiliano Esposito. "Carnot efficiency at divergent power output". EPL (Europhysics Letters) 118, nr 4 (1.05.2017): 40003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/118/40003.

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Jennings, R. C., S. Santabarbara, E. Belgio i G. Zucchelli. "The Carnot efficiency and plant photosystems". Biophysics 59, nr 2 (marzec 2014): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006350914020080.

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Su, Shanhe, Yanchao Zhang, Guozhen Su i Jincan Chen. "The Carnot efficiency enabled by complete degeneracies". Physics Letters A 382, nr 32 (sierpień 2018): 2108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2018.05.042.

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Jacob, K. T. "Fuel Cell Efficiency Redefined: Carnot Limit Reassessed". ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.0629pv.

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Chen, Lingen, Zewei Meng, Yanlin Ge i Feng Wu. "Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases". Entropy 23, nr 5 (27.04.2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050536.

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An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output.

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Haseli, Y. "Substance Independence of Efficiency of a Class of Heat Engines Undergoing Two Isothermal Processes". Journal of Thermodynamics 2011 (25.05.2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/647937.

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Three power producing cycles have been so far known that include two isothermal processes, namely, Carnot, Stirling, and Ericsson. It is well known that the efficiency of the Carnot cycle represented by is independent of its working fluid. Using fundamental relationships between thermodynamic properties including Maxwell's relationships, this paper shows in a closed form that the Ericsson and the Stirling cycles also possess the Carnot efficiency irrespective of the nature of the working gas.

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Ying Ng, Nelly Huei, Mischa Prebin Woods i Stephanie Wehner. "Surpassing the Carnot efficiency by extracting imperfect work". New Journal of Physics 19, nr 11 (7.11.2017): 113005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa8ced.

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Moreno, Daniel, i Marta C. Hatzell. "Efficiency of Carnot and Conventional Capacitive Deionization Cycles". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, nr 39 (7.09.2018): 22480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05940.

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Purwanto, A., H. Sukamto i B. A. Subagyo. "Quantum Carnot Heat Engine Efficiency with Minimal Length". Journal of Modern Physics 06, nr 15 (2015): 2297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.615234.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Carnot efficiency"

Humphrey, Tammy Ellen Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mesoscopic quantum ratchets and the thermodynamics of energy selective electron heat engines". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19186.

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A ratchet is an asymmetric, non-equilibrated system that can produce a directed current of particles without the need for macroscopic potential gradients. In rocked quantum electron ratchets, tunnelling and wave-reflection can induce reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of system parameters. An asymmetric quantum point contact in a GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure has been studied experimentally as a realisation of a quantum electron ratchet. A Landauer model predicts reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of temperature, amplitude of the rocking voltage, and Fermi energy. Artifacts such as circuit-induced asymmetry, also known as self-gating, were carefully removed from the experimental data, which showed net current and net differential conductance reversals, as predicted by the model. The model also predicts the existence of a heat current where the net electron current changes sign, as equal numbers of high and low energy electrons are pumped in opposite directions. An idealised quantum electron ratchet is studied analytically as an energy selective electron heat engine and refrigerator. The hypothetical device considered consists of two electron reservoirs with different temperatures and Fermi energies. The reservoirs are linked via a resonant state in a quantum dot, which functions as an idealised energy filter for electrons. The efficiency of the device approaches the Carnot value when the energy transmitted by the filter is tuned to that where the Fermi distributions in the reservoirs are equal. The maximum power regime, where the filter transmits all electrons that contribute positively to the power, is also examined. Analytic expressions are obtained for the power and efficiency of the idealised device as both a heat engine and as a refrigerator in this regime of operation. The expressions depend on the ratio of the voltage to the difference in temperature of the reservoirs, and on the ratio of the reservoir temperatures. The energy selective electron heat engine is shown to be non-endoreversible, and to operate in an analogous manner to the three-level amplifier, a laser based quantum heat engine. Implications for improving the efficiency of thermionic refrigerators and power generators are discussed.

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Třináctý, Jiří. "Parní turbína pro fosilní elektrárnu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231811.

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This thesis deals with design is condensing steam turbines burning fossil fuels with nominal capacity of the generator of 250 MW with steam reheating and regenerative eight uncontrolled extraction points. The turbine consists of two bodies: a combined high-intermediate pressure section and low pressure parts with dual way outlet down into the water-cooled condenser. Work includes calculating thermal scheme for 100% and 75% capacity, specific heat consumption calculation and design of the flow HP-MP body. Further strength control and basic engineering design of high-medium- work completed by longitudinal section. Achievements are at the end of work compared with work 3a and the conclusion summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the concept.

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Craig, Anthony (Anthony J. ). "Measuring supply chain carbon efficiency : a carbon label framework". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78481.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 273-293).
In the near term, efficiency improvements represent a key option for reducing the impacts of climate change. The growing awareness of climate change has increased the attention regarding the carbon emissions "embedded" in the products we consume. This increased attention creates a need to measure and improve the carbon efficiency of the supply chains that produce those goods. In this thesis we present a method for measuring the carbon efficiency of a supply chain that recognizes the decentralized nature of supply chains. First, drawing from concepts in supply chain performance measurement and eco-efficiency we propose a definition of supply chain carbon efficiency that is consistent with the idea of a product's carbon footprint. We present Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a method for quantifying the environmental impact of a product or service, as the appropriate method of measuring a product's carbon footprint and demonstrate the use of LCA through a case study involving the supply chain of bananas. Next, we characterize the difficulty and uncertainty in performing an LCA of a supply chain through an analysis of our case study of bananas. We present a framework to reduce the uncertainty though the concept of a carbon label. The carbon label provides a system where firms can measure the carbon footprint of their activities and share this information with their supply chain partners. We identify the role of third parties in facilitating information sharing and define the characteristics that describe the carbon label. Finally, we demonstrate how the carbon label works in the context of the supply chain. Through an analysis of the mode and carrier assignment steps in an integrated supply chain we develop new metrics that show how sharing information can increase the accuracy of the measured carbon footprint and improve decision-making. We provide incentive for firms to share information through the development of a vertical differentiation model of product carbon labels. Our model shows how consumer demand for lower carbon products drives reductions in the carbon footprint throughout the supply chain and induces firms to voluntarily disclose their carbon footprint.
by Anthony J. Craig.
Ph.D.

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Roberts, Michael Adrian. "Addressing efficiency in enzyme biofuel cells". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/addressing-efficiency-in-enzyme-biofuel-cells(91027198-5ed8-4f27-9366-e69c44d39eb9).html.

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Biofuel cells (BFCs) use either enzymes or bacteria to catalyse a fuel to generate power. Their advantages over conventional fuels is that they do not use precious metals and the high selectivity of biocatalysts mean that no separation membranes are required between the electrodes. However, the application of BFCs is limited by their low power output and poor enzyme lifetimes. This thesis addresses these limitations by investigating aligned carbon nanotubes (aCNTs) as potential electrode materials. These aCNT electrodes offer high surface areas to increase enzyme coverage and hence power output and their surface topology can stabilise the enzymes to ensure maximum lifetime and current density.A novel BFC half cell was developed using aCNTs and the fungal enzyme, Trametes versicolor laccase which catalyses the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water. Laccase was shown to communicate directly with the nanotubes enabling the oxidant reduction reaction to be monitored without the need for mediators. Initial investigations compared aCNTs with other commonly reported carbon electrodes and found that the current densities were ~30-fold higher on the aCNTs than at pyrolytic graphite edge electrodes. The high surface area of these electrodes contributed to greater electroactive coverage of enzyme and minimal loss of enzyme upon deposition. Cathodic currents increased linearly with geometric electrode area; however they did not scale with actual electrode surface area and the current density was limited to the order of μA cm-2 due to O2-transport limitations. It was also discovered that the porous contribution of these aCNT electrodes could lead to misleading interpretations on nanotube electrochemistry. This effect was observed when increments in electrode area resulted in apparently significantly faster kinetics. This improvement in catalytic behaviour was proposed to be due to a transition from mass diffusion limited to thin layer cell behaviour exhibited by porous materials. Thermal pretreatment of the aCNT electrodes in oxidative and reductive atmospheres were found to improve their performance. These treatments worked by changing the nanotube surface chemistry and purifying the nanotubes, as evidenced by various physical characterisation methods. Furthermore, laccase activity was enhanced significantly after electrodes had been treated under both atmospheres, where it was believed that the removal of contaminant material and higher defect densities increased electrochemical performance.Finally, mass transport limitations were addressed by developing micro-patterned aCNT electrodes which possessed channels in the arrays, allowing better oxygen diffusion. Fundamental studies showed higher current densities per surface area and thus represent a promising electrode for future BFC research.

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Viteva, Svetlana. "The informational efficiency of the European carbon market". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11204.

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This thesis examines the informational efficiency of the European carbon market based on the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The issue is approached from three different perspectives. I explore whether the volatility embedded in carbon options is a rational forecast of subsequently realized volatility. Then, I investigate if, and to what extent, new information about the structural and institutional set-up of the market impacts the carbon price dynamics. Lastly, I examine whether the European carbon market is relevant for the firm valuations of covered companies. First, perhaps because the market is new and derivatives’ trading on emission allowances has only started recently, carbon options have not yet been extensively studied. By using data on options traded on the European Climate Exchange, this thesis examines an aspect of market efficiency which has been previously overlooked. Market efficiency suggests that, conditional upon the accuracy of the option pricing model, implied volatility should be an unbiased and efficient forecast of future realized volatility (Campbell et al., 1997). Black (1976) implied volatility and implied volatility estimates directly surveyed from market participants are used in this thesis to study the information content of carbon options. Implied volatility is found to be highly informative and directionally accurate in forecasting future volatility. There is no evidence, however, that volatility embedded in carbon options is an unbiased and efficient forecast of future realized volatility. Instead, historical volatility-based forecasts are shown to contain incremental information to implied volatility, particularly for short-term forecasts. In addition, this thesis finds no evidence that directly surveyed implied volatility estimates perform better as a forecast of future volatility relative to Black’s (1976) estimates. Second, the market sensitivity to announcements about the organizational and institutional set-up of the EU ETS is re-examined. Despite their importance for the carbon price formation, demand-side announcements and announcements about the post-2012 framework have not yet been researched. By examining a very comprehensive and updated dataset of announcements, this thesis adds to the earlier works of Miclaus et al. (2008), Mansanet-Bataller and Pardo (2009) and Lepone et al. (2011). Market participants are found to rationally incorporate new information about the institutional and regulatory framework of the emissions trading scheme into the carbon price dynamics. However, they seem to be unable to accurately assess the implications of inter-temporal banking and borrowing on pricing futures contracts with different maturities. The impact of macroeconomic conditions on the market responsiveness is investigated by splitting the dataset into subsamples according to two alternative methods: 1) a simple split into pre-crisis and full-crisis time periods, and 2) according to a Bai-Perron structural break test. Evidence is found that in the context of economic slowdown and known allowances oversupply, the relationship between the carbon price and its fundamentals (institutional announcements, energy prices and extreme weather) breaks down. These findings are consistent with the arguments in Hintermann (2010), Keppler and Mansanet-Bataller (2010) and Koop and Tole (2011) that carbon price drivers change in response to the differing context of the individual trading periods. Third, the role of carbon performance in firm valuation is understudied. Since companies were not obliged to disclose their carbon emissions prior to the launch of the EU ETS, there exists little empirical evidence of the effect of carbon performance on market value. Earlier studies of the European carbon market have only focused on the impact of ETS compliance on the profitability and competitiveness of covered companies (e.g. Anger and Oberndorfer, 2008). There is also little research on how the newly available emissions data has altered the carbon performance of companies. This thesis addresses these gaps in the literature by examining the stock price reactions of British and German firms on the day of verified emissions release under the EU ETS over the period 2006 – 2011. An event study is conducted using a Seemingly Unrelated Regressions model to deal with the event clustering present in the dataset. Limited evidence is found that investors use information about the carbon performance of companies in their valuations. The information contained in the carbon emissions reports is shown to be somewhat more important for companies with high carbon-intensive operations. This thesis finds no conclusive evidence that the cap-and-trade programme has been able to provide regulated companies with enough incentives to de-carbonize their operations. The market does not punish companies which continue to emit carbon at increasing rates or reward companies which improve their carbon performance. In brief, the results of the thesis suggest that the market is not fully efficient yet. Inefficiently priced carbon options may allow for arbitrage trades in the market. The inability of investors to incorporate rules on inter-temporal banking and borrowing of allowances across the different trading periods leads to significant price reactions when there should be none. A recessionary economic environment and a known oversupply of emission allowances have led to a disconnect between the carbon price and its fundamental drivers. And, lastly, the signal embedded in the carbon price is not strong enough to invoke investor action and turn carbon performance into a standard component of investment analysis.

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Binkley, Aaron G. "Real estate opportunities in energy efficiency and carbon markets". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42034.

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Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69).
Global interest in the effects of climate change has grown rapidly in recent years. The US federal government mulls a cap and trade system for large carbon emitters while states implement their own greenhouse gas schemes. Private industries are beginning to see the need to address their greenhouse gas footprints and are increasingly offsetting their carbon emissions. The real estate industry has been under little scrutiny in spite of being responsible for over 40% of all US greenhouse gas emissions. The real estate industry is in the unique position of being able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency improvements that are low cost and that create value within the underlying asset. The objective of this research is two-fold: First, to examine the potential value and feasibility of energy efficiency improvements, and second to determine if there is sufficient value creation from abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, called offsets, to subsidize further energy efficiency measures. Through a case study example I examine energy efficiency improvements at two levels and determine the resulting greenhouse gas offsets on a state-by-state basis. Then I evaluate energy savings and greenhouse gas offsets across a low and high price range. Once the case study analysis is complete, I examine the magnitude of economic value resulting from energy efficiency improvements and the sale of greenhouse gas emissions offsets for the entire real estate industry. My analysis indicates that there is potential for significant value creation. Opportunities are focused in states where energy prices are higher and where greenhouse gas emissions from power generation are greatest. In the case study, capital investment in energy efficiency has an IRR range from 26.4% to over 125%.
(cont.) Greenhouse gas offset value increases IRR further; providing an additional 26% increase in the original available energy retrofit funding. Net asset value increases from 1.1% in a low carbon price scenario to 5.5% in a high carbon price scenario. At the market level, efficiency improvements are worth between $40.3 and $201 billion annually. Greenhouse gas emissions are worth an additional $1.46 to $48.8 billion. The sum of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions offsets have the potential to add between 1.0% and 6.1% to the value of the $4.03 trillion US commercial real estate market. I conclude that there is significant potential for value creation resulting from rigorous energy efficiency improvements and the sale of offsets in emerging greenhouse gas markets.
by Aaron G. Binkley.
S.M.in Real Estate Development

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Stephens, Amanda C. "Carbon Neutral Building: Architectural Manifestation of Carbon Efficient Design". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554210795873197.

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Wang, Zhujuan. "Reinforcing Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes in Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composites". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498926.

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Zheng, Zhanghua. "Overall CO2 efficiency assessment for a low carbon energy system". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619233.

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Decarbonization of the power sector is of great importance for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Estimating carbon efficiency in the power sector is a key step to grasp the impact of demand-side usage changes and evaluate their potential environmental benefits. In order to quantify the environmental benefits of demand-side usage changes, Average Emission Factor (AEF) and Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) have been proposed in the electrical power sector. AEF is defined as the ratio of the total CO2 emitted in the system to the total electricity generated. It is an effective factor for reporting on CO2 emissions at system level and on an average basis, but the current AEF model lacks clarity on the factors actually affecting the estimation. MEF is defined as the incremental change in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand. However, previous MEF assessments did not consider key technical limitations, such as ramp-rate constraint for generators and network constraints, and carbon trading mechanisms. This thesis improves the estimation for both AEF and MEF and key achievements can be summarized as: 1). A novel model of estimating AEF, with its application to GB, US and China’s electricity system. 2). Improvement on conventional MEF model by considering ramp-rate constraint in dispatch order. 3). Sensitivity studies on MEF using current fuel prices and future fuel prices. 4). A new model of estimating MEF considering both the utilization level of generators and the carbon costs when determining the dispatch order. 5). The effect of power network on MEF estimation, with a comparison of congested scenarios and non-congested scenario.

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Van, den Tempel Almaas Amanda, i Gustav Hillgren. "Carbon tax efficiency : What elevates it, and what undermines it?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449069.

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The radical rise of global temperatures has put high pressure on the environment, leading to societal pressure towards politicians to reverse the trend. In light of this environmental crisis, economists all over the world agree that carbon taxes are the most cost-effective instrument for reducing carbon emissions. This study uses difference-in-differences analysis to examine the treatment effect of a carbon tax implementation in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Panel data from 24 OECD countries, between 1978 and 2004, is used throughout this study. This study has not found support that different levels of democracy and GDP per capita affect tax efficiency. Moreover, higher levels of urbanisation are seen to undermine the efficiency of a carbon tax, however, the result may be affected by confounding bias. Lastly, tax rate and tax coverage are both factors that seem to affect carbon tax efficiency.

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Książki na temat "Carnot efficiency"

Al, Hurd, red. The carbon efficient city. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012.

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Skaali, Bruno, i Tomas Knezevic. China's energy efficiency and carbon emissions outlook. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Morvaj, Zoran. Energy efficiency - a bridge to low carbon economy. Rijeka: InTech, 2012.

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Shorrock, L. D. Potential carbon emission savings from energy efficiency in housing. [London]: Construction Research Communications Ltd, 1995.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Tremblay, William. Barriers to climate change mitigation technologies and energy efficiency. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Anufriev, Valeriy, Yuliya Gudim i Aytkali Kaminov. Sustainable development. Energy efficiency. Green economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1226403.

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The monograph examines the problems of sustainable development and energy efficiency using the scientific and methodological approach proposed by the authors for the development of regional fuel and energy programs based on the KhMAO, the Sverdlovsk region, and the oil and gas production enterprise JSC Yuganskneftegaz, and presents the results of the environmental and economic assessment. This approach allows us to evaluate and select the most effective investment project for the utilization of associated petroleum gas from the point of view of energy, environmental and climate security on comparable indicators (tons, rubles). The authors proposed to distinguish from more than 200 UN indicators four basic indicators: the change in the green area (country, region, city, household) for the year; the level of energy efficiency; the amount of pollutants released per year; the annual amount of greenhouse gas emissions. It is proposed to consider the possibility of using the" energy " ruble of S. A. Podolinsky (kW / h) as a possible world reserve currency. Taking into account the unique experience of the region's participation in various projects of sustainable development, energy-efficient and low-carbon economy, it is proposed to create a market for waste and greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of the trade exchange of the Sverdlovsk region as a pilot platform for the implementation of the green economy. The history of the term "green economy", the essence of this concept is considered; the results of the application of green economy in different countries are shown. The international experience of green solutions and technologies is analyzed, the psychological aspects of the transition to a green economy are studied. For all those interested in the environmental development of the economy.

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Makovich, Lawrence. The cost of energy efficiency investments: The leading edge of carbon abatement. Cambridge, MA: CERA, 2008.

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Blitzer, Charles R. The Potential for reducing carbon emissions from increased efficiency: A general equilibrium methodology. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990.

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Części książek na temat "Carnot efficiency"

den Broeck, C. Van. "Carnot Efficiency Revisited". W Advances in Chemical Physics, 189–201. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470121917.ch6.

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Blankschtein, Daniel. "Heat Engine, Carnot Efficiency, and Sample Problem". W Lectures in Classical Thermodynamics with an Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, 63–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49198-7_8.

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Fishman, George S. "Increasing Efficiency". W Monte Carlo, 255–334. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2553-7_4.

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Goldhammer, Bernhard, Polina Abrashkina i Christian Busse. "Upstream Carbon Dioxide Assessment at the Product Level". W Efficiency and Logistics, 163–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32838-1_18.

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de Klerk, Arno. "Indirect Liquefaction Carbon Efficiency". W ACS Symposium Series, 215–35. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1084.ch009.

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Kurakawa, Yukihide. "Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing". W Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 79–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_5.

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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.

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Plastrik, Peter, i John Cleveland. "Efficient Abundance". W Life After Carbon, 107–32. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-850-3_9.

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Chevallier, Julien. "Understanding the Link Between Aggregated Industrial Production and the Carbon Price". W Green Energy and Efficiency, 111–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03632-8_5.

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Boardman, Brenda. "Creating a Carbon Market". W Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting, 845–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1_87.

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Ibikunle, Gbenga, i Andros Gregoriou. "Liquidity and Market Efficiency in Carbon Markets". W Carbon Markets, 165–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72847-6_6.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Carnot efficiency"

Gu, Yongjian. "CARNOT HEAT ENGINE EFFICIENCY, EXERGY, AND EXERGY GRADE LINE (XGL)". W 4th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2019.edu.029339.

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Bluestein, Maurice. "Nature's Carnot Engine: The Hurricane". W ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13359.

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The typical curriculum in a thermodynamics course includes the Carnot cycle, a series of processes that constitute the most efficient heat engine between two constant temperature reservoirs. The conventional view of this cycle is that it is an ideal that cannot be achieved in practice. The spate of hurricanes that battered the U.S. in 2005 has given rise to extensive thermodynamic analysis of these storms with the finding that they in fact replicate the Carnot cycle. Heat energy fuels the storm through evaporation of the warm ocean waters at constant temperature. Work is produced by adiabatic expansion upward of the saturated air, resulting in strong winds. Energy is then released by radiation to space at the approximately constant temperature of the upper atmosphere. Adiabatic compression follows as the air descends back to sea level. Unlike the textbook Carnot engine, the work output of the hurricane is returned to the cycle by frictional dissipation due to the wind at the sea surface boundary layer. This paper will describe the hurricane in thermodynamic terms so as to appreciate its great power and efficiency. It may be a worthwhile topic to include in a thermodynamics course.

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Hofer, Douglas C., i S. Can Gulen. "Efficiency Entitlement for Bottoming Cycles". W ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91213.

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A significant portion of the new electrical generating capacity installed in the past decade has employed heavy-duty gas turbines operating in a combined cycle configuration with a steam turbine bottoming cycle. In these power plants approximately 1/3 of the power is generated by the bottoming cycle. To ensure that the highest possible combined cycle efficiency is realized it is important to optimize the bottoming cycle efficiency and doing so requires a solid understanding of the efficiency entitlement. This paper describes a new technique for calculating the theoretical efficiency entitlement for a bottoming cycle that corresponds to the maximum possible bottoming cycle work and maximized combined cycle work and efficiency. This new method accounts for the decrease in ideal efficiency as the gas turbine exhaust is cooled as it transfers heat energy to the working fluid in the bottoming cycle. The new definition is compared to conventional definitions, including that of Carnot and an Exergy based second law efficiency, and shown to provide a simple and accurate analytical expression for the entitlement efficiency in a bottoming cycle. For representative cycle conditions, the entitlement efficiency for the bottoming cycle is calculated to be ∼45% compared to the Carnot efficiency for the same conditions of ∼67%. Although the new method is applicable to any power cycle obtaining its heat input from the exhaust stream of a topping cycle, special attention is given to the steam bottoming cycle traditionally used in modern gas turbine combined cycle power plants. Comparisons are made between the ideal bottoming cycle and variants of a steam cycle including a single pressure non-reheat and a three pressure reheat cycle. These comparisons explore the unavoidable loss in efficiency associated with constant temperature heat addition that occurs in the steam cycle.

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Martinek, Janna, Melinda Channel, Allan Lewandowski i Alan W. Weimer. "Thermodynamic Considerations for the Design of Solar-Thermal Chemical Processes". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90376.

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The maximum efficiency of a solar reactor/receiver is limited not by the Carnot efficiency, but rather by the product of the Carnot efficiency and a factor involving both the enthalpy and entropy changes occurring as a result of the chemical reaction. This limiting efficiency can be greater than the Carnot efficiency when the entropy change is positive, and is a function of several parameters including the standard property changes of the reaction, inlet and outlet stream conditions, reactor temperature, conversion, and relative amounts of inert gas. By including this factor in the overall limitation on the reactor efficiency, both the optimal reactor temperature for a given concentration ratio, and the concentration ratio required to achieve a given temperature and efficiency can, in many cases, be found to shift to lower values.

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Sarafian, Haiduke. "Evaluating the Efficiency of the Carnot Cycle with a van der Waals Gas". W Proceedings of the Fifth International Mathematica Symposium. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848161313_0016.

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Haseli, Yousef. "An Easier Approach to Introduce Entropy in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Classes". W ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86510.

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The common tutorial method of teaching entropy is far twisted and complicated. The convention is to first present Carnot corollaries followed by a “rational argument” to justify the corollaries. In the next step, the efficiency of Carnot engine is argued to be solely dependent on the thermal reservoirs temperatures. Then, thermodynamic temperature scale is introduced to show QL/QH equals TL/TH followed by the Clausius inequality, and finally introducing entropy S. It is not surprising why entropy has been one of the most difficult concepts to teach or learn. The way it is taught in textbooks is not straight unlike many other properties and concepts that are comparably much less cumbersome to understand. Interesting to note is that the inventor of entropy; Clausius, derived the famous Carnot efficiency by simply using the p-V diagram of a Carnot cycle operating with an ideal gas. The objective of this article is to shed light to the original method of Clausius and to present a simple and easy-to-digest approach, so students can better understand where entropy is originated from. Furthermore, we will show that the proof of Carnot corollaries is not concrete and certain objections can be raised.

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Li, Husheng. "Information efficiency of communications for networked control in cyber physical systems: When carnot meets shannon". W 2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2016.7798536.

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Ruan, Xiulin, Stephen C. Rand i Massoud Kaviany. "Entropy and Efficiency in Laser Cooling of Solids". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43833.

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The thermodynamics of laser cooling of solids is analyzed. Using the general theory of radiation entropy, the important roles of the optical frequency and the photon distribution function in determining the radiation entropy are identified. The usefulness of a narrowband approximation is established for a wide range of radiant sources. This approximation is then applied to compare the entropies of different light sources, including blackbody radiation, lasers, fluorescence, and the emerging class of random lasers. Based on these results, the Carnot efficiency for laser cooling of solids is determined, for emission fields with various entropy characteristics. It is shown that fluorescent emission is the most efficient form of the radiated field for laser cooling of solids, and cooling schemes based on any stimulated emission process (including random laser action) are inherently less efficient. The influence of luminescence quantum yield on cooling is also considered.

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Lurie, Eli, i Abraham Kribus. "A Micro Heat Engine Executing an Internal Carnot Cycle". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54266.

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A micro heat engine, based on a cavity filled with a stationary working fluid under liquid-vapor saturation conditions and encapsulated by two membranes, is described and analyzed. This engine design is easy to produce using MEMS technologies and is operated with external heating and cooling. The motion of the membranes is controlled such that the internal pressure and temperature are constant during the heat addition and removal processes, and thus the fluid executes a true internal Carnot cycle. A model of this Saturation Phase-change Internal Carnot Engine (SPICE) was developed including thermodynamic, mechanical and heat transfer aspects. The efficiency and maximum power of the engine are derived. The maximum power point is fixed in a three-parameter space, and operation at this point leads to maximum power density that scales with the inverse square of the engine dimension. Inclusion of the finite heat capacity of the engine wall leads to a strong dependence of performance on engine frequency, and the existence of an optimal frequency. Effects of transient reverse heat flow, and ‘parasitic heat’ that does not participate in the thermodynamic cycle are observed.

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Abdel-Rahim, Yousef M., i S. A. Sherif. "Optimal Allocation of Heat Exchanger Inventory for Maximum COP and Exergetic Performance of a Two-Stage Vapor Compression Cycle". W ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17804.

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In the present study the optimum heat exchanger inventory allocation to maximize the thermal performance of a two-stage vapor compression system with two evaporators has been investigated. Both the cooling (A/C) and heating (H/P) Carnot and non-Carnot non-isentropic cycles have been considered. The optimum operating ranges of cycle parameters that maximize both the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency (η2) of the cycles for both cooling and heating purposes are discussed. The research upon which this paper partly reports covered all possible ranges of cycle parameters using the Monte-Carlo method. For the Carnot cycle, maximum values of the cooling coefficient of performance (COPC), cooling exergetic efficiency (ηIIC), heating coefficient of performance (COPH), and heating exergetic efficiency (ηIIH) were found to be 9.6, 0.47, 10.7 and 0.87, respectively. The low-pressure (LP) thermal load and temperature difference in the condenser were found to critically affect both the A/C and H/P performance, while the heat conductance ratio and the mass flow rate ratio were found to have a pronounced effect on only the H/P performance. The best A/C and H/P cycle performance may be achieved by having the two evaporators with both the thermal load and mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop to be 20% less than that in the low-pressure loop. The analysis performed on the non-Carnot two-compressor, two-evaporator A/C and H/P non-isentropic cycles determined both the feasible and optimal ranges of variations of the controlling parameters. The combined maximum values of the low- and high-pressure evaporator thermal loads was found to be 10–15% lower than the maximum value of the condenser heat rejection rate, thus reflecting the relative sizes of these units as heat exchangers. Other factors that may help provide guidance for utilizing the system for cooling and heating purposes include the values of the COPC and COPH, the relative amounts of the mass flow rates in the low-pressure and high-pressure loops of the cycle, and the values of the low-pressure and high-pressure compressor powers.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Carnot efficiency"

Wu, K. C. Process Performance and Carnot Efficiency for RHIC Refrigerator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119198.

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Wally, Karl. Micropower chemical fuel-to-electric conversion : a "regenerative flip" hydrogen concentration cell promising near carnot efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/966250.

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none. Process Integration and Carbon Efficiency Workshop Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1225412.

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Schumacher, Katja, i Jayant Sathaye. India's cement industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753014.

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Schumacher, Katja, i Jayant Sathaye. India's aluminum industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753017.

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Frommer, Wolf B. Optimizing Energy Efficiency of Plants: Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Flux. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1439964.

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Thomas, Angela. An Inquiry into the Efficiency of Carbon Pricing Policy: A study of Sweden, United Kingdom, and Japan. Web of Open Science, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.75.

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This study uses an exploratory research methodology to analyse the efficiency of carbon pricing policies in driving sustainable development by effectively reducing carbon emissions, encouraging research and development of alternative energy sources and innovations. The study also attempts to assess the impact of carbon pricing as a driver for inclusive growth. This is through the analysis of relevant indicators to evaluate the distributive policies used by the governments to mitigate the disproportionate effect of lower income households is analysed

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Steinberg, Daniel C., i Erin Boyd. Energy Efficiency Under Alternative Carbon Policies. Incentives, Measurement, and Interregional Effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1215308.

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Schumacher, Katja, i Jayant Sathaye. India's iron and steel industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753016.

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Polyzos, Georgios, Jaehyeung Park i Jaswinder Sharma. Improved Tire Efficiency through Elastomeric Polymers Enhanced with Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1490574.

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