Książki: „CARDIAC CONDITIONS”

1

Aina-Badejo, Danielle. Elucidating the Unknown Role of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 in Cardiac Pathophysiological Conditions. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2021.

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Shave, Robert E. The impact of exercise duration and environmental conditions upon the incidence of exercise induced cardiac fatigue (EICF). Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 2003.

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3

Rath, Matthias. Why animals don't get heart attacks-- but people do!: The discovery that will eradicate heart disease : the natural prevention of heart attacks, strokes, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and many other cardiovascular conditions. Wyd. 4. Fremont, CA: MR Pub., 2003.

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4

G, Yanowitz Frank, i Wilson Philip K, red. Cardiac rehabilitation, adult fitness, and exercise testing. Wyd. 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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5

Fardy, Paul S. Cardiac rehabilitation, adult fitness, and exercise testing. Wyd. 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.

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6

Bernis: Le cardinal des plaisirs. [Paris]: Gallimard, 1998.

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7

Bergin, Joseph. Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the pursuit of wealth. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1985.

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8

Morgan, Rhodri. Cardiff: Half-and-half a capital. Llandysul, Dyfed: Gomer, 1994.

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9

Cardiff Bay Opera House Trust. Cardiff Bay Opera House architectural competition =: Cystadleuaeth Bensaernïol T^y Opera Bae Caerdydd : competition conditions and design brief. [S.l: s.n.], 1994.

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10

Martin, Nicholas. Cardiac MRI. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0034.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for investigating congenital cardiac conditions. It provides excellent images of the cardiac anatomy and is unrivalled in its ability to illuminate the pulmonary vessels. Conservation of femoral vessels and absence of ionizing radiation gives it an advantage over cardiac catheterization. Apart from the challenges of anesthetizing a child with an uncorrected congenital heart condition, the MRI environment presents some unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. It is usually remote from the main operating suite, and the permanent strong magnetic field requires specialized equipment and precautions.

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11

Kisiel, Maria, i Alison Smith. Cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642663.003.0026.

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Coronary heart disease is caused by the build-up of atherosclerotic plaques which, over time, narrow the lumen of the coronary arteries. Acute coronary syndrome describes a spectrum of conditions caused by coronary artery disease; these are unstable angina, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Coronary artery disease is the leading cause for cardiac surgical interventions, but other causes are hypertension, valve disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, infections, and congenital abnormalities. This chapter provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of these conditions, as well as the diagnosis and treatment options available.

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12

Lancellotti, Patrizio, i Bernard Cosyns. Cardiac Source of Embolism (SOE) and Cardiac Masses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0014.

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Embolism of cardiac origin accounts for around 15–30 per cent of ischaemic strokes. The diagnosis of a cardio-embolic source of stroke is frequently uncertain and relies on the identification of a potential cardiac source of embolism in the absence of significant cerebrovascular occlusive disease. In this respect, echocardiography (both transthoracic and/or transoesophageal) serves as a cornerstone in the evaluation, diagnosis, and managementof these patients. A clear understanding of the various types of cardiac conditions associated with cardio-embolic stroke and their intrinsic risk is therefore very important. This chapter describes three categories of cardio-embolic sources of embolism: conditions predisposing to thrombus formation; cardiac masses; and cardiac conduits for paradoxical embolization. It focuses on cardiac masses and potential sources of embolism including vegetations, thrombi, cardiac tumours, non-neoplastic masses, extracardiac masses, suggesting differential diagnosis with structures that may mime pathologic conditions.

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13

Iskandrian, Ami E., i Ernest V. Garcia, red. Nuclear Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.001.0001.

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Nuclear cardiac imaging refers to cardiac radiological diagnostic techniques performed with the aid of radiopharmaceuticals, which are perfused into the myocardium as markers. These imaging studies provide a wide range of information about the heart, including the contractility of the heart, the amount of blood supply to the heart and whether parts of the heart muscle are alive or dead. This is essential information for cardiologists, and nuclear imaging has become an increasingly important part of the cardiologist's armamentarium. Chapters in Nuclear Cardiac Imaging cover historical, technical and physiological considerations, diagnosis and prognosis, conditions other than Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), advanced cardiac imaging, and challenges and opportunities. New to the fifth edition are key point summaries at the start of each chapter, clinical cases with videos, and a question and answer chapter on practical issues. This title is ideal for nuclear cardiologists in training and nuclear clinicians alike who are searching for quick answers to important clinical and technical questions.

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14

Yoris, Adrián, Adolfo M. García, Paula Celeste Salamone, Lucas Sedeño, Indira García-Cordero i Agustín Ibáñez. Cardiac interoception in neurological conditions and its relevance for dimensional approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0010.

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Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.

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15

Madhuri, GB. Textbook of Physiotherapy for Cardiorespiratory Cardiac Surgery & Thoracic Surgery Conditions. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10946.

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16

Madhuri, G. B. Textbook of Physiotherapy for Cardio-Respiratory Cardiac Surgery and Thoracic Surgery Conditions. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2008.

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17

Creasia, Joan Labelle. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH SELECTED CARDIAC CONDITIONS. 1987.

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18

Medforth, Janet, Linda Ball, Angela Walker, Sue Battersby i Sarah Stables. Medical conditions during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754787.003.0010.

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This chapter comprises a review of common medical conditions, including asthma, thyroid conditions, cardiac conditions, and renal diseases. There is a small section on renal transplant and care of the woman during pregnancy. Insulin-dependent diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, gestational diabetes, and their impact on pregnancy are discussed. The effect of pregnancy on the conditions themselves is reviewed, along with recognition and management of pregnancy changes due to the condition. Pregnancy management options, including altered physiology and pharmacological treatment, are discussed. Clinical and laboratory investigations are also listed. The section on cardiac conditions refers to circulatory changes during pregnancy and how these may be affected by a range of different cardiac conditions, both those that are congenital and those acquired. Pregnancy management, investigations, and clinical observations used to detect deterioration are included.

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19

Presbitero, Patrizia, Dennis Zavalloni i Benedetta Agnoli. Cardiac emergencies in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0063.

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Cardiac diseases are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. Pregnancy leads to several changes in physiological processes, and the cardiovascular system progressively adapts to modifications that may worsen pre-existing pathological conditions or unmask previously undiagnosed diseases. Furthermore, pregnancy may be complicated by specific pathologies, which are harmful for patients with cardiac diseases. Admission to the intensive cardiac care unit is a rare event (0.1–0.9% of deliveries), but mortality rates range from 3.5% to 21%. When treating pregnant women, we are taking care of two subjects: the mother and the fetus. The possible adverse effects of diagnostic examination and/or therapies on the fetus should always be considered, and, even after delivery, possible drug interactions on breastfeeding should be taken in account. In this chapter, an overview on the main cardiac emergencies that may affect pregnancy is provided, with a particular focus on treatments allowed for both mother and fetal protection.

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20

Lancellotti, Patrizio, i Bernard Cosyns. Systemic Disease and Other Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0017.

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This chapter describes the effect of various activities on the heart and associated disorders. It details the echocardiographic findings of athlete’s heart and differential diagnosis. It considers pregnancy which induces several haemodynamic changes: increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Several echocardiographic changes may also present in normal pregnancy and these must be recognized. Echocardiography should be performed in each pregnant woman with cardiac signs or symptoms to search for new cardiac disease occurring during pregnancy and especially peripartum cardiomyopathy. Pregnancy is well tolerated by most woman with cardiac disease. Pregnancy in contraindicated in woman with pulmonary hypertension. Although the heart is not the principal affected organ in systemic disease there is some involvement. This chapter also details the echo findings of a range of systemic diseases including amyloidosis, connective tissue disease, endocrine disease, and HIV.

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21

Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi i Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial infarction. Some survivors develop post-operative functional abnormalities or anatomical defects, which may not manifest during the early post-operative period. It is essential that all survivors undergo detailed early and late cardiac evaluations. Blunt cardiac trauma encompasses a wide spectrum of injuries that includes asymptomatic myocardial contusion, arrhythmias, or cardiogenic shock to full-thickness cardiac rupture and death. Clinical examination, electrocardiograms, troponin measurements, and echocardiography are the cornerstone of diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. Lastly, some serious extracardiac traumatic conditions, such as traumatic pneumonectomy and severe traumatic brain injury, may result in cardiac complications. This may include tachyarrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, electrocardiographic changes, troponin elevations, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.

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Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi i Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_001.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial infarction. Some survivors develop post-operative functional abnormalities or anatomical defects, which may not manifest during the early post-operative period. It is essential that all survivors undergo detailed early and late cardiac evaluations. Blunt cardiac trauma encompasses a wide spectrum of injuries that includes asymptomatic myocardial contusion, arrhythmias, or cardiogenic shock to full-thickness cardiac rupture and death. Clinical examination, electrocardiograms, troponin measurements, and echocardiography are the cornerstone of diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. Lastly, some serious extracardiac traumatic conditions, such as traumatic pneumonectomy and severe traumatic brain injury, may result in cardiac complications. This may include tachyarrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, electrocardiographic changes, troponin elevations, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.

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23

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi i Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_002.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial infarction. Some survivors develop post-operative functional abnormalities or anatomical defects, which may not manifest during the early post-operative period. It is essential that all survivors undergo detailed early and late cardiac evaluations. Blunt cardiac trauma encompasses a wide spectrum of injuries that includes asymptomatic myocardial contusion, arrhythmias, or cardiogenic shock to full-thickness cardiac rupture and death. Clinical examination, electrocardiograms, troponin measurements, and echocardiography are the cornerstone of diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. Lastly, some serious extracardiac traumatic conditions, such as traumatic pneumonectomy and severe traumatic brain injury, may result in cardiac complications. This may include tachyarrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, electrocardiographic changes, troponin elevations, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.

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24

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi i Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_003.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial infarction. Some survivors develop post-operative functional abnormalities or anatomical defects, which may not manifest during the early post-operative period. It is essential that all survivors undergo detailed early and late cardiac evaluations. Blunt cardiac trauma encompasses a wide spectrum of injuries that includes asymptomatic myocardial contusion, arrhythmias, or cardiogenic shock to full-thickness cardiac rupture and death. Clinical examination, electrocardiograms, troponin measurements, and echocardiography are the cornerstone of diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. Lastly, some serious extracardiac traumatic conditions, such as traumatic pneumonectomy and severe traumatic brain injury, may result in cardiac complications. This may include tachyarrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, electrocardiographic changes, troponin elevations, heart failure, and cardiac arrest.

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25

Ruiz-Villalba, Adrián, Nikolaos Frangogiannis i José Maria Pérez-Pomares. Origin and diversity of cardiac fibroblasts: developmental substrates of adult cardiac fibrosis. Redaktorzy José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso i Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0012.

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Cardiac connective tissues are primarily formed by cardiac fibroblasts (CF) of diverse embryonic origins. Whereas CF specific roles in cardiac morphogenesis remain under-researched, their involvement in adult cardiac fibrosis is clinically relevant. Cardiac fibrosis is a common element of several chronic cardiac conditions characterized by the loss of ventricular wall mechanical function, ultimately driving to heart failure. In the ischaemic heart early reparative fibrosis evidences the very restricted regenerative potential of the myocardium. In non-ischaemic diseases fibrosis is activated by unknown signals. We summarize current knowledge on the origin of CFs and their developmental roles, and discuss the differential disease-dependent response of different CF subpopulations to various pathological stimuli. We also describe the characteristic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that determine the fibrotic remodelling of the myocardium. We analyse experimental models for the study of cardiac fibrosis, and suggest future directions in the search for new markers and therapeutic targets.

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26

Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh i A. John Camm. Conduction disease in specific conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.1501_update_002.

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27

Griffiths, Mark. Management of Cardiovascular Conditions of Adults in Acute Care. Blackwell Publishers, 2008.

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Thorne, Sara, i Paul Clift, red. Rare conditions presenting in adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199228188.003.0026.

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Coronary anomalies 190Sinus of valsalva aneurysm 192 See Table 15.1.• Rare.• Occur in isolation or with associated congenital cardiac lesions.• Clinical significance depends on potential of the anomaly to cause ischaemia and sudden death.• Ischaemia is main indication for surgical repair and is associated with:...

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29

A Physical assessment of the Philips DCI-S digital cardiac imaging system under field conditions. London: Department of Health, Medical Devices Directorate, 1992.

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30

Morley, Peter Thomas. Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0061.

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Sudden cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is still the commonest cause of death globally. CPAs are usually categorized according to where they occur, with out-of-hospital arrests accounting for approximately 75% of CPA deaths and in-hospital the remaining 25%. The arrests are also sub-categorized according to the initial rhythm, with the best outcomes associated with shockable rhythms. Large registries have demonstrated a variable incidence of out-of-hospital CPAs in adults (50–150/100,000 person years), with a range of outcomes (3–16% survival to hospital discharge). The majority of CPAs in adults are due to cardiac causes, but teaching surrounding the management of cardiac arrests now includes an increased focus on the identification and correction of underlying causes, irrespective of the rhythm. While identifying an underlying cause is often challenging, this is probably one of reasons explaining the improved survival seen with in-hospital compared with the out-of-hospital CPA. The incidence of CPAs in children is highest in infants, and decreases with age. The majority of CPAs in children are due to respiratory causes. Cardiac causes in children and young adults include a variety of familial, genetic, and acquired conditions. The pathophysiology of cardiac arrests is also now better understood. A large number of biochemical pathways are activated as a result of the CPA. These result in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which affects many systems in the body, but in particular the brain, heart, and kidneys.

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31

Mavrides, Nicole, i Charles Nemeroff. Biological Effects of Depression in Cardiac Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0004.

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Both depression and cardiac disease are extremely common medical conditions, both separately and together. Depression in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) has long been associated with poor functional and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies for the past 20 years have demonstrated that not only can depression affect the risk of CAD, but so can anxiety, panic, personality types, trauma, and stress. More recently, the studies have focused more on the pathophysiological processes that can characterize depression in cardiac disease; such as inflammation, heart rate variability, and platelet clotting abnormalities in addition to many others. This chapter focuses on the pathophysiological and biological mechanisms that can potentially explain the bidirectional association between depression and cardiac disease.

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32

Hagendorff, Andreas. Systemic diseases and other conditions: introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0054.

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Cardiac structures and their function as well as the vascular system can be affected by general systemic influences. Exceptional physiological conditions like competitive sports or pregnancy cause typical, but normally reversible alterations in the heart. Certain systemic diseases will cause cardiovascular alteration and damage, which can be life-threatening or can introduce the development of myocardial failure due to humoral, immunological, or inflammatory affections on the myocardium or the valves. In the following chapters in this section, the echocardiographic findings which can be documented due to the physiological compensatory effects in athlete’s heart as well as in pregnancy are described. Then, the typical echocardiographic characteristics in patients with systemic diseases are described with respect to the main cardiac target which is affected. The targets of the systemic diseases are the coronary arteries, the heart valves, the myocardium, the pericardium, as well as the right ventricle.

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33

Scott, Jillian. Cycling for Heart Health: A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Cardiac and AFIB Conditions with Biking Exercises. Independently Published, 2022.

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34

O’Mahony, Constantinos. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0354.

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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) secondary to ventricular arrhythmias is the most common mode of death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and can be effectively prevented with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The risk of SCD in HCM relates to the severity of the phenotype and regular risk stratification is an integral part of routine clinical care. For the primary prevention of SCD, risk stratification involves the assessment of seven readily available clinical parameters (age, maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular outflow tract gradient, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, unexplained syncope, and family history of SCD) which are used to estimate the risk of SCD within 5 years of clinical evaluation using a statistical risk prediction model (HCM Risk-SCD). The 2014 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines provide a framework to aid clinical decisions and consider patients with a 5-year risk of SCD of less than 4% as low risk and recommend regular assessment while those with a risk of 6% or higher should be considered for an ICD. In patients with an intermediate risk (4% to <6%) ICD implantation may also be considered after taking into account age, co-morbid conditions, socioeconomic factors, and the psychological impact of therapy. Survivors of ventricular fibrillation arrest should receive an ICD for secondary prevention unless their life expectancy is less than 1 year. Following device implantation, patients should be followed up for device- and disease-related complications, particularly heart failure and cerebrovascular disease.

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35

Dawson, Ellen Adele. The impact of exercise duration, exercise intensity, fitness and environmental conditions on the development of exercise induced cardiac fatigue (E.I.C.F.). 2003.

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Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio i Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077.

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During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.

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Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio i Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_001.

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During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.

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38

Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio i Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_002.

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During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.

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39

Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio i Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_003.

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During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.

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40

The use of TENS for non-painful conditions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0010.

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Peripheral nerves consist of afferent and efferent neurones with different functions. TENS can be used to excite somatic efferents to influence the activity of skeletal muscle, and autonomic efferents to influence the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. There are physiological rationale to support the use of TENS to manage various non-painful conditions. Clinical experience suggests TENS is often beneficial. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mechanism of action, clinical use and clinical efficacy for TENS when used to manage non-painful conditions. The chapter covers the effects of TENS on the autonomic nervous system, circulatory system, tissue regeneration, and psychomotor conditions. It also considers the use of TENS for incontinence, constipation, ileus and gastrointestinal discomfort, post-surgical symptoms, and antiemesis.

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D’Andrea, Antonello, André La Gerche i Christine Selton-Suty. Systemic disease and other conditions: athlete’s heart. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0055.

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The term ‘athlete’s heart’ refers to the structural, functional, and electrical adaptations that occur as a result of habitual exercise training. It is characterized by an increase of the internal chamber dimensions and wall thickness of both atria and ventricles. The athlete’s right ventricle also undergoes structural, functional, and electrical remodelling as a result of intense exercise training. Some research suggests that the haemodynamic stress of intense exercise is greater for the right heart and, as a result, right heart remodelling is slightly more profound when compared with the left heart. Echocardiography is the primary tool for the assessment of morphological and functional features of athlete’s heart and facilitates differentiation between physiological and pathological LV hypertrophy. Doppler myocardial and strain imaging can give additional information to the standard indices of global systolic and diastolic function and in selected cases cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may help in the diagnosis of specific myocardial diseases among athletes such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

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Pasquet, Agnes, Marcia Barbosa i Jo-Nan Liao. Systemic disease and other conditions: the heart during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0056.

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Normal pregnancy represents a haemodynamic challenge for the heart. The main changes are increases in blood (plasma) volume and cardiac output, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. These change start early during pregnancy and will be maximal around the 24th week of gestation. This translates into echocardiographic changes such as increase in ventricular volume, stroke volume, and changes in geometry. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a left ventricular dysfunction without any underlying cause, arising near the end of the gestation or in the early postpartum period. Echocardiography is the key to confirm the diagnosis and also to exclude other causes of cardiomyopathy or to explain clinical signs.

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McKenzie, Ian. Single Ventricle Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0031.

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Congenital cardiac abnormalities in which there is functionally only a single ventricle are a heterogeneous group of conditions. These include patients with marked hypoplasia of one ventricle, usually with hypoplasia or atresia of the inflow of the ventricle, such as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome or conditions where surgical separation of the flow to each ventricle is not possible, such as double-inlet left ventricle. The most common pathway for palliating these conditions will be to use cavopulmonary connections to provide lung blood flow direct from systemic venous return (reliant on systemic venous pressure). The single ventricle pumps to the systemic arterial circulation. Many of these patients will be long-term survivors and present with acute surgical conditions unrelated to their cardiac condition. The safe anesthesia management of patients with single ventricle physiology and cavopulmonary connections involves assessing their cardiovascular reserve and understanding the effects of hypovolemia, anesthesia, positive-pressure ventilation, and the procedure itself on their circulation.

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Gardiner, Matthew D., i Neil R. Borley. Cardiothoracic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204755.003.0002.

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This chapter begins by discussing the basic principles of cardiac physiology and respiratory physiology, before focusing on the key areas of knowledge, namely congenital heart disease, coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve disease, thoracic aortic dissection, thoracic aortic aneurysm, miscellaneous cardiac and mediastinal conditions, lung cancer, and miscellaneous thoracic conditions. The chapter concludes with relevant case-based discussions.

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Trivedi, Premal M., i Pablo Motta. Tetralogy of Fallot. Redaktorzy Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel i Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0027.

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Congenital heart conditions can be characterized as cyanotic or acyanotic. This chapter discusses one of the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac conditions: tetralogy of Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot is composed of distinct anomalies which result in left-to-right shunting of blood resulting in cyanotic spells, under certain conditions such as pain (and associated tachycardia) decreased oxygenation, decreased venous return, or hypotension. Recognizing factors that accentuate the left-to-right shunting of blood in this condition is essential for adequate management of a TET spell which is frequently observed in children with tetralogy of Fallot.

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Ramrakha, Punit, i Jonathan Hill, red. Oxford Handbook of Cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199643219.001.0001.

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Saeed, Sahrai, i Eva Gerdts. Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0010.

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Current guidelines recommend extensive cardiovascular imaging in patients who experience ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent stroke. High-quality echocardiography is crucial for detection of the wide range of cardiac and proximal aortic conditions that can predispose to cerebral embolism. These conditions may be classified as major, minor, or uncertain risk sources of embolism. Although both transthoracic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have substantial clinical utility in patients with cryptogenic stroke, these methods offer complementary information. TOE is typically used for assessment of defects in the atrial septum or detection of thrombus in the left atrial appendage. In contrast, TTE is the recommended method for assessment of cardiac chamber structure and function, and valvular disease. Furthermore, assessment of aortic stiffness and electrocardiography may offer additional insight to cardiac function. This chapter gives an overview of the use of echocardiography in ischaemic stroke patients.

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Morar, Nadia. Fast to Burn Fat with Low Fat Cookbook: A Low Fat Cookbook with over 100+ Quick and Easy Recipes for People with Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure, or Other Cardiac-Related Conditions. Independently Published, 2022.

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Morley-Smith, Andrew C., André R. Simon i John Pepper. Implanted cardiac support devices. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0031.

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Mechanical circulatory support forms a crucial and expanding element of advanced heart failure management. Short-term assistance is delivered in emergency situations or where the underlying condition is likely to quickly worsen, and these approaches are discussed in Chapter 30. This chapter focuses on implantable devices intended for the medium and long term. The first half of the chapter is aimed directly at practical clinical management, whilst the second half considers the evidence base for contemporary practice. The chapter concludes by considering new paradigms for implantable cardiac support. Most frequently, these devices support left ventricular function (left ventricular assist devices), and this comprises the majority of our discussion.

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Morley-Smith, Andrew C., André R. Simon i John Pepper. Implanted cardiac support devices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0031_update_001.

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Mechanical circulatory support forms a crucial and expanding element of advanced heart failure management. Short-term assistance is delivered in emergency situations or where the underlying condition is likely to quickly worsen, and these approaches are discussed in Chapter 30. This chapter focuses on implantable devices intended for the medium and long term. The first half of the chapter is aimed directly at practical clinical management, whilst the second half considers the evidence base for contemporary practice. The chapter concludes by considering new paradigms for implantable cardiac support. Most frequently, these devices support left ventricular function (left ventricular assist devices), and this comprises the majority of our discussion.

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