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Zaikovskii, Alexey. "Structural Features of the Carbon Material Synthesized by Plasma-Arc Method at Low Buffer Gas Pressure". Applied Mechanics and Materials 864 (kwiecień 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.864.36.
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The carbon material was synthesized by the plasma-arc method at the buffer gas pressure of 3 Torr. The material has physical properties different from the properties of the material synthesized at pressure of 25 Torr and higher. The low pressure of buffer gas leads to formation of materials consisting of carbon nanoparticles with average size lower than 10nm. The nanoparticles have form of carbon globules, which consist of the graphite-like structure. This structure is the composition of the stacked, twisted and closed nanofragments of graphene. The dominating interlayer distance in the structure is 0.4 nm. The dominating size of crystallinity La is 2.7nm. The graphite-like structure allows to enhance the electrical conductivity in compare with the material synthesized at buffer gas pressure of 25 Torr and higher. Nevertheless the conductivity of the material is significantly lower than the conductivity of pure graphite because of the contact resistance arising from the presence of the outer layer of amorphous carbon on some globules and the presence of the globules of fully amorphous carbon.
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Razd’yakonova, G. I., V. A. Likholobov, O. A. Kokhanovskaya i E. A. Kiseleva. "Compaction of dispersed carbon globules by their consolidation". Solid Fuel Chemistry 48, nr 3 (maj 2014): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521914030070.
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Pavlyuchenko, P. E., G. M. Seropyan, M. V. Trenikhin i V. A. Drozdov. "STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL UNDER INFLUENCE OF HIGH ENERGY LASER IRRADIATION". Российский химический журнал 62, nr 1-2 (1.02.2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/rcj.2018621-2.14.
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Laser pulse irradiation of the globular turbostratic carbon material in various conditions was carried out in this work. It was investigated by TEM that the formation of nanostructured particles (nanocapsules) during irradiation at 1064 nm wavelength occurs with power density of 108 W/cm2, and it’s rise up to 1011 W/cm2 leads to increase the degree of ordering of the obtained structures. It is shown that irradiation of the initial globules with pulses at 532 nm wavelength allows to reduce the interplanar spacing of graphene layers from 0,410 nm to 0,346 nm in the formed nanocapsules. The dependence of the maximum heating temperature of nanoparticles on the energy density on the laser spot was analyzed. The influence of the heating temperature of the carbon nanomaterial on structure and morphology was stated.
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Kumar, Rajeev, Harish Kumar Choudhary, Shital Patangrao Pawar, Suryasarathi Bose i Balaram Sahoo. "Carbon encapsulated nanoscale iron/iron-carbide/graphite particles for EMI shielding and microwave absorption". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, nr 34 (2017): 23268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03175k.
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Young, K., P. Cox, P. J. Huggins, T. Forveille i R. Bachiller. "Neutral Atomic Carbon in the Globules of the Helix". Astrophysical Journal 482, nr 1 (10.06.1997): L101—L104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/310677.
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Kim, H. G., i S. S. Hong. "Carbon monoxide observations of small dark globules: II. Stability analysis". New Astronomy 14, nr 5 (lipiec 2009): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2008.12.006.
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Kim, H. G., i S. S. Hong. "Carbon Monoxide Observations of Small Dark Globules. I. Internal Structure". Astrophysical Journal 567, nr 1 (marzec 2002): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338416.
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Silaev, V. I., G. A. Karpov, L. P. Anikin, E. A. Vasiliev, L. P. Vergasova i I. V. Smoleva. "Mineral-phase paragenes in explosive products of modern emergencies of Kamchatka and Kuril volcanoes. Part 1. Diamonds, carbon phases, condensed organoids". Вулканология и сейсмология, nr 5 (15.08.2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019554-67.
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In the products of modern volcanic identified carbonaceous mineral phase paragenes explosive-atmoelektrogenese origin comprising diamond cuboctahedral habitus with non-aggregated nitrogen defects (no signs mantle annealing), disordered graphite, shungito shaped asphalts (kerite-anthraxolite), carbon globules – cluster allotrope diuglerod composition, metallo-carbon nanomicrocomposites – a product of the shock-thermal decomposition of organometallic compounds and a biogenic organic compounds. The identified carbon paragenes is considered as a unique natural phenomenon indicating the existence of a global process of endogenous carbonization of the Earth's crust during the course of the crust-mantle interactions.
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Rogal, Lukasz, i Jan Dutkiewicz. "Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of X210CrW12 and 100CR6 Thixo-Cast Steels". Solid State Phenomena 186 (marzec 2012): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.311.
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Two kinds of deformed carbon steel were used as a feedstock for thixoforming: X210CrW12 tool steel cold worked, of composition 2,1 %C, 10,5 %Cr, 0,7 %W, 0,4 %Si (all in weight %), and bearing steel 100Cr6: (0,9% C, 1,4% Cr, 0,4% Mn, 0,3% Si, 0,2% Cu). The microstructures of X210CrW12 steel after thixoforming process at temperature of 1230°C, performed at 30 % of liquid show presence of globular grains (average size from 30 µm 50 µm) surrounded by the eutectic mixture. Measured chemical composition of the austenite in globules was: 2,5% C, 0,4% Si, 0,7% Mn, 12% Cr, 1,3% W, 0,1%V, 87% Fe and that of the eutectic mixture: 5%C, 0,4% Si, 0,6%, Mn, 1,1%, W, 17,5% Cr, 75,4% Fe in thixocast of X210CrW12 steel. Measured carbon content is too high, most probably due to contamination effect. TEM studies of this steel after thixoforming shows that the eutectic mixture consists of ferrite α-Fe and Cr7C3 carbides. Thixoforming of 100Cr6 bearing steel was conducted at temperature of 1420°C at about 25 % of liquid fraction. Thixocast microstructure consists of globular grains consisting of martensite needles and residual austenite (20 μm to 40 μm in size and average composition 0,9%C, 1,4 %Cr, 0,5%Mn, 0,3%Si). The chemical composition of the eutectic is following: 2,4% C, 2,6% Cr, 0,2%Si, 0,6%Mn.
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Kumar, Rajeev, i Balaram Sahoo. "Carbon nanotubes or carbon globules: Optimization of the pyrolytic synthesis parameters and study of the magnetic properties". Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 14 (kwiecień 2018): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.01.014.
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Khafagy, Sameh M., Khalid Guda i Y. F. Barakat. "Microscopic and Metallurgical Studies as a Function on Forensic Investigation of Electrical Fires". Key Engineering Materials 835 (marzec 2020): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.135.
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Electrical wires with melted ends showing beaded, drop-shaped, and pointed shapes are frequently encountered after fires that may provide useful information on the cause and development of the fire.Various methods have been studied for differentiating between primary arcing beads, (indicating arcing as the fire cause) and secondary arcing beads (indicating arcing as a result of the fire). There are few studies carried out on the melting globules produced due to fire heat. Also, in some major cases, primary arcing beads and secondary arcing beads are difficult to be identified by using one method. In this study, a full scheme of differentiating methods between simulated samples of melting globules, primary arcing beads and secondary arcing beads are processed with macroscopic investigation. The in-depth composition of carbon quantitative analysis and metallurgical analysis of these samples have been studied. The results of this study has proved that the real cases are compatible with simulated ones.
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Орлова, Т. С., А. А. Спицын, Д. А. Пономарев, Д. А. Кириленко i А. Е. Романов. "Новый гибридный материал монолитный биоморфный углерод/наночастицы никеля для устройств накопления энергии". Письма в журнал технической физики 45, nr 16 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.16.48149.17852.
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A new bioC/NiNPs hybrid material consisting of a highly porous biocarbon matrix (bioC) with uniformly distributed metallic nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) of 5-70 nm in size was obtained by a simple, cheap and environmentally friendly method. Using transmission electron microscopy, it has been shown that the structure of the carbon matrix preferably consists of onion carbon with hollow capsules/pores about 5 nm in size, and graphite globules up to 200 nm in size are also present. The composite bioC/NiNPs demonstrated a high electrochemical capacity and its high stability within 1000 charge-discharge cycles, which makes it a promising material for use as monolithic electrodes for supercapacitors.
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Moiseevskaya, G. V., G. I. Razd'yakonova, A. A. Petin i E. A. Strizhak. "New, Highly Structured Carbon Black of the OMCARB Series for Reducing the Hysteresis in Rubber. Part 1. Features of the Structure and Properties of Carbon Black". International Polymer Science and Technology 43, nr 12 (grudzień 2016): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1604301204.
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The aim of this work was to study the properties of carbon black CH85 of the OMCARB series and to compare them with the properties of standard carbon blacks N339 and N234. The morphological characteristics, the size distribution of the globules and aggregates, the surface area, the proportion of micropore area, the degree of branching of aggregates, and also the mechanical and chemical properties were measured and calculated. The average size of the aggregates of CH85 is greater than that of N339 and N234, and the aggregates have a more open and branched structure. The iodine adsorption by CH85 is practically the same as that by N339 and lower than that by N234. The low-hysteresis index calculated on the basis of structural data is much better for CH85. This opens up the possibility of using this type of carbon black for the development of elastomeric materials with low hysteresis.
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Kumar, Rajeev, i Balaram Sahoo. "One-step pyrolytic synthesis and growth mechanism of core–shell type Fe/Fe3C-graphite nanoparticles-embedded carbon globules". Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 16 (październik 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.05.005.
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KRASIL’NIKOV, V. N., E. V. SHALAEVA, I. V. BAKLANOVA, M. A. MELKOZEROVA, M. V. KUZNETSOV, E. V. ZABOLOTSKAYA, O. I. GYRDASOVA, L. YU BULDAKOVA i A. M. MURZAKAEV. "Synthesis, structure and spectroscopic characteristics of Ti(O,C)2/carbon nanostructured globules with visible light photocatalytic activity". Bulletin of Materials Science 39, nr 6 (październik 2016): 1569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1291-y.
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Rieznykova, N. L. "THE PECULIARITIES OF MILK QUALITATIVE CONTENT OF UKRAINIAN WHITEHEADED COWS". Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (28.03.2018): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.39.
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Introduction. Whiteheaded Ukrainian – native breed, animals of which are characterized with longevity, don’t require much care, have ability to compile rather high milk yield (particularly, record-yielding cow of the breed Оrbita during 300 days of the 7-th lactation – 12 339 kg) with rather high fat yield. However, now this breed is registered as endangered. Breed conservation should be done not only by way of state subsidizing, but as well and more effectively by way of breed commercialization. Like majority of local breeds, it can’t compete with commercial breeds on production quantity, but can do it on quality of it.
Quality, namely colour, taste and aroma of fresh raw milk are caused by its content, particularly fat acid content and aroma compound (aldehydes, carbon acids, amino compounds and so on). So, it seemed actual to investigate aroma composition, particularly, availability and amount of aroma compounds, ω-3 and ω-6-acids and fatty acid content of Whiteheaded Ukrainian cows’ and analogous groups of other breeds or crossbreds’ milk.
Besides it, milk value is determined as well by its «technology suitability», thus, suitability to processing, one of important indexes of which is milk homogeneity. Homogeneity is found as diameter of fat globules. Small fat globules diameter – important factor for fat storing in cheese curd, so, for avoiding its loss with whey.
So, the aim of the work was the defining of aromatics, fatty acid content and the diameter of fat globules of milk of cows of Whiteheaded Ukrainian breed and its crossbreds with Holstein.
Materials and methods. Sampling was done from animals of Whiteheaded Ukrainian (WhU) and its crossbred with Holstein (WhU+50%H), which were kept at the same conditions (one shed and the same ratio) of «Podolian host-2004» Ltd. of Khmelnitskiy region. Sampling was done at dinner time by hands from cows, which were at the same stage of lactation (3-4 month) and were not the half- or whole sibs. Taking into account the possibility of objective simultaneous estimation at the equipment only 2 contrast samples, the sampling was done from 4 animals. Two reiterations of the experiment were done.
Fatty acid content was defined at chromatograph VARIAN 3900, equipped with column CP-Select CB for FAME, 100 mmx0.25mm, DF-0,25 (Varian firm) according to state standard ГОСТ Р 51483-99 «Fats and oils. The defining of individual fatty acids methyl ethers mass share to its sum by the method of gas chromatography». The preparation of experimental samples was done due to state standard ГОСТ Р 51486-99 «Fats and oils. Getting fatty acids methyl ethers».
Results. The analysis of milk aromatic constituents of experimental samples doesn’t confirm the predominance of any breed, though it should be checked at bigger massive.
The important characteristics of milk aromatic peculiarities is lactones availability and its concentration. It should be admitted, that the concentration of delta-dodecalactons is almost 3 times higher (4,25 mg/kg) in the milk of half-bred Holstein cow compared with Whiteheaded Ukrainian (1,66). Though, taking into account not-satisfying in number massive, this result should be checked. It’s a pity, but the effect of heterosis was not investigated, though the latter, as we know, is found on traits, which provide the viability of species (live weight, daily gain and so on). To investigate the influence of Holstein blood share on traits was not possible as well, as there were only half-bred animals in the herd.
There were found ramified fatty acids with chain length 13-17 carbon atoms at all researched samples in the form of iso- and anteiso-, which have anti-tumour activity. It should be admitted, that healthy anti-sclerotic and anti-ischemic ω-6 fatty acids, particularly, arachic acid, is found not at all samples, though linolic (ω-3) and its conjugate have almost equal distribution at all researched samples.
Comparison of milk fatty acid content of Whiteheaded Ukrainian, its crossbreds and Black-and-White breed of Sumy region (again, sooner, crossed with Holstein) showed predominance of milk of Whiteheaded cows and its crossbreds on certain fatty acids. Thus, animals of Black-and-White breed have considerably higher (in average 30,76 %, n=5) content of palmitic and stearic (13,96 %) acids (versus 23.8 on palmitic and 10.5 % on stearic of Whiteheaded Ukrainian and its crossbreds), which, as it is known, negatively influence human organism, creating cholesterol «clots» in vessels, though content of useful oleic acid proved to be higher at the milk of Black-and-White cows.
It should be stressed, that the milk of as Whiteheaded Ukrainian, so its crossbreds is suit for cheese-making, as the most profitable cheese-making is done of milk with fat globules’ size 1.5-3.0 mkm. For best human organism assimilation, the milk with smaller fat globules is better as well. So, researched milk samples meet all above-mentioned demands, as the largest number of globules have diameter 1,0-3,0 mkm.
Conclusions.
1. The speed of autochthonous breeds of Ukraine disappearing, particularly Whiteheaded Ukrainian, demands the finding out the other ways of its conservation, particularly, its production commercialization.
2. Milk as Whiteheaded Ukrainian, so its crossbreds with Holstein has rich fatty acid content.
3. The diameter of predominant number of fat globules of selected samples is at range 1,0-3,0 mkm, that is the most favourable for consuming and processing.
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Alekseeva, Olga, Artem Mikhalev, Elena Lutikova, Vladimir Porembsky, Mikhail Presnyakov, Vladimir Fateev, Boris Shapir i Sergey Grigoriev. "Structural and Electrocatalytic Properties of Platinum and Platinum-Carbon Layers Obtained by Magnetron-Ion Sputtering". Catalysts 8, nr 12 (18.12.2018): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120665.
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This article is devoted to further development of magnetron sputtering technology for catalysts and catalysts layer production for fuel cells and other electrochemical devices. Platinum-carbon films with Pt content up to 95–97 wt % were deposited using different sputtering regimes—DC (direct current) sputtering with and without application of a pulse negative bias voltage to the titanium substrate and also bipolar pulse sputtering with frequency of 10 kHz and 100 kHz. Composite platinum carbon targets were used for sputtering. Characteristics of platinum-carbon films were compared with those of platinum films deposited using the same regimes. The main methods of investigation were scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; potentiostatic and potentiodynamic methods. The catalytic activity of platinum-carbon films increased with platinum content and at a platinum concentration of 95–97 wt % became higher than that of platinum films sputtered in the same regimes. It was proposed that carbon atoms deposited on the substrate limited the mobility of the deposited platinum species and inhibited Pt cluster growth. Platinum-carbon films produced by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering with pulsed frequency 100 kHz consisted of narrow Pt columns with dome nanotops forming a well-developed surface. The porosity and specific surface of these columnar nanopillar films were higher compared with those of pure platinum films deposited under the same conditions. Moreover, the platinum-carbon films deposited using a bipolar pulse regime with a frequency of 100 kHz had the highest specific surface, porosity (30%) and catalytic activity in hydrogen and oxygen evolution due to a high ion current density and reduced pulse duration which inhibited the growth of large platinum globules.
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Jashari, Granit, Michaela Frühbauerová, Milan Sýs i Libor Červenka. "Extractive stripping voltammetry at a glassy carbon paste electrode for analysis of cow's milk and cream". Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (28.04.2020): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1299.
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In this paper, a procedure based on extractive accumulation of milk fat globules (MFGs) into a pasting liquid (lipophilic binder) of glassy carbon paste electrode (GCPE) with subsequent electrochemical detection by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) in 0.1 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 4.0 has been tested to find out whether it can be utilized as a simple screening analytical method for cow's milk and cream nutrition control. Since there is assumption that the necessary alkaline hydrolysis of cow's milk and subsequent extraction of lipophilic vitamins into an organic solvent could be avoided, several GCPEs differing in type (atactic polypropylene, paraffin oil, paraffin wax, silicone oil, and vaseline) and content (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%; w/w) of pasting liquid used were tested as part of complex optimization. The obtained results show that MFGs contain predominantly vitamin A (carotenoids and retinoids), especially all-trans-retinol, which could serve as significant marker of the fat content. However, their individual forms were not possible to distinguish due to the considerable anodic peak broadening (overlapping).
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Gun'ko, V. M., B. Charmas i J. Skubiszewska–Zięba. "Nanostructured composites with precipitated silica – Ni crystallites coated by char with carbonized starch". Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 14, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp14.02.143.
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Hybrid carbons/metals/metal (metalloid) oxides composites could be effective adsorbents for low– and high–molecular weight compounds, polar and nonpolar, gaseous and liquid. The presence of metal nanocrystallites and carbon nanostructures could provide catalytic properties in redox reactions. For more effective use of hybrid composites, their morphological, structural, textural, and adsorption characteristics should be appropriate for target applications and, therefore, well controlled. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize carbon/metal/silica nanostructured composites with varied content of metal (Ni) to control the mentioned characteristics. Precipitated silica Sipernat 50 was selected as a substrate. Potato starch was used as a carbon precursor. Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) of varied amounts was used as a precursor of Ni nanoparticles reduced upon the starch carbonization. After the starch carbonization and Ni reduction, a set of C/Ni/silica samples was studied using atomic force microscopy, X–ray diffraction, X–ray fluorescence spectroscopy, nitrogen and p-nitrophenol adsorption, thermogravimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. The presence of nickel phase results in the formation of smaller but denser packed char nanoparticles. Estimation of possible contribution of pores accessible for nitrogen molecules in silica globules and outer surface of carbon/Ni particles suggests that the carbon phase is porous that provides a significant part of the specific surface area of the composites. Amorphous silica and char phases are characterized by the presence of certain nuclei of radius (R) < 1 nm and 2 nm < R < 10 nm estimated from the XRD patterns using full peak profile analysis with a self–consistent regularization procedure. Ni crystallites are of several sizes, since particle size distributions include two–three peaks in the range of 3–13 nm in radius. The Raman spectra show that the main changes with increasing Ni content are characteristic to sp3 carbon structures (D line) in contrast to the sp2 structures (G line). The pore size distributions (both differential and incremental) demonstrate complex changes in a broad size range due to increasing Ni content in composites. As a whole, changes in the Ni content in nanostructured C/Ni/silica composites allow one to control the morphological, structural, and textural characteristics of the whole materials.
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Otte, Sandra, J. Gijs Kuenen, Lars P. Nielsen, Hans W. Paerl, Jakob Zopfi, Heide N. Schulz, Andreas Teske, Bettina Strotmann, Victor A. Gallardo i Bo B. Jørgensen. "Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur Metabolism in NaturalThioploca Samples". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, nr 7 (1.07.1999): 3148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.7.3148-3157.1999.
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ABSTRACT Filamentous sulfur bacteria of the genus Thioplocaoccur as dense mats on the continental shelf off the coast of Chile and Peru. Since little is known about their nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon metabolism, this study was undertaken to investigate their (eco)physiology. Thioploca is able to store internally high concentrations of sulfur globules and nitrate. It has been previously hypothesized that these large vacuolated bacteria can oxidize sulfide by reducing their internally stored nitrate. We examined this nitrate reduction by incubation experiments of washed Thioplocasheaths with trichomes in combination with 15N compounds and mass spectrometry and found that these Thioplocasamples produce ammonium at a rate of 1 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1. Controls showed no significant activity. Sulfate was shown to be the end product of sulfide oxidation and was observed at a rate of 2 to 3 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1. The ammonium and sulfate production rates were not influenced by the addition of sulfide, suggesting that sulfide is first oxidized to elemental sulfur, and in a second independent step elemental sulfur is oxidized to sulfate. The average sulfide oxidation rate measured was 5 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1 and could be increased to 10.7 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1 after the trichomes were starved for 45 h. Incorporation of14CO2 was at a rate of 0.4 to 0.8 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1, which is half the rate calculated from sulfide oxidation. [2-14C]acetate incorporation was 0.4 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1, which is equal to the CO2 fixation rate, and no 14CO2 production was detected. These results suggest that Thioploca species are facultative chemolithoautotrophs capable of mixotrophic growth. Microautoradiography confirmed that Thioploca cells assimilated the majority of the radiocarbon from [2-14C]acetate, with only a minor contribution by epibiontic bacteria present in the samples.
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Samoichuk, Kyrylo, Dmytro Zhuravel, Nadiya Palyanichka, Vadim Oleksiienko, Serhii Petrychenko, Natalia Slobodyanyuk, Olga Shanina, Ivan Galyasnyj, Leonora Adamchuk i Vladyslav Sukhenko. "Improving the quality of milk dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer". Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (28.08.2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1407.
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Homogenization is a necessary process in the production of drinking milk and most dairy products. The specific energy consumption of the most common valve homogenizers reaches 8 kW h.t-1. A promising way to reduce it is the introduction of more effective counter-jet homogenizers. The purpose of these studies is to increase the efficiency of machines of this type through fuller use of their kinetic energy. To achieve this, the design of a ring reflector was developed and experimental studies were carried out to determine its influence on the efficiency of milk fat dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer. Calculations were made to determine the reflector’s design parameters. An installation for experimental research has been developed, in which the required milk pressure is created with the help of compressed carbon dioxide. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of milk sample micrographs obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C# software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of research, the formula for defining the angle of the reflector top has been determined analytically. Experimental studies proved its validity and allowed determination of the optimal diameter. A comparison of the dependence of the degree of homogenization on the excess pressure in a counter-jet homogenizer proves a 15 – 20% increase in the degree of dispersion when using a reflector. At the same time, specific energy consumption does not increase. Comparison of the distribution curves of milk fat globules by size after counter-jet homogenization and homogenization with a reflector suggests that the average diameter of fat globules for the experimental method decreases from 0.99 to 0.83 μm. This indicates the high quality of the dispersal characteristics of the milk emulsion after processing in a counter-jet homogenizer with a reflector.
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Shen, B. W., R. Josephs i T. L. Steck. "Ultrastructure of the intact skeleton of the human erythrocyte membrane." Journal of Cell Biology 102, nr 3 (1.03.1986): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.102.3.997.
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Filamentous skeletons were liberated from isolated human erythrocyte membranes in Triton X-100, spread on fenestrated carbon films, negatively stained, and viewed intact and unfixed in the transmission electron microscope. Two forms of the skeleton were examined: (a) basic skeletons, stripped of accessory proteins with 1.5 M NaCl so that they contain predominantly polypeptide bands 1, 2, 4.1, and 5; and (b) unstripped skeletons, which also bore accessory proteins such as ankyrin and band 3 and small plaques of residual lipid. Freshly prepared skeletons were highly condensed. Incubation at low ionic strength and in the presence of dithiothreitol for an hour or more caused an expansion of the skeletons, which greatly increased the visibility of their elements. The expansion may reflect the opening of spectrin from a compact to an elongated disposition. Expanded skeletons appeared to be organized as networks of short actin filaments joined by multiple (5-8) spectrin tetramers. In unstripped preparations, globular masses were observed near the centers of the spectrin filaments, probably corresponding to complexes of ankyrin with band 3 oligomers. Some of these globules linked pairs of spectrin filaments. Skeletons prepared with a minimum of perturbation had thickened actin protofilaments, presumably reflecting the presence of accessory proteins. The length of these actin filaments was highly uniform, averaging 33 +/- 5 nm. This is the length of nonmuscle tropomyosin. Since there is almost enough tropomyosin present to saturate the F-actin, our data support the hypothesis that tropomyosin may determine the length of actin protofilaments in the red cell membrane.
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Odusote, Jamiu Kolawole, i Adekunle Akanni Adeleke. "Analysis of Properties of Reinforcing Steel Bars: Case Study of Collapsed Building in Lagos, Nigeria". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (październik 2012): 3052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3052.
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The chemical compositions and the microstructures of reinforcing steel bars obtained from three different collapsed building sites were studied. Optical emission spectrometer was used to carry out the chemical analysis, while the microstructure was examined using an optical microscopy. The carbon contents of the steel bars were found to be higher than BS4449 and ASTM706 standards, but they are in close range with the Nst-65-Mn standard. The manganese contents of the steel bars are lower, while the sulphur and phosphorus contents are quite higher than the BS4449, ASTM706 and Nst-65-Mn standards. The hardness values of the investigated bars are higher than recommended BS4449 standard but lower than Nst-65-Mn standard. Brittle globules of Fe3P and FeS were observed within the structure possibly due to higher contents of deleterious sulphur and phosphorus. The results suggest that the investigated reinforcing bars are brittle and thus contributing significantly to the collapse of the building structures.
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Caumette, Pierre, Remy Guyoneaud, Johannes F. Imhoff, Jörg Süling i Vladimir Gorlenko. "Thiocapsa marina sp. nov., a novel, okenone-containing, purple sulfur bacterium isolated from brackish coastal and marine environments". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, nr 4 (1.07.2004): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02964-0.
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Four marine, phototrophic, purple sulfur bacteria (strains 5811T, 5812, BM-3 and BS-1) were isolated in pure culture from different brackish to marine sediments in the Mediterranean Sea, the White Sea and the Black Sea. Single cells of these strains were coccus-shaped, non-motile and did not contain gas vesicles. The colour of cell suspensions that were grown in the light was purple–red. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the okenone series were present as photosynthetic pigments. Photosynthetic membrane systems were of the vesicular type. Hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur and molecular hydrogen were used as electron donors during photolithotrophic growth under anoxic conditions; carbon dioxide was utilized as the carbon source. During growth on sulfide, elemental sulfur globules were stored inside the cells. In the presence of hydrogen sulfide, several organic substances could be photoassimilated. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed an affiliation of these four strains to the genus Thiocapsa. Both phylogenetic analysis and the results of DNA–DNA hybridization studies revealed that these strains formed a separate cluster within the genus Thiocapsa. Thus, according to phenotypic characteristics and mainly the carotenoid composition, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization data, it is proposed that these strains should be classified as a novel species, Thiocapsa marina sp. nov., with strain 5811T (=DSM 5653T=ATCC 43172T) as the type strain.
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Bjerreskov, M. "Vesicular virgular apparatus in the graptolite Orthograptus calcaratus". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 35 (1.06.1987): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1986-35-12.
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A pyritized virgular apparatus (nematularium) has been observed in Orthograptus calcaratus s.l. (Lapworth) from the Pleurograptus linearis Zone in the Ordovician Dicellograptus Shale on Bornholm, Denmark. Specimens preserved in full relief show the free part of the nematularium to be circular in cross section, 0.5 mm in diameter, surrounded by a carbon film, and infilled with pyrite. The surface is covered by rounded elongated hummocks that generally are irregularly arranged but in a few cases lie in one row or are paired. SEM investigations of cross sections reveal that the nematularium has internal carbonized membranes surrounding vesicular tissue. These virgular structures form in the distal part of the thecae portion of the rhabdosome. This new type of vesicular nematularium is unique as earlier observations on other diplograptids showed the nematularia to be single-walled, with two or three vanes. The formation of the vesicular virgular apparatus and its life function is discussed: it most likely had a floating and/or stabilizing function, and may have contained buoyant material, such as vacuolated tissue with fat globules or gas inclusions.
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Ozturk, Feral, Mehmet Gul, Burhan Ates, I. Cetin Ozturk, Asli Cetin, Nigar Vardi, Ali Otlu i Ismet Yilmaz. "Protective effect of apricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) on hepatic steatosis and damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in Wistar rats". British Journal of Nutrition 102, nr 12 (13.10.2009): 1767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509991322.
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The present study was planned to investigate the protective effect of 10 % and 20 % apricot-containing feed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic steatosis and damage. Adult male Wistar rats (n42) were divided into six groups of seven each, as follows: control group; CCl4group; CCl4+10 % apricot group; CCl4+20 % apricot group; 10 % apricot group; 20 % apricot group. All apricot groups were fed with 10 % or 20 % apricot-containing feed for 5 months. CCl4injections were applied to the CCl4groups at the dose of 1 mg/kg for 3 d at the end of 5 months. In the CCl4group, vacuolated hepatocytes and hepatic necrosis were seen, especially in the centrilobular area. Hepatocytes showed an oedematous cytoplasmic matrix, large lipid globules and degenerated organelles. The area of liver injury was found significantly decreased with apricot feeding. Malondialdehyde and total glutathione levels and catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly changed in the CCl4group and indicated increased oxidative stress. Apricot feeding decreased this oxidative stress and ameliorated histological damage. We concluded that apricot feeding had beneficial effects on CCl4-induced liver steatosis and damage probably due to its antioxidant nutrient (β-carotene and vitamin) contents and high radical-scavenging capacity. Dietary intake of apricot can reduce the risk of liver steatosis and damage caused by free radicals.
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Raji, Maliheh, Hossein Abolghasemi, Jaber Safdari i Ali Kargari. "Hydrodynamic study of an emulsion liquid membrane containing carbon nanotube in a mixer–settler: Mean size and size distribution of emulsion globules". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 139 (listopad 2018): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.09.014.
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Parshina, Sofiya, Elena Zhuravleva, Anna A. Nikitina, Denis Grouzdev, Nadezhda Kostrikina, Vadim Kevbrin, Andrey Novikov i in. "Syntrophic Growth of Biomaibacter acetigenes Strain SP2 on Lactate and Glycerol". Fermentation 9, nr 6 (11.06.2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060557.
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A moderately thermophilic Gram-positive chemo-organotrophic bacterium, strain SP2, was isolated by serial dilutions with crotonate and yeast extract as substrates from a butyrate-degrading methanogenic enrichment obtained from thermophilically digested sludge of the Kuryanoskaya wastewater treatment plant (Moscow, Russia). Cells of strain SP2 are spore-forming rods, sometimes occurring in short chains. The bacterium is an obligate anaerobe that grows at temperatures from 20 to 70 °C (55–60 °C optimum) within a pH range of 3.5–8 (7.5 optimum) and with NaCl concentrations of up to 2.5%. The strain utilized yeast extract and simple sugars as carbon and energy sources. Thiosulfate was used as an electron acceptor when grown on sucrose, resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide and the accumulation of elemental sulfur globules inside the cells. Strain SP2 is phylogenetically related to Biomaibacter acetigenes strain SK-G1T as revealed by comparison with the 16S rRNA gene (99.9% identity) and genome (ANI 99%, dDDH 90%) of both strains. It is interesting that strain SP2 was capable of syntrophic conversion of glycerol and lactate when co-cultivated with hydrogenotrophic methanogen, which was not previously shown for the SK-G1T type of strain. The isolation and in-depth study of new facultatively syntrophic microorganisms is important for wastewater treatment ecotechnologies due to their ability to switch to an alternative source of carbon and energy and therefore greater resistance to changing environmental conditions in bioreactors.
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Pérez-Gálvez, Antonio, María Visitación Calvo, Josefa Aguayo-Maldonado i Javier Fontecha. "An Integrative Approach of an In Vitro Measurement of the Digestibility of Triacylglycerols of Human Milk". Molecules 26, nr 7 (30.03.2021): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071935.
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Several studies have been published regarding the effect of different factors on the digestion of milk lipids, considering their natural structural arrangement as milk fat globules and the efficiency of the digestive enzymes in the lipolysis of such complex structures. During digestion, the lipolytic products are dispersed in vesicles and micelles, which are the source for absorption of digested lipids. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the isolation of the micellar phase from the digesta to appropriately determine the amounts and classes of lipids which are bioaccessible. This study presents an integrative approach that included an isolation procedure to separate the micellar fraction from undigested and non-micellar parts, and the distribution of digested milk lipids in micelles determined directly through chromatographic techniques. Four groups of five full term mothers donated colostrum or mature milk. Two sets of samples were analyzed directly (raw), and two sets were pasteurized and then analyzed. Our data revealed that the profile of digested milk lipids is different depending on the lactation period and processing stage, while the carbon atom number distribution of the digested triacylglycerols in the micellar fraction provides a substantial information regarding the acylglycerols species that are less available for absorption.
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C.E., Odu, Ogbonna C.I.C., Bukbuk D., Chukwu O.O.C., Yerima I. i Mustapha D. "The Abilities of Four Species of Nigerian Aquatic Phycomycetes to Utilize Petroleum and Petroleum Products as Sole Carbon Sources". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, nr 3 (31.01.2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n3p240.
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Studies were carried out on the abilities of four aquatic phycomycetes species isolated from crude oil polluted marine , brackish and fresh water environments in Nigeria to utilize refined Petroleum and Petroleum products as sole sources of carbon. The said species of fungi included Brevilegnia indica, Protoachyla paradoxa, Saprolegnia bhargavi and Thraustotheca clavata. They were grown on fungal culture media which contained mineral salts solution, refined petroleum, kerosene and diesel as sole sources of carbon and agar as a solidifying agent. Two concentrations of each of the resulting oil agar media were used vis 1% and 2%. The resultant medium was then used to culture each of the test fungi in triplicates. The resultant culture plates were then incubated at 25 OC and left for daily observation. The test fungi that grew on each medium were observed for their abilities to emulsify the refined petroleum or its products (diesel and kerosene). Control experiments were also set up using Malt Extract Agar medium. Brevilegnia indica grew on 1% petroleum and diesel growth media but did not grow on kerosene medium. Protoachyla paradoxa grew minimally on diesel medium at 1% and 2% compositions. Saprolegnia bhargavi did not grow on the petroleum agar medium or petroleum products media. Thraustotheca clavata grew minimally on the kerosene medium at both 1% and 2% compositions. The four test fungi emulsified the diesel agar medium at both 1% and 2% compositions. Brevilegnia indica emulsified only petrol at 1% while Non of the isolates emulsified the kerosene medium at both 1% and 2% compositions. Oil globules were also observed in the vegetative hyphae of the test fungi which grew on the experimental culture media. This means that such fungi either degraded or accumulated the petrol or petroleum products in their systems.
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Rabold, Sandra, Vladimir M. Gorlenko i Johannes F. Imhoff. "Thiorhodococcus mannitoliphagus sp. nov., a purple sulfur bacterium from the White Sea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, nr 8 (1.08.2006): 1945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63981-0.
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A novel purple sulfur bacterium, strain WST, was isolated from a microbial mat from an estuary of the White Sea. Individual cells are coccoid shaped, motile by flagella and do not contain gas vesicles. The mean cell diameter is 1.85 μm (range 1.5–2.0 μm). Cell suspensions exhibit a purple–violet colour. They contain bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the rhodopinal series as photosynthetic pigments. The novel bacterium is an anoxygenic photoautotroph, using sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfite and elemental sulfur as electron donors for photosynthesis and is capable of photoassimilating several organic carbon sources in the presence of carbonate and a reduced sulfur source (sulfide and/or thiosulfate). Sulfur globules, formed during oxidation of sulfide, are stored transiently inside the cells. Optimal salinity and pH for growth are at 0.5–2.0 % NaCl and pH 7.0–7.5. The DNA base composition of strain WST is 61.8 mol% G+C. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the new isolate belongs to the genus Thiorhodococcus, with Thiorhodococcus minor CE2203T as the nearest relative (sequence similarity of 97.3 %). Several distinct differences from described species necessitate the description of a novel species. Thiorhodococcus mannitoliphagus sp. nov. is the proposed name, with strain WST (=ATCC BAA-1228T=VKM B-2393T) as the type strain.
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Cherifa, BENMOHAMED, SIBOUKEUR Oumelkheir i EDOUD Amar. "Influence of feeding on some physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of camel milk (Camelus dromadarius)". Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, nr 4 (15.05.2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i4.1658.
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Composition of camel milk changes according to the type of farming systems; (i) the traditional system based on the consumption of grassland natural plants and (ii) the “modern” system with feeding based on barley and alfalfa. Among components, we did not reveal any significant effect of farming system on either: pH, density, Dornic acidity, total dry extract, fat-free dry matter content, ash content, total protein content and fat content. However, a significant effect (P <0.05) on the vitamin C content was observed. The concentration being higher in the milk from camels in extensive system than in semi-intensive system. Although the diameter of the fat globules was comparable in both cases, a better dispersion was registered in the milk from the camels in the extensive system. If no difference occurred on the global fatty acid profile (proportion of short/medium/long chain fatty acids), lauric acid (C12: 0) and two fatty acids with 2n + 1 carbon atoms (C15: 0 and C17: 0) were present only in the lipids of milk from camels exclusively fed with Saharan rangelands plants. These results suggested that feeding would have consequences on the characteristics inherent in camel milk and partly responsible for its properties.
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Kumar, Rajeev, Anupama A.V., V. Kumaran i Balaram Sahoo. "Effect of solvents on the structure and magnetic properties of pyrolysis derived carbon globules embedded with iron/iron carbide nanoparticles and their applications in magnetorheological fluids". Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 16 (październik 2018): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.06.002.
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Ivaschenko, Valery, Gennady Shvachych, Maryna Sazonova, Olena Zaporozhchenko i Volodymyr Khristyan. "METALS HEAT TREATMENT MODEL". Modern Problems of Metalurgy, nr 23 (27.03.2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2020.01.05.
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This paper considers the problem of developing a model of thermal metal processing by multiprocessor computing systems. The obtained metal is used for high-strength fasteners manufactured by cold forging method without final heat treatment. The model is based on the heat treatment method of a billet from low- and medium-carbon steels intended for cold heading. The model aims at improving technological properties of a billet by ensuring high dispersion and uniformity of a billet structure across the entire plane of its cross-section.Implementation of the proposed model ensures the technical result of high dispersion and uniformity of the structure of the billet. The technological process of steel heat treatment is characterized by high performance, low power consumption, and improved performance characteristics. The apparatus for implementation of the spheroidization annealing regime determines the uniform distribution of cementite globules in the ferrite matrix, which means that it provides the necessary mechanical properties of the metal for its further cold deformation. The multiprocessor computing system software allows controlling the temperature conditions, both on the entire plane of the billet section, and across its length. Such temperature conditions are controlled in the center of the plane of the billet cross-section.Experimental studies of the heat treatment of metal products were conducted. In order to test the functions of the proposed model, several experiments were performed when a 20 mm diameter wire from 20G2G steel was subjected to heat treatment. Experimental studies have shown that metal has the necessary elasticity properties, saving the required hardness.
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Jafer, Rashida, Sarah A. Alsufyani, Javed Iqbal, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, Arshid Numan, Shahid Bashir, P. M. Z. Hasan i S. Wageh. "Silver Decorated and Graphene Wrapped Polypyrrole@Ni(OH)2 Quaternary Nanocomposite for High Performance Energy Storage Devices". Polymers 15, nr 5 (2.03.2023): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051267.
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In this work, silver (Ag) anchored over graphene (GN) wrapped polypyrrole (PPy)@ nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanocomposites were synthesized through a combination of oxidative polymerization and hydrothermal processes. The synthesized Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites were characterized for their morphological characteristics by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while the structural investigations were done by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The FESEM studies showed Ni(OH)2 flakes and silver particles attached over the surface of PPy globules, along with the presence of GN sheets and spherical silver particles. The structural analysis also showed the presence of constituents, i.e., Ag, Ni(OH)2, PPy, GN, and their interaction, therefore vouching that the synthesis protocol is efficacious. The electrochemical (EC) investigations were done in potassium hydroxide (1 M KOH) using a three electrode setup. The quaternary Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite electrode showed the highest specific capacity of 237.25 C g−1. The highest electrochemical performance of the quaternary nanocomposite is associated with the synergistic/additional effect of PPy, Ni(OH)2, GN, and Ag. The assembled supercapattery with Ag/GN@PPy-Ni(OH)2 as a positive and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode displayed eminent energy density of 43.26 Wh kg−1 with the associated power density of 750.00 W kg−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. The cyclic stability of the supercapattery (Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2//AC), comprising a battery-type electrode, displayed a high cyclic stability of 108.37% after 5500 cycles.
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Kaur, Tavjot, Simerpreet Kaur Sehgal, Satnam Singh, Sandeep Sharma, Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal i Vivek Sharma. "Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India". Sustainability 13, nr 3 (29.01.2021): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031398.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.
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Saini, Mohit Kumar, Weng ChihChe, Nathan Soulier, Aswathy Sebastian, Istvan Albert, Vera Thiel, Donald A. Bryant, Satoshi Hanada i Marcus Tank. "Caldichromatium japonicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic phototrophic purple sulphur bacterium of the Chromatiaceae isolated from Nakabusa hot springs, Japan". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, nr 11 (1.11.2020): 5701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004465.
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A novel thermophilic phototrophic purple sulphur bacterium was isolated from microbial mats (56 °C) at Nakabusa hot springs, Nagano prefecture, Japan. Cells were motile, rod-shaped, stain Gram-negative and stored sulphur globules intracellularly. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the normal spirilloxanthin series were the major pigments. Dense liquid cultures were red in colour. Strain No.7T was able to grow photoautotrophically using sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfite and hydrogen (in the presence of sulfide) as electron donors and bicarbonate as the sole carbon source. Optimum growth occurred under anaerobic conditions in the light at 50 °C (range, 40–56 °C) and pH 7.2 (range, pH 7–8). Major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (46.8 %), C16 : 1 ω7c (19.9 %), C18 : 1 ω7c (21.1 %), C14 : 0 (4.6 %) and C18 : 0 (2.4 %). The polar lipid profile showed phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminophospholipids to be the major lipids. The only quinone detected was ubiquinone-8. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that the novel bacterium is only distantly related to Thermochromatium tepidum with a nucleotide identity of 90.4 %. The phylogenetic analysis supported the high novelty of strain No.7T with a long-branching phylogenetic position within the Chromatiaceae next to Thermochromatium tepidum . The genome comprised a circular chromosome of 2.99 Mbp (2 989 870 bp), included no plasmids and had a DNA G+C content of 61.2 mol%. Polyphasic taxonomic analyses of the isolate suggested strain No.7T is a novel genus within the Chromatiaceae . The proposed genus name of the second truly thermophilic purple sulphur bacterium is Caldichromatium gen. nov. with the type species Caldichromatium japonicum sp. nov. (DSM 110881=JCM 39101).
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Ion, Rodica-Mariana, Lorena Iancu, Ramona Marina Grigorescu, Sofia Slamnoiu-Teodorescu, Ioana Daniela Dulama i Ioan Alin Bucurica. "Degradation Products Assessment of the Wooden Painted Surfaces from a XVIIth Heritage Monastery". Applied Sciences 13, nr 4 (7.02.2023): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042124.
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Currently, approximately 70% of paintings in museum collections are affected by the presence of metallic soaps, evidenced by spherical globules visible on the surface of the paintings. They are responsible for altering the paintings’ surface through processes such as exfoliation and cracking, or even in the form of surface “skins” that appear in the pictorial layers. The objective of this study is the investigation of the icon paintings from Saint Mary Monastery, Techirghiol, Romania, which underwent some restoration procedures. This study is so important/significant, due to the presence of efflorescence that is correlated with the conversion of some fatty acids, as palmitic acid, stearic acid and azelaic acid, in the so-called metallic soaps through the reaction of the metals contained in the pigments from the painting layer and the binder. The investigated paintings are strongly affected by zinc carboxylate aggregation, and for this, the sample was embedded in polyester resin and the obtained cross-section, after polishing, was investigated by microscopic techniques (optical microscopy (OM), stereomicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with electronic dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and gas-chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in good agreement with data from the literature. The potential result of this study is the identification and quantification of the metallic soap generated as a white deposit (probably salts, a kind of white efflorescence), from the binding medium of the metal carboxylate ionomer, by the crystallization of saturated fatty acids, through polymerization in oil. Six pigments (calcite, lithopone, carbon black, red ochre, vermilion, and ultramarine), present in the sublayers of the samples were identified.
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Kozyrev, N. A., I. V. Osetkovskii, A. A. Usol’tsev, E. V. Polevoi i A. R. Mikhno. "Composition of non-metallic inclusions and microstructure of electric arc coating formed using the flux-cored wire of Fe – C – Si – Mn – Сr – Ni – Mo system". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, nr 6 (22.06.2022): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-6-421-426.
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The article considers the study of composition of the non-metallic inclusions and microstructure of the electric arc coating using the flux-cored wire of Fe – C – Si – Mn – Cr – Ni – Mo system. Formation of the electric arc coating was carried out using the ASAW-1250 automatic arc welding machine by the investigated wire. In order to influence the level of contamination of the deposited metal with non-metallic oxide inclusions, aluminum gas purification dust was introduced into the flux-cored wire (instead of amorphous carbon). Composition of the electric arc coating was determined using XRF-1800 spectrometer. Microstructure of the electric arc coatings was studied by optical microscopy. The phase and elemental compositions were studied using scanning electron microscopy on MIRA 3 LMH instrument. Non-metallic inclusions in the electric arc coating consist of oxides of silicon, fluorine, calcium, aluminum and magnesium oxides. The darker component in the inclusion, which looks like rectilinear crystals directed from the surface deep into the inclusion, has a similar phase composition, but differs somewhat in the content of chemical elements. A small dark component of a rounded shape (aluminum and magnesium oxides) is observed in the inclusion. Traces of sulfur are highlighted along the contour of the globules. Metallographic analysis of the deposited surface showed that the microstructure of the deposited layer is a coarse-needle martensite. The structure is uniform, has a dendritic (columnar) structure characteristic for cast metal. The results of the conducted investigations allow measures to be developed to reduce the content of non-metallic inclusions containing elements of fluorine, sodium and aluminum, which in turn may adversely affect the physical and mechanical properties of the deposited layer, for example, by using refining additives to reduce the contamination of the deposited layer with non-metallic inclusions.
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Santos, Cláudia N., Marta M. Alves, Isabel T. Bento i Ricardo B. Ferreira. "Missing pieces in protein deposition and mobilization inside legume seed storage vacuoles: calcium and magnesium ions". Seed Science Research 22, nr 4 (25.09.2012): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258512000177.
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AbstractDuring the maturation of dicotyledonous seeds, organic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur are stored in protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) as storage globulins. Several studies point to the coexistence of storage proteins with proteases responsible for their degradation inside PSVs. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain why there is no proteolysis during this period. Protein aggregation to form large supramolecular structures resistant to proteolytic attack could be the reason. However, during germination, and particularly following its completion, the globulin aggregates must undergo disintegration to allow protease attack for protein reserve mobilization. Based on the well-described concentration-dependent ability of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to promote in vitro aggregation and disaggregation of globulins, we explored a possible role for these alkaline earth cations in globulin packaging and mobilization. Ca2+ and Mg2+ measurements in purified PSVs [6.37 μmol and 43.9 μmol g− 1 dry weight (DW) of cotyledons, respectively] showed the presence of these two alkaline earth cations within this compartment. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been quantified in purified PSVs from Lupinus albus seeds. Considering the importance of these two alkaline earth cations inside PSVs, which represent 14.6% and 60.7% of the total seed Mg2+and Ca2+, respectively, globulin aggregation and disaggregation profiles were assayed using experimental conditions closer to those that are physiologically present (proportion of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and acidic pH). Based on: (1) the high in vivo abundance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ inside PSVs; and (2) globulin aggregation and disaggregation profiles, together with structural and physiological evidence already reported in the literature, an important physiological role for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in globulin packaging and mobilization inside PSVs is suggested.
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Palbag, Satadru, Sucheta Mondal, Taniya Bardhan i D. N. S. Gautam. "Comparative physico-chemical validation between Arsenic-based Indian traditional drugs Haratal Bhasma and Rasamanikya". Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2, nr 2 (25.04.2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2016.2204.
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Background: Arsenic containing drugs Rasamanikya (RM) and Haratal Bhasma (HB) are used in Ayurveda for the treatment of several ailments. They are prepared from raw Haratal (RH) by the distinct Ayurvedic procedure. Hence, proper scientific validation by physico-chemical studies is needed for their acceptability to the modern scientific community. Methods: RM and HB were prepared from RH. Namburi Phased spot test (NST) study was done to check the quality of prepared drugs. Loss on drying, extractive values, ash values was performed over the said two arsenic containing drugs. Sophisticated instrumental analysis like XRD, TEM, TGA, DTA, EDAX, AAS, etc. were studied to understand the crystal profiles, particle size, thermo stability, chemical microanalysis, trace elemental analysis of the drugs respectively. Results: XRD analysis of both RM and RH showed that they were comparatively amorphous in their structure. RH contains trace amount of lead which was confirmed by AAS analysis. TEM Image of HB showed that average particle size is 100nm. It is highly irregular in shape and is homogeneously distributed. While in the case of RM, images revealed that it is highly agglomerated to form small globules. Particles size is about 200nm. EDAX analysis revealed that RH contains Arsenic and Sulphur with wt% of Arsenic is 72.04% and sulphur is 27.96%. In HB wt % of Arsenic is 58.69% and sulphur is 11.69%. RM contains 41.77% wt % of Arsenic and 15.81% of sulphur. Both RM and HB also contain oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc. The DTA plot showed two endothermic peaks in the range of 300 to 600oc in the three samples of RH, HB and RM. Conclusion: Thus an attempt has been made for creating a comparative database of two such drugs by the incorporating modern analytical methods. It can be concluded that there were minimal comparative differences found in the HB and RM but HB showed better results from the standardization point of view.
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Maharramova, M. Ya, I. S. Guliyev, A. B. Huseynov i E. B. Zeynalov. "Carbonic nanostructures in subsurface rocks: problem review Part II. Graphene, carbonic nanotubes, nanofibers". Azerbaijan Oil Industry, nr 9 (15.09.2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-9-22-31.
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The paper reviews the publications on the search and exploration of carbonic nanotubes and other nanocarbonic structures in subsurface rocks. It is shown that the graphenes and carbonic nanotubes (CNT) exist in the composition of various magmatic and sedimentary rocks. They are formed in the graphite globules of volcanic rocks, as well as in the sediments, where the pressure, the particles of metallic catalysts, the tension stresses and time factors in million years compensate the absence of high temperatures. Experimental laboratory modeling of natural processes has been carried out and the reality of formation of carbonic nanostructures during the pyrolysis of volcanic gases on the lava catalysts, mechanical activation and processing of amorphous carbon or bituminous coal shown. Principal possibility of realization of technology of CNT mass production via pyrolysis of hydrocarbon crude material in the presence of different catalytically-active natural minerals has been reviewed and proven. The analysis of the aspects following the activity of mud volcanoes shows that there are all suppositions for the formation of carbonic nanostructures: the pressure bump of deep rocks out of the hot eruptive centre, methane as carbonic crude, catalytically-active breccias containing transition metals and their oxides, the process of methane burning in the medium poor of oxygen. However, it is not yet absolutely clear. As a working hypothesis we propose a model of formation of these structures due to the mud volcanism activity in the reactions of methane flow, the catalysts in which natural minerals exist. In such processes as a result of intensive methane flow, there occur negative pressure values and cavitation effects in the presence of which local temperature and pressure increase efficient for formation of adamantine and nanosize carbonic structures take place. In case if this mechanism is real, the studies point to a perspective of obtaining valuable products in conditions of natural geological processes. There are no messages or publications yet on the exploration of carbonic nanostructures in the rocks of mud volcanoes.
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Rincón-Silva, Nelson Giovanny, Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján i Liliana Giraldo Giraldo. "Thermodynamic Study of Adsorption of Phenol, 4-Chlorophenol, and 4-Nitrophenol on Activated Carbon Obtained from Eucalyptus Seed". Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/569403.
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Activated carbons from shell eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) were prepared by chemical activation through impregnation with solutions of two activators: sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, the surface areas for activated carbons with base were 780 and 670 m2 g−1and the solids activated with acid were 150 and 80 m2 g−1. These were applying in adsorption of priority pollutants: phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solution. Activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacity has values of 2.12, 2.57, and 3.89 on phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol, respectively, and was activated with base. In general, all carbons adsorption capacity was given in the following order: 4-chlorophenol > 4-nitrophenol > phenol. Adsorption isotherms of phenols on activated carbons were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radusckevisch-Kanager models, finding great association between them and experimental data. A thermodynamic study was performed, the exothermic nature and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process were confirmed, and the favorability of adsorption on activated carbons with NaOH was confirmed by energy relations and concluded that the adsorption process of phenolic compounds from the activated carbon obtained is physical. The pH of solutions and pH at point of zero charge of the solid play an important role in the adsorption process.
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Ненашев, Г. В., М. С. Истомина, И. П. Щербаков, А. В. Швидченко, В. Н. Петров i А. Н. Алешин. "Композитные пленки на основе углеродных квантовых точек в матрице проводящего полимера PEDOT : PSS". Физика твердого тела 63, nr 8 (2021): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.08.51176.090.
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Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and their composites with the conducting polymer PEDOT: PSS were obtained by the hydrothermal method from glucose, and their electrical properties were investigated in the temperature range 77-280 K. CQDs have a globular structure with globule sizes of ~ 50 nm. The dependences of the resistivity on temperature, (T), have been obtained for the films of CQDs, PEDOT:PSS-CQDs and PEDOT: PSS, which have a weak activation character. It was found that the values of the CQD films are several orders of magnitude higher than the values of the PEDOT: PSS films. It has been shown that with an increase in the content of CQDs in the PEDOT:PSS-CQDs composites, the (T) dependences exhibit a transition from high activation energies (~ 17-18 meV), characteristic of pure PEDOT: PSS, to lower values (~ 10 meV) observed in CQD films. The mechanism of transport of charge carriers in the investigated materials is considered.
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Bello, G., R. Garcı́a, R. Arriagada, A. Sepúlveda-Escribano i F. Rodrı́guez-Reinoso. "Carbon molecular sieves from Eucalyptus globulus charcoal". Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 56, nr 2 (listopad 2002): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(02)00465-1.
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Bhardwaj, Atul, i K. K. Chandra. "Biomass and Carbon Stocks of Different Tree Plantations in Entisol Soil of Eastern Chhattisgarh India". Current World Environment 11, nr 3 (25.12.2016): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.17.
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In present study, biomass and carbon accumulated in different tree species plantations after 25 year age of planting in entisol soil was evaluated. Plant attributes viz MAI diameter, MAI height, AGB and BGB and total biomass of trees exhibited significant variations among tree species however, A. lebbeck was found to have highest MAI diameter while E. globulus scored the highest MAI height among all other trees of investigation. Total biomass was found maximum 30.16 q/tree followed with 16.66 q/tree in A. lebbeck and E. globulus respectively as compared to average biomass of all tree species (8.15 q/tree). The performances of D. indica and D. sissoo were poor as they rendered less biomass in entisol soil. Total carbon stocks of plantation was estimated highest (942.50 t/ha) in A. lebbeck followed by E. globulus (520.62 t/ha), T. arjuna (143.12 t/ha), A. indica (106.87 t/ha) etc.
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Feyisa, Dadi, Endalkachew Kissi i Zerihun Kebebew. "Rethinking Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Based Land Use Systems in Smallholder Farmers Livelihoods: A Case of Kolobo Watershed, West Shewa, Ethiopia". Ekológia (Bratislava) 37, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2018-0006.
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AbstractDespite their restriction, smallholder farmers have been continuing growing Eucalyptus globulus in the cultivated land in the central highland of Ethiopia. Literature has shown controversial issues against E. globulus. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the compatibility of E. globulus in the smallholder farmers’ land use system. Soil samples were collected from five different land uses and analysed for selected physical and chemical properties. The socioeconomic contribution of E. globulus was collected through household surveys from 110 households. Analysis of soil showed that organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly higher (P<0.05) under E. globulus compared to the cultivated land. The survey results also showed that the largest proportion (58%) of households was interested in growing E. globulus because of its multiple uses. About 83% of households responded that E. globulus help them to attain food security through increasing the purchasing power of smallholder farmers to buy agricultural inputs and food. This study has substantiated the role of E. globulus in the land use system of smallholder farmers. Most of the soil fertility indicators were better under E. globulus. The present finding reveals that E. globulus degrade the soil seemingly difficult to generalise. Growing E. globulus must be promoted under appealing land use to enhance smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. Removing E. globulus from the land use system may jeopardise the food security situation of many households.
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Tan, Heng, Ya Ni Xu, Ren Xing Li, Ze Wang i Xiu Xiang Chen. "Researches of Fabrication of Globular ZnO and the Super-Hydrophobicity". Advanced Materials Research 763 (wrzesień 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.763.3.
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In order to reduce the adherence of platelets to the pyrolytic carbon surface of cardiac valve prosthesis, micro patterns are textured on the surface by nanosecond laser. As the basement, the textured pyrolytic carbon then reacts with formamide and zinc by hydrothermal method for preparation of globular ZnO film. In the process, the formamide concentration should be 10%, temperature at 70°C and the time lasts for 24 hours. Subsequently, scanning electron microscope (SEM) is employed for observation of its characteristics and morphologies and Optical Contact Angle Measuring Device (OCA) for measurement of contact angles. The experimental results indicate that the ZnO film produced on the textured pyrolytic carbon surface is a globular structure, similar to dandelions and the contact angle with super-hydrophobicity feature is 155 o. So it is concluded that globular ZnO film makes the rough pyrolytic carbon surface endowed with the characteristic of super-hydrophobicity.
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Arriagada, Renán, Rafael García i Patricio Reyes. "Steam and carbon dioxide activation ofEucalyptus globulus charcoal". Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 60, nr 4 (sierpień 1994): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280600414.
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Sheriff, DW, i EKS Nambiar. "Nitrogen Nutrition, Growth and Gas Exchange in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Seedling". Functional Plant Biology 18, nr 1 (1991): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910037.
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Potted Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were grown in sand with added inorganic nutrients. Three treatments were applied: (1) inorganic nitrogen was added regulary (N2), (2) in a small initial quantity only (N1) and (3) after a period of N deficiency (N3); other nutrients were supplied regularly. Biomass increment, foliar nutrient concentrations and gas exchange of leaves were measured. Carbon assimilation, N uptake, growth, and leaf production and expansion were all greater at higher N. Partitioning of dry matter to roots and tops of seedlings was unaffected by treatment. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance were linearly related at saturating light and were positively associated with foliar N concentrations; intercellular CO2 partial pressures were constant at c. 246 μbar. The relationship between carbon assimilation and foliar N concentration was better when calculated per leaf weight than per leaf area. Dark respiration was positively associated with foliar N concentration. Following refertilisation of N-deficient seedlings, foliar N and carbon assimilation increased rapidly; about 20 days later N uptake declined and seedling biomass started to increase. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency [c. 5 mmol (CO2) mol-1 (H2O)] was not significantly affected by foliar N concentration or treatment. Instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency of leaves: (rate of carbon assimilation)/(leaf N content) was greater at higher N. In contrast to the literature, there was no simple relationship between nitrogen use efficiency of whole seedlings (biomass gain)/(nitrogen concentration) and seedling N. Instantaneous transpiration and nitrogen use efficiencies were generally high compared with values published for many woody plants. A simple model predicted that, with no environmental constraints, exposed mature leaves with high N (1.5 mmol g-1) assimilate 5.4 times more carbon than similar leaves with low N (0.5 mmol g-1). Night respiration of foliage is a greater proportion of daily carbon balance for leaves with low N. When environmental factors constrain carbon assimilation foliage with high N is most affected.