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Robache, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols dans l'air ambiant : application à la recherche de sources". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-320-321.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBurte, Marthe-Emilie. "Rhinite : caractérisation et association avec la pollution atmosphérique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV004.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhereas rhinitis has an important public health impact, in adults there is no standardized definition of rhinitis in epidemiological studies. Furthermore, environmental factors of rhinitis are barely known, and in particular, there are very few studies on the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on rhinitis in adults. To fill these gaps, we used data from two European multicentre epidemiological studies with extensive data on respiratory health and individual estimated exposures to long-term air pollution. Our findings showed that to better characterize rhinitis, one need to consider together all the characteristics of the nasal symptoms, the comorbidities and the allergic sensitization, and not to restrict the disease to one question or one allergic sensitization test. We found no association between long-term air pollution and incidence of rhinitis, but we showed that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated to an increased severity of rhinitis, emphasising that air pollution needs to be controlled
Vermeulen, Anne. "Caractérisation des aérosols à partir de mesures optiques passives au sol : apport des luminances totale et polarisée mesurées dans le plan principal". Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10219.
Pełny tekst źródłaFavez, Olivier. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution particulaire dans les mégapoles contrastées". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims at characterizing the physics and the chemistry that govern particulate air pollution in two megacities (paris and cairo) for which the size distribution and the chemical composition of airborne particles were poorly documented. Seasonnal variations of the main aerosol sources and transformation processes are investigated in these two urban centers, with a particular attention to semi-volatile material and secondary organic aerosols. Short-term health effects of paris size-segregated aerosols, as well as particulate pollution during the cairo "black cloud" season, are also emphasized. Finally, the comparison of results obtained for these two megacities and for another one (beijing) allows investigating main factors responsible for particulate air pollution in megacities with contrasted climatic conditions and economic situations. Noteworthy, this work also allowed the build-up of an experimental dataset which is now available for the modelling of urban air quality and of environmental impacts of megacity air pollution
Geffroy, Sylvain. "Méthodologies de caractérisation des aérosols atmosphériques par télédétection optique". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10177.
Pełny tekst źródłaCharron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés". Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Pełny tekst źródłaWorks presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Machado, Echalar Francisco Agustin. "Caractérisation de la fraction minérale des particules émises par les feux de végétation tropicale". Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120032.
Pełny tekst źródłaYavuz, Hande. "Dépôt par plasma à pression atmosphérique et caractérisation des nanostructrures obtenues". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685122.
Pełny tekst źródłaKoffi, Ernest N'dri. "Caractérisation expérimentale de l'écoulement atmosphérique autour d'un massif montagneux (expérience Pyrex)". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30177.
Pełny tekst źródłaIonascut, Nedelcescu Anca Marina. "Caractérisation d'une décharge à barrière diélectrique à pression atmosphérique et son afterglow". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1908.
Pełny tekst źródłaBouaziz, Moez. "Caractérisation d'un plasma d'arc à la pression atmosphérique au voisinage de l'anode". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30306.
Pełny tekst źródłaCirtog, Manuela. "Caractérisation des complexes hydratés d'intérêt atmosphérique par spectroscopie infrarouge en phase gazeuse". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066701.
Pełny tekst źródłaDo'un, Giath. "Caractérisation de la pollution de l'air en milieu urbain à l'aide des images satellitaires et des systèmes d'information géographique". Marne-la-Vallée, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MARN0338.
Pełny tekst źródłaBourrier, Vincent. "Caractérisation des planètes extrasolaires et de leurs atmosphères (Spectroscopie des transits et échappement atmosphérique)". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070086.
Pełny tekst źródłaPhongphinittana, Ekkarin. "Assemblages composites-polymères après traitement par plasma atmosphérique du composite : caractérisation mécaniques et modélisation". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0070.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing the proposals of the European Commission, to achieve the goals of emission reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from cars. To achieve this objective, automakers must reduce the weight of the car. Thus the supplier Faurecia, manufacturer of car seats desires to replace metal structures by structure plastic-metal hybrid (PMH). And they desire also to use a composite material to replace metal in order to reduce weight. Moreover in order to improve the adhesion strength at the interface piece hybrid structure,Atmospheric plasma technique was used.In this context, we studied the effects of plasma treatment on term of adhesion in the hybrid structure in order to provide the best condition of treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of plasma treatment by determination at the parameters in the process such as the scanning speed, the distance between the substrate and the plasma torch and the number of passes of the torch, then to predict the initiation of delamination under quasi-static loading test in specimen of single lap shear by using the criterion of rupture. The other objective was to study the micromechanical model to assess the reliability of them. And they will be applied to predict the mechanical behavior of Short Glass Fiber reinforced thermoplastic. In order to achieve the objectives presented, the several tests such as tensile test, single lap shear test and ARCAN-Mines test have been executed. In parallel, techniques acoustic emission (AE), infrared radiation (IR) and optical microscopy were used in order to follow the failure mechanisms of the specimen studied. Finally, the finite element method was used to simulate the tests and allow to verify the reliability of the failure criterion
Tozza, Jean-René. "Caractérisation de la turbulence atmosphérique par RADAR VHF et premières observations par RADAR HF". Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaA lagrangian approach allows the turbulent diffusion coefficient and the lagrangian correlation time to be estimated from the expression of the VHP radar signal autocorrelation fonction. A measurement technique, using the beam broadening effect, allows the estimation of the correlation length of the refractive-index flutuations. The estimation of the following parameters are presented: turbulent velocity, aspect sensitivity and correlation length. An original beam forming technique is realized with only one antenna. The obtained 2D patterns and wind velocity estimation are successfully compared with those obtained with a classical technic using 16 antennas. A realisation of an HF radar (20MHz), as a sounding system of the lower neutral atmosphere, is presented for the first time. The preliminary resluts are discussed
Bilodeau, Pierrick. "Modélisation et caractérisation à pression atmosphérique de lentilles électrostatiques à focalisation forte de type quadripolaire". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26103.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this project was to test the possibility of incorporating a system of quadrupole lenses into the ion source LDTD with the aim of focusing the ion beam created by the source. Since this kind of ion source operates under atmospheric pressure and the space in which the electrostatic lenses would be incorporated is fairly small, it was necessary to test if this type of lenses would be able to properly work with these restrictions. The first step was to obtain a proof of concept by simulating the lenses with the program SIMION and the user program SDS which allow us to simulate ions moving through a gas and different electric fields. We then created and characterized them by trying different configurations. All configurations succeeded in focusing the ion beam, but at the expense of an increase in the voltage needed to create the corona discharge.
Wang, Junnan. "Caractérisation et mise en oeuvre d'une nouvelle Chambre Expérimentale de Simulation Atmosphérique Multiphasique (Projet CESAM)". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077079.
Pełny tekst źródłaA better understanding for the mechanism of secondary photochemical pollution production and the atmospheric aerosols formation and their future during the transport in the air may greatly improve the estimation of global radiative forcing and the prediction of climate changing of our planate. In the laboratory, an efficient way to study the gas-phase photochemistry and aerosol chemistry is to carry out the experiences under the well controlled conditions as close as possible to the real atmosphere. Today, the big atmospheric simulation reactors have been widely used for atmospheric chemistry studies. In this thesis, we present the design of a new experimental atmospheric simulation chamber for multiphase's chemistry investigation. The main objective of my thesis is to complete and characterise the entire instrumentation and ail basic technical and physic-chemical chamber parameters. To eventually qualify our results, several experiences have been carried out in the chamber by simulating more complex photochemical models, and by simulating secondary organic aerosol formation. The results have shown a capability of studying the reactivity of photochemistry in CESAM chamber by simulating the environment of troposphere and even at a higher altitude till 25 km. The powerful technical equipments and analytical methods allow us as well to carry out the experiences for aerosol chemistry studies: quantification and dynamic observation of secondary organic aerosol produced in the chamber and their evolution of physic-chemical properties during the aging in the atmosphere
Waquet, Fabien. "Apport de l'information multispectrale (0. 49-2. 2 µm) et polarisée pour la caractérisation des aérosols". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Waquet.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaUne comparaison des paramètres des aérosols restitués par cet algorithme, avec des mesures au sol, a permis de valider l'ensemble de l'instrument et la méthode utilisée. Notre instrument, associé à un lidar aéroporté (radar optique), a également permis de caractériser spatialement et verticalement les propriétés des aérosols naturels observés en mer Méditerranée. Au-dessus des terres, un nouvel algorithme de détection, s'appuyant sur la mesure polarisée à 2. 2 µm a été développé et évalué. Une étude des propriétés polarisantes des surfaces a confirmé la bonne neutralité spectrale des sols du visible au moyen-infrarouge. La mesure à 2. 2 µm a donc été utilisée pour estimer la contribution des surfaces dans l'ensemble des bandes spectrales. Une méthode, plus classique, basée sur l'utilisation de la luminance totale, a également été considérée. La comparaison des deux approches montre que seule la méthode basée sur l'utilisation de l'information multispectrale polarisée permet, dans le cas de particules de pollution, de restituer les paramètres de taille et de charge des aérosols, à la fois au-dessus des surfaces naturelles et urbaines. Le travail présenté ici constitue une étape importante de validation instrumentale et méthodologique, dans le cadre du développement d'un capteur spatial, polarisé, multiangulaire et multispectrale qui fait suite à POLDER et qui préfigure l'instrument OSIRIS
Monnier, Judith. "Corrosion atmosphérique sous abri d'alliages ferreux historiques : caractérisation du système, mécanismes et apport à la modélisation". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00369510.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmblard-Gross, Géraldine. "Bryophytes et biomonitoring des retombées atmosphériques en métaux et éléments traces : caractérisation de la variabilité à différentes échelles d'utilisation". Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Amblard_Gross.Geraldine.SMZ0029.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLetertre-Danczak, Julie. "Caractérisation des aérosols au-dessus des océans à partir des capteurs spatiaux de l’A-TRAIN". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10024/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWithin climatic change issues, one of the unknowns remains the characterization of the aerosol radiative properties at global scale. Different ways of monitoring aerosols from surface or space have been developed during the recent years and our present study is especially focused on observations over ocean from two satellite instruments, MODIS/AQUA (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer of NASA) and POLDER/PARASOL (POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances of CNES), that are both part of the “A-Train” constellation. From the radiances reflected by the “Earth-Atmosphere” system, we can monitor the distribution of different aerosol types (smoke, dust, pollution) over specific regions and with a good temporal frequency.We can first compare results obtained by each sensor that are using different techniques, MODIS favor spectral domain when POLDER considers the angular and polarized character of radiances. In a second step, it looks attractive to combine both data sets into a single inversion scheme. To do so, it requires to ensure that the radiances of the two instruments are consistent and to control the coherency of the assumptions used along the retrieval processing. We analyze the different steps: calibration, gaseous absorption and molecular scattering correction as well as the validity of the aerosol models. Lastly, we select specific events to analyze the evolution of aerosol plumes (content, size, composition) transported over the Atlantic Ocean
Cherin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des sources de polluants atmosphériques et de leurs dépôts sur les bassins versants urbains". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1057/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPas de résumés
Comeau, Monelle. "La caractérisation du climat givrant de sites éoliens : mesure, analyse de modèles et cartographie du givrage atmosphérique". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/139/1/COMEAU_Monelle.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis
Baneton, Joffrey. "Couches catalytiques et membrane échangeuse de protons pour piles à combustible :Synthèse par plasma atmosphérique et caractérisation". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/292147.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Buchard, Virginie. "Caractérisation du contenu atmosphérique en ozone et en aérosols au moyen de mesures spectrales dans l'UV : validation de l'instrument spatial OMI / AURA". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10025.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the discovery of the stratospheric ozone reduction in the middle of the 1980's, a monitoring of the ozone layer and UV irradiance was organized, using ground-based and satellite instruments. Measurements of UV radiation allow both to monitor the intensity of this radiation reaching the surface and to retrieve atmospheric compounds as content of ozone and aerosol characteristics. The main part of this work concerns the analysis and the use of UV spectral measurements performed at Villeneuve d'Ascq (VdA) and at Briançon. We continued the restitution of the total column of ozone that provides a multi-year record of this quantity. We determined two aerosol parameters, the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and the single scattering albedo; comparisons with photometric measurements from the AERONET/PHOTONS network appeared very good. The data obtained from September 2004 enabled us to be involved within the framework of an ESA project in the validation of the OMI/AURA instrument, which is dedicated to a global monitoring of ozone and UV. We have established that the OMI ozone products are very well retrieved, whereas spectral and erythemal dose UV have to be used with caution. At VdA, the comparisons between OMI-AOT and those derived fram graund-based measurements are not satisfying. Better results were obtained at six sites located in WesternAfrica region during the AMMA campaign, this region being influenced by high loads of absorbing aerasols
Mazet, Lionel. "Réalisation et caractérisation de structures micro-électroniques à base de semiconducteur III-V(InP)". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF22551.
Pełny tekst źródłaPersoons, Renaud. "Etude des méthodes et modèles de caractérisation de l'exposition atmosphérique aux polluants chimiques pour l'évaluation des risques sanitaires". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747456.
Pełny tekst źródłaArnoult, Grégory. "Microplasma micro-ondes en cavité résonnante à la pression atmosphérique : caractérisation et application à la nanostructuration de surface". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL008N/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to always go to the smallest, a plasma reactor microwave in resonant cavity operating at atmospheric pressure was developed at the Institut Jean Lamour (IJL, UMR 7198) in the team ESPRITS (Expériences et Simulations des Plasmas Réactifs - Interaction plasma-surface et Traitement des Surfaces).This plasma reactor has the particularity to provide post-discharge of small size (about one millimeter). An Ar-O2 gas is used as the plasma component. The filamentous appearance of this type of plasma is a major feature of the device. Furthermore, the afterglow is notably composed of atomic oxygen, active species such as widely used PECVD or surface functionalization.Our job was to develop the plasma reactor and to characterize the resulting afterglow. After mastering the key parameters that can play on the particular shape of the afterglow, we were interested in its use as a plasma source for surface treatment applications.We studied deposition of SiOx thin films from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) using post-discharge source of atomic oxygen for the decomposition of the organosilicon precursor. The HMDSO is used here because it is fairly easy to handle and it has often been studied, allowing us to obtain much information on him. Various self-organized structures appeared in these deposits and have been investigated to understand their formation mechanism
Riva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d’une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l’atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14942/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work deals with the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, hydroxyl radical, chlorine and nitrate radical). Among them, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as an important potential source of anthropogenic SOA. The oxidation of 4 main gaseous PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene) in the presence of main atmospheric oxidants has been performed in order to investigate the SOA formation. Characterization of both gas and particulate phases has been carried out using mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy allowing the identification of products in both phases. Then, chemical mechanisms have been proposed in order to explain SOA formation. SOA yields have been also determined to evaluate the impact of the gas phase oxidation of PAHs in SOA formation. Experiments have been carried out using flow tube and atmospheric simulation chambers. SOA fate has been investigated to determine the different oxidation processes involved in SOA aging
Petit, Marc. "Caractérisation et étude électrique de décharges pointe-plan à barrière diélectrique, dans l'air à pression atmosphérique, en vue d'en maîtriser la réactivité chimique". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112150.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis regards the chemical reactivity control of the dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) under alternative voltage. Numerous parameters control this reactivity: electrical, physical, geometrical and hydrodynamic parameters. The present work deals with the electrical characterization of these discharges. In that way we developed a numerical treatment to get numerous characteristics of the discharge current. The non-impulsive current (called pseudocontinuous current) is studied. We demonstrate that, in the negative voltage alternation, the discharge behaves as a negative glow discharge identified under negative DC corona. Moreover we show that this glow discharge extends in the whole gas gap but without any spark breakdown thanks to the dielectric barrier. This barrier allows higher glow currents than in DC corona without breakdown. The present work also studies the impulsive current behavior for discharges with and without gas gap. We thus show that the pulsed discharges may have different electrical characteristics and different development mode. Some look like streamers and others look rather like aborted arcs. These differences are important with a view to transposing the models developed without dielectric barrier to DBD. Finally, we notice that when changing electrical and geometrical parameters it modifies pulses electrical characteristics but sometimes with few changes regarding the chemical reactivity
Lalande, Jean-Marie. "Caractérisation des vents dans la moyenne atmosphère et basse thermosphère à partir d'observations d'ondes infrasonores". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779186.
Pełny tekst źródłaBernard, Claude. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of automatic fed boilers using broken wood follows an upward trend nowadays. These boilers have to fulfil the heating needs despite the heterogeneity of wood. The boiler has to fit its power and allow the use of wood which size and humidity may fluctuate. Our study uses an automatic fed boiler with moving grates of 200 kW. 1000 hours of combustion experiments with sawdust and chips, with different moistures varying according to 3 stages of power enable to achieve a representation of CO emitted from combustion depending on the humidity, the power and the air flow. This model allows to assess the environmental impact of different types of combustion regulations. A new logic of regulation has been then proposed : it enables to reduce up to 40% of the total CO emissions by a simple re-programming of the automaton and works whatever the wood characteristics or the demanded power
Buchard, Virginie. "Caractérisation du contenu atmosphérique en ozone et en aérosols au moyen de mesures spectrales dans l'UV : validation de l'instrument spatial OMI / AURA". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10025/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the discovery of the stratospheric ozone reduction in the middle of the 1980's, a monitoring of the ozone layer and UV irradiance was organized, using ground-based and satellite instruments. Measurements of UV radiation allow both to monitor the intensity of this radiation reaching the surface and to retrieve atmospheric compounds as content of ozone and aerosol characteristics. The main part of this work concerns the analysis and the use of UV spectral measurements performed at Villeneuve d'Ascq (VdA) and at Briançon. We continued the restitution of the total column of ozone that provides a multi-year record of this quantity. We determined two aerosol parameters, the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and the single scattering albedo; comparisons with photometric measurements from the AERONET/PHOTONS network appeared very good. The data obtained from September 2004 enabled us to be involved within the framework of an ESA project in the validation of the OMI/AURA instrument, which is dedicated to a global monitoring of ozone and UV. We have established that the OMI ozone products are very well retrieved, whereas spectral and erythemal dose UV have to be used with caution. At VdA, the comparisons between OMI-AOT and those derived fram graund-based measurements are not satisfying. Better results were obtained at six sites located in WesternAfrica region during the AMMA campaign, this region being influenced by high loads of absorbing aerasols
Riva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l'atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952636.
Pełny tekst źródłaLahd, Geagea Majdi. "Caractérisation chimique et isotopique des aérosols organiques/inorganiques et détermination de l'impact de la pollution atmosphérique sur l'environnement urbain". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR1GE14.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study was to determine the heavy metal pollution in the urban environment of Strasbourg and Kehl with help of isotopes. This study focused on three aspects: 1) The « natural » background isotopic composition in the Rhine Valley, Vosges Mountains and the Central Swiss Alps. 2) The REE characteristics and Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of steel plant emissions. 3) Tracing of industrial aerosol sources in an urban environment using Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes. Filter dust of the principal pollutant sources (waste incinerators, thermal power plant, and steel plant) and soot of car and ship exhaust have been analyzed. The industrial sources have variable εNd values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. PM10 collected in the urban centre of Strasbourg show the influence of different industrial and natural sources
Tomaz, Sophie. "Etude des composés polyaromatiques dans l’atmosphère : caractérisation moléculaire et processus réactionnels en lien avec l’aérosol organique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0416/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD work deals with a better characterization, at the molecular level of the organic atmospheric aerosol in relation to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and has been structured using two different but complementary approaches. Field measurements were conducted in Grenoble (France) and concentration levels, seasonal variability and gas/particle partitioning distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) have been investigated for one whole year. This field study allowed to a better understanding of primary vs secondary sources of OPAHs and NPAHs and specific molecular markers related to different sources have been identified. A complementary study was carried out using an atmospheric smog chamber, in order to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, two of the most abundant PAHs in the gas-phase. The formation of organosulfates and sulfonates, from the oxidation of gaseous PAHs, has been highlighted for the first time in this work and these compounds have been proposed as potential SOA markers of PAH photooxidation. UV-Visible absorption of SOA generated during these experiments was investigated and led to the identification of specific molecules responsible for this absorption. A wide chemical characterization of SOA was performed and emphasized its dependence on many experimental factors (nature of seed particles, relative humidity and seed acidity) and allowed to propose some new chemical reaction pathways
Merche, Delphine. "Synthèse et caractérisation de couches de polystyrène et de polystyrène sulfoné obtenues par polymérisation-plasma à pression (sub)-atmosphérique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209871.
Pełny tekst źródłaNos résultats ont montré que la DBD permettait d’obtenir des films de polystyrène de meilleure qualité (degré d’oxydation moindre…) qu’avec la torche commerciale en raison de l’atmosphère contrôlée de l’enceinte DBD. Les films sont déposés en présence d’un gaz porteur (Ar ou He dans la DBD). Nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’influence de la nature de ce gaz porteur sur la structure des films (degré de branchement, et de réticulation des films et de préservation des cycles aromatiques de la molécule de départ).
Les dépôts de polystyrène sulfoné ont été synthétisés dans la DBD en une seule étape, par « copolymérisation » de deux précurseurs (styrène et acide trifluorométhane sulfonique) injectés simultanément dans la décharge. Ces membranes pourraient servir d’électrolyte dans les piles à combustibles miniaturisées de type PEMFC (« Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell »), utilisant de l’hydrogène ou du méthanol et ce pour des applications portables.
L’acide trifluorométhane sulfonique permet le greffage de groupements sulfoniques échangeurs d’ions (nécessaires pour la conductivité de la membrane) sur le squelette de polystyrène.
La complémentarité des différentes techniques spectroscopiques utilisées -Spectroscopie des Photoélectrons X (XPS), Infra-Rouge à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR), Spectroscopie des Ions Secondaires (SIMS) statique et dynamique- ont montré que les groupements acides sulfoniques (bien préservés dans la décharge à pression sub-atmosphérique) étaient bien greffés dans la matrice de polystyrène, et ce sur toute l’épaisseur de la membrane. L’influence des paramètres (température de l’acide, tension appliquée entre les électrodes, nature du gaz porteur…) sur la quantité de groupements ionisables greffés, sur la vitesse de dépôt et aussi sur la morphologie des films a été étudiée respectivement par XPS et par microscopie.
En plus des dépôts sur substrats usuels (Si, acier…) utilisés pour les caractérisations chimiques, nous avons synthétisé les films directement sur des électrodes de carbone enrichies en platine.
Nous avons déposé le catalyseur à partir d’une solution colloïdale de platine nébulisée dans la post-décharge d’une torche plasma atmosphérique sur des couches de carbones poreuse et sur du carbone vitreux (utilisé comme modèle pour le profilage par SIMS dynamique) dans différentes configurations et ce pour différents paramètres afin de constituer des électrodes servant de substrat pour l’adhésion de la membrane-plasma pour des perspectives d’assemblage membrane-électrodes pour PAC. /
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Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jidenko, Nicolas. "Caractérisation électrique et couplages électro-thermiques des décharges à barrières diélectriques dans l'air à pression atmosphérique : faisabilité de l'électrofiltration d'aérosol". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112328.
Pełny tekst źródłaChauvet, Laura. "Caractérisation expérimentale et optimisation d'une source plasma à pression atmosphérique couplée à un spectromètre de masse à temps de vol". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30302/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the beginning of the 2000's, new atmospheric pressure plasma sources have been developed. They allow the propagation of a cold plasma jet or plasma plume in open air (non-equilibrium plasma jets). Their particular properties (in terms of reactive species, low temperature and ability to extend in open air) make them useful tools in a large range of research fields such as biomedicine, decontamination and sterilization, nanomaterial synthesis and analytical chemistry. Among the plasma jet sources, some are based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration, which is the case of this study. This work proposes the experimental characterization of a plasma jet developed with the aim to be coupled with a Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-MS) in order to perform ambient chemical analysis. The source consists of a dielectric body surrounded by two electrodes. The source is fed by a discharge gas (helium or neon) and powered by a square alternative voltage. The main diagnostics are optical emission spectroscopy and imaging with an ICCD camera. The mass spectrometer has also been used as a diagnostic tool to identify the ions created by the jet interacting with the species present in ambient air. The jet has been studied for two gases, neon and helium, with different experimental conditions of flow rates and applied voltages. The mechanisms of the jet propagation in open air have been studied for both half periods of the voltage (positive and negative), where the passage between positive and negative streamers transited through a remnant ionized channel. The spatial and temporal distributions of the main radiative species were investigated independently for each streamer allowing the observation and identification of mechanisms responsible of the populating of the upper level of observed emissions. It was shown that the mechanisms differ according to the half period studied and also the type of gases (neon and helium) due to the difference between the energies of their metastable states. In order to lay the groundwork in ambient analytical chemistry with the plasma source, its ionization capability was evaluated. Firstly, the ions created by the jet in open air were identified and analyzed with the TOF-MS, secondly the analysis was performed with different volatile samples. The results highlighted that the jet initiated with neon as discharge gas is able to ionize as well as the jet initiated with helium. A semi quantitative study of one of the volatile samples has also been realized
Kouassi, Serge. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et étude in-vitro de la toxicité pulmonaire d'aérosols atmosphériques (PM2,5) prélevés à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)". Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0245.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir pollutionhas become a global concern for public health, for a few years. Indeed, epidemiological studies associate particulate air pollution in the induction of many cardiorespiratory diseases. Emerging countries are particularly affected by these air pollution problems, because of their population growth and due to the absence of specific regulations. However, few data are currently available in these areas, regarding the health impact of such pollution or even their chemical composition. To overcome this lack of information, a study of fine particulate pollution (PM2. 5) in the district of Abidjan has been undertaken. Three sampling sites (i. E. Rural, urban and industrial areas) were chosen to highlight the heterogeneity of air pollutants according to their respective sources. The chemical composition of these samples confirmed their heterogeneity, and many inorganic (e. G. Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg) and organic compounds (e. G. Paraffins) were quantified at the 3 sites. The dose-cytotoxic response relationship was then studied through the perturbation of different markers of global cytotoxicity in the human pneumocyte A549 cell line, thereby allowing the determination of the following Effect Concentrations (EC) (rural sites : EC10 = 5,91 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 29,55 µg/cm2 ; urban site : EC10 = 5,45 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 27,23 µg/cm2 ; industrial site : EC10 = 6,86 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 34,29 µg/cm2). Exposure of A549 cells to Abidjan city’s PM samples has also enable the identatification of oxidative mechanisms (i. E. Malondialdehyde formation, alteration in superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione oxidation) as well as inflammatory response
Valdés, Ana. "Minéralogie et géochimie du matériel particulaire respirable (PM10 et PM2. 5) présent dans l'air de Santiago, Chili : contribution à sa caractérisation et l'identification de ses sources". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1421/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is a geochemical characterization of breathable particulate matter (PM10 et PM2. 5) in Santiago, Chile. The principal objective is the identification sources through of determination of tracers elements origins and genesis process. Major and traces elements has been analyzed in terms of the variation concentrations between different sites, seasonality and years. The chemical characterization of some elements is necessary in order to understand the impact on the human health and improve the quality of air according with public politics. Therefore, this works also allows to quantified concentrations level of some potential toxic elements that could be impact on the mortality range of cardiac and respiratory illness
Koné, Aboubakar. "Développement, caractérisation et optimisation d'une source plasma pour la décontamination microbiologique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30142/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaStudies in the plasma-biology field have demonstrated the biocidal effect of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (JPPAs), making these devices an alternative to conventional biological decontamination treatments. The gas (or gas mixture) used and the power injected into the plasma were identified as the parameters influencing the biocidal efficacy of plasma jets. Recently, it has been reported that another factor may influence the biocidal effect of plasma jets: the nature of the target in interaction with the jet. This thesis proposes to study the influence of the nature of a target on the biocidal properties of plasma jets. Initially, the plasma jet was characterized in the absence of a target using electrical (voltage probe, current probe, oscilloscope) and optical (ICCD camera, optical spectrometer) diagnostic tools. The ICCD camera allowed the observation of the propagation of an ionization wave at very high velocities (of the order of km.s-1). Secondly, the characterization focused on the interaction of the plasma jet with a dielectric target (10-10 S.m-1) and a conductive target (6.0 107 S.m-1). The results show that when the ionization wave reaches the dielectric target, it propagates radially on the surface of the target forming a surface ionization wave. For the conductive target, a channel is established between the plasma source and the target surface, possibly followed by propagation of a secondary ionization wave from the target surface towards the plasma source outlet. Finally, the influence of the target nature on the biocidal efficacy of the plasma jet was studied. Endospores suspensions of Bacillus atrophaeus and Escherichia coli bacteria were used as biological indicator. Endospores and bacteria were inoculated on the surface of the dielectric and conductive target and exposed to the plasma jet. The results show different changes on the spores coat's and higher biocidal efficiency for the conductive target compared to the dielectric target. In summary, this thesis shows that the biocide effects of plasma jets should be evaluated under the experimental conditions corresponding to the intended applications
Fiévé, Sophie. "Caractérisation du bruit dans le canal de transmission VLF/LF : création d'un nouveau modèle de bruit : valerie". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S060.
Pełny tekst źródłaFayad, Layal. "Caractérisation de la nouvelle chambre de simulation atmosphérique CHARME et étude de la réaction d’ozonolyse d’un COV biogénique, le γ-terpinène". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/LPCA/These_Fayad_Layal.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of atmospheric processes is among the central topics of current environmental research. The most direct and significant way to investigate the transformation of pollutants and the formation of aerosols in the atmosphere, is to simulate these processes under controlled and simplified conditions. In this regard, a new simulation chamber, CHARME (CHamber for the Atmospheric Reactivity and the Metrology of the Environment) has been designed in the Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA) in the University of Littoral Côte d’Opale (ULCO). CHAE is also dedicated to the development and validation of new spectroscopic approaches for the metrology of atmospheric species including gases, particles and radicals.The first aim of this research was to characterize all the technical, physical and chemical parameters of this new chamber and to optimize the methods for studying the atmospheric reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and simulating the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The results of numerous experiments and tests show that CHARME is a convenient tool to reproduce chemical reactions occurring in the troposphere. The second research objective was to investigate the reaction of the biogenic VOC, γ-terpinene, with ozone. The rate coefficient at (294 ± 2) K and atmospheric pressure was determined and the gas-phase oxidation products were identified. The physical state and hygroscopicity of the secondary organic aerosols was also studied. To our knowledge, this work represents the first study on SOA formation from the ozonolysis of γ-terpinene
Perlot, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des fluctuations du signal dans les communications optiques par modulation d'intensité et détection directe à travers le canal atmosphérique turbulent". Valenciennes, 2005. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/85329049-3099-4b6b-99da-ed87313b72f1.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaser free-space communications are now able to compete with radio communications. However, optical communications through the atmosphere still suffer from significant drawbacks. In particular, atmospheric optical turbulence, which consists of variations of the refractive index, must be considered as random. Turbulence induces phase and intensity fluctuations in the propagating wave and can cause severe degradations of the system performance. The purpose of this thesis has been to characterize the turbulence-induced fluctuations of the received optical power, also called scintillation. These fluctuations depend on parameters such as the path length, the turbulence strength, the beam shape or the size of the receiving aperture. Theoretical results are derived from the Kolmogorov model of turbulence but different approaches leading to different results are available. Distribution and temporal spectrum of the received optical power serve as inputs to the direct-detection receiver model
Le, Floch Martine. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et estimation des émissions particulaires métalliques de l'usine d'incinération d'ordures ménagères de Toulon dans l'air ambiant". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aims of this study are the physico-chemical characterisation, the apportionment and the following of particulate heavy metals from MSWI emissions. Various methods (in situ data treatment, unmixing models and codes, UNMIX or CMB, sequential extractions and extented X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) agree in the following: - identification of the MSWI source in two profiles (Zn - Ca et Ba - Cu - Fe - Zn - Pb - Ca); - estimation of its contribution of up to 25% of the total sources contribution; - showing the seasonal variability in term of profile and contribution; - suggest the potential of emitted elements to enter the food chain; This EXAFS first approach on atmospheric particulate matter shows that zinc and lead are in an atomic environment with calcium, silicium and aluminum. In spite of disputable conclusions, isotopic lead ratios define a "MSWI" end-member and confirm that the town-center of Toulon is outside the MSWI plume influence
Brecq, Guillaume. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermodynamique du cliquetis dans les moteurs à gaz : application à de nouvelles méthodes de détection". Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2064.
Pełny tekst źródłaSylvestre, Alexandre. "Caractérisation de l'aérosol industriel et quantification de sa contribution aux PM2.5 atmosphériques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4714/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area