Gotowa bibliografia na temat „CAR BUYING BEHAVIOUR”

A quantitative research of consumer behaviour usually takes under consideration the following processes: perception, information/ learning, motivation, attitude and actual behaviour. From all this dynamic processes that define consumer behaviour, attitude is the one process relatively stable in time, with a very strong affective and cognitive component. In attempt to model attitude research one need to take under consideration external factors that influence attitude formation as well as this attitude influences the consumers buying decision. In order to particularize the research it was chosen a durable good – cars and the most known brands of cars in Romania. In the research conducted on a representative sample at Ploiesti city level, results validates the model proposed by author.

With the explosion of the automobile industry, due to its globalization and liberalization, car manufacturers introduced much innovative and technological advancement in their models. Customers have started thinking to change over to the new models of cars, with related ease than before, to suit their changing life styles. Customer’s perception of service and quality of product will determine the success of the product or service in the market. With better understanding of customer’s perceptions, companies can determine the actions required to meet the customer’s needs. They can identify their own strengths and weaknesses, where they stand in comparison to their competitors, chart out the path future progress and improvement. Customer satisfaction measurement helps to promote an increased focus on customer outcomes and stimulate improvements in the work practices and processes used within the company. This paper focuses to find out the factors influencing the consumers towards buying Maruti cars in Thoothukudi district. The sample size of the study is sixty respondents from Thoothukudi district. The study quantitatively analyses the consumers’ buying behaviour, factors influencing the attitudes and behaviours of the consumers in buying Maruti car using primary data. Appropriate findings and suggestions are given in the paper.

The article examines customer behaviour in general and discusses factors determining customer behaviour in car industry. The paper describes a concept of consumer behaviour and the importance of factors influencing the situation. Empirical study about factors determining car industry in consumer-made decisions is carried out. In addition, statistical factor analysis is performed. The key sets of factors helping the user with choosing a new car are iden­tified and analysed at the level of the groups of factors (factor). The conducted analysis shows that car price, ergonomics, image, dynamic and user-friendliness as well as environmental groups are the main points that assist in buying a new car. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama vartotojų elgsenos ir veiksnių, lemiančių jų sprendimus lengvųjų automobilių sektoriuje, problema. Aprašyta vartotojų elgsenos samprata ir veiksnių reikšmė formuojant vartotojų elgesį. Atliktas veiksnių, lemian­čių lengvųjų automobilių sektoriaus vartotojų sprendimus, empirinis tyrimas. Atlikta faktorinė statistinių duomenų analizė. Remiantis empirinio tyrimo, skirto nustatyti svarbiausias veiksnių grupes, lemiančias vartotojo apsisprendimą pirkti naują automobilį, veiksnių grupių (faktorinės) analizės rezultatais, galima teigti, kad automobilio kaina, ergonomiškumas, įvaizdis, dinamika ir draugiškumas vartotojui bei aplinkai yra pagrindinės veiksnių grupės, lemiančios vartotojo apsisprendimą pirkti naują automobilį.

Objective of the paper is to point out selected patterns of Slovak consumers based on analysis of buying behaviour. Results of presented survey of consumer buying patterns and preferences have poin­ted out key characteristics of buying behaviour of Slovak consumers. We’re able to confirm that new business companies as hypermarket and supermarket became main place for food shopping. Totally 72% of respondents indicated them as the type of store where they spend largest share of food ex­pen­ses. The self-service shop, traditional business units, is still the shopping place for 14% of res­pon­dents. The most important factors influencing selection of the type of store are closeness and location of the store, assortment and product quality, store personnel and price level. More than half of the respondents consider opening times the key service for choosing the place for shopping. 49.6% of respondents is using car to do shopping, 35.5% of respondents walk. 32.5% of respondents is using advertising leaflets to plan what to buy. 14.6% of respondents answered that even though receiving leaflets, they don’t read them. 31.3% of respondents are holders of loyalty cards. Most visited retail chain is Tesco.Currently building of large-scale business formats slowed down and retail chains try to get closer towards customer not only by reducing floor space but above all by locating the stores in the centre of cities with lower population.

Digital marketing communication has affected consumer behaviour across product categories like books, music, fashion accessories, clothing, banking, online gaming, and so on. However, the automobile industry, despite being one of the largest digital spenders in India for past many years, has faced a dearth of academic studies. The objective of the research is to investigate the Indian car buyers’ decision to use digital marketing communication while buying a car using Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour model (DTPB). Data was collected from 801 actual and potential car buyers from Delhi. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the overall fit and explanatory power of the model. The DTPB model successfully explained 63 per cent of the variation in usage intentions. Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were found to be the significant determinants affecting usage intentions and actual usage of digital marketing communication.

Consumer management has always been a challenging task for marketers. The task becomes even more challenging in internet age witnessing proliferation of emerging marketing practices with each passing year. Digital marketing communication has emerged as the most preferred communication alternative in recent years. Consumer have adopted digital communication in their buying decision process for number of product categories, still the adoption has not been studied adequately for products lying in extended problem solving category. This study compares the most popular technology adoption models to predict the intentions of Indian car buyers to use digital communication while making a car buying decision to better under the consumer management. Primary data was obtained from 801 car buyers consisting of both actual and potential buyers from Delhi. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate and compare the models in terms of overall fit, explanatory power and significance. The results of the study revealed that Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour in explaining the digital communication adoption which could be used by the marketers for better consumer management.

The purpose of this research is to know the existence of factors influence a company's marketing, personal, social, cultural and psychological effects are significant for consumer behaviour in the use of Grab Car. Consumer behavior is a process undertaken by someone in finding, buying, using, evaluating, and disposing of a product or service after it is consumed, the study was conducted at the Faculty of social and political sciences of the University of Sam Ratulangi Manado by taking 100 students as the respondent. Withdrawal methods used is the sample Random Sampling with data analysis using multiple regression. By using the test validity and reliability in order to test the validity of the data. The results of this research show that cultural factors, social, personal, and psychology at the same time positively and significantly to the decision of the consumer in using the Grab Car with personal factors the most dominant, and it has high determination coefficient values, or have a great contribution towards the decisions of consumers.

Abstract Electric cars represent a promising energy-and carbon-efficient alternative to internal combustion engine cars. However, as mobility behaviour is highly habitual, convincing people to switch from conventional cars to electric is challenging. In the following research, which was carried out in the past years in Slovenia, an attempt was made to determine what influences people’s buying habits and what would motivate them to buy an electric car. It appeared that the most relevant factor for not purchasing electric cars is, firstly, its overall too high price, and, secondly, short driving ranges. Different studies, as well as the results of the following research have revealed that there is no single measure which would dramatically increase the demand for electric cars. The solution is to combine different measures or strategies like Top – Down and Bottom – Up, where both the government and car industry should come across.

South African companies are said to be mining the so-called "Black Diamond", the emerging middle-class segment that is driving economic growth within the country (Mahajan, 2009:9). The focus on the emerging Middle Class in South Africa (SA) has left a knowledge gap on Low-Income consumers - even though they are still the largest consumer group in SA (Connecting with Survivors, 2014). The Unilever "Connecting with Survivors Report" (2014) highlights the fact that 70% of the SA Market earn less than R6000 per month, while together they have a spending power of R300 Billion per annum. According to Martin (2012:71), 5.8% of Low-Income Consumer Households (HH) spending is prioritised for the purchase of personal care products, while 64.2% of their HH income is prioritised for food and housing expenses. Given the trivial proportion allocated to personal care products, this research has been guided by the problem statement that Low-Income consumers are forced to make trade-offs, when purchasing personal care products, which fall outside their realm of affordability. The primary objective of this study was to investigate Low-Income consumers' buying behaviour in the Personal Care Industry in South Africa. The Theory of Buyer Behaviour was used as a theoretical framework to assist in the understanding of Low-Income consumer behaviour in the Personal Care industry. The phenomenological research paradigm was used in this study, utilising interviews to collect the data from respondents in the Western Cape Province. Inductive reasoning was practised to draw a conclusion on the investigation of Low-Income consumer buying behaviour in the personal care industry in South Africa. The findings from the study indicate that Low-Income consumers do indeed make trade-offs when personal care products fall outside their realm of affordability. The extent to which they do so varies, based on necessity. This research stands to contribute to the body of knowledge by narrowing the knowledge gap on the Low-Income Consumer market in South Africa with the focus on the Personal Care Industry, thereby allowing marketers to develop and implement effective marketing strategies.

Title Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Consumer’s Choice of Buying Green Products: An Empirical Study of Swedish Electricity Market. Purpose Purpose of the research to study the consumer behaviour of the Swedish audiences based on  different demographic characteristics i.e. age, gender, income status, educational level and area of residence. The information will be useful to know that how different target groups based on different demographic attributes, perceive and respond the green electricity programmes, which will helpful to study the consumer behaviour and marketing of green electricity in Sweden. Methodology This research is mainly based on quantitative research, method which deals with use of statistical tools and numbers. A part of this research is also based on qualitative research which emphases on in depth analysis of information and finding a conclusion from the information gathered. The data have collected through using both primary and secondary sources. This research is mainly based on quantitative pattern; hence the data have collected using primary sources; the questioners. The questionnaires were distribute among the people of different age groups, income status, number of persons living in a household, residential status and income status. The aim of this survey was to target the audiences from whole Sweden, but due to limited time the data has collected only from the inhabitants of Eskilstuna, Västerås, Kvicksund, Södetalje, Köping, Arboga and Stockholm.   Analysis and findings For finding and analysis we have adopted a conceptual model to study the impacts of demographic characteristics on consumers’ choice of green electricity. This model leads to analysis according to findings from questionnaire and literature. Conclusion After careful compilation and analysing the results of our findings and with reference to the research topic of this thesis we have come to a conclusion that demographic characteristics (gender, age, income, education and area of residence) of Swedish consumers can influence their decision making to purchase green electricity.

The aim of this research is the analysis of socio-economic factors that wouldinfluence consumer buying process of electric vehicles in Iceland. The purpose of the researchis to detect the most crucial factors influencing Icelanders decisions for and againstpurchasing an electric vehicle, instead of car with internal combustion engine. This researchverified people‟s opinions and can bring companies closer to real mindsets of Icelandicpotential buyers. Moreover, this paper might give a possibility to eliminate wrong thinkingand barriers by better adjusted marketing. Additionally, analyzed advantages might showwhat the main reason of shifting to this alternative technology is. Moreover, it shows whatmight be the customer acceptance price range.

“I changed my mind” is a case study aimed at investigating returns. Returns are often negative occurrences and can be seen as the last “block” in a supply chain. However, what this study shows is that a return is a great source for customer profiling and can lead to an increase in market shares if managed correctly. Many companies go about investigating satisfied customers and what aspects these customers are satisfied with. Instead this research focuses on finding out what dissatisfied customer feel and why they decided to return a specific product. Investigations are also made concerning the internal processes to manage product returns and if they can be improved at the case company (thereby lowering costs).

This study shows how interrelated the supply chain is and illustrates how product returns can be lowered by changing the input in the supply chain. Reputation is a fragile thing and can be hurt from mismanagement related to returns and therefore I feel that it is important to study this phenomenon which is not often brought into light but nonetheless exits in almost every company (that offers returnable products).

Enjoy your reading and see how your company can prevent your customers from changing their minds.

The aim of this diploma thesis is analysis of the marketing tools in the automotive industry and specification of the consumer buying habits of cars. Description of the marketing environment as the default situation analysis for consumer behavior. Determination of marketing tools used to define the appropriate marketing mix. Detect changes in consumer behavior due to the economic crisis and its impact on the automotive industry.

Основно истраживачко питање на које смо настојали дадобијемо одговор је какав је значај вредносних оријентација,селф-концепта и демографских карактеристика испитаника закуповину аутомобила обзиром на ниво и тип инволвираности упроизвод.Како би остварили основни циљ маркетинга – размену, наобострано задовољство и купца и продавца те да би разумели,предвидели и утицали на понашање потрошача неопходно јевршити анализе са циљем упознавања сегмента тржишта за којисе претпоставља да је циљна група. То подразумева упознавањедемографских одлика потрошача. Анализа понашањанеизоставно обухвата истраживање о томе ко су потрошачи, штакупују, зашто купују, када, где и колико често купују. Ипак, даби се добила потпуна слика тржишног сегмента, неопходно је,поред демографских, познавати и психолошке карактеристикепотрошача. У докторској дисертацији представљени сутеоријски модели куповног понашања, инволвираности ивредности, као и теорија селф детерминације. Приказан је изводиз истраживачког опуса о инволвираности и релацијама којеостварује са осталим варијаблама испитиваним у овомистраживању.Истраживање је спроведено на пригодном узорку од 222особе које су у последњих шест месеци купиле аутомобил илипланирају да га купе у наредних шест месеци, али су у тренуткуистраживања већ започелe процес доношења одлуке о куповини.На тај начин извршена је дистинкција купаца и потенцијалнихкупаца, као и дистинкција узорка од опште популације.Аутомобил као производ који је централан у овом истраживањуодабран је на основу пилот истраживања спроведеног са циљемда се утврди у који су производ испитаници чешће високоинволвирани. Из општег циља истраживања изведено је неколико специфичних циљева, како би се одговорило наистраживачки проблем. Резултати су указали да инволвираностима мултифакторску структуру. Издвојена су четири факторакоји су дефинисани као Важност и задовољство, Значење,Вероватноћа ризика и Последице ризика. Утврђене су разлике унивоу и типу инволвираности код купаца и потенцијалнихкупаца, где су потенцијални купци више инволвирани од купаца,и то на укупној инволвираности и на фактору вероватноћаризика. Тржиште купаца и потенцијалних купаца сегментираноје према инволвираности коју су потрошачи развили. Тржиштечине четири хомогена сегмента који се разликују према нивоу итипу доминантне инволвираности. Сегменти су именовани каоВисока, Ниска, Ризична и Експертска инволвираност. Утврђенесу значајне разлике сегмената по вредностима, самосвести икаузалним оријентацијама. Као значајни предиктори поједнинихфактора инволвираности купаца, а из сета демографскихкарактеристика испитаника, издвојили су се пол, старост,образовање, задовољство материјалном ситуацијом, као и бројчланова домаћинства за које је испитаник одговоран. У подгрупипотенцијалних купаца инволвираност се не може предвидети наоснову овог сета демографских варијабли. И сета психолошкихкарактеристика издвојени су предиктори инволвираностииспитаника. Поједини вредносни домени предвиђају фактореинволвираности, а на основу резултата који се тичу каузалнихоријентација и самосвести, закључено је да је доношење куповнеодлуке приликом куповине аутомобила социјални процес, даособе иако су доминантно аутономне у доношењу одлука,одлуку о куповини аутомобила доносе уз помоћ референтнихособа, као и стручњака из ове области. Утврђено је да каузалнеоријентације, самосвест и индивидуалне вредности непредвиђају куповно понашање испитаника.Сви налази су дискутовани у контексту претходнихрезултата истраживања у овој области, наведене су њиховеимпликације и ограничења, као и препоруке за маркетиншкупраксу.
Osnovno istraživačko pitanje na koje smo nastojali dadobijemo odgovor je kakav je značaj vrednosnih orijentacija,self-koncepta i demografskih karakteristika ispitanika zakupovinu automobila obzirom na nivo i tip involviranosti uproizvod.Kako bi ostvarili osnovni cilj marketinga – razmenu, naobostrano zadovoljstvo i kupca i prodavca te da bi razumeli,predvideli i uticali na ponašanje potrošača neophodno jevršiti analize sa ciljem upoznavanja segmenta tržišta za kojise pretpostavlja da je ciljna grupa. To podrazumeva upoznavanjedemografskih odlika potrošača. Analiza ponašanjaneizostavno obuhvata istraživanje o tome ko su potrošači, štakupuju, zašto kupuju, kada, gde i koliko često kupuju. Ipak, dabi se dobila potpuna slika tržišnog segmenta, neophodno je,pored demografskih, poznavati i psihološke karakteristikepotrošača. U doktorskoj disertaciji predstavljeni suteorijski modeli kupovnog ponašanja, involviranosti ivrednosti, kao i teorija self determinacije. Prikazan je izvodiz istraživačkog opusa o involviranosti i relacijama kojeostvaruje sa ostalim varijablama ispitivanim u ovomistraživanju.Istraživanje je sprovedeno na prigodnom uzorku od 222osobe koje su u poslednjih šest meseci kupile automobil iliplaniraju da ga kupe u narednih šest meseci, ali su u trenutkuistraživanja već započele proces donošenja odluke o kupovini.Na taj način izvršena je distinkcija kupaca i potencijalnihkupaca, kao i distinkcija uzorka od opšte populacije.Automobil kao proizvod koji je centralan u ovom istraživanjuodabran je na osnovu pilot istraživanja sprovedenog sa ciljemda se utvrdi u koji su proizvod ispitanici češće visokoinvolvirani. Iz opšteg cilja istraživanja izvedeno je nekoliko specifičnih ciljeva, kako bi se odgovorilo naistraživački problem. Rezultati su ukazali da involviranostima multifaktorsku strukturu. Izdvojena su četiri faktorakoji su definisani kao Važnost i zadovoljstvo, Značenje,Verovatnoća rizika i Posledice rizika. Utvrđene su razlike univou i tipu involviranosti kod kupaca i potencijalnihkupaca, gde su potencijalni kupci više involvirani od kupaca,i to na ukupnoj involviranosti i na faktoru verovatnoćarizika. Tržište kupaca i potencijalnih kupaca segmentiranoje prema involviranosti koju su potrošači razvili. Tržištečine četiri homogena segmenta koji se razlikuju prema nivou itipu dominantne involviranosti. Segmenti su imenovani kaoVisoka, Niska, Rizična i Ekspertska involviranost. Utvrđenesu značajne razlike segmenata po vrednostima, samosvesti ikauzalnim orijentacijama. Kao značajni prediktori pojedninihfaktora involviranosti kupaca, a iz seta demografskihkarakteristika ispitanika, izdvojili su se pol, starost,obrazovanje, zadovoljstvo materijalnom situacijom, kao i brojčlanova domaćinstva za koje je ispitanik odgovoran. U podgrupipotencijalnih kupaca involviranost se ne može predvideti naosnovu ovog seta demografskih varijabli. I seta psihološkihkarakteristika izdvojeni su prediktori involviranostiispitanika. Pojedini vrednosni domeni predviđaju faktoreinvolviranosti, a na osnovu rezultata koji se tiču kauzalnihorijentacija i samosvesti, zaključeno je da je donošenje kupovneodluke prilikom kupovine automobila socijalni proces, daosobe iako su dominantno autonomne u donošenju odluka,odluku o kupovini automobila donose uz pomoć referentnihosoba, kao i stručnjaka iz ove oblasti. Utvrđeno je da kauzalneorijentacije, samosvest i individualne vrednosti nepredviđaju kupovno ponašanje ispitanika.Svi nalazi su diskutovani u kontekstu prethodnihrezultata istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, navedene su njihoveimplikacije i ograničenja, kao i preporuke za marketinškupraksu.
The basic issue of the research is a significance of valueorientations, self-concept and demographic characteristics ofrespondents when purchasing a car, considering the level andtype of involvement in the product.In order to achieve the main purpose of marketing,which is an exchange to mutual satisfaction of buyers andsellers, as well as to understand, predict and influence theconsumer behavior, it is necessary to make analysis in order tobecome acquainted with market segment, which is assumed tobe the target group. It implies information about thedemographic characteristics of consumers. Analysis ofconsumer behavior inevitably involves research about who theconsumers are, what they buy, why they buy, when, where andhow often they buy something. However, in order to obtain acomplete picture of the market segment, it is necessary to knowpsychological characteristics of consumers, in addition todemographic ones. The doctoral dissertation presents theoreticalmodels of consumer behavior, involvement and human values,as well as the self-determination theory. There is presented aselection from the research opus on the involvement andrelations achieved with other variables examined in thisresearch.The research was conducted on a sample of 222 personswho had bought a car in the last six months, or who planned tobuy a car and already started the decision-making process onpurchasing at the moment of the research. In this way, there wasmade a distinction between consumers and potential consumers,as well as the distinction between consumers and the generalpopulation. The car as a product, which was central in thisresearch, was chosen according to a pilot study conducted withthe aim to determine which product made the respondents to behighly involved. Several specific objectives derived from thegeneral aim of the research, in order to respond to the researchproblem. The results showed that the involvement had amultifactor structure. There were distinguished four factors,which were defined as Sign, Interest and Pleasure, Risk importance, and Risk probability.There were established differences in the level and typeof involvement in consumers and potential consumers, wherepotential consumers were more involved than consumers bothon the Total Involvement and the Risk Probability factor.Market of consumers and potential consumers was segmentedaccording to the involvement developed by the consumers.Market consisted of four homogeneous segments which variedaccording to the level and type of dominant involvement. Thesegments were named as High, Low, Risk and ExpertInvolvement. There were established significant differences insegments based on values, self-awareness and causalorientations. Sex, age, education, satisfaction with financialsituation, as well as the number of household members whichthe respondent is responsible for, were found to be significantpredictors of individual factors of the consumers involvement,distinguished from a set of demographic characteristics ofrespondents. In the subgroup of potential consumers, theinvolvement could not be predicted on the basis of the set ofdemographic variables. Predictors of the respondents’involvement were distinguished from a set of psychologicalcharacteristics. Particular value domains predicted factors ofinvolvement. Based on the results concerning the causalorientations and self-awareness, it was concluded that makingdecision on purchasing a car was the social process and thateven though they were predominantly autonomous in decisionmaking,people made the decision to buy a car with help of thereference persons and experts in this field. It was found that thecausal orientations, self-awareness and individual values couldnot predict consumer behavior of respondents.All the findings have been discussed in the context ofprevious results of the research in this field. There are presentedtheir implications and limitations, as well as recommendationsfor the marketing practice.

Indian automobile market is fourth largest in the world. And it is seventh largest in the commercial vehicle manufacturing. Indian consumers are changing so do their preferences. There are lots of factor for change in behavior. Primarily being the change in the social character. People prefer to stay alone and decide on their own. Individualism is on rise in the Indian society, which is a major change giving rise to a whole new market. The rise in per capita income and disposable income, not only in metros but also in tier-2 cities, gave boost to the consumer market. The purchasing power of the consumer is high as a result market is having positive sentiment. The social as well as economical change led to introduction of new products in the market. In the report, we surveyed people from different background in order to understand the consumer preference and behavior while buying car. We asked them variety of question to understand what factors impact them and what strategies companies can make to tackle them. After analysis of the responses, firstly, we found that safety and performance are the two top-most factor that companies must consider in cars. Secondly, Internet is the most sought platform to search information related to cars. Thirdly, when it comes to promoting and branding, companies must consider that societal status is determined by the cars. The strategy for the pre-sale journey must be smooth because consumer almost decide their car even before visiting the dealership. Lastly, Consumer gets attracted to the offers and discounts provided by the automobile companies which is a great tool to attract during off season or year-end. In India automobile sector is growing and it will keep on growing further at a good pace. The result of the report can shape the decision of the consumer so companies must consider it during preparation of their strategies.

It is true fact that if you are satisfied you recommended to others. Word of mouth and customer satisfaction play a very important role in determining market perception about an automobile. It is the market perception that determines the success of a company and so it is very important for the car manufacturers to measure the “willingness of existing users of a product to recommend it to others”. The same is a lot of interest to customers as well for it helps them make the purchase decision. A car is one of the most significant purchases that an Indian household makes and this project addresses the most important question that perplexes car manufacturers: The factor under consideration would be:price,income of the consumer,features of the car,safety standard,warranty scheme,finance facility. Customer expectations are the customer-defined attributes of your product or service. We cannot create satisfaction just by meeting customer’s requirements fully because these have to be met in any case. However falling short is certain to create dissatisfaction.

The book describes the basic issues concerning consumer behavior on the basis of the simulation of the decision-making process on buying behavior of customers in the sales area of the store and shopping Internet sites. The classification of models of consumer behavior, based on research in the area of economic, social and psychological theories and empirical evidence regarding decision-making by consumers when purchasing the goods, including online stores. Methods of qualitative and quantitative research of consumer behavior, fundamentals of statistical processing of empirical data. Attention is paid to the processes of consumers ' perception of brands (brands) and advertising messages, the basic rules for the display of goods (merchandising) and its impact on consumer decision, recommendations on the use of psychology of consumer behavior in personal sales. Presents an integrated model of consumer behavior in the Internet environment, the process of perception of the visitor of the company, the factors influencing consumer choice of goods online. Is intended for preparation of bachelors in directions of preparation 38.03.02 "Management", 38.03.06 "trading business" and can be used for training of bachelors in direction of training 43.03.01 "Service", and will also be useful for professionals working in the field of marketing, distribution and sales.

Horse riding is widely enjoyed as a professional sport or a hobby by riders of all ages. It is also acknowledged as being potentially dangerous, yet many of these dangers can be avoided and the severity of accidents drastically reduced if safe practices and risk management are employed. Horse Safe covers safety around horses in detail and aims to raise awareness of what can happen. Beginning with an explanation of horses’ natural behavioural characteristics, such as herd behaviour, intelligence and body language, the author then presents the more human aspects of horse safety – safety equipment and how it should be maintained, the working environment, systems for safe horse management, safe riding, training for safe horses, and transporting horses safely. The book concludes with a chapter on how to reduce the risks when buying a horse and how to avoid potential pitfalls. Written by Jane Myers, a leading expert, and endorsed by the Association for Horsemanship, Safety and Education (AHSE), Horse Safe is highly practical and is invaluable for riders of all disciplines and skill levels.

This chapter focuses on the well-documented misalignment between energy-related behaviors and the personal values of consumers, which has become a major source of angst among policymakers. Despite widespread pro-environmental or green attitudes, consumers frequently purchase non-green alternatives. The chapter identifies 50 theoretical approaches that can be divided almost equally into two types: those that emphasize beliefs, attitudes, and values; and those that also consider contextual factors and social norms. Three principles of intervention are recommended: provide credible and targeted information at points of decision; identify and address the key factors inhibiting and promoting the target behaviors in particular populations; and rigorously evaluate programs to provide credible estimates of impact and opportunities for improvement. The chapter recommends that research on the value-action gap be expanded beyond the traditional focus on individuals to include decision-making units such as households, boards of directors, commercial buying units, and government procurement groups.

AbstractMost organisations are using online security awareness training and simulated phishing attacks to encourage their employees to behave securely. Buying off-the-shelf training packages and making it mandatory for all employees to complete them is easy, and satisfies most regulatory and audit requirements, but does not lead to secure behaviour becoming a routine. In this paper, we identify the additional steps employees must go through to develop secure routines, and the blockers that stop a new behaviour from becoming a routine. Our key message is: security awareness as we know it is only the first step; organisations who want employees have to do more to smooth the path: they have to ensure that secure behaviour is feasible, and support their staff through the stages of the Security Behaviour Curve – concordance, self-efficacy, and embedding – for secure behaviour to become a routine. We provide examples of those organisational activities, and specific recommendations to different organisational stakeholders.

This chapter introduces traditional views about organisational buying behaviour, before progressing to consider the importance of relationships and the contribution that systems and technology have made to this aspect of business marketing. The chapter starts with a comparison of the main characteristics associated with both consumer and organisational purchasing behaviour. Then, following an examination of the decision making unit and the decision making processes generally assumed to be adopted by organisations, the focus moves to reflect upon the different influences that can impact on an organisation’s purchasing activities. The last section looks at the nature of uncertainty and the way in which organisations attempt to reduce buyer-perceived risk. It ends by examining how relationships between buyers and sellers can evolve and affect the purchasing behaviour of organisations.

This chapter addresses the importance of understanding both consumer and buyer behaviours in order for marketers to create effective marketing campaigns. Consumer and buyer behaviours are those actions undertaken when obtaining goods and services. By understanding how consumers think and how they behave during buying decision-making and purchasing activities, the marketer is able to exert some influence over their actions. Likewise, marketers can influence business-to-business (B2B) purchasing patterns through their understanding of the behaviour of buyers. The chapter then goes on to look at the creation of a value proposition.

The fact that those countries going through tough times like economic crises can predict the change consumers experience so that they could take the necessary precautions brings them competitive advantage and helps them provide solutions accordingly. With this in mind, the present qualitative study paints a picture of a general overview of consumer behaviors in times of crises. The studies in Turkey into consumer behavior during periods of economic crises have shown that buying behavior of consumers change, that consumers resort to cheap good and services, and that they limit their spending on food the least. The Turkish consumers have started to cut back on their spending and postpone their needs in times of economic crisis. It could be stated that Turkish consumers now avoid hasty decisions when buying.

Consumer behaviors and attitudes represent a continuously evolving field, thus, by understanding consumer behavior towards Apps from marketing strategy standpoint, managers can benefit from acquiring much information from applying and translating new insights into strategies and tactics that could be helpful for retailer's decision makers. Furthermore, the buying behavior of online shoppers is substantial in the prosperity of Apps marketing strategies and by identifying and understanding the factors that influence the consumer's buying decision, Apps retailers can design their online marketing strategy accordingly to maximize customer satisfaction and ultimately increase the sales volume. This chapter mainly proposed an integration of Internet consumer attitudes, behavior and Apps marketing strategy. This chapter is twofold in terms of having implications both in theory and practice. Indeed, this study helps in understanding consumer decision-making process in Apps environment and produce new knowledge to online and Apps retailers, marketing managers as well as marketing and IT scholars. The Apps related technologies have developed as an important medium for marketing in various areas, including expanded geographic scope, novel opportunities for appreciating customers and offering cost efficiencies.

This chapter focuses on the navigation experience in ecommerce. The authors address the impact of a number of hedonic dimensions, specifically perceived visual attractiveness, perceived enjoyment, and sociability, in consumers' online experiences. They develop and test a research model explaining how these factors affect trust, satisfaction, and ultimately, website loyalty. Findings from a survey carried out with 132 users of an airline's website, which displays a virtual customer service agent, support the model proposed. Specifically, results confirm that enriching consumers' sensory experiences online through aesthetics, an enjoyable experience, and a social interaction interface positively affects trust, satisfaction, and subsequently, loyalty.

Housing and transportation has become a pair of factors when it comes to decision of buying a house for the middle-income. This particular group of society is unique as they are aspired to luxury yet with limited affordability, particularly in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In many cases, housing estates are built in the form similar to gated community. Built in the suburban when usually the new housing estates are located quite in far distance to facilities, the residents are forced to own private vehicle(s) to conduct their daily activities. This situation shows the tendency of automobile dependence (Newman & Kenworthy, 1996; 1999). It has also been reflected in the vehicle ownership statistics figures and the notorious traffic congestion of Indonesian cities. The middle-income housing and their gated community has not only impacted their own travel pattern but also the residents living in kampung adjacent to their housing estate. Kampung dwellers have also reflected the middle-income characteristics with their lifestyle and automobile dependence. It has become eminent in suburban Bandung where pockets of kampung are found to be hidden amidst the housing estates whilst cars are parked on the roadsides. This is problematic in terms of affordability where they cannot really afford to own a car or motorbike as well as to rent a parking space since they usually live in small houses at kampung. To understand the above phenomenon, this paper tries to explore the extent of automobile dependency of the residents living at housing estate and its adjacent kampung at three locations. Data collected from questionnaires and group interviews are descriptively analysed. Results have shown that most residents travel in far distance to reach their job location but do not travel in far distance to conduct their shopping, studying, and exercise activities though some of them own a motorbike. The latter is due to the presence of mobile green grocers, warung, traditional markets, good quality schools, sport facilities and open spaces within walking distance to their houses. However, these nearby facilities are regularly visited mostly because the residents can travel within shorter distance through access points made available for public use. These access points help to create a network of alleys and streets connecting kampung and these facilities through the housing estates. When these access points are restricted or non-existed, the travel pattern would differ as has been uttered by the kampung dwellers. In one of the cases, the following disconnections between the kampung alleys and streets of housing estates have made the kampung dwellers altered either the location or the transportation mode of their activities. There are lessons to be learned from these travel patterns. Housing estate development shall always have access to the kampung that have existed and vice versa. Such spatial connections may contribute to a change of travel behaviour from automobile dependence to active travel. However, it should be kept in mind that these results may not be generally applicable to other places with different socio-economic and spatial characters. Further work in the field may be benefited from more cases and larger population sample.

Romanian economy has been, for almost two decades now, based on consumption. Thus, private consumption has become a vital element in supporting national economy and everyday life, with peaks and lows. Numerous studies have documented the Romanian consumer’s behaviour and purchasing trends, concluding that Romanians are more than just customers, rather “patients”. Big retail chains have become "the main cause" for their illness, called consumerism. Before the pandemic, Romanian customers chose to acquire goods that they did not need, just because they were trending or because it brought them a boost of image within their social group. On the other hand, from the point of view of sales targets and other economic indicators, that retailers use to build their strategies upon, it can be understood how this “disease” is increasing, transforming consumerism into a real national (with international reach) pandemic. The profit of large retail companies has shown that in peacetime (without war, cataclysms, or other adverse events), retail companies know how to manage their business and, above all, understand how to influence buyer behaviour. Under Covid pandemic threats potential customers’ access to physical premises had been restricted, therefore retail companies swiftly adapted to the Governmentally influenced change of buying patterns by increasing online accessibility. We have investigated through a quantitative analysis how pandemic procurement and consumption trends varied under these circumstances. Our research showed results that we found easy to predict, but difficult to explain from an economic point of view, mainly due to the psychological impact external factors played in general economy.

Current COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused global concerns about individuals' health problems, but it has also triggered a change in consumer behavior. Even if only time will tell whether these changes will be temporary or permanent, we can begin to observe the change in how the pandemic affects demographic shopping behavior. Many studies confirm that the silver generation is not a homogeneous group and is most affected by the pandemic. The aim of the paper is to examine the consumer habits and patterns of seniors when buying food during the pandemic in 2021 in Nitra city (Slovakia) and Báčsky Petrovec (Srbsko). The segmentation factor is their age. The results of earlier surveys from 2020 confirmed that the seniors aged 50-64 are a heterogeneous group with higher variability of responses. Due to the greater isolation and greater restriction of movement, people aged 65 and over were less variable in their responses to food purchases. The purpose of this study is to broaden the knowledge base about the attitudes and buying behavior of the silver generation during the pandemic by comparison from two European countries, evaluated by Pearson contingency coefficient. The results of the research confirmed the assumption of segmentation of seniors by age. Younger seniors showed greater variability in responses than the group of older seniors. All Slovak senior respondents reported a change in food purchases during the pandemic (100%), but in Serbia 6% did not change their purchasing practices during the pandemic.

The success of the operations of the companies that work with food products depends a lot on having information about the consumer purchasing decisions, and based on that, inclusion of marketing strategies that will ensure their success. Business models of consumer behavior can an­swer these important questions. The inclusion of nutritional determinants in these models is significant, and the model will provide answers to the extent of its impact on consumer behavior. Scope of the study within this paper is an applied original modeling concept for creating business models of consumer behavior when buying food products, where special empha­sis is given to the nutritional properties of food products, i.e. in addition to other known determinants, the model includes a new determinant called nutritional. The model is built on several principles using modern informa­tion technologies, and one of the important principles is to provide greater clarity for a full understanding of the process involved in the model with integrated self-explanatory functionality. The model was partially imple­mented with data obtained from several surveys conducted in our research, and as outputs of the model, a set of customer responses were obtained.

The article deals with the research of food preferences among the inhabitants of the South Moravian Region. The text focuses on attitudes research, examining whether respondents prefer local or regional food when buying. Research also provides information of regional food labeling. The aim of the text is to present theoretical knowledge about the labeling of regional foods on the basis of relevant literature, and also to find out whether consumers are inspired by this information or whether these are key information when buying them. The data are also based on a questionnaire survey conducted from February and March 2022. The main results of the text can be considered the presentation of particular brands for regional foods, as well as finding out the preferences of consumers in the South Moravian Region. Food labeling can influence consumer behavior and food selection when shopping. However, the question is whether consumers know, use and are influenced by the labeling system. This text tried to answer these research questions. The results of the sociological survey can be seen as a contribution to the debate on the promotion of regional foods. The main finding is the increase of online shopping during the Covid-19 pandemic. It can be expected that the issue of regional foods will continue to develop dynamically in the coming years, also with regard to discussions concerning food self-sufficiency.

This paper aimed to identify the factors and segments of car buyers based on their personal values and analyzing their relation to car buyers’ choice and intention to buy. A survey involving 561 participants was conducted using the PVQ scale and additional questions about car-buying behavior. Upon collecting the data, statistical analysis was conducted that allowed for nine value types to be successfully distinguished among car buyers: benevolence, universalism, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, and power, security, conformity, and tradition. Additionally, based on the abovementioned value types, different consumer segments were distinguished: "opened to change", "self-transcendent", "self-enhanced" and "conservative". Furthermore, the results show that segments of car buyers differ in their preferences of car models, i.e. they choose or intend to buy different car models. The conclusion presents the contribution of the paper, limitations, and guidelines for future research.

The impact of human factors on climate change is unequivocal. While consumers are increasingly becoming aware of their environmental footprint, this is not sufficient: contextual factors such as pricing, convenience, and packaging play a role in consumers’ decision-making. This has created a gap between consumers’ attitudes and behavior, which calls for intervention of behavioral sciences to change consumer behavior and consequently combat the climate crisis effectively. Consumer neuroscience methodology has been proposed as a potential tool to untangle the neural and psychological origins of consumers’ behavior since subjective reports may be biased by social desirability and therefore are not a reliable measure of pro-environmental behavior. Prior studies have shown that conditioning the consumer with information on the environmental impact of products can influence their buying behavior and brain activity. This paper provides an extended exploration of past works on consumer neuroscience, environmental behavior, and conditioning techniques. We aim to unite the current theories and common practices and uncover future research directions in an effort to develop a neuroscientifically supported conditioning intervention that could promote pro-environmental behavior in consumers.

The marketing environment is evolving and is prone to transformation more often than ever, due to the new digital era and rapid technological development;therefore, companies, along with marketers, are constantly trying to improve consumer experience, in an effort to fulfill their customers` needs and desires accordingly.Studying the consumer behavior of Generation Z is crucial for online marketers due to the fact that they are starting to gain significant purchasing power and have become a target audience for retailers worldwide. Through this article, we aim to find out insights regarding consumption habits, preferences of shopping methods, preferred channels, attitudes, perceptions regarding certain influencing factors of Generation Z consumers, focusing on online marketing elements. The research instrument was a survey created through the Google Forms platform which was distributed exclusively to Generation Z respondents via online channels.The survey was completed by a total number of 125 respondents and the obtained results were presented in the form of a descriptive analysis.The main results show that Gen Z consumers are more likely to use online channels in their buying process(as a means of information) and are influenced by a different range of factors than previous generations.Other elements that we focused on were the preffered online shopping channels, shopping habits according to various product categories, attitude towards brands and willingness to pay. Apart from the scientific contribution, this study can have as possible practical implications the development and customization of new marketing directions by companies, with the aim of targeting this audience of great interest, namely Gen Z.

Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.