Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Capital and labour

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Capital and labour”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Capital and labour"

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DOUCOULIAGOS, Chris. "THE ECONOMICS OF CAPITAL HIRING LABOUR AND LABOUR HIRING CAPITAL". Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 64, nr 2 (kwiecień 1993): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1993.tb01391.x.

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Kay, Geoffrey. "Abstract Labour and Capital". Historical Materialism 5, nr 1 (1999): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920699100414535.

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AbstractAs soon as he had observed labour to be ‘first of all, a process between man and nature', Marx turned to conscious determination. ‘Man not only affects a change of form in the materials of nature, he also realises his own purpose in these materials. And this is a purpose he is conscious of. It is purpose which distinguishes labour from the activities of animals. Marx called the purposive character of labour ‘an exclusively human characteristic’ and the term indicates its fundamental importance in his thought. As it is purposive activity, so labour is ‘a specific productive activity appropriate to its purpose, a productive activity that assimilate[s] particular natural materials to a particular human requirement'.3 Since ends are specific by definition, this has to be the case, and neither absence of skill nor indifference effect the issue one way or the other. Work does not cease to be particular (i) because it demands no special capacities - tightening screws and stacking shelves do not stop being different kinds of activity by virtue of the fact that anyone can perform them; or (ii) because no store its set by its distinctive qualities. In its accounts, capital may treat different kinds of labour uniformly as a cost of production, but this does not alter the fact that the labour it employs comprises different types of labour: ‘the fact that the production of use-values or goods is carried on under the control of a capitalist and on his behalf does not alter the general character of that production'.4 In which case, we ask, what is labour which is not particular? If labour is always and necessarily a specific productive activity, what is abstract labour — ‘homogenous labour’ which, by definition, is not specific?
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Басовская i Elena Basovskaya. "Impact of Production Factors on Labour Income in Modern Russia". Economics 4, nr 1 (18.02.2016): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17718.

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The paper builds econometric models that allow us to evaluate the influence of the main productionfactors, defining the level of labour income in the country. Capital/labour ratio, human capital and new technology explain over 70% of earned income. The effect of changes in the level of human capital on labor income surpasses the effect of changes in capital/labour ratio.The impact of capital/labour ratio has been steadily declining, whereas the influence of human capital and new technologies has been increasing. These arenew factors, the most important ones for the development of post-industrial economy. The growth of their influence shows that the economic system of the country adapts to the prevailing institutional conditionsunfavorable for Russia’s industrial economy.
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Hoffman, John, i Roger Southall. "Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, Capital et Société". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, nr 2 (1987): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/484401.

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Knox, William. "Apprenticeship and De-skilling in Britain, 1850–1914". International Review of Social History 31, nr 2 (sierpień 1986): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008142.

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The publication of Harry Braverman's seminal study – Labor and Monopoiy Capital (1974) – marked a turning-point for labour and social historians. Since then they have increasingly concerned themselves with the nature of the labour process in industrial capitalism. Central to this concern has been the debate on de-skilling and the destruction of craft control over the labour process and its subordination to the needs of capital. Braverman has been heavily criticised for the one-sidedness and simplicity of his account of this development. Among the weaknesses identified in Labor and Monopoly Capital is the omission of any mention of class struggle, or worker resistance to technical change; the failure to grasp how de-skilling can be mediated and, therefore, modified through labour, market and product particularisms; the lack of a detailed analysis of the transformation of formal to real subordination (in the Marxist sense) of labour to capital – the process seems to occur automatically; and, the failure to realise how formally skilled workers can continue to occupy a privileged position in the workforce through either the mechanism of custom, or by their strategic placing in the production process, or both.
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Steedman, Ian. "Industry-level capital-labour isoquants". Metroeconomica 69, nr 4 (30.08.2018): 862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/meca.12224.

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Field, Gregory. "Designing the capital‐labour accord". Journal of Management History (Archive) 1, nr 2 (czerwiec 1995): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552529510088303.

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Behar, Alberto. "WOULD CHEAPER CAPITAL REPLACE LABOUR?" South African Journal of Economics 78, nr 2 (8.06.2010): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2010.01240.x.

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Zhang, Jianlei, Lin He i Longdi Cheng. "Is China’s Textile Industry Still a Labour-Intensive Industry?" Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, nr 1(145) (28.02.2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5038.

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Is China’s textile industry (CTI) still a laboor-intensive one? To answer this question, this study measures the capital-labour intensity and technology intensity of CTI and its sub-sectors during 2006-2018, then applies factor intensity classification and cluster analysis to identify their industrial attributes. The results show that CTI and its sub-sectors are still the labour- and non-technology-intensive. All the indexes of capital-labour intensity and technology intensity of CTI and its sub-sectors are below 100, lower than the average of industry sectors, indicating that they are not separate from the category of labour-intensive industry and still heavily dependent on labour. And cluster analysis verifies the industrial classification results. So CTI still needs to keep on increasing its capital intensity and technology intensity to achieve the goal of industrial transformation and upgrading in the future.
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Albala-Bertrand, J. M. "Structural Change behind GDP Growth Rates via Key Indicators: Chile 1996-2015". International Business Research 11, nr 8 (6.07.2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n8p38.

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This paper deals with the change of some aggregate structural indicators in Chile over the 20-year period 1996-2015. We first produce an accounting growth decomposition to assess the changes in the contribution of capital productivity, capital intensity and labour participation to the growth rate of output per capita as well as the growth rate of labour income participation in national income. We then combine an accounting growth decomposition with a standard production function growth accounting to assess the contribution of both capital productivity and capital intensity to total factor productivity (TFP). To complement the latter, we produce optimal estimates of incremental capital productivity and incremental income elasticity to capital by means of a linear programming exercise. Our main conclusion is that capital intensity, rather than capital productivity or labour participation, has been the main growth contributor. TFP has contributed in a decreasing way from positive to negative over our sub-periods, so adding to and subtracting from GDP growth over time, with the main positive contributor to TFP growth systematically being a proportion of capital intensity.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Capital and labour"

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Carayol, Timothée. "Social capital, human capital, and labour market outcomes". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/414/.

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This thesis aims to document several aspects pertaining to the dynamics of human capital, both from a theoretical and an empirical viewpoint. Chapter 2 studies how informational flows arising from social connections can affect careers and promotions. It aims to achieve identification of this causal pathway by focusing on the careers of bishops in the Catholic church. The range of the data, both in time and in space, makes it possible to infer some types of social connections between bishops (based on geography and careers), which in turn allows for the identification of their effect on careers. I find that being connected to the relevant bishops has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of promotion to a diocese. Chapter 3 investigates the transmission of human capital from one generation to the next. While the correlation of parents’ educational achievement with that of their children is strong and well documented, there is a scarcity of consensual evidence that this relationship has a causal nature. We use a French reform that increased the duration of compulsory schooling by two years as a natural experiment, providing exogenous variation in parental years of schooling, and study its effect on the children of the affected individuals. We find evidence of a strong effect of paternal education on the educational achievement of children. Research on employer learning has concentrated on contexts where there is uncertainty only on either the general or the match-specific human capital of the worker. Chapter 4 develops a model where general and specific human capital coexist, and the uncertainty is on their respective shares in total productivity. The model generates predictions on a number of dimensions, e.g. declining worker mobility with experience and increase in wage variance over the lifetime.
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Ohnsorge, Franziska. "Self-selection, labour markets and capital markets". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63648.pdf.

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Amorosi, Gabriele. "Three essays on distribution, capital and labour markets". Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633520.

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This thesis provides an empirical analysis of the following three economic issues: (i) the relationship between financial markets deepening and income inequality; (ii) the . association of consumption insurance with the distribution of income and consumption; and (iii) the effects of women's education on husbands' income and labour market participation. The first issue is addressed in chapter two, where I employ a cross-sectional empirical analysis of a number of countries. The peculiarity here is the use of "new" financial market variables that proxy for access to financial services and for credit constraints. Estimation results show negative and significant regression coefficients for both variables. If this outcome is expected for the indicator of access, it is not for th~ other one. I speculate this is due the fact that the underlying indicator affects only the richer. The second issue is analysed in chapter three. Here a mixture of normal distributions to is used to model UK's household income data in a semi-parametric way; the model's fitting looks reasonably good. This approach is also used to simulate the distribution of consumption under the extreme hypotheses of full smoothing and no smoothing, which are, in turn, compared with actual consumption. Results show a sizable degree of smoothing across household.
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Золотова, Світлана Григорівна, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova i L. Kovalenko. "Human capital as a form of labour potential". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22578.

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Custers, Petrus Joseph Johannes Maria. "Capital accumulation and women's labour in Asian economies /". [Nijmegen] : Derde Wereld centrum, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37491524h.

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Lai, Yiu-man, i 黎耀民. "An analysis of labour, capital and government with reference to the labour importation policy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964527.

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Atkinson, Anne. "Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia, 1847-1947". Thesis, Atkinson, Anne (1991) Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia, 1847-1947. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1991. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/5068/.

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Prior to the 1970s historical writing on Chinese immigration and settlement in Australia presented Chinese as passive participants in a white economy. Since the 1970s, writers have changed this perspective and seen Chinese as active participants in the Australian economy. They have achieved this by exploring the economic, social and political relationships of groups within Chinese communities. This thesis examines the establishment, survival and decline of Chinese labour and capital in Western Australia between 1847 and 1947, investigating the economic, social and political relationships of capital and labour both within the Chinese community and between Chinese and white society. Chinese indentured labour was recruited to serve as a docile, cheap and plentiful labour force for the pastoral, agricultural and pearling industries in the second half of the nineteenth century. Chinese labourers and domestic servants were subjected to official and unofficial controls aimed at creating and preserving a cheap and submissive labour force. This thesis argues that, far from passively accepting this imposed status, Chinese negotiated their position, utilizing strategies ranging from overt resistance to acceptance. While controls over Chinese indentured labour were designed to maximise productivity, those introduced to govern `free' Chinese immigrants were aimed at limiting productivity. Between 1886 and 1920, legislated restrictions limited the participation of `free' Chinese in the Western Australian economy and confined Chinese business to specific industries which posed the least threat to white labour and capital: market gardening, furniture manufacturing, retail and wholesale trading and laundrywork. Chinese firms were small and labour intensive, and used low level technology. They were generally managed by owner/operators and were characterised by personalised labour relations and minimal division of labour. Chinese firms were able to survive because they dominated their particular industry or specialist areas within it. They achieved this through adapting traditional skills to suit local conditions. The organisation of labour and personalised managerial practices helped firms retain staff, minimise costs and maximise productivity. Chinese were active in their responses to controls and restrictions and met with some success, especially with State legislation. However, like Chinese in other States, they were unable to exert any influence over the Commonwealth government's Immigration Restriction Act, 1901. This Act resulted in severe labour shortages in Chinese-owned businesses which made it very difficult for them to continue operating. Without fresh supplies of labour to maintain production in labour intensive industries, it was inevitable that Chinese enterprise would lose its effectiveness in the sectors it was once dominant.
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Siemiatycki, Elliot. "Consumption city : precarious labour and capital in Vancouver, British Columbia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44557.

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Vancouver is increasingly being recognized as a model of urban development in the 21st century. While much of the attention paid to Vancouver has focused on ‘Vancouverism’ as an urban planning and design approach that encourages high-density, amenity-rich, mixed-use development to reenergize urban cores, this dissertation examines the exceptional economic development trajectory underlying Metro Vancouver’s urban transformation since the early 1980s. The central claim in this research is that changes to the built form of the city over the past three decades represent a fundamental shift in the orientation of the local economy away from export-oriented resource activity and business services towards local consumption in real estate and tourism which is driven by inward international investment and immigration. The single most important outcome of this largely unplanned shift in urban economic development has been the unprecedented increases in local housing prices. Instead of a healthy ‘diversified’ economy, this reorientation of Vancouver as a consumption city has created a dysfunctional ‘hybrid’ economy characterized by significant job losses in key local economic sectors, below average levels of productivity and exports, and relatively low incomes. Through a set of comparative sectoral case studies exploring food and beverage services, legal services and digital media services, this dissertation seeks to understand what impact the rise of Vancouver as a consumption city has had on local workers and firms. This research complicates a variety of conceptual frameworks used by human geographers such as precarious employment, global and creative cities, firm competitiveness, and entrepreneurial governance. Above all, the many paradoxes of Vancouver’s contemporary economic development trajectory are exposed in the words of local workers, firms, commentators and industry experts: Vancouver is simultaneously the most livable and unaffordable city in the world; Vancouver is a leading creative city in which creative firms and workers alike struggle under conditions of precariousness; Vancouver is mythologized as a healthy, sustainable, lifestyle city while these very qualities often must be sacrificed by working Vancouver residents. Tracing the underlying story and challenges of Vancouver’s emergence as a global consumption city provides important insights into 21st century urban development.
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Taylor, Peter Forbes. "Popular politics and labour-capital relations in Bolton, 1825-1850". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315543.

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Lunn, J. R. "Capital and labour on the Rhodesian railway system, 1890-1939". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234440.

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Książki na temat "Capital and labour"

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Ursell, Gill, i Paul Blyton. State, Capital and Labour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19514-5.

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Maksimova, V. F. Marx's "Wage labour and capital". Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986.

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Thompson, William. Labour rewarded: The claims of labour and capital conciliated. London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1997.

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Farrell, Peter Emmett. Capital, labour and Irish foreign policy. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Bieler, Andreas, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham i Adam David Morton. Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230627307.

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Hodgskin, Thomas. Labour defended against the claims of capital. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1997.

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MacKay, R. R. Local labour markets, regional development, human capital. Bangor: University College of North Wales, 1993.

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Rowthorn, Robert. Unemployment, wage bargaining and capital-labour substitution. Cambridge: ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, 1996.

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William, Thompson. Labour rewarded: The claims of capital conciliated. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1997.

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Hodgskin, Thomas. Labour defended against the claims of capital. London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1997.

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Części książek na temat "Capital and labour"

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Kritzer, Amelia Howe. "Labour and Capital". W The Plays of Caryl Churchill, 138–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11460-3_7.

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Manes, Alfred. "Capital and labour". W Wunderbar Country, 42–55. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352884-6.

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Mawby, Spencer. "Capital and Labour". W The Transformation and Decline of the British Empire, 119–43. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-38751-6_6.

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Vadot, Guillaume. "Dispossessive wage labour". W Accumulating Capital Today, 33–46. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003089513-4.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The Missing Book on Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 15–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21831-8_2.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The Political Economy of Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 60–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21831-8_4.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The One-Sidedness of Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 105–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21831-8_6.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The Missing Book on Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 27–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943729_3.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The Political Economy of Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 77–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943729_5.

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Lebowitz, Michael A. "The One-Sidedness of Wage-Labour". W Beyond Capital, 139–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943729_8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Capital and labour"

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Nezinsky, Eduard. "INPUT UTILIZATION: LABOUR AND HUMAN CAPITAL IN EUROPE". W SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b24/s7.047.

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Narongchai, Wanichcha, Dusadee Ayuwat i Adirek Rengmanawong. "CAPITAL UTILIZATION AND HAPPINESS OF LABOUR MIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS, THAILAND". W International Conference on Future of Women. The International Institute of Knowledge Management-TIIKM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icfow.2018.1103.

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Ochoa-Moreno, Wilman-Santiago, Carlos Moreno-Hurtado i Diego Ochoa-Jimenez. "Labour productivity, hzuman Capital and R&D Expenditure". W 2020 15th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cisti49556.2020.9140847.

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Masárová, Jana, i Eva Koišová. "ASSESSMENT OF THE LABOUR MARKET SITUATION IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP CAPITAL REGIONS". W 3rd International Scientific Conference on Economics and Management. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade; Faculty of Management Koper; Doba Business School - Maribor; Integrated Business Faculty - Skopje; Faculty of Management - Zajecar, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2019.641.

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Brożek, Katarzyna, Beata Poteralska i Joanna Łabędzka. "INFLUENCE OF SELECTED HUMAN RESOURCES ATTRIBUTES ON THE CONDITION OF THE LABOR MARKET IN POLAND". W 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.822.

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The aim of the article was to identify statistically significant determinants of human capital influencing the condition of the labour market in Poland. The resources of public statistics were used to collect empirical data. The collected data was developed using the technique of estimating the structural parameters of the regression function using the classical method of least squares (LSM). Due to the diversity of human capital factors, 4 thematic areas were identi-fied, defined by 11 predictors describing the attributes of human capital. All the variables turned out to be statistically significant and had a positive effect on the improvement of the labour market condition in Poland, measured by the unemployment rate. The practical implication of the study is to obtain information about the significance level of the studied variables. This allows us to conclude which attributes of human capital have the greatest impact on the situation on the labour market. On this basis, it is possible to decide on taking actions aimed at creating human capital through the use of tools intended to reduce unemployment. The study should be considered preliminary due to limitations only 4 areas – Science, Information Society, Innovation and Technology in 2011–2020 were analyzed. Conclusions may con-tribute to further in-depth research.
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"Labour Potential and Human Capital of the Older Working Generation in the Information Society". W XIII Ural Demographic Forum.Global challenges to demographic development. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-4-1.

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Orekhov, Viktor, Sergey Golovchanov i Anzor Karanashev. "Research on the impact of human capital on the lean production implementation". W IX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Current Problems of Social and Labour Relations" (ISPC-CPSLR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220208.054.

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Kochina, Svetlana, i Elena Shchetinina. "Diagnosis of Labor Relations and Human Capital Through the Prism of HR Branding". W IX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Current Problems of Social and Labour Relations" (ISPC-CPSLR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220208.034.

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Veshkurova, Alina, Nataliya Kopylova, Tatiana Aleksashina i Ekaterina Alyamkina. "The Role of Human Capital in Ensuring the Digital Transformation of Russian Companies". W IX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Current Problems of Social and Labour Relations" (ISPC-CPSLR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220208.071.

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Boldyreva, Elizaveta, Baina Dordzhieva, Elzata Boldyreva i Olga Dordzhieva. "Self-Employment in the Cultural and Educational Sphere as the Principle in Human Capital Development". W VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Current problems of social and labour relations' (ISPC-CPSLR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.096.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Capital and labour"

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Cette, Gilbert, Jimmy Lopez i Jacques Mairesse. Labour Market Regulations and Capital Intensity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22603.

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Blundell, Richard, Monica Costa Dias, Costas Meghir i Jonathan Shaw. Female Labour Supply, Human Capital and Welfare Reform. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19007.

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Costa Dias, Monica, Costas Meghir, Jonathan Shaw i Richard Blundell. Female labour supply, human capital and welfare reform. Institute for Fiscal Studies, maj 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2013.1310.

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), styczeń 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Rana Maheshwary, Seema. Poor Marginalised Hindu Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.006.

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The role of women is vital in the development of family, community, and society. Hindu women in Pakistan are facing multiple obstacles in their daily life. This study analyses the attitudes towards poor Hindu women living in Karachi the capital of Sindh province, many of whom do manual labour as members of the lower class es. This study not only analyses the reli gious discrimination experienced by these women, through their own words, but also looks at how this intersects with gender discrimination and economic exclusion.
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de Vos, B. I., i E. E. W. Termeer. Social capital and food security in Kibera communication strategies on child labour from awareness raising to action : a desk review with preliminary design ideas for campaign in Africa and Europe. The Hague: Wageningen Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/547563.

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Berk, Jonathan, Jules van Binsbergen i Binying Liu. Matching Capital and Labor. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20138.

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Kostarakos, Ilias, i Petros Varthalitis. Effective tax rates in Ireland. ESRI, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs110.

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This article provides estimates of the effective tax rates in Ireland for the 1995-2017 period. We use these aggregate tax indicators to compare the developments in the Irish tax policy mix with the rest of the European Union countries and investigate any potential relation with Ireland’s macroeconomic performance. Our findings show that distortionary taxes, e.g. on factors of production, are significantly lower while less distortionary taxes, e.g. on consumption, are higher in Ireland than most European countries. Thus, the distribution of tax burden falls relatively more on consumption and to a lesser extent on labour than capital; while in the EU average the norm is the opposite. The descriptive analysis indicates that this shift in the Irish tax policy mix is correlated with the country’s strong economic performance.
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Fernández-Cerezo, Alejandro, Enrique Moral-Benito i Javier Quintana. A production network model for the Spanish economy with an application to the impact of NGEU funds. Madrid: Banco de España, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/27333.

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This paper introduces a sectoral model for the Spanish economy that allows a better understanding of the propagation of sector-specific shocks taking into account different network interdependencies. In particular, the model features sector interactions along several dimensions in an open economy setting, either in the provision of intermediate inputs and capital goods or competing in the labour market. This framework is flexible enough to provide insights into the effect of several policy-relevant shocks, such as global value chain bottlenecks, increases in production costs in energy-intensive sectors or large public investment programmes. In order to illustrate the role of such sectoral interactions, we consider a sectorisation of Next Generation EU (NGEU) funds based on Spain’s Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (RTRP) which will mobilize €69.5 bn in grants. According to our findings, the average impact over a 5-year horizon is 1.15% of GDP if we consider only the direct effect of the investment programmes and expenditure plans, but it increases to 1.75% if we take into account the increase in the productive capacity of certain sectors and its propagation through the production network. Moreover, the resulting expansion is particularly strong in sectors highly dependent on high-skilled labour, such as IT and professional services, which might lead to shortages of high-skilled workers, reducing the aggregate impact on GDP by 25%.
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Curtis, E. Mark, Daniel Garrett, Eric Ohrn, Kevin Roberts i Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato. Capital Investment and Labor Demand. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29485.

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