Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Canna indica”

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blacido
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O interesse em filmes biodegradavéis éuma tendência mundial que tem aumentado de modo significativo nos ?timos anos motivando assim, estudos relacionados com o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de macromoléculas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar biofilmes a partir de farinha de biri (Canna indica L.) e avaliar o efeito de quatro variaveis de processo: concentração de glicerol (15 ¿ 35%), temperatura de processo (70 ¿90 °C), temperatura de secagem (35 ¿ 55 °C) e umidade relativa de secagem (30 ¿ 70%) sobre as propriedades mecânicas (força, deformação, tensão, elongação e módulo secante), ópticas (cor, brilho e opacidade) e a solubilidade em água dos biofilmes. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram obtidos farinha e amido a partir de rizomas de biri cultivados no estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Estes materiais foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, propriedades físicas e térmicas, análiise de microestrutura por microscopía eletrica de varredura (MEV), distribuição de tamanho dos grânulos de amido e análise estrutural por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR). Numa segunda etapa, filmes a partir de farinha de biri foram elaborados segundo um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional 24 (DCCR). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM) que juntamente com a função de desejabilidade (D) permitiu a obtenção das condiçoes de processo ótimas (concentração de glicerol de 17%, temperatura de processo de 90 °C, temperatura de secagem de 44,8 °C e umidade relativa de 36,4%). Nas condições ótimas os biofilmes apresentaram altos valores de resistência mecânica (7,0 MPa), baixa solubilidade (38,3%) e valores de elongação satisfatórios (14,6%). Na útima etapa do trabalho, foram elaborados biofilmes de farinha e de amido de biri para determinar o efeito das fibras, proteínas e lipídios sobre as propriedades dos filmes de farinha. Os biofilmes foram caracterizados com base em suas propriedades mecânicas, ópticas, microestrutura e analise estrutural por MEV e FTIR. Os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram maior flexibilidade em termos de elonga?o (14,6%), maior permeabilidade ao vapor de ?ua (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 ¿10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) e menor resistência mecânica e rigidez (7,0 N e 231,7 MPa) quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido de biri (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa e 3,2 ± 0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa, respectivamente). A partir das análiises MEV, observouse que os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram imperfeições na sua superfície e uma seção transversal menos densa e com pequenas fissuras quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido. Os espectros de FTIR evidenciaram a presença De grupos OH, CH2 e amida III em ambos os biofilmes enquanto que o grupo amida I só foi evidenciado nos filmes de farinha. Em relação às propriedades ópticas, os filmes de farinha apresentaram cor amarelada enquanto que os filmes de amido apresentaram-se mais claros e menos opacos
Abstract: The focus in biodegradable films is a global trend and has received a significant attention in recent years, thus motivating studies related to the development and characterization of films based on natural macromolecules. The objective of this study is to develop edible films from biri flour (Canna indica L.) and evaluate the effect of four process variables: glycerol concentration (15 - 35%), process temperature (70 - 90 °C), drying temperature (35 ¿ 55 °C) and drying air relative humidity (30 ¿ 70%), on both mechanical (puncture force, deformation, tensile strength, elongation at break and secant modulus), and optical (color, brightness and opacity ) properties, as well as on water solubility of films. In the first stage of this work, flour and starch were obtained from rhizomes of biri cultivated in the S? Paulo State (Brazil). The evaluation of such materials dealt with proximate chemical composition, physical and thermal properties, microstructural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), size distribution of starch granules and structural analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. On the second stage, edible films from the biri flour were prepared according to a Central Composite Rotational Design 24 (CCRD). The results were statistically analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM), which along with the desirability function (D) allowed to obtain the optimum process conditions (17% for glycerol concentration, 90 °C for process temperature, 44,8 °C for drying temperature and 36,4% for air drying relative humidity). In optimum conditions the films showed high values of tensile strength (7,0 MPa), low solubility (38,3%) and satisfactory values of elongation at break (14,6%). On the last stage of this work, the films were prepared from flour and starch biri in order to determine the effect of fiber, protein and fat on the properties of the flour biofilms. The films were characterized based on their mechanical and optical properties, microstructure and structural analysis by means of SEM and FTIR. The results showed that flour films have greater flexibility in terms of elongation at break (14,6%), high water vapor permeability (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) and lower tensile strength and secant modulus (7,0 N and 231,7 MPa) when compared with the starch films (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa and 3,2 ?0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa respectively). From SEM analysis it was observed that the flour films have flaws in its surface and a cross section less dense, with small cracks compared with the starch films. FTIR spectra showed presence of OH groups, CH2 and amide III in both films, while the amide group I was only observed in flour film. Optical properties showed that the flour films were yellowish while the starch films were clearer and less opaque
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blácido
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

[Truncated abstract] The use of constructed wetlands for tertiary purification of municipal wastewater has received increasing attention around the world because direct discharge of secondary-treated municipal wastewater to water bodies has caused eutrophication. Plant species selection and vegetation management may enhance nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the relations between plant growth and nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. The objective of this study is to better understand how plant growth and resource allocation are influenced by nutrients in wastewater and how nutrient removal efficiencies are affected by plant species and vegetation management. The preliminary experiment was conducted to select macrophytes, especially ornamental species, to grow in the wastewater in the wetland microcosms. Ten plant species, comprising six ornamental species: Alocasia macrorrhiza, Canna indica, Iris louisiana, Lythrum sp., Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zantedeschia sp., and four sedge species: Baumea articulate, Baumea juncea, Carex tereticaulis and Schoenoplectus validus, were planted in the wetland microcosms and fed a simulated wastewater solution in the concentrations similar to the secondary-treated municipal wastewater. C. indica has shown vigorous and healthy growth, and a relatively high potential of rooting-zone aeration and nutrient removal efficiency. B. articulata and S. validus also showed relatively high nutrient removal efficiency. ... The high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio were required for stimulating plant growth, resulting in allocation of more resources to above-ground tissues compared to below-ground parts, and enhancing nutrient removal efficiency. Nutrient removal efficiencies were significantly influenced by growth of C. indica and S. validus, nutrient loading rates and N/P ratios in the wastewater. The nutrient uptake kinetics of C. indica and S. validus were investigated to elucidate the differences in nutrient uptake between species. Wetland plant species have shown differential nutrient uptake efficiency and different preferences for inorganic N source, with C. indica preferring NO3-N and S. validus preferring NH4-N. C. indica had greater capacity than S. validus to take up PO4-P when the concentration of PO4-P in the solution was relatively low, whereas S. validus was more capable than C. indica to take up NO3-N when the concentration of NO3-N in the solution was relatively low. The PO4-P uptake capacity was higher in younger than older plants. Overall, the study has suggested that different plant species have differential capacity to take up nutrients. In addition to nutrient uptake, plants have significant other roles in terms of nutrient removal from the wastewater (such as leaking oxygen into the rhizosphere in which oxidation of substances like ammonia can occur). The properly high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio are required to stimulate the plant growth, resulting in enhancing the treatment performance in the wetlands. These findings have important implications for improving our ability to engineer ecological solutions to the problems associated with nutrient-rich wastewater.

Orientador: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback
Coorientador: Anderson Antonio da Conceição Sartori
Banca: Luis Gustavo Frediani Lessa
Banca: Osmar Delmanto Junior
Resumo: A cultura de cana-de-açúcar tem grande influência ambiental no Brasil, pois a colheita manual da cana-de-açúcar vem sendo substituída pela mecanizada no Estado de São Paulo e isso tem provocado uma grande queda nas emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE's). Desta forma, estudos recentes salientam a possibilidade da utilização dos índices de vegetação espectrais para estimar a biomassa, o estoque e o sequestro de carbono no monitoramento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Mediante avanços tecnológicos de sensores remotos que permitem analisar, por meio de imagem de satélites, a distribuição espacial de áreas cultivadas e as possíveis modificações da cobertura vegetal em diversas épocas, tem possibilitado o fornecimento quanto ao monitoramento das áreas vegetadas. Assim, como hipótese principal de estudo foi estabelecido que índices de vegetação podem discriminar diferentes áreas com distintos estoques de carbono em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, para o município de São Manuel -SP. A partir de imagens do satélite Landsat 8 foram gerados os seguintes índices de vegetação: NDVI, PRI, CO2 flux, IAF e SAVI baseado em metodologia propostas por vários autores. O processamento e avaliação dos dados obtidos para a geração dos índices de vegetação, foram elaborados pelo programa ArcGIS 10.2.2 para a validação foram utilizadas duas áreas de cana-de-açúcar em Botucatu ...
Abstract: The cultivation of sugarcane has great environmental influence in Brazil, because sugarcane manual harvesting has been replaced by mechanized harvesting in São Paulo and this has caused a major drop in greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2007 the agreement was signed in the Environmental Protocol of the sugarcane industry. Thus, recent studies highlight the possibility of using spectral vegetation indices to estimate the biomass, the stock and carbon sequestration in monitoring the sugarcane crop. Through technological advances of remote sensors that allow to analyze, through satellite image, the spatial distribution of cultivated areas and possible changes in vegetation cover at different times, enable the monitoring of vegetated areas. As well as the main study hypothesis was that vegetation indices can discriminate different areas with different carbon stocks in areas cultivated with sugarcane, for the municipality of São Manuel - SP. The study area is located in the municipality of São Manuel - SP, were used to validate two areas of sugarcane in Botucatu - SP for comparison analysis. The processing and evaluation of data, generation of vegetation indices were prepared by ArcGIS 10.2.2 programs using satellite Landsat 8 bands. Were prepared correlation between vegetation indices in the validation of areas where there was a high correlation, it was possible to confirm the figures for the municipality of São Manuel - SP and interpret them with the assurance of spectral responses. Through the carbon inventory values in the soil in these areas in Botucatu - SP was performed with the correlation values of vegetation indexes generated in this case there was no correlation. One explanation for the low correlation between indexes related to biomass and carbon content in the soil is that the areas are cultivated with semi-perennial crop, which systematic soil disturbance beyond the demand management ...
Mestre

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The present work aimed the development of a model bioinsecticide for pest insect control using microencapsulated botanical extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem), and natural polymer of lignins, witch were extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Several different extraction methods and chemical modifications were carried out on lignin in order to evaluate yield, cost, environmental advantages and biological efficacy. Among the proposed chemical modifications the main reactions were oxidation and acetylation. Techniques used for biopolymer characterization were FITR, 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF and SEM. Chemometric tools on NMR analyses aided on lignin differentiation according to their groups: oxidized, acetylated and naturals. Lignins were used in microencapsulation processes of extracts and fractions of the natural insecticide, A. indica L. Juss, by using Spray-Drying methods. The obtained products were subjected to thermal and photochemical degradation assays. The formulation promoted stability gains of approximately 40% for the formulated botanical extract. Use of commercial thermal and photochemical protectors were also investigated where it was observed that lignin was more efficient than traditional commercial photostabilizers protectors, showing that there is no need for adding synthetic protectors on microencapsulation process, and consequently, they are not needed on the final product. Microencapsulation was done through process known as Nanoemulsion/Solvent Displacement developed by the workgroup. In this process, botanical material was firstly nanoemulsioned, coated by a biopolymeric film in order to promote nanocapsules, and dried using Spray-Dryer generating micrometric clusters. All formulated material was subjected to biological assays to Spodoptera frugiperda, Diabrotica speciosa, Diatraea saccharalis e Anticarsia gemmatalis. Data obtained on biological testes shows that formulations that were prepared with neem and lignin were as active as non-formulated botanical extract on pest insects.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um bioinseticida modelo para controle de insetos-pragas formulado com extrato vegetal de Azadirachta indica (nim), microencapsulado, utilizando como polímero natural ligninas extraídas do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar. Foram realizados diferentes métodos de extração e modificação química da lignina no intuito de comparação de rendimento, custo, vantagens ambientais e eficácia biológica. Entre as modificações químicas propostas as principais foram reações de oxidação e acetilação. As técnicas utilizadas para a caracterização do biopolímero foram o IV-TF, RMN de 1H, MALDI-TOF e MEV. Tecnicas de quimiometria foram empregadas na analise de RMN, auxiliando na diferenciação dos biopolímeros segundo seu grupo: oxidadas, acetiladas e naturais. As ligninas foram utilizadas em processos de microencapsulação de extratos e frações do inseticida natural, Azadirachta indica L. Juss, por Spray-Drying. Os produtos obtidos foram submetidos a ensaios de degradação térmica e fotoquímica. A formulação promoveu ganhos de estabilidade em aproximadamente 40% para o extrato vegetal formulado. O uso de protetores térmicos e UV comerciais também foram investigados onde verificou-se que a lignina foi mais eficiente que protetores fotoestabilizantes tradicionalmente comercializados, mostrando assim, a não necessidade de inserir aditivos sintéticos no processo de microencapsulamento e, consequentemente, no produto final. O microencapsulamento foi realizado utilizando o processo nomeado Nanoemulsão/Deslocamento Solvente desenvolvido no grupo de trabalho. Neste processo, o material vegetal foi nanoemulsionado, revestido por um filme biopolimérico formando as nanocápsulas e secas pela técnica de Spray-Drying gerando um cluster em escala micrométrica. Todo material formulado foi submetido a ensaios biológicos para os insetos Spodoptera frugiperda, Diabrotica speciosa, Diatraea saccharalis e Anticarsia gemmatalis que foram usados como modelos. Os dados obtidos nos ensaios biológicos demostraram que as formulações preparadas com nim e ligninas como envoltórios foram ativas contra os insetos-pragas tanto quanto o extrato vegetal não formulado.

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In Northeastern Brazil the land use of sandy costal table with sugarcane (Saccharum sp.)cropping associated with high temperatures and long dry seasons have increased plant parasitism nematode, particularly Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus zeae, severity in fields. Despite many control measures have been applied, none has been efficient enough to keep nematode level under economic threshold. Therefore three experiments were conducted searching for more efficient, economic and ecological sound control alternatives. In the first experiment, it was evaluated the effect of neen (Azadirachta indica) oil, filter pressed mud and aldicarb on endoparasitic nematodes density and on technological and productive variables of sugarcane in a naturally infested field. There was no significant difference among treatments within technological variables. Stalk diameter and productivity were lower (P= 0.05) in the control and the nematicide treatment. Plants with filter cake (60 t/ha) and filter cake (60 t/ha) + Neen oil (1%) presented the highest (P=¤0.05) productive means, showing no significant difference in plant height and stalk number. Meloidogyne spp. densities in both soil and root were not affected by treatments, in contrast to P. zeae, which presented the lowest (P=H0.05) density in plots with aldicarb or neen oil (2%), indicating efficiency these products under field conditions. In the second experiment, it was evaluated acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), silicated fertilizer, and neen extract efficiency on the integrated management of Meloidogyne spp. and P. zeae in a sugarcane field. The association filter cake (50 t/ha) + aldicarb (20 kg/ha) + neen extract (1%) sprinkled on seed stalks significantly increased plant height. ASM (100g/100 L) sprinkled on seed stalks and aldicarb (20 kg/ha) + ASM (100g/100 L) sprinkled on shoots increased (P=o0.05) stalk diameter. The highest (P= 0.05) increases in productivity occurred in plots with filter pressed mud and silicated fertilizer. There was no significant difference in endoparasites densities in soil, incontrast to the roots, in which Meloidogyne spp. densities were significantly lower in plots with silicated fertilizer alone or in association with the other treatments. ASM did not affect root-knot nematode densities and neen extract was efficient only in association with aldicarb or aldicarb + filter cake. Pratylenchus zeae was not affected by any treatment. In the third experiment it was investigated under greenhouse the effects of three mineral organic complexes (Coda Radimax, Coda Humus PK and Coda Vit) on induction of resistance to M. incognita in three sugarcane varieties (RB 92579, RB 863129, RB 867515). All varieties were good host to M. incognita. Comparing to the untreated control, Coda Radimax significantly decreased final number of eggs per root system in all sugarcane varieties. Coda Humus-PK and Coda Vit were efficient in reducing eggs density in RB 867515 but not in RB 863129. All tested compounds did not affect stalk diameter, number and dry weight of shoots. No significant anatomical changes were observed in the M. incognita inoculated tissues examined using bright field microscopy, compared to corresponding tissues in healthy plants.
No nordeste do Brasil o uso de solos arenosos de tabuleiros costeiros com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e as altas temperaturas associadas a longos períodos de estação seca têm favorecido o parasitismo de fitonematoides, particularmente Meloidogyne spp. e Pratylenchus zeae, aumentando a severidade nos campos de cultivo. Embora muitas medidas de controle venham sendo aplicadas, nenhuma tem sido eficiente o suficiente para manter o nível populacional dos fitonematóides abaixo dos níveis de dano. Dessa forma três experimentos foram conduzidos buscando alternativas mais eficientes, econômicas e de menor impacto ambiental. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o efeito do óleo de nim, torta de filtro e aldicarb sobre a densidade populacional de nematóides endoparasitos e variáveis produtivas e tecnológicas da cana-de-açúcar em campo naturalmente infestado. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas nas variáveis tecnológicas. O diâmetro dos colmos e a produtividade foram menores (P=Ì0,05) nas testemunhas e no tratamento nematicida isoladamente. As maiores (P= 0,05) médias produtivas foram encontradas nas parcelas com torta de filtro e torta de filtro (60 t/ha) + óleo de nim (1%), não havendo diferença entre altura e número de colmos. A densidade populacional de Meloidogyne spp. no solo e na raiz não sofreu efeito dos tratamentos, diferentemente de P. zeae que apresentou as menores densidades em raízes com nematicida e com o óleo de nim (2%), mostrando eficiência no controle de P. zeae em condições de campo. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se em condições de campo a eficiência dos Acibenzolar-S-Metil (ASM), fertilizante silicatado e extrato de nim no manejo integrado de Meloidogyne spp. e P.zeae. Torta de filtro (50 t/ha) + aldicarb (20 kg/ha) + extrato de nim (1%) pulverizado sobre os rebolos aumentaram (P=[ 0,05) a altura das plantas. ASM (100g/100 L) pulverizado sobre os rebolos e aldicarb (20 kg/ha) + ASM (100g/100 L) promoveram aumentos (P=U0,05) no diâmetro dos colmos. Os maiores (P=U0,05) incrementos produtivos ocorreram nas parcelas com torta de filtro e fertilizante silicatado. Não ocorreu diferença significativa nos níveis dos endoparasitos no solo, diferentemente do que ocorreu nas raízes, quando as densidades de Meloidogyne spp. foram menores (P= 0,05) nas parcelas com fertilizante silicatado isoladamente e em conjunto com os demais tratamentos. ASM não apresentou efeito sobre a densidade deste fitonematóide e o extrato de nim foi eficiente quando usado em conjunto com aldicarb ou aldicarb + torta de filtro. Pratylenchus zeae não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. No terceiro experimento foi investigado, em casa de vegetação, os efeitos de três complexos organo-minerais (Coda Radimax, Coda Humus PK e Coda Vit) na indução de resistência a M. incognita em três variedades (RB 92579, RB 863129, RB 867515) de cana-de-açúcar. Todas as variedades estudadas foram boas hospedeiras de M. incognita. Em relação à testemunha, Coda Radimax reduziu significativamente o número final de ovos porsistema radicular em todas as variedades. Coda Humus-PK e Coda Vit se mostraram eficientes em diminuir (P=I0,05) a densidade de ovos em RB 867515, mas não em RB 863129. Todos os compostos testados não afetaram o diâmetro do colmo, peso da biomassa seca da parte aérea e número de perfilho. Não ocorreram modificações anatômicas significativas nos tecidos das plantas inoculados com M. incognita em relação aos tecidos sadios.

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A cultura de cana-de-açúcar tem grande influência ambiental no Brasil, pois a colheita manual da cana-de-açúcar vem sendo substituída pela mecanizada no Estado de São Paulo e isso tem provocado uma grande queda nas emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE's). Desta forma, estudos recentes salientam a possibilidade da utilização dos índices de vegetação espectrais para estimar a biomassa, o estoque e o sequestro de carbono no monitoramento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Mediante avanços tecnológicos de sensores remotos que permitem analisar, por meio de imagem de satélites, a distribuição espacial de áreas cultivadas e as possíveis modificações da cobertura vegetal em diversas épocas, tem possibilitado o fornecimento quanto ao monitoramento das áreas vegetadas. Assim, como hipótese principal de estudo foi estabelecido que índices de vegetação podem discriminar diferentes áreas com distintos estoques de carbono em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, para o município de São Manuel -SP. A partir de imagens do satélite Landsat 8 foram gerados os seguintes índices de vegetação: NDVI, PRI, CO2 flux, IAF e SAVI baseado em metodologia propostas por vários autores. O processamento e avaliação dos dados obtidos para a geração dos índices de vegetação, foram elaborados pelo programa ArcGIS 10.2.2 para a validação foram utilizadas duas áreas de cana-de-açúcar em Botucatu ...
The cultivation of sugarcane has great environmental influence in Brazil, because sugarcane manual harvesting has been replaced by mechanized harvesting in São Paulo and this has caused a major drop in greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2007 the agreement was signed in the Environmental Protocol of the sugarcane industry. Thus, recent studies highlight the possibility of using spectral vegetation indices to estimate the biomass, the stock and carbon sequestration in monitoring the sugarcane crop. Through technological advances of remote sensors that allow to analyze, through satellite image, the spatial distribution of cultivated areas and possible changes in vegetation cover at different times, enable the monitoring of vegetated areas. As well as the main study hypothesis was that vegetation indices can discriminate different areas with different carbon stocks in areas cultivated with sugarcane, for the municipality of São Manuel - SP. The study area is located in the municipality of São Manuel - SP, were used to validate two areas of sugarcane in Botucatu - SP for comparison analysis. The processing and evaluation of data, generation of vegetation indices were prepared by ArcGIS 10.2.2 programs using satellite Landsat 8 bands. Were prepared correlation between vegetation indices in the validation of areas where there was a high correlation, it was possible to confirm the figures for the municipality of São Manuel - SP and interpret them with the assurance of spectral responses. Through the carbon inventory values in the soil in these areas in Botucatu - SP was performed with the correlation values of vegetation indexes generated in this case there was no correlation. One explanation for the low correlation between indexes related to biomass and carbon content in the soil is that the areas are cultivated with semi-perennial crop, which systematic soil disturbance beyond the demand management ...

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Currently the demand for insecticides of natural origin it has been growing, mainly because they are biodegradable, thus avoiding contamination of the environment and harm people's health. Among these biopesticides may be out products based on neem (Azadirachta indica L.), tree of Asian origin used for centuries in India for various purposes, and had their properties insecticides discovered just 30 years, when its main component the azadirachtin was isolated. In this context it also includes the Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aublet), a tree listed more of the Amazon region, whose oil seeds has a great commercial potential and many medicinal properties and is marketed well in the Amazon. Thus, this project aims to study the effects of a product lousiness the basis of extract containing Azadirachta indica L., Carapa guianensis Aublet and Saccharum officinarum L., administered in Wistar rats. The tests were performed in four groups with eight rats, each in accordance with the process of inoculation as follows: ocular (OC), oral (P), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP) and more the control group (C ), consisting of four animals. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the kidneys, heart, liver, spleen, stomach and intestine of rats, as well as the achievement of all serum biochemistry (total protein, creatinine,urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase were performed in order to investigate the possible toxic effects caused by the administration of this concentrate. The results of the samples showed only lesions in organs such as liver and spleen in animals of group intraperitoneal and skin of individuals of the group of subcutaneous application. Parameters as creatininina, urea, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase were shown to be altered in variousgroups including the control, however, only the AST has been shown to be a safe parameter for assessment.
Atualmente a procura de produtos inseticidas de origem natural vem se tornando crescente,principalmente pelo fato de serem biodegradáveis, evitando-se assim contaminação do ambiente e prejuízos à saúde da população. Dentre esses bioinseticidas podem-se destacar os produtos à base de nim (Azadirachta indica L.), árvore de origem asiática utilizada há séculos na Índia para diversos fins, e que teve suas propriedades inseticidas descobertas há apenas 30 anos, quando o seu principal composto, a azadiractina foi isolada. Neste contexto inclui-se também a andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aublet), uma das árvores mais cotadas da Região Amazônica, cujo óleo extraído das sementes possui um grande potencial comercial e inúmeras propriedades medicinais, sendo bastante comercializado na Amazônia. Desta forma, este projeto se propõe a estudar os efeitos de um produto piolhicida a base de extrato concentrado contendo Azadirachta indica L., Carapa guianensis Aublet e Saccharum officinarum L., administrado em ratas Wistar. Os testes foram realizados em quatro grupos com oito ratas, cada um de acordo com as vias de inoculação que se seguem: ocular (OC), oral (P), subcutânea (SC), intraperitoneal (IP) e mais o grupo controle (C), constituído por quatro animais. As análises macroscópicas e microscópicas dos rins, coração, fígado, baço, estômago e intestino das ratas, assim como a realização de toda bioquímica sérica (proteínas totais, creatinina, uréia, aspartato-aminotransferase (AST), alanina-aminotransferase (ALT) e fosfatase alcalina, foram realizadas com o intuito de averiguar os possíveis efeitos tóxicos provocados pela administração deste concentrado. Os resultados das amostras apontaram apenas lesões em órgãos como fígado e baço nos animais do grupo intraperitoneal e na pele dos indivíduos do grupo de aplicação subcutânea. Parâmetros como creatininina, uréia, AST, ALT e fosfatase alcalina mostraram-se alterados nos diversos grupos, incluindo o controle, porém, apenas a AST demonstrou ser um parâmetro seguro para avaliação.

Orientador: Mara de Andrade Marinho Weill
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les potentialités de la télédétection aérospatiale pour l'aide à la gestion de sole cannière Réunionnaise. Nous avons utilisé une base de données d'images multitemporelles SPOT 4&5 (années 2002 et 2003) et organisé une campagne d'acquisition d'images hyperspectrales CASI en septembre 2002. Simultanément, nous avons assuré le déroulement et la mise en place d'un protocole de mesures au champ pour suivre l'évolution des paramètres biophysiques descriptifs de l'état du couvert de la canne (surface foliaire, taux d'azote, biomasse de la culture) et des paramètres agronomiques (suivi des coupes et des replantations). Les résultats ont montré qu'il est possible d'estimer la surface foliaire (LAI) à partir de l'indice de végétation normalisé (NDVI) ainsi que le rendement canne à partir de l'indice de végétation NDVI calculé au moment du développement maximal du couvert. Avec les données SPOT, la meilleure estimation du rendement canne à l'échelle parcellaire résulte du couplage entre le modèle de croissance Mosicas et les profils d'évolution de surface foliaire obtenus à partir des images SPOT 4&5. Les données hyperspectrales CASI permettent une meilleure estimation de la surface foliaire et de la biomasse fraîche que les données SPOT 4&5 ainsi qu'une estimation du taux d'azote foliaire qui est, en phase de maturation, un indicateur de richesse en sucre. La possibilité de discriminer des parcelles de canne en fonction de leurs états de surface (pleine végétation, coupée ou labourée) nous a permis de développer des applications opérationnelles de cartographie dynamique de la sole cannière en temps quasi réel : le suivi des coupes et des replantations.

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The neem oil obtained from the Azadirachta indica plant, plus formulations containing the fungus Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae, were used to control the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata in organic cultivation of sugarcane. The action of these products was compared with natural mortality of the insect, through parcels without use of any products. The experiment was conducted at Santo Antônio Plant in Sertãozinho-SP, in variety RB 85 5536 in the period from March to May 2008. It was employed the statistical design of subdivided parcels, with seven treatments, three repetitions and four periods. It wasn t observed significant statistical differences between the treatments studied either generally or in different periods evaluated. The natural mortality ranged from 55,5% to 80,81% suggesting that the action of environmental agents was sufficient, it laid off any kind of products, even the alternative.
O óleo de nim obtido da planta Azadirachta indica, mais as formulações contendo os fungos Metharizium anisoplae e Beauveria bassiana, foram empregados para o controle da cigarrinha das raízes Mahanarva fimbriolata em cultivo orgânico de cana-de-açúcar. A ação desses produtos foi comparada com a mortalidade natural do inseto, através de parcelas sem o emprego de qualquer tipo de produto. O experimento foi conduzido na Usina Santo Antônio em Sertãozinho-SP, em variedade RB 85 5536 no período de março a maio de 2008. Empregou-se o delineamento estatístico de parcelas subdivididas, com 7 tratamentos, 3 repetições e 4 épocas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os tratamentos estudados de forma geral ou nas diferentes épocas avaliadas. A mortalidade natural variou de 55,5% a 80,81% sugerindo que a ação dos agentes ambientais seja suficiente, dispensando o emprego de qualquer tipo de produto, mesmo os alternativos.

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Sugarcane has been cropped and produced in Brazil for a long time, so, it deserves mention because it makes the country as the largest producer, with also representativeness in sugar and ethanol production. The knowledge of reliable estimates concerning their cropped areas is essential for Brazilian agribusiness, as they help in determining prices to producers by power plants as well as allow establishing logistics flow of production. The cropped areas estimates are made by official agencies. Therefore, in order to reduce this subjectivity, geotechnology use comes as an alternative since it has been widely used in mappings agricultural crops. Thus, this study aimed at developing a methodology for mapping sugarcane crop in Paraná State with satellite images as LANDSAT, IRS and spectrum-temporal series of vegetation indexes from MODIS sensor, for 2010/2011 to 2014/2015 harvesting season. The carried out mappings indicated a strong positive correlation concerning Canasat and official IBGE. The developed method was based on Fuzzy ARTMAP classification and was efficient to map and estimate the sugarcane cropped area using vegetation index in Paraná State.
A cana-de-açúcar como cultura cultivada e produzida no Brasil merece destaque, pois torna o País o maior produtor mundial, com representatividade também na produção de açúcar e etanol. O conhecimento de estimativas confiáveis de suas áreas cultivadas é imprescindível para o agronegócio brasileiro, por auxiliar na determinação dos preços aos produtores pelas usinas e permitir estabelecer a logística de escoamento da produção. As estimativas de área cultivada são realizadas de forma subjetiva pelos órgãos oficiais. Com a finalidade de diminuir tal subjetividade, surge como alternativa o uso de geotecnologias, as quais têm sido muito utilizadas em mapeamentos de culturas agrícolas. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para o mapeamento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar para o Estado do Paraná usando imagens dos satélites LANDSAT, IRS e de séries espectro-temporais de índices de vegetação, provenientes do sensor MODIS, para as safras de 2010/2011 a 2014/2015. O mapeamento da cultura foi realizado a partir do modelo de classificação supervisionada Fuzzy ARTMAP, tendo como variáveis de entrada, termos harmônicos de amplitude e fase e as métricas fenológicas da cultura. Os mapeamentos realizados indicaram forte correlação positiva com relação aos dados do Canasat e oficiais IBGE. O método desenvolvido com base na classificação Fuzzy ARTMAP demonstrou ser eficiente para mapear e estimar a área cultivada da cultura de cana-de-açúcar utilizando índices de vegetação no Estado do Paraná.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T12:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Fernanda da Silva Vicente.pdf: 1027275 bytes, checksum: cd92aee4ecbfe067ed02f6f2d95dc593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11
The present study had as objective evaluating effects of vinasse application on aggregates stability and correlating physical and chemical soil attributes with indices of soil aggregation and nematode community in sugarcane growing areas at south coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. For aggregates stability studies, soil samples were collected from layers at 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m in 12 areas with and without vinasse application. Textural analysis of soils was carried out and it was evaluated particle density, soil density, total porosity, clay disperses in water, flocculation grade of clay, pH in water and in KCl, total organic carbon, organic matter and C-CO2 evolution in soil. No deformed soil samples were collected and evaluated for stability of aggregates in water through the aggregation indices: ponder medium diameter (PMD), finer module (FM) and percentage of aggregate > 2.00 mm (AGRI). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of probability. There was no difference in areas with and without vinasse for the soil aggregation indices PMD, FM and AGRI. In areas with vinasse organic carbon presented better correlations with PMD, FM and AGRI. The higher percentage of AGRI occurred at 0.0-0.2 m in areas with vinasse. For nematode community studies, soil samples were collected from layers at 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 and 0.4-0.5 m and roots at 0.2-0.3 m, in 14 areas. In the 258 samples collected, it was carried out textural analysis of soils and evaluated particle density, soil density, total porosity, clay disperse in water, flocculation grade of clay, pH in water and in KCl, organic matter, C-CO2 evolution in soil and nematode community structure. The grade of linear correlation between pair of points was determined through Pearson's correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of probability. The relations of the nematode community components with soil texture, soil density and particle density varied with nematode. The soil total organic carbon, organic matter and biomass heterotrophic activity directly influenced nematode population density, however, the areas studied were more heterogeneous within soil attributes than in nematode structure. Were conducted canonical correspondence analyses and Hierarchical cluster analyses using algorithms UPGMA and Ward. The CCA showed low correlations between soil properties and the rate of nematodes, giving other environmental factors the power to explain relations between rate-environment. The clusters using UPGMA and Ward algorithms, based on Euclidean distances and Sorensen (Bray-Curtis) were similar. Not differentiating the structure of nematode communities between areas with and without application of vinasse.
O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar efeitos da aplicação da vinhaça na estabilidade dos agregados do solo, correlacionar atributos físicos do solo com os índices de agregação e nematofauna em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar no litoral sul do estado de Pernambuco. Para os estudos de estabilidade de agregados, as 96 amostras de solo foram coletas nas camadas de 0,0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m, em 12 áreas com e sem aplicação de vinhaça. Para caracterização do solo foram realizadas análises granulométricas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, densidade de partículas, argila dispersa em água, grau de floculação das argilas, pH em água, pH em KCl, carbono orgânico total, matéria orgânica e evolução C-CO2 do solo. Amostras de solo foram coletadas para avaliação da estabilidade dos agregados estáveis em água, por meio dos índices de agregação: diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), módulo de finura (MF) e percentagem de agregados > 2,00 mm (AGRI). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de correlação de Pearson ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os índices de agregação do solo DMP, AGRI e MF apresentaram diferença significativa na avaliação das áreas com e sem aplicação de vinhaça. Para as áreas com vinhaça o carbono orgânico apresentou melhores correlações com os indicadores DMP, AGRI e MF. As maiores percentagens de agregados estáveis em água > 2,00 mm ocorreram na profundidade de 0,0-0,2 m, nas áreas com vinhaça. Para os estudos com a nematofauna, as amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3, 0,3-0,4 e 0,4-0,5 m, e as de raízes na camada de 0,2-0,3 m, em 14 áreas. Nas 258 amostras de solo coletadas foram realizadas análises granulométricas, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, argila dispersa em água, grau de floculação das argilas, pH em água e pH em KCl, matéria orgânica, evolução C-CO2 do solo e caracterização da nematofauna, sendo determinado o grau de correlação linear simples entre os pares de dados obtidos pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson a 5% de probabilidade. As relações dos componentes da nematofauna com as frações granulométricas, densidade do solo e densidade de partícula variaram com o nematoide envolvido. O carbono orgânico total, a matéria orgânica e a atividade heterotrófica da biomassa do solo influenciaram diretamente a densidade populacional dos nematóides, no entanto, as áreas estudadas foram mais heterogêneas em atributos de solo do que em estrutura de nematofauna. Foram realizadas análises de Correspondência Canônica (CCA) e de agrupamento hierárquico através dos algoritmos UPGMA e Ward. A CCA apresentou baixas correlações entre as propriedades do solo e os taxa de nematóides, conferindo a outros fatores ambientais o poder de explicar as relações entre taxa-ambiente. Os agrupamentos utilizando os algoritmos UPGMA e Ward, baseados nas distâncias Euclidiana e Sorensen(Bray-Curtis) foram semelhantes. Não diferenciando a estrutura das comunidades de nematóides entre as áreas com e sem aplicação de vinhaça.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les potentialités de la télédétection aérospatiale pour l'aide à la gestion de sole cannière Réunionnaise. Nous avons utilisé une base de données d'images multitemporelles SPOT 4&5 (années 2002 et 2003) et organisé une campagne d'acquisition d'images hyperspectrales CASI en septembre 2002. Simultanément, nous avons assuré le déroulement et la mise en place d'un protocole de mesures au champ pour suivre l'évolution des paramètres biophysiques descriptifs de l'état du couvert de la canne (surface foliaire, taux d'azote, biomasse de la culture) et des paramètres agronomiques (suivi des coupes et des replantations). Les résultats ont montré qu'il est possible d'estimer la surface foliaire (LAI) à partir de l'indice de végétation normalisé (NDVI) ainsi que le rendement canne à partir de l'indice de végétation NDVI calculé au moment du développement maximal du couvert. Avec les données SPOT, la meilleure estimation du rendement canne à l'échelle parcellaire résulte du couplage entre le modèle de croissance Mosicas et les profils d'évolution de surface foliaire obtenus à partir des images SPOT 4&5. Les données hyperspectrales CASI permettent une meilleure estimation de la surface foliaire et de la biomasse fraîche que les données SPOT 4&5 ainsi qu'une estimation du taux d'azote foliaire qui est, en phase de maturation, un indicateur de richesse en sucre. La possibilité de discriminer des parcelles de canne en fonction de leurs états de surface (pleine végétation, coupée ou labourée) nous a permis de développer des applications opérationnelles de cartographie dynamique de la sole cannière en temps quasi réel : le suivi des coupes et des replantations.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
食品科學系研究所
98
The biological activities of Canna species have caused most attentions, but limited scientifical evidence is available on their health-related activities. The objective of this study was to identify antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties of Canna indica (Cannaceae). Hot water extract (CI-W) and 80% ethanol extract (CI-E) from Canna indica (Cannaceae) were investigated for their total phenolic, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results showed that CI-W has higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reducing power and total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities than CI-E. However, CI-E has higher total flavonoids and anthocyanin contents than CI-W. A higher inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity of CI-E at high doses was about 74%. With respect to anti-inflammatory properties, both CI-W and CI-E showed the inhibitory effects on production of LPS-induced nitric oxide, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β by RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, there was no significant change in tumor necrosis factor alpha. In conclusion, the results indicate that Canna indica extracts were rich in antioxidant ingredients (total phenolics and total flavonoids), and have antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory properties.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
91
Canna spp. seeds have hard seed coat dormancy while the imbibition lid was regarded the site where initial water enterd into the seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the appropriate seed pretreatment for overcoming seed coat impermeability of Canna indica L. The results showed that : The germination rate was low for seeds without a pretreatment because of the imbibition lid of the seed woundn’t shed spontaneously. Scarifying the seed coat by sandpaper to overcomes seed coat impermeability wouid increase the germination rate significantly. Soaking in cool water for 36-48 hours would elevate slightly the germination rate. There were different heat pretreatment to force the imbibition lid open. One was soaking in hot water at 80℃or 100℃ for 5~60 minutes, the other was to dry heat at 80℃or 100℃for 5~60 minutes. The results showed to prolong the treatmeant time didn’t make any signifficanse on the imbibition lid open. The average for the lid open showed 100℃ hot water soaking had the best effect. But all these pretreatment only could make less than one third seeds lid open. On the other hand, the longer the heat pretreatment took the easier damages to the lid open seed, except 80℃ hot water soaking. On the average for seed germination percentage, the treatment of 80℃hot water soaking had the best effect. There were three storage temperatures (1) room temperature(27℃) (2) 35℃ (3) 45℃ to observe the afterripening effects of Canna indica L. seeds. The results showed to increase the storage temperature to 35℃ or to prolong storage time would induce afterripening and elevate slightly the germination rate. The storage at 45℃ could force 8~15% seed lid open and induce afterripening. Pretreating Fresh seeds with 80℃ hot water for 10 minutes could improve germination. The germination for the afterripening seeds treated with 80℃ hot water would be more significant. The seeds storaged at 35℃ or 45℃ for 4~8 weeks then soaked in 80℃ hot water for 10 minutes would overcome seed coat impermeability of Canna indica L. All the seeds lid could open and make imbibition. The treatment of 97% concentrated sulfuric acid for 30-60 min had the best promotion effect among all chemical treatments, much better than the treatment of 30% sulfuric acid. The treatment of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochloride for 8 hours was not effective.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
93
chpter 1. According to the report by Environment Protection Administration, the fifth level of heavy metals polluted soil area in Taiwan was approximately 1046 ha in 2002. these heavy metals include Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg and As. Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic element, and widely use for engineering and chemical industry. The organisms take up the Cd and transfer through food chain to accumulate finally in human body. The environmental consciousness raise recently, contaminated environment was remediated by natural way, such as phytomediation. In the recent year, several terrestrial plants and macrophytes have been reported to bioaccumulate heavy metals. After accumulation in plants, Cd2+ can have considerable detrimental effects on the absorption and transportation of essential elements, metabolism, growth and reproduction. The aim of the present study was to explore the possibility for using Canna indica Linn. and several ferns in phytoremediation scheme for reducing Cd level of environment. Chapter 2. Cd is an industrial and environmental pollutant. Canna indica Linn. seeds were germinated in 0, 1, 2, 4, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1 doses of CdCl2. Results showed that Cd did not affect the seed germination, but root number and root length was affected by high Cd concentration treatments. Cd has toxic effects on root tip growth and morphogenesis of C. indica Linn. The root tip was brown at high CdCl2 concentration. Cd induced morphological changes such as no root cap, cell vacuolization. Effects of Cd on growth and photosynthesis of C. indica L. were studied. C. indica was cultured in 1/2 strength Hoagland’s nutrient medium, which was supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1 of CdCl2 and harvested after 7, 14, 21, and 120 days. The Fv/ Fm of CdCl2 treatment was significant different from that of control, however, the value was remain 0.81 to 0.82. The processes affected by Cd in C. indica Linn. leaves were photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, but of intercellular CO2 concentration was not affected except 4 mg L-1 CdCl2 treatment. This study showed that Cd affected on plant biomass accumulation and leaf chlorosis were observed. The Cd concentration in leaf, stem and root increased with initial concentration and also with passage of time. Plants treated with 4 mg L-1 CdCl2 the accumulated highest content of Cd in root after 120 days. The maximum values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 1632.3 of root by 1 mg L-1 CdCl2 treatment, suggested C. indica Linn. was a accumulator of Cd could be treat environment contaminated with low Cd concentration. Chapter 3. The effects of CdCl2 concentration on spore germination, prothallium development, and sporophyte of Pteris fauriei Hieron, Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm) Ching, Aglaomorpha meyeniana Scott, Diplazium maoneouse Ching and Asplenium nidus L. were studied. The spore germination was inhibited above 20 mg L-1 CdCl2, and there was no significant difference between control and 2 mg L-1 except P. fauriei Hieron. Cd delayed the antheridia formation besides P. fauriei Hieron. Fv/ Fm was decreased at high CdCl2 treatment as an indictor of Cd stress. The toxic symptoms of frond were chlorosis, red-brown and defoliation from joints. Cd affected the frond growth and biomass accumulated even at low CdCl2 concentration. Plants at high CdCl2 accumulated higher Cd concentration, and mainly in roots. The maximum bioaccumulation factor value was 452.3 of P. fauriei Hieron., indicated it was a low accumulator. Salvinia molesta Mitchell and Azolla pinnata R. Brown were tested in variation pH of CdCl2 concentration solutions. Plants at more acid solution were higher Cd uptake than plants at low acid solution.