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Huang, Hongsheng, Brian W. Brooks, Ruff Lowman i Catherine D. Carrillo. "Campylobacter species in animal, food, and environmental sources, and relevant testing programs in Canada". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 61, nr 10 (październik 2015): 701–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0770.
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Campylobacter species, particularly thermophilic campylobacters, have emerged as a leading cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari responsible for the majority of human infections. Although most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting, campylobacteriosis represents a significant public health burden. Human illness caused by infection with campylobacters has been reported across Canada since the early 1970s. Many studies have shown that dietary sources, including food, particularly raw poultry and other meat products, raw milk, and contaminated water, have contributed to outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in Canada. Campylobacter spp. have also been detected in a wide range of animal and environmental sources, including water, in Canada. The purpose of this article is to review (i) the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in animals, food, and the environment, and (ii) the relevant testing programs in Canada with a focus on the potential links between campylobacters and human health in Canada.
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SMITH, JAMES L., i PINA M. FRATAMICO. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter". Journal of Food Protection 73, nr 6 (1.06.2010): 1141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1141.
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Campylobacter is a commensal in poultry, and therefore, poultry and poultry products are major sources of Campylobacter infections in humans. Fluoroquinolones inhibit the growth of Campylobacter and other microorganisms by binding to bacterial DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are associated with bacterial transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation and segregation. Selection pressure in the presence of fluoroquinolones rapidly leads to resistance in Campylobacter, due to the selection for mutations in DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters have been found in poultry feces and carcasses, and in retail poultry meat products in most areas of the world. In addition, other food animals and the meat products from those animals have been shown contaminated with fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters. Even the removal of fluoroquinolones from use in treating animal diseases has not entirely eliminated the presence of resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from animals and animal products. Human exposure to Campylobacter infection could be reduced by using strategies that decrease colonization of chickens by the pathogen.
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LINE, J. ERIC. "Development of a Selective Differential Agar for Isolation and Enumeration of Campylobacter spp." Journal of Food Protection 64, nr 11 (1.11.2001): 1711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1711.
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Direct plating is an effective technique for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacters from a variety of sample types; however, distinguishing Campylobacters from non-Campylobacter contaminants that frequently grow on many existing agars is difficult. In this study, it was determined that exposing Campylobacters to low levels (200 mg/liter) of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was not inhibitory to growth yet was sufficient to give a deep-red to magenta color to the colonies. The new agars (Campy-Line agar [CLA] and Campy-Line blood agar [CLBA]) are translucent. The contrast of deep-red colonies on a translucent background greatly facilitates Campylobacter isolation and makes enumeration on light boxes or by electronic means possible. Direct plating of broiler carcass rinse samples (n = 20) was compared on Campy-Cefex agar and CLA. Recovery of Campylobacter populations was not significantly different between the agars (P < 0.05); however, enumeration was much less labor intensive with the CLA. No contaminants were observed on the CLA, whereas the Cefex agar supported the growth of approximately 14 contaminating (non-Campylobacter) CFU/ml. In a separate trial, recovery of Campylobacters from carcass rinses (n = 25) was similarly compared on Cefex, CLA, and CLBA. Again, recovery of Campylobacters was not significantly different between the agars (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.988), whereas about nine contaminating (non-Campylobacter) CFU/ml were observed on Cefex agar and none on CLA or CLBA. Although some contaminants can still grow on CLA and CLBA and can present red colonies, most of these contaminants are easily distinguished from Campylobacter by differences in colony morphology.
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El-Shibiny, A., P. L. Connerton i I. F. Connerton. "Enumeration and Diversity of Campylobacters and Bacteriophages Isolated during the Rearing Cycles of Free-Range and Organic Chickens". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, nr 3 (marzec 2005): 1259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.3.1259-1266.2005.
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ABSTRACT Campylobacters and Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages were isolated and enumerated during the rearing cycle of free-range (56 days) and organic chickens (73 days) at 3-day intervals from hatching until slaughter. In both flocks Campylobacter jejuni was the initial colonizer but Campylobacter coli was detected more frequently from 5 weeks of age. The diversity of the Campylobacter isolates was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SmaI-digested genomic DNA and antimicrobial resistance typing. Bacteriophages were isolated from 51% (19 of 37 birds) of Campylobacter-positive organic birds (log10 2.5 to log10 5.7 PFU/g of cecal contents). The bacteriophages were all typical group III Campylobacter bacteriophages in terms of genomic size but could be characterized in terms of their host range and placed into five different groups. In contrast to the organic birds, anti-Campylobacter activity (bacteriocin-like) was observed in 26% (10 of 38 birds) of Campylobacter-positive free-range birds, and only one bacteriophage was isolated. Appearance of either bacteriophages or anti-Campylobacter activity was associated with changes in the levels of colonization and the predominant genotypes and species isolated. The frequency and potential influence of naturally occurring bacteriophages and/or inhibitory substances on the diversity and fluctuations of populations of campylobacters have not previously been reported in either free-range or organic chickens.
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MOORE, JOHN E., TOM S. WILSON, DAVID R. A. WAREING, TOM J. HUMPHREY i PHILIP G. MURPHY. "Prevalence of Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Ready-to-Eat Foods and Raw Poultry in Northern Ireland". Journal of Food Protection 65, nr 8 (1.08.2002): 1326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.8.1326.
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Although there have been numerous studies investigating the prevalence of campylobacters in animals and raw meats, there are limited data on the persistence of these organisms in ready-to-eat (RTE) foodstuffs. Although poultry is now well established as a major reservoir of thermophilic campylobacters, it is widely assumed that hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) controls in commercial and industrial settings are effective in eliminating this hazard through thorough cooking of RTE products. Therefore, it was the primary aim of this study to investigate the effectiveness of HACCP controls in eliminating campylobacters in such cooked RTE foods by attempting to isolate viable organisms from product. Concurrently, the results of this study demonstrate that local poultry is highly contaminated with campylobacters. Commercially available RTE foodstuffs (n = 2,030) consisting of 1,061 poultry-related cooked products and 969 other products were analyzed and were not found to contain thermophilic Campylobacter spp. In addition, 107 raw chickens (63 fresh birds and 44 frozen birds) were sampled, and 94% of the fresh birds and 77% of the frozen birds examined were demonstrated to be contaminated with campylobacters, with Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari accounting for 69, 30, and 1% of the contaminating organisms, respectively. In general, commercially available RTE foodstuffs, including cooked poultry, are not commonly contaminated with campylobacters and thus do not appear to represent a significant cause of clinical infection of Campylobacter spp. in Northern Ireland. However, raw poultry produce, including fresh and frozen chicken, frequently tested positive for campylobacters. Implementation of HACCP systems by food processors will help to minimize and/or eliminate the risk posed by this organism to the consumer.
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Inglis, G. D., L. D. Kalischuk i H. W. Busz. "A survey ofCampylobacterspecies shed in faeces of beef cattle using polymerase chain reaction". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, nr 11 (1.11.2003): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-087.
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based survey of campylobacters associated with faeces collected from 382 beef cattle was undertaken. To ensure the removal of PCR inhibitors present in faeces and determine if adequate extraction was achieved, faeces were seeded with internal control DNA (i.e., DNA designed to amplify with the Campylobacter genus primer set, but provide a smaller amplicon) before the extraction procedure. In only two samples (0.5%) were the internal control or Campylobacter genus amplicons not detected. In the remaining 380 faecal samples, Campylobacter DNA was detected in 83% of the faecal samples (80% of the faecal samples were positive for Campylobacter genus DNA, and 3% of the samples were negative for Campylobacter genus DNA but positive for DNA of individual species). The most frequently detected species was Campylobacter lanienae (49%), a species only recently connected to livestock hosts. Campylobacter jejuni DNA was detected in 38% of the faecal samples, and Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter coli DNA were detected in 8% and 0.5% of the samples, respectively. Campylobacter fetus DNA was not detected. Twenty-four percent of the faecal samples contained DNA of at least two species of Campylobacter. Of these samples, the majority (81%) contained DNA of C. jejuni and C. lanienae. The results of this study indicate that beef cattle commonly release a variety of Campylobacter species into the environment and may contribute to the high prevalence of campylobacteriosis in humans inhabiting areas of intensive cattle production, such as southern Alberta. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the utility of using PCR as a rapid and accurate method for simultaneously detecting the DNA of a diverse number of Campylobacter species associated with bovine faeces.Key words: campylobacters, detection, technique, Bos taurus.
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Abd El-Aziz, Norhan K., Ahmed M. Ammar, Mona M. Hamdy, Adil A. Gobouri, Ehab Azab i Alaa H. Sewid. "First Report of aacC5-aadA7Δ4 Gene Cassette Array and Phage Tail Tape Measure Protein on Class 1 Integrons of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Animal and Human Sources in Egypt". Animals 10, nr 11 (8.11.2020): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112067.
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Campylobacter species are common commensals in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock animals; thus, animal-to-human transmission occurs frequently. We investigated for the first time, class 1 integrons and associated gene cassettes among pan drug-resistant (PDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter species isolated from livestock animals and humans in Egypt. Campylobacter species were detected in 58.11% of the analyzed chicken samples represented as 67.53% Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni) and 32.47% Campylobacter coli (C. coli). C. jejuni isolates were reported in 51.42%, 74.28%, and 66.67% of examined minced meat, raw milk, and human stool samples, respectively. Variable antimicrobial resistance phenotypes; PDR (2.55%), XDR (68.94%), and MDR (28.5%) campylobacters were reported. Molecular analysis revealed that 97.36% of examined campylobacters were integrase gene-positive; all harbored the class 1 integrons, except one possessed an empty integron structure. DNA sequence analysis revealed the predominance of aadA (81.08%) and dfrA (67.56%) alleles accounting for resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim, respectively. This is the first report of aacC5-aadA7Δ4 gene cassette array and a putative phage tail tape measure protein on class 1 integrons of Campylobacter isolates. Evidence from this study showed the possibility of Campylobacter–bacteriophage interactions and treatment failure in animals and humans due to horizontal gene transfer mediated by class 1 integrons.
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Strakova, Nicol, Kristyna Korena, Tereza Gelbicova, Pavel Kulich i Renata Karpiskova. "A Rapid Culture Method for the Detection of Campylobacter from Water Environments". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 11 (5.06.2021): 6098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116098.
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The natural environment and water are among the sources of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. A limited number of protocols exist for the isolation of campylobacters in poorly filterable water. Therefore, the goal of our work was to find a more efficient method of Campylobacter isolation and detection from wastewater and surface water than the ISO standard. In the novel rapid culture method presented here, samples are centrifuged at high speed, and the resuspended pellet is inoculated on a filter, which is placed on Campylobacter selective mCCDA agar. The motile bacteria pass through the filter pores, and mCCDA agar suppresses the growth of background microbiota on behalf of campylobacters. This culture-based method is more efficient for the detection and isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poorly filterable water than the ISO 17995 standard. It also is less time-consuming, taking only 72 h and comprising three steps, while the ISO standard method requires five or six steps and 144–192 h. This novel culture method, based on high-speed centrifugation, bacterial motility, and selective cultivation conditions, can be used for the detection and isolation of various bacteria from water samples.
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WILSON, I. G. "Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter in raw retail chickens and imported chicken portions". Epidemiology and Infection 131, nr 3 (grudzień 2003): 1181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001298.
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Campylobacter isolates from raw retail chickens (n=434) sampled between 1998 and 2000 were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Among 208 campylobacters tested, more than 90% of isolates were susceptible to 4 out of 9 antibiotics (nalidixic acid, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin). Most campylobacters were resistant to 3 antibiotics and multiple resistance was found in 4%. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 11%. Campylobacter contamination (28%) in imported chickens (n=150) was almost half that found in local whole chickens (50%), but the resistance of imported isolates (n=42) was similar to that of local campylobacters. Resistance in isolates from imported chicken breasts was generally more common, but to only 4 antibiotics. Resistance patterns of chicken isolates were compared to human clinical isolates (n=494), and a greater similarity was found between the clinical and local isolates than with imported campylobacters. Lower chloramphenicol resistance was found in clinical Campylobacter isolates than in those from chicken sources.
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VALDIVIESO-GARCIA, ALFONSO, KATHLEEN HARRIS, EDWARD RICHE, STEPHANIE CAMPBELL, ANNE JARVIE, MARIA POPA, ANNE DECKERT, RICHARD REID-SMITH i KRIS RAHN. "Novel Campylobacter Isolation Method Using Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter and Semisolid Medium†". Journal of Food Protection 70, nr 2 (1.02.2007): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.355.
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Culture procedures for isolation of thermophilic campylobacters from food matrices are complex, labor intensive, and time-consuming. Most available methods include the use of antibiotics as selective agents to prevent the growth of competing microflora. A simple procedure for isolation of thermophilic campylobacters after enrichment in Rosef's enrichment broth was developed using a hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) on semisolid medium (SSM). SSM contains no antibiotics, and the HGMF physically separates Campylobacter from the enrichment broth, allowing isolation based on differential motility. The HGMF-SSM method was compared to the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Food Safety Procedures Manual (FSPM-10) method (Isolation of Thermophilic Campylobacters from Fresh Pork, Beef, Veal, Poultry and Ready-to-Eat Meat Products), which includes the use of selective antibiotics. During the initial study, after enrichment the HGMF-SSM method yielded pure cultures of campylobacters after 16 to 18 h (overnight) compared with 48 h for the FSPM-10 method. Ninety-four turkey samples collected at local retail stores and 38 frozen pig fecal samples were processed by both methods. Thirty-five samples (26.5%) were positive by the HGMF-SSM method; 24 (18.2%) of these positive samples contained Campylobacter jejuni and 11 (8.3%) contained Campylobacter coli. With the FSPM-10 method, 25 samples (18.9%) were positive: 21 (15.9%) with C. jejuni and 4 (3%) with C. coli. For a subsequent field study, only the HGMF-SSM method was used to isolate Campylobacter from 1,200 chicken samples and 454 turkey samples sold at retail. Analysis of five subisolates from various samples indicated that only one type of Campylobacter was recovered by the HGMF-SSM method, as ascertained by MICs for 10 antimicrobials, sequencing of the short variable region of the flaA gene, and fingerprinting based on amplified fragment length polymorphism. The absence of antibiotics in the SSM may explain the higher recovery of thermophilic campylobacters. The HGMF-SSM method resulted in improved isolation of campylobacters and is simpler, faster, cheaper, and less labor intensive than the FSPM-10 method. The recovery of one type of Campylobacter from the chicken samples may have important implications, particularly in epidemiological studies.
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Inglis, G. Douglas, Tim A. McAllister, Francis J. Larney i Edward Topp. "Prolonged Survival of Campylobacter Species in Bovine Manure Compost". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, nr 4 (18.12.2009): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01902-09.
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ABSTRACT The persistence of naturally occurring campylobacteria in aerobic compost constructed of manure from beef cattle that were administered chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (AS700) or from cattle not administered antibiotics (control) was examined. Although there were no differences in population sizes of heterotrophic bacteria, the temperature of AS700 compost was more variable and did not become as high as that of control compost. There were significant differences in water content, total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and electrical conductivity but not in the C/N ratio or pH between the two compost treatments. Campylobacteria were readily isolated from pen manure, for up to day 15 from control compost, and throughout the active phase of AS700 compost. Campylobacter DNA (including Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, and Campylobacter jejuni) was detected over the ca. 10-month composting period, and no reductions in quantities of C. jejuni DNA were observed over the duration of the active phase. The utilization of centrifugation in combination with ethidium monoazide (EMA) significantly reduced (>90%) the amplification of C. jejuni DNA that did not originate from cells with intact cell membranes. No differences were observed in the frequency of Campylobacter DNA detection between EMA- and non-EMA-treated samples, suggesting that Campylobacter DNA amplified from compost was extracted from cells with intact cell membranes (i.e., from viable cells). The findings of this study indicate that campylobacteria excreted in cattle feces persist for long periods in compost and call into question the common belief that these bacteria do not persist in manure.
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Hakkinen, Marjaana, Helmi Heiska i Marja-Liisa Hänninen. "Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Cattle in Finland and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Bovine Campylobacter jejuni Strains". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, nr 10 (16.03.2007): 3232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02579-06.
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ABSTRACT The study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Finnish cattle at slaughter and carcass contamination after slaughter. During the period January to December 2003, bovine rectal fecal samples (n = 952) and carcass surface samples (n = 948) from 12 out of 15 Finnish slaughterhouses were examined. In total, campylobacters were detected in 31.1% of fecal samples and in 3.5% of carcass surface samples. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 19.5%, Campylobacter coli from 2.2%, and presumptive Campylobacter hyointestinalis from 10.8% of fecal samples. Campylobacters were detected in 4.4% and 37.4% of the fecal samples examined both by direct culture and by enrichment (n = 730), respectively, suggesting a low level of campylobacters in the intestinal content. A slightly increasing trend was observed in the overall prevalence of campylobacters towards the end of summer and autumn. Seventeen different serotypes were detected among the fecal C. jejuni isolates using a set of 25 commercial antisera for serotyping heat-stable antigens (Penner) of C. jejuni by passive hemagglutination. The predominant serotypes, Pen2 and Pen4-complex, were isolated from 52% of the fecal samples. Subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (SmaI) yielded 56 and 20 subtypes out of 330 fecal and 70 carcass C. jejuni isolates, respectively. MICs of ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and oxytetracycline for 187 C. jejuni isolates were determined using a commercial broth microdilution method. Sixteen (9%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most commonly detected (6%). No multiresistance was observed.
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Roop II, R. Martin, Robert M. Smibert, John L. Johnson i Noel R. Krieg. "DNA homology studies of the catalase-negative campylobacters and "Campylobacter fecalis," an emended description of Campylobacter sputorum, and proposal of the neotype strain of Campylobacter sputorum". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, nr 9 (1.09.1985): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-154.
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Twenty-three strains of catalase-negative campylobacters and five strains of "Campylobacter fecalis," which is catalase-positive, were examined by DNA hybridization experiments. These organisms formed four distinct DNA homology groups corresponding to Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter concisus, and a currently unnamed group referred to as the "catalase-negative or weak" (CNW) strains. The strains were further characterized to determine which phenotypic characteristics provide the most reliable identification at the species level. Campylobacter sputorum ssp. sputorum, C. sputorum ssp. bubulus, and "C. fecalis" could not be distinguished by DNA homology; consequently, it is proposed that these three taxa be considered as biovars of C. sputorum. The description of C. sputorum is emended accordingly. ATCC strain 35980 is proposed as the neotype strain of C. sputorum.
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Daczkowska-Kozon, Elżbieta. "Campylobacter spp. in freshwater fishes". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 28, nr 2 (31.12.1998): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1998.28.2.09.
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The aim of this work was to assess to what extend freshwater fishes are carriers of Campylobacter spp. and what species dominate in this environment. Analysis of 106 alimentary canals representing 13 freshwater fish species originated from 5 different water bodies confirmed Campylobacter spp. presence in 8.5% of the samples tested. Numbers of campylobacters did not exceeded 10 CFU/g. The dominating species being C. coli.
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SHIH, DANIEL YANG-CHIH. "Isolation and Identification of Enteropathogenic Campylobacter spp. from Chicken Samples in Taipei". Journal of Food Protection 63, nr 3 (1.03.2000): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.3.304.
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A total of 95 chicken samples that consisted of 34 whole chickens, 32 organs (gizzards and livers), and 29 chicken parts (drumsticks, wings, and breasts), collected from traditional retail markets (no chilling facilities) and supermarkets in Taipei, were examined for the occurrence of enteropathogenic campylobacters. Three selective media, Peterz's charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar, Campy-Cefex agar, and charcoal-based selective medium, were evaluated for their efficacy to isolate Campylobacter spp. from chicken samples. The results showed that there were no differences among the three media to isolate Campylobacter spp. from all chicken samples (P > 0.05). However, there were markedly different isolation rates of campylobacters between supermarket and retail market (P < 0.05). Enteropathogenic campylobacters (C. jejuni and C. coli) were found on 68% of whole chickens, 100% of chicken parts, and 100% of organs from retail markets. In supermarkets, the isolation rates of these campylobacters from whole chickens, chicken parts, and organs were 42%, 53%, and 60%, respectively. The low isolation rates of the two campylobacters isolated from chicken samples in supermarkets differed statistically from those obtained from traditional retail markets (P < 0.10). The API CAMPY test kit also was evaluated for the identification of Campylobacter spp. as compared with the conventional identification method. The results showed that the API CAMPY test kit (Biomerieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) could efficiently detect 87 Campylobacter spp. isolates from chicken samples examined, with 100% agreement at the genus level to 94% at the species level as compared with conventional methods.
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Hald, Birthe, Katrine Knudsen, Peter Lind i Mogens Madsen. "Study of the Infectivity of Saline-StoredCampylobacter jejuni for Day-Old Chicks". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, nr 5 (1.05.2001): 2388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.5.2388-2392.2001.
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ABSTRACT The culturability of three Campylobacter jejunistrains and their infectivity for day-old chicks were assessed following storage of the strains in saline. The potential for colonization of chicks was weakened during the storage period and terminated 3 to 4 weeks before the strains became nonculturable. The results from this study suggest that the role of starved and aged but still culturable campylobacters may be diminutive, but even more, that the role of viable but nonculturable stages in campylobacter epidemiology may be negligible. Even high levels of maternally derived anti-campylobacter outer membrane protein serum antibodies in day-old chicks did not protect the chicks from campylobacter colonization.
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Wang, Haiyan. "Rapid Methods for Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. in Foods". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, nr 4 (1.07.2002): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.4.996.
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Abstract Campylobacter spp. are the most commonly reported bacterial cause of acute diarrheal disease in humans throughout the world. Traditional cultural methods for the detection and quantitation of Campylobacter spp. are slow and tedious; therefore, specific, sensitive, and rapid methods for campylobacters are needed to collect sufficient data for risk assessment and food safety policy development. We developed several rapid methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA hybridization, hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMFs), and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). A PCR assay targeting C. jejuni, combined with a simple sample preparation procedure, detects as few as 0.3 most probable number (MPN)/mL C. jejuni in naturally contaminated chicken rinses after 20–24 h enrichment. An HGMF–EIA method using a commercial polyclonal antibody for Campylobacter detects and enumerates thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from spiked chicken rinse and milk, and naturally contaminated chicken rinses. A C. jejuni–specific probe in an HGMF–DNA hybridization protocol specifically detects and quantitates C. jejuni in food samples. A dot-blot EIA combined with an MPN procedure quantitates thermophilic campylobacters from samples that might be difficult to filter through HGMFs.
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Hudson, S. J., N. F. Lightfoot, J. C. Coulson, K. Russell, P. R. Sisson i A. O. Sobo. "Jackdaws and magpies as vectors of milkborne human campylobacter infection". Epidemiology and Infection 107, nr 2 (październik 1991): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800049001.
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SUMMARYIn 1990 we reported that milk bottles pecked by jackdaws and magpies were a probable source of human Campylobacter infection. During April to June 1990 an extended study of Campylobacter infections was carried out in the Gateshead area. Prior to the study a health education programme was undertaken in an attempt to reduce human infection. Fifty-nine cases of human infection were recorded and 52 were interviewed. Thirty were entered into a case control study which demonstrated a very strong association between consumption of pecked milk and human Campylobacter infection (X2= 12·6,P< 0·0004). It was estimated that between 500 and 1000 jackdaws(Corvus monedula)were present in the area where milk bottles were pecked and 63 isolates of Campylobacter were made from the bill and cloaca. Target bottles were put out in the early mornings and Campylobacters were isolated from 12 of 123 pecked bottles. Typing of the Campylobacters revealed a wide distribution of strains amongst birds, pecked milk and human infections. The health education programme had only limited success.
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WRIGHT, S. L., D. K. CARVER, R. M. SILETZKY, S. ROMINE, W. E. M. MORROW i S. KATHARIOU. "Longitudinal Study of Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Turkeys and Swine Grown in Close Proximity". Journal of Food Protection 71, nr 9 (1.09.2008): 1791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1791.
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Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (>99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated.
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Loc Carrillo, C., R. J. Atterbury, A. El-Shibiny, P. L. Connerton, E. Dillon, A. Scott i I. F. Connerton. "Bacteriophage Therapy To Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Colonization of Broiler Chickens". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, nr 11 (listopad 2005): 6554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6554-6563.2005.
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ABSTRACT Colonization of broiler chickens by the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is widespread and difficult to prevent. Bacteriophage therapy is one possible means by which this colonization could be controlled, thus limiting the entry of campylobacters into the human food chain. Prior to evaluating the efficacy of phage therapy, experimental models of Campylobacter colonization of broiler chickens were established by using low-passage C. jejuni isolates HPC5 and GIIC8 from United Kingdom broiler flocks. The screening of 53 lytic bacteriophage isolates against a panel of 50 Campylobacter isolates from broiler chickens and 80 strains isolated after human infection identified two phage candidates with broad host lysis. These phages, CP8 and CP34, were orally administered in antacid suspension, at different dosages, to 25-day-old broiler chickens experimentally colonized with the C. jejuni broiler isolates. Phage treatment of C. jejuni-colonized birds resulted in Campylobacter counts falling between 0.5 and 5 log10 CFU/g of cecal contents compared to untreated controls over a 5-day period postadministration. These reductions were dependent on the phage-Campylobacter combination, the dose of phage applied, and the time elapsed after administration. Campylobacters resistant to bacteriophage infection were recovered from phage-treated chickens at a frequency of <4%. These resistant types were compromised in their ability to colonize experimental chickens and rapidly reverted to a phage-sensitive phenotype in vivo. The selection of appropriate phage and their dose optimization are key elements for the success of phage therapy to reduce campylobacters in broiler chickens.
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Elvers, Karen T., Christopher R. Helps, Trudy M. Wassenaar, Vivien M. Allen i Diane G. Newell. "Development of a Strain-Specific Molecular Method for Quantitating Individual Campylobacter Strains in Mixed Populations". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, nr 8 (15.02.2008): 2321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02269-07.
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ABSTRACT The identification of sites resulting in cross-contamination of poultry flocks in the abattoir and determination of the survival and persistence of campylobacters at these sites are essential for the development of intervention strategies aimed at reducing the microbial burden on poultry at retail. A novel molecule-based method, using strain- and genus-specific oligonucleotide probes, was developed to detect and enumerate specific campylobacter strains in mixed populations. Strain-specific oligonucleotide probes were designed for the short variable regions (SVR) of the flaA gene in individual Campylobacter jejuni strains. A 16S rRNA Campylobacter genus-specific probe was also used. Both types of probes were used to investigate populations of campylobacters by colony lift hybridization. The specificity and proof of principle of the method were tested using strains with closely related SVR sequences and mixtures of these strains. Colony lifts of campylobacters were hybridized sequentially with up to two labeled strain-specific probes, followed by the generic 16S rRNA probe. SVR probes were highly specific, differentiating down to 1 nucleotide in the target sequence, and were sufficiently sensitive to detect colonies of a single strain in a mixed population. The 16S rRNA probe detected all Campylobacter spp. tested but not closely related species, such as Arcobacter skirrowi and Helicobacter pullorum. Preliminary field studies demonstrated the application of this technique to target strains isolated from poultry transport crate wash tank water. This method is quantitative, sensitive, and highly specific and allows the identification and enumeration of selected strains among all of the campylobacters in environmental samples.
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GANAN, M., A. V. CARRASCOSA i A. J. MARTÍNEZ-RODRÍGUEZ. "Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan against Campylobacter spp. and Other Microorganisms and Its Mechanism of Action". Journal of Food Protection 72, nr 8 (1.08.2009): 1735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.8.1735.
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The antimicrobial activities of three chitosans with different molecular masses against six gram-negative and three gram-positive bacteria were examined. Campylobacter spp. were the microorganisms most sensitive to chitosan, regardless of their molecular mass. The MIC of chitosan for Campylobacter ranged from 0.005 to 0.05%, demonstrating the global sensitivity of campylobacters to chitosan. Chitosan caused a loss in the membrane integrity of Campylobacter, measured as an increase in cell fluorescence due to the uptake of propidium iodide, a dye that is normally excluded from cells with intact membranes. As cells entered the stationary phase, there was a change in cell membrane resistance toward a loss of integrity caused by chitosan. This study demonstrates that chitosans could be a promising antimicrobial to control Campylobacter.
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LAWSON, A. J., M. S. SHAFI, K. PATHAK i J. STANLEY. "Detection of campylobacter in gastroenteritis: comparison of direct PCR assay of faecal samples with selective culture". Epidemiology and Infection 121, nr 3 (grudzień 1998): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001630.
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The prevalence of campylobacter gastroenteritis has been estimated by bacterial isolation using selective culture. However, there is evidence that certain species and strains are not recovered on selective agars. We have therefore compared direct PCR assays of faecal samples with campylobacter culture, and explored the potential of PCR for simultaneous detection and identification to the species level. Two hundred unselected faecal samples from cases of acute gastroenteritis were cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay. Culture on CCDA indicated that 16 of the 200 samples contained ‘Campylobacter spp.’. By contrast, PCR assays detected campylobacters in 19 of the 200 samples, including 15 of the culture-positive samples, and further identified them as: C. jejuni (16), C. coli (2) and C. hyointestinalis (1). These results show that PCR offers a different perspective on the incidence and identity of campylobacters in human gastroenteritis.
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HUNTER, S. M., M. E. BERRANG, R. J. MEINERSMANN i M. A. HARRISON. "Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter on Broiler Carcasses Collected Preevisceration and Postchill in 17 U.S. Poultry Processing Plants†". Journal of Food Protection 72, nr 1 (1.01.2009): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.49.
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Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the most important human enteropathogens among the campylobacters. The objective of this study was to determine how diversity in Campylobacter populations found on chicken carcasses collected from 17 broiler processing plants in the United States is impacted by processing. Genetic diversity was determined for up to four isolates per carcass by sequencing the short variable region (SVR) of the flaA locus. On 70% of Campylobacter-positive carcasses, all isolates were indistinguishable by flaA SVR typing. The genetic diversity of Campylobacter decreased as carcasses proceeded through processing; Campylobacter populations obtained early in processing where carcasses are moved from the kill line to the evisceration line (rehang) were significantly more genetically diverse (P < 0.05) than those from carcasses sampled postchill (diversity indices of 0.9472 and 0.9235, respectively). Certain Campylobacter subtypes were found only at rehang and not at postchill. Other subtypes were found at postchill and not at rehang. These data suggest that some subtypes may not be able to survive processing, whereas others may persist on the carcass or within the equipment despite stressors encountered in the processing environment.
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Zaman, R. "Campylobacter enteritis in Saudi Arabia". Epidemiology and Infection 108, nr 1 (luty 1992): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800049499.
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A 12-month survey on the incidence of campylobacter infection in 1217 patients with diarrhoea was carried out in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Campylobacters were isolated from 55 (4·5%) patients, second in prevalence to salmonellas (6·2%). Shigellas were isolated from 4·2% of patients. Campylobacter isolation rates were high in children of all ages, as well as in young adults (36·5% of all isolates were from adults aged 20–39 years). Isolation rates peaked in September and November. Analysis of the results showed that 69% wereCampylobacter jejuni(mostly biotype IV) and 31%C. coli. Serogroups 5 and 23 (Penner scheme) and phage type 125 (Preston scheme) were most frequently isolated. Resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline was observed in 7·3 and 32·7% of the isolates. Campylobacters are an important cause of bacterial enteritis in Saudi Arabia, both in adults and in children, and should be sought routinely.
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RASSCHAERT, G., K. HOUF, J. VAN HENDE i L. de ZUTTER. "Campylobacter Contamination during Poultry Slaughter in Belgium". Journal of Food Protection 69, nr 1 (1.01.2006): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.27.
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The relation between internal carriage and surface contamination with thermophilic Campylobacter species in broilers was examined by molecular typing methods. Samples from 39 flocks were collected in three Belgian poultry slaughterhouses. From each flock, crop swabs before slaughter and intestines and neck skins during slaughter were collected. A total of 309 isolates were identified at species level and further characterized by flagellin gene A PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (90%), Campylobacter coli (8.7%), and Campylobacter lari (2.2%), and 27 genotypes could be distinguished by combining the two molecular methods. Seventy-two percent of the flocks arriving at the abattoir were colonized with campylobacters. After slaughter, 79% of the flocks had contaminated neck skins. In six flocks, genotypes isolated from the neck skins were also found in the alimentary tract from previously slaughtered flocks. Four of these flocks were initially free of Campylobacter. These four flocks might have had no contaminated carcasses after logistic slaughtering.
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RASSCHAERT, G., K. HOUF i L. DE ZUTTER. "External Contamination of Campylobacter-Free Flocks after Transport in Cleaned and Disinfected Containers". Journal of Food Protection 70, nr 1 (1.01.2007): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.1.40.
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The possible colonization of the intestines and contamination of broilers after transport to the slaughterhouse with Campylobacter strains present in cleaned and disinfected transport containers was investigated. Seven broiler flocks with a Campylobacter-free status were sampled once just before loading at the farm and once just before slaughter. On both occasions, samples were also taken from the exterior of the birds and from the intestinal content. Transport containers used to transport the flock were sampled on the farm just before loading the birds. Campylobacters were enumerated and genotyped by flagellin gene A PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In total, 25 of the 35 sampled containers were Campylobacter contaminated, and 30 genotypes were found. Three broiler flocks became colonized on the farm between initial status determination and transport to the slaughterhouse, and three Campylobacter-free flocks were externally contaminated after transport. In none of the seven flocks was evidence found of intestinal colonization or cocolonization due to transport in Campylobacter-contaminated containers.
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Engberg, Jørgen, Stephen L. W. On, Clare S. Harrington i Peter Gerner-Smidt. "Prevalence of Campylobacter , Arcobacter , Helicobacter , and Sutterella spp. in Human Fecal Samples as Estimated by a Reevaluation of Isolation Methods for Campylobacters". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.1.286-291.2000.
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ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of campylobacteria including Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni ( C. jejuni ) and Campylobacter coli in human clinical samples and in samples from healthy individuals and to reevaluate the efficacies of conventional selective methods for isolation of Campylobacter spp. Two charcoal-based selective media, modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and cefoperazone-amphotericin-teicoplanin (CAT) agar, were compared with Skirrow's blood-based medium and with a filter method (filter) applied to a yeast-enriched blood agar. A total of 1,376 specimens were tested on all four media, and the percentages of thermophilic Campylobacter -positive specimens isolated on Skirrow's medium, filters, CAT agar, and mCCDA were 82, 83, 85, and 95%, respectively. When additional samples were processed with the three selective media, mCCDA recovered significantly more thermophilic Campylobacter spp. than Skirrow's medium ( P = 0.0034). No significant difference between Skirrow's medium and CAT agar was observed in this study. Another six taxa were identified, namely, Campylobacter concisus , Campylobacter curvus -like bacteria, Arcobacter butzleri , Arcobacter cryaerophilus , Helicobacter cinaedi , and Sutterella wadsworthensis . Most of these strains were isolated after 5 to 6 days of incubation by use of the filter technique. This paper provides evidence for the existence of S. wadsworthensis in human feces from clinical cases of gastrointestinal disorders and in feces from a healthy individual. Furthermore, C. concisus was isolated from a large number of diarrheal cases, particularly those at the extremes of age, but was additionally isolated from the feces of healthy people. Further investigations to establish the role of C. concisus and S. wadsworthensis in enteric disease is needed. We conclude that a range of campylobacteria may cause infections in Denmark.
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Hellein, Kristen N., Cynthia Battie, Eric Tauchman, Deanna Lund, Omar A. Oyarzabal i Joe Eugene Lepo. "Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with Campylobacter spp. in recreational waters". Journal of Water and Health 9, nr 4 (21.06.2011): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.154.
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Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. Campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. Thus, we employed qPCR to quantify Campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. Multiplex PCR determined whether Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, most commonly associated with human disease, were present in qPCR-positive samples. Campylobacters were detected in raw sewage, and in feces of all avian and mammalian species tested. Campylobacter-positive concentrations ranged from 68 to 2.3 × 106 cells per 500 mL. Although C. jejuni and C. coli were rare in waterways, they were prevalent in sewage and feces. Campylobacter-specific qPCR screening of environmental waters did not correlate with the regulatory EPA method 1600 (Enterococcus culture), nor with culture-independent, molecular-based microbial source tracking indicators, such as human polyomavirus, human Bacteroidales and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our results suggest that neither the standard EPA method nor the newly proposed culture-independent methods are appropriate surrogates for Campylobacter contamination in water. Thus, assays for specific pathogens may be necessary to protect human health, especially in waters that are contaminated with sewage and animal feces.
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Peterz, Mats. "Comparison of Preston Agar and a Blood-Free Selective Medium for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Food". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, nr 4 (1.07.1991): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.651.
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Abstract The present collaborative study compares recovery of Campylobacter Jejuni from food in 2 agar media. Six laboratories analyzed 8 samples each of chicken liver Inoculated with Campylobacter Jejuni. Samples were enriched in Preston broth and isolation was carried out on Preston agar (PA) and Campylobacter blood-free selective medium (CBFS), a charcoal- based medium with cefoperazone and amphoteracin as antibiotic supplements. There was no difference In the recovery rate between the 2 agar media; however, the specificity of CBFS was better than that of PA. There was a slightly better growth of Campylobacters, and competing organisms were more inhibited on CBFS than on PA.
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UYTTENDAELE, M., R. SCHUKKINK, B. VAN GEMEN i J. DEBEVERE. "Comparison of the Nucleic Acid Amplification System NASBA® and Agar Isolation for Detection of Pathogenic Campylobacters in Naturally Contaminated Poultry". Journal of Food Protection 59, nr 7 (1.07.1996): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.7.683.
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A total of 160 poultry products were examined for the presence of pathogenic campylobacters using the traditional agar isolation method and the nucleic acid amplification system NASBA®, both after a 24-h selective enrichment. Pathogenic campylobacters could be isolated from 92 of 160 (57.5%) samples using agar isolation, among which 79 (49.37%) were identified as Campylobacter jejuni, six (3.75%) as C. coli, five (3.12%) as C. lari, and two (1.25%) as unclassified. The NASBA® assay provides a specific and sensitive method for detection of these campylobacters. A total of 149 samples (93.12%) gave similar results for both the traditional isolation procedure on modified Campylobacter charcoal desoxycholate agar and the NASBA® enzyme-linked gel assay detection system. Two false-negative results were obtained with the agar isolation procedure. Nine false-positive results were reported when the NASBA® system was used. However, the high sensitivity of the NASBA® method and indications that in some cases the traditional isolation procedure failed (abundance of a contaminating noncampylobacter bacteria which grew on the Campylobacter selective media) raises doubt about the true nature of these false-positive results. The NASBA® detection assay offers a rapid and useful analytical method when screening for the presence of pathogenic campylobacters. The complete procedure, including 24 h of selective enrichment, required 32 h.
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Adekunle, Olutoyin Catherine. "Effect of Bile on Campylobacter species isolated from stool samples in Osogbo". Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 6, nr 2 (31.08.2022): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/2202/60.0230.
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Background: Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent human pathogen and a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In humans, C. jejuni colonises the intestinal tract, and its tolerance to bile is crucial for bacteria to survive and establish infection. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli have the highest rate of foodborne-related clinical Campylobacteriosis. The study aims to determine the effect of bile salts, acid, and bacteriocin on campylobacter isolates obtained from stool samples. Methods: Campylobacters were identified phenotypically in this study using biochemical tests and genotypically using 16S rRNA species-specific gene amplification by PCR. The confirmed twenty-five Campylobacter isolates comprising18 C. jejuni and 7 C. coli were tested for physiological factors such as bile tolerance, bacteriocin tolerance and ability to synthesise proteolytic enzymes on a solid medium. Results: Campylobacter isolates survived at different concentrations of bile (2.1 -6.8%), low pH (7.1- 3.2) and in the presence of bacteriocin (3.8-6.8 AU/mL) with the production of proteolytic enzymes in the range of 16.2-15.2 mm. Conclusion: The ability of Campylobacter spp to survive in the presence of bacteriocin and different concentrations of acid and bile salt indicates the strains’ virulence
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STERN, N. J., M. P. HERNANDEZ, L. BLANKENSHIP, K. E. DEIBEL, S. DOORES, M. P. DOYLE, H. NG i in. "Prevalence and Distribution of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Retail Meats". Journal of Food Protection 48, nr 7 (1.07.1985): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.7.595.
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Nine cooperating laboratories, distributed throughout the United States, determined the interlaboratory reproducibility of a sensitive, selective method for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from foods, and determined the prevalence and distribution of the organism in retail meats. A double-blind inoculated/recovery experiment demonstrated the ability to detect two cells of C. jejuni and C. coli per g of meat at a rate of 96% among the cooperating laboratories. However, a 7.5% false-positive rate for the presumptive detection of the organism was also reported. Samples of ground beef, beef flank steak, lamb stew meat, broiler chicken, pork sausage (without antimicrobials), and pork chops were selected to assess the presence of campylobacters. Each cooperator purchased five of each of the above samples from the refrigerated case of two retail outlets at quarterly intervals throughout the year. A total of 2,160 retail samples were analyzed for the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli. Results indicated that about 30% of the 360 chickens sampled yielded the organism. Analysis of 1,800 red meat products yielded campylobacters at a rate of about 5.1%. Pork samples yielded C. coli and other meats yielded C. jejuni. Higher numbers of isolations from the red meats were made during June and September (8.6%) as compared with December and March (4.2%). These results provide a baseline, for the prevalence of campylobacters in these selected foods, and also support epidemiologic data associating mishandled foods of animal origin as a potential vehicle in human gastroenteritis.
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Otasevic, Marica, Branislava Lazarevic-Jovanovic, Desanka Tasic-Dimov, Nebojsa Djordjevic i Biljana Miljkovic-Selimovic. "Participation of some campylobacter species in the etiology of enterocolitis". Vojnosanitetski pregled 61, nr 1 (2004): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0401021o.
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Background. In recent decades, medical community has increasingly been calling attention to the importance of Campylobacter as an disease-causing agent in humans. Nowdays, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is known as the most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea worldwide. Epidemiological differences of the infections caused by Campylobacter, present in the developed and the developing countries, are attributed to the differences of the types of virulence. Due to the specificity, and the demanding features of Campylobacter, as well as poorly equipped microbiological laboratories, campylobacteriosis is insufficiently studied in our country. This investigation aimed to determine the participation of some Campylobacter species in the etiology of diarrheal diseases in our population. Methods. The four-years continuous monitoring of Campylobacter presence was performed in the faeces of 12 605 patients with enterocolitis. The control group included 5 774 examinees of healthy children and youth. Faeces samples were cultivated on Skirrow's selective medium, and further incubated according to effective methodology for Campylobacter. Identification of strains was based on morphological, cultural and physiologic features of strains (oxidase test, catalase test, susceptibility to nalidixic acid, and hypurate hydrolysis). As a statistical method, for data processing, c2 test and Fisher?s exact test were used. Results. Campylobacter was proven in 3.86% of enterocolitis patients, and in 0.71% of healthy population. Out of 518 Campylobacter isolates, 86.48% belonged to enterocolitis outpatients, and 13,51% to inpatients. Predominant symptoms of the disease were diarrhea (81.83%), increased temperature (34.71%), vomiting (19.77%), and stomach pain (15.17%). The diseased were predominantly infants in the first year of life. Out of 300 Campylobacter isolates, 75% were identified as Campylobacer jejuni, 23% as Campylobacter coli (C. coli), and 2% as Campylobacter lari (C. lari). Conclusion. Species of Campylobacter genus participate in the etiology of enterocolitis at 3.86%. According to numerous parameters the infection in our population coincides with the infection in the population of European countries. Frequent findings of C. coli in our region are in discrepancy with the results of numerous studies conducted in the developed countries.
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Stelzer, W., i J. Jacob. "A Study of Campylobacter in Sewage, Sewage Sludge and in River Water". Water Science and Technology 24, nr 2 (1.07.1991): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0040.
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This study is aimed at determining the occurrence of campylobacters in waste water, sewage sludge and in a river system. The selective medium for the isolation of campylobacter consists of blood agar supplemented with the antibiotics vancomycin (10 µg/ml), cephalexin (15 µg/ml), trimethoprim (5 µg/ml), polymycin B (2.5 µg/ml) and rifampicin (5 µg/ml). Raw sewage samples contained about 103 Campylobacter/100 ml while the effluent showed an average concentration of 1.3 × 102/100 ml. Raw sewage from an oxidation pond treatment plant contained an average of 51 Campylobacter/100 ml while none were found in the effluent. No Campylobacter could be found in digested, conditioned sludge. The organism could be detected in 82.1% of river waters examined with the majority showing <10/100 ml. The presence of waterfowl and the faecal contamination from a poultry farm resulted in higher Campylobacter levels. About 50 % of the isolates typed as C. coli were really confirmed as C. jejuni by electrophoretic pattern (whole cell protein profiles).
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Ogden, I. D., M. MacRae, M. Johnston, N. J. C. Strachan, A. J. Cody, K. E. Dingle i D. G. Newell. "Use of Multilocus Sequence Typing To Investigate the Association between the Presence of Campylobacter spp. in Broiler Drinking Water and Campylobacter Colonization in Broilers". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, nr 16 (22.06.2007): 5125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00884-07.
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ABSTRACT The presence of campylobacters in broiler chickens and throughout the broiler water delivery systems of 12 farms in northeastern Scotland was investigated by sensitive enrichment methods and large-volume filtration. Campylobacter presence was independent of the water source and whether the water was treated. The genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from chickens and various locations within the water delivery systems were compared by multilocus sequence typing. Matching strains in shed header tanks and birds were found at 1 of the 12 farms investigated. However, the sequence of contamination or whether the source was within or outside the shed was not determined. Nevertheless, these data provide evidence that drinking water could be associated with broiler infection by campylobacters.
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Mossel, D. A. A. "Media for Campylobacter jejuni and other campylobacters". International Journal of Food Microbiology 2, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 1985): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(85)90065-0.
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HUTCHISON, M. L., L. D. WALTERS, V. M. ALLEN, G. C. MEAD i M. HOWELL. "Measurement of Campylobacter Numbers on Carcasses in British Poultry Slaughterhouses". Journal of Food Protection 69, nr 2 (1.02.2006): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.421.
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An assessment of the proposed new International Organization for Standardization quantitative method for Campylobacter was undertaken on poultry carcass samples collected after the chilling phase of processing. Using a critical differences method, we determined the uncertainty associated with log-transformed Campylobacter numbers by dual analyses of 346 samples collected from 22 processing plants located throughout the United Kingdom. Overall, using log-transformed Campylobacter numbers that ranged between −1 and 5 log, we calculated the expanded measurement of uncertainty (EMU) to be 3.889 for the new method. The EMU changed when ranges of bacterial numbers were grouped for analyses. For low numbers of Campylobacter (<1 log), the EMU was calculated to be 5.622. There was less measurement error with higher bacterial numbers because the EMU was found to be 0.612 for samples containing Campylobacter numbers of 3 log or above. The draft method was used to measure numbers of Campylobacters on poultry carcasses collected from 18 United Kingdom processing plants in summer and winter. Numbers were significantly lower in winter. We conclude that, although the new method is adequate at quantifying high numbers of Campylobacter on poultry carcasses, further development is required to improve the measurement of small numbers of this causative agent of foodborne illness.
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Sheveleva, S. A., Natalya R. Efimochkina, T. V. Pichugina, I. B. Bykova, V. V. Stetsenko, Yu M. Markova i L. P. Minaeva. "RAPID METHODS OF THE DETECTION OF BACTERIA OF THE GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER IN FOOD PRODUCTS". Hygiene and sanitation 97, nr 10 (15.10.2018): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-10-995-1000.
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Introduction. Campylobacteriosis is an acute intestinal disease caused by Campylobacter spp., which manifests with symptoms of enterocolitis and gastroenteritis. The causative agents of campylobacteriosis are C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus. The incidence of campylobacteriosis is recorded worldwide as sporadic cases and foodborne or waterborne outbreaks. The industrialization of poultry production has led both to the acceleration of the evolution of commensal pathogens from the genus of Campylobacter, increased contamination of raw products and importance Campylobacter as foodborne pathogens. Material and methods. The main objects were raw poultry products and swabs from the environment of poultry processing enterprises. Cultural, biochemical, immunological methods, methods for the detection of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, PCR analysis were used. Results and discussion. The methods of rapid detection of thermophilic campylobacters using combined schemes of bacteriological and molecular genetic analysis are developed. Because C. jejuni makes 85-90% of food isolates of campylobacters, for the purposes of production control the detection of thermophilic Сampylobacter with a minimum set of cultural and biochemical tests of identification is allowed. This will reduce the duration of analyses up to 3-4 days and decrease their labor-cost. The control critical points of production of poultry products in which it is necessary to control the presence of thermophilic campylobacters are indicated. These are the stages of slaughter, scalding, washing, and processing on the conveyor of carcasses, contact cooling baths, the areas of semi-finished products manufacturing and the packaging. Conclusion. The obtained results were used to develop Guidelines “Methods of rapid determination of bacteria of the genus Campylobacter in food products and evaluation of their antibiotic resistance”.
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Makavchik, Svetlana A., Lubov I. Smirnova, Aleksandr A. Sukhinin, Vladimir A. Kuzmin, Sergei V. Pankratov i Tatyana N. Rozhdestvenskaya. "Modern methods for species identification of thermophilic bacteria of Campylobacter species". Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, nr 11 (2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202111003.
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Emergent thermophilic Campylobacter hepaticus is the causative agent of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) in laying hens. C. hepaticus is difficult to cultivate because commercial media for the isolation and cultivation of Campylobacter contain cefoperazone, which inhibits many isolates of the C. hepaticus species. Campylobacter was isolated using modified Preston broth, incubated at 37 °C under microaerophilic conditions for 7 days and then subcultured onto selective Preston agar, erythritol agar with Oxoid selective additives and 5–7% defibrinated horse blood. Commercial test systems (API Campy) were used for identification. The use of the classical bacteriological diagnostic method, which is considered the 'gold' standard, is limited due to the difficulties of cultivation. The identification of new Campylobacter species requires revision of phenotypic identification algorithms. Specific primers for the identification of new Campylobacter species also need to be developed. In our studies, using the KAM-BAC kit, we detected Campylobacter jejuni DNA in clinically healthy birds. Consequently, the carriage of Campylobacter is massive. 30 samples of test material were examined using the molecular-biological method, and 60 samples using the bacteriological method. Analyzing the results of Campylobacter detection, it should be noted that thermophilic Campylobacteria were isolated from 60 clinical samples by the bacteriological method in 5,0% (3 Campylobacter cultures), and from 30 samples by the molecular-biological method in 27,0% (8 positive samples). Based on the analysis of the study results, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of the natural sources of Campylobacter hepaticus distribution, virulence factors, pathogenesis and mechanisms of infections caused by these emergent pathogens. The most promising research in the study of the causative agents of Campylobacteriosis in birds will be based on the application of innovative genomic technologies based on multiplex polymerase chain reactions and genome sequencing of Campylobacter hepaticus.
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Chaban, Bonnie, Kristyna M. Musil, Chelsea G. Himsworth i Janet E. Hill. "Development of cpn60-Based Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays for the Detection of 14 Campylobacter Species and Application to Screening of Canine Fecal Samples". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, nr 10 (20.03.2009): 3055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00101-09.
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ABSTRACT Campylobacter species are important organisms in both human and animal health. The identification of Campylobacter currently requires the growth of organisms from complex samples and biochemical identification. In many cases, the condition of the sample being tested and/or the fastidious nature of many Campylobacter species has limited the detection of campylobacters in a laboratory setting. To address this, we have designed a set of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to detect and quantify 14 Campylobacter species, C. coli, C. concisus, C. curvus, C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. helveticus, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, C. lari, C. mucosalis, C. rectus, C. showae, C. sputorum, and C. upsaliensis, directly from DNA extracted from feces. By use of a region of the cpn60 (also known as hsp60 or groEL) gene, which encodes the universally conserved 60-kDa chaperonin, species-specific assays were designed and validated. These assays were then employed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species in fecal samples from dogs. Fecal samples were found to contain detectable and quantifiable levels of C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. helveticus, C. jejuni, C. showae, and C. upsaliensis, with the majority of samples containing multiple Campylobacter species. This study represents the first report of C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. mucosalis, and C. showae detection in dogs and implicates dogs as a reservoir for these species. The qPCR assays described offer investigators a new tool to study many Campylobacter species in a culture-independent manner.
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Ekin, I. H., K. Gürtürk, A. Arslan i B. Boynukara. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Gallbladder of Slaughtered Sheep in Van (Eastern) Turkey". Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, nr 1 (2006): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675010145.
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To determine the prevalence of campylobacter species in gallbladder of sheep in Van, (Eastern) Turkey, a total of 220 gallbladder samples from healthy slaughtered sheep were examined bacteriologically in October 2000 and 2002. Of the 110 samples examined each year, 27 (24.6%) and 24 (21.8%) campylobacter strains were isolated, respectively. Of the 27 campylobacter strains isolated in the year 2000, 14 (51.9%) were identified as C. jejuni, 7 (25.9%) C. fetus, 3 (11.1%) C. coli and 3 (11.1%) C. lari. Similar results were obtained in the study performed in 2002, but C. lari could not be isolated. Growth and biochemical characteristics of all identified Campylobacter species with some exceptions were typical of each species. Six of 13 examined C. fetus strains grew well at both 25 °C and 42 °C in thioglycollate medium and on blood agar. C. jejuni strains differed from C. coli only by Na-hippurate hydrolysis test. Results of the present study revealed that C. jejuni is the most common campylobacter species isolated from gallbladders of sheep. The thermophilic campylobacters in significant proportions may cause contamination of carcass during slaughter and transmission of the food-borne pathogens to humans.
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BOLTON, F. J., S. B. SURMAN, K. MARTIN, D. R. A. WAREING i T. J. HUMPHREY. "Presence of campylobacter and salmonella in sand from bathing beaches". Epidemiology and Infection 122, nr 1 (luty 1999): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001915.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard designated beaches in different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and Salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-EEC standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of beaches but, surprisingly, more than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major pathogenic species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters, which are associated with seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC standard beaches. Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping, which confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections were frequently found in sand on bathing beaches.
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Inglis, G. D., D. W. Morck, T. A. McAllister, T. Entz, M. E. Olson, L. J. Yanke i R. R. Read. "Temporal Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. from Beef Cattle in Alberta Feedlots". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, nr 6 (czerwiec 2006): 4088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02830-05.
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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was temporally assessed in campylobacters isolated from beef cattle (7,738 fecal samples from 2,622 animals) in four commercial feedlots in Alberta. All calves were administered chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in feed, and a majority of the animals (93%) were injected with long-acting oxytetracycline upon arrival at the feedlot. Fecal samples from individual animals were collected upon arrival (i.e., entry sample), 69 days (standard deviation [SD] = 3 days) after arrival (i.e., interim sample), and 189 days (SD = 33 days) after arrival (i.e., exit sample) at the feedlot. In total, 1,586 Campylobacter isolates consisting of Campylobacter coli (n = 154), Campylobacter fetus (n = 994), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 431), Campylobacter hyointestinalis (n = 4), and Campylobacter lanienae (n = 3) were recovered and characterized. The administration of antimicrobials did not decrease carriage rates of campylobacters, and minimal resistance (≤4%) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and meropenem was observed. In contrast, substantive increases in the prevalence of isolates resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline (56 to 89%) for C. coli, C. fetus, and C. jejuni, as well as in the number of animals (7 to 42%) from which resistant isolates were recovered, were observed during the feedlot period. Increased resistance to erythromycin (total isolates and carriages rates) was also observed in isolates of C. coli over the three isolation times. The majority of C. fetus isolates recovered were resistant to nalidixic acid, but this was independent of when they were isolated. A relatively limited number of multidrug-resistant isolates were recovered and consisted primarily of C. coli resistant to tetracyclines and erythromycin (10% of isolates). Over the course of the feedlot period, considerable increases in antimicrobial resistance were observed in C. coli, C. fetus, and C. jejuni, but with the exception of erythromycin resistance in C. coli, the administration of antimicrobial agents to beef cattle was found to have a minimal impact on resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones, the two classes of antimicrobials used to treat campylobacteriosis in humans. However, the widespread use of antimicrobial agents in beef production and the possible horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements with antimicrobial resistance determinants among Campylobacter and other bacterial taxa emphasize the need to monitor AMR development in bacteria from beef cattle.
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Elgamoudi, Bassam A., i Victoria Korolik. "Campylobacter Biofilms: Potential of Natural Compounds to Disrupt Campylobacter jejuni Transmission". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 22 (10.11.2021): 12159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212159.
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Microbial biofilms occur naturally in many environmental niches and can be a significant reservoir of infectious microbes in zoonotically transmitted diseases such as that caused by Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of acute human bacterial gastroenteritis world-wide. The greatest challenge in reducing the disease caused by this organism is reducing transmission of C. jejuni to humans from poultry via the food chain. Biofilms enhance the stress tolerance and antimicrobial resistance of the microorganisms they harbor and are considered to play a crucial role for Campylobacter spp. survival and transmission to humans. Unconventional approaches to control biofilms and to improve the efficacy of currently used antibiotics are urgently needed. This review summarizes the use plant- and microorganism-derived antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds such as essential oils, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), polyphenolic extracts, algae extracts, probiotic-derived factors, d-amino acids (DAs) and glycolipid biosurfactants with potential to control biofilms formed by Campylobacter, and the suggested mechanisms of their action. Further investigation and use of such natural compounds could improve preventative and remedial strategies aimed to limit the transmission of campylobacters and other human pathogens via the food chain.
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PHEBUS, RANDALL K., FRANCES A. DRAUGHON i JOHN R. MOUNT. "Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Modified Atmosphere Packaged Turkey Roll". Journal of Food Protection 54, nr 3 (1.03.1991): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.3.194.
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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni, inoculated into turkey roll slices and stored under seven different atmospheric mixtures, was determined. Turkey roll samples were stored at 4°C for 18 d and at 21°C for 48 h. The effects of various atmospheric mixtures on aerobic, psychrotrophic, and lactic acid bacterial populations were also determined throughout storage. Campylobacter jejuni was inactivated under all atmospheric gas mixtures tested throughout storage. Increasing CO2 concentration inside the package from 0% to 100% CO2 resulted in a lower rate of inactivation of C. jejuni at both storage temperatures. Increases in CO2 concentrations provided greater inhibition of aerobic and psychrotrophic populations as compared to low CO2 levels. The effect of CO2 on survival of C. jejuni and growth rate of aerobic, psychrotrophic, and lactic acid bacteria was more pronounced at 4°C. Campylobacters were isolated from inoculated turkey roll held under all atmospheres by enrichment procedures on the 18th day and 48th hour of storage at 4 and 21°C, respectively, with an initial population of log 6.0 Campylobacter s/g. However, no Campylobacters were isolated by 18 d of storage at 4°C by direct plating.
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Fernández, Heriberto, i Rodolfo Martin. "Campylobacter intestinal carriage among stray and pet dogs". Revista de Saúde Pública 25, nr 6 (grudzień 1991): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101991000600009.
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The natural distribution of thermotolerant Campylobacter sp. in dogs (150 stray animals and 64 pets) was studied. Campylobacters were more frequently isolated (p<0.01) from stray dogs (51.3%) rather than from pet dogs (21.9%). All the biotypes described by Lior for C. jejuni and C. coli were found among stray animals, whereas only C. jejuni biotypes I and II and C. coli biotype II were found among pet dogs. The need for more studies related to the role of environmental sanitary conditions in the spreading of Campylobacter species is noted.
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Bull, S. A., V. M. Allen, G. Domingue, F. Jørgensen, J. A. Frost, R. Ure, R. Whyte i in. "Sources of Campylobacter spp. Colonizing Housed Broiler Flocks during Rearing". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.645-652.2006.
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify sources of campylobacter in 10 housed broiler flocks from three United Kingdom poultry companies. Samples from (i) the breeder flocks, which supplied the broilers, (ii) cleaned and disinfected houses prior to chick placement, (iii) the chickens, and (iv) the environments inside and outside the broiler houses during rearing were examined. Samples were collected at frequent intervals and examined for Campylobacter spp. Characterization of the isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, phage typing, and flaA restriction fragment length polymorphism typing was performed. Seven flocks became colonized during the growing period. Campylobacter spp. were detected in the environment surrounding the broiler house, prior to as well as during flock colonization, for six of these flocks. On two occasions, isolates detected in a puddle just prior to the birds being placed were indistinguishable from those colonizing the birds. Once flocks were colonized, indistinguishable strains of campylobacter were found in the feed and water and in the air of the broiler house. Campylobacter spp. were also detected in the air up to 30 m downstream of the broiler house, which raises the issue of the role of airborne transmission in the spread of campylobacter. At any time during rearing, broiler flocks were colonized by only one or two types determined by MLST but these changed, with some strains superseding others. In conclusion, the study provided strong evidence for the environment as a source of campylobacters colonizing housed broiler flocks. It also demonstrated colonization by successive campylobacter types determined by MLST during the life of a flock.
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Manser, P. A., i R. W. Dalziel. "A survey of campylobacter in animals". Journal of Hygiene 95, nr 1 (sierpień 1985): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062239.
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SUMMARYA survey of Campylobacter species in the faeces or rectal contents of domestic animals was carried out using direct and enrichment culture methods. Campylobacters were isolated from 259 (31 %) of 846 faecal specimens. The highest isolation rate was found in pigs (66%); lower rates were found in cattle (24%) and sheep (22%). In pigs all the isolates were C. coli, in sheep and cattle about 75% were C. jejuni. Only five isolations of C. fetus suhsip. fetus were made, all from cattle. More pigs with diarrhoea had C. coli in their faeces than healthy pigs (77% vs 47 %), but such a clear difference in isolation rate between sick and healthy animals was not seen in cattle or sheep.The enrichment method increased the total isolation rate of C. jejuni and C. coli by 33%, but for cattle specimens it increased it by 69% (from 6·5% to 21%). However, the enrichment method failed to detect 16% of positive specimens (mainly C. coli), so direct and enrichment methods should be used for the culture of campylobacters from animal faeces. The results show that cattle, sheep and pigs constitute a large potential source of campylobacter infection for man.
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CABALLERO, Moisés, Isabel RIVERA, Luis M. JARA, Francisco M. ULLOA-STANOJLOVIC i Carlos SHIVA. "ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC Escherichia coli AND Campylobacter jejuni IN FERAL PIGEONS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN THE CITY OF LIMA, PERU". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, nr 5 (październik 2015): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000500004.
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SUMMARY Feral pigeons (Columbia livia) live in close contact with humans and other animals. They can transmit potentially pathogenic and zoonotic agents. The objective of this study was to isolate and detect strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuniof urban feral pigeons from an area of Lima, Peru. Fresh dropping samples from urban parks were collected for microbiological isolation of E. coli strains in selective agar, and Campylobacterby filtration method. Molecular identification of diarrheagenic pathotypes of E.coliand Campylobacter jejuni was performed by PCR. Twenty-two parks were sampled and 16 colonies of Campylobacter spp. were isolated. The 100% of isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Furthermore, 102 colonies of E. coli were isolated and the 5.88% resulted as Enteropathogenic (EPEC) type and 0.98% as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The urban feral pigeons of Lima in Peru can act as a reservoir or carriers of zoonotic potentially pathogenic enteric agents.